Clarger = 2 x Csmaller

Example: if Csmaller = 100, then Clarger = 200

therefore, the ratio is 100:200 or 1:2

in fraction, ½
in decimal, 0.5
in percent, 50%
For the given function to be undefined,
denominator must be zero.

Denominator  x-2 = 0
x = 0+2
x = 2
 (-4)∙3 = -12
x5∙x3 = x5+3 = x8
y3∙y2 = y3+2 = y5
z2∙z4 = z2+4 = z6

-12x8y5z6
 3 6

12 8
6

16
x  no. of ₽1000 bills
y  no. of ₽500 bills  y=x+20; x=y-20
x+y=140
for A, if y=40, then x=20; x+y ≠ 140 
for B, if y=70, then x=50; x+y ≠ 140 
for C, if y=80, then x=60; x+y = 140 
for D, if y=60, then x=40; x+y ≠ 140 
x  no. of ₽1000 bills
y  no. of ₽500 bills  y = x + 20
x + y = 140
x + (x + 20) = 140
2x + 20 = 140
2x = 120
x = 60 y = 60 + 20
y = 80
 8–5=3  11–8=3  14–11=3
common difference  d = 3, [Arithmetic S.]
number of terms  n = 30
formula: an = a1 + (n-1)d
a30 = 5 + (30-1)3
= 5 + (29)3
= 5 + 87
= 92
 x2 – 4x – 5 = 0
by factoring method:
x2 – 4x – 5 = (x – 5)(x + 1)
hence,
(x – 5)(x + 1) = 0
x – 5 = 0 x + 1 = 0
x = 5 x = -1
therefore,
x = 5,-1
if two or more expressions in an equation
are equivalent, then they are said to be
IDENTITIES
(3x – 2)2 and 9x2 – 12x + 4
are equivalent, hence, they are identities

II only
let x be the number

7x – 3x = 12
4x = 12
x = 12/4
x = 3
cost of each mango  ₽29/4 = ₽7.25

1 doz. = 12 pcs.
2.5 doz. = 2.5(12) = 30 pcs.

cost of 2.5 doz. mangoes = 30 (₽7.25)

= ₽217.50
2(2x+1) 3(1−3x)
– = 0
6 6
4x+2 3−9x
– = 0
6 6
4x+2−3+9x
= 0  13x-1 = 0
6
13x = 1
1
x =
13
 A

AB = 62 + 7 2
85
6
= 36 + 49

B 7 C = 85
let x be the no. of empty seats

x + 6 – 13 + 5 = 0
x – 2 = 0
x = 2
 no. of favorable outcomes
Probability =
total possible outcomes

P1 (Friday) = 1/7
P2 (Friday) = 1/7
Pboth (Friday) = 1/7 • 1/7
= 1/49
 D I S T A N C E, in km.
TIME , in hr. Car A Car B Apart
1 50 60 110
2 100 120 220
3 150 180 330

The two cars will be 330 km apart in 3 hours.

 1 1 5 7 13 35
3 + 4 + 5 = + +
2 3 6 2 3 6

21 26 35 82
= + + =
6 6 6 6

2
= 13
3
 SIMILAR FRACTIONS LEAST  GREATEST
1 8
=
2 16 7 8 10 6
5 10 , , ,
= 16 16 16 5
8 16
7 7 7 1 5 6
= , , ,
16 16 16 2 8 5
 perpendicular lines have slopes that are
negative reciprocal with each other;
change 3x+4y to 4x–3y, solve for c

4x – 3y – c = 0  c = 4x – 3y
c = 4(5) – 3(1)
c = 20 – 3
c = 17
4x – 3y – 17 = 0
On November 19, 1863, President Abraham Lincoln
gave a speech that would be quoted for centuries
to come. Lincoln’s address starts with
“Four score and seven years ago…”

A score is equal to 20 years, so he was

referencing 87 years ago—1776, when the
Declaration of Independence was signed.

The speech was made, then, seven

score and sixteen years ago.
 pretzels #5, #10, #15, #20, #25
are tested for weight;
#3, #6, #9, #12, (#15), #18, #21 #24
are tested for size

13 pretzels, out of 25,

are NOT tested
 3 types of bedroom (BDR):
two-BDR, three-BDR and four-BDR types

2 types of bathroom (BTR):

one-BTR and two-BTR types

1 single garage

No. of ways to choose = 3(2)(1) = 6

50% of N = 20
0.5N = 20
N = 20/0.5
N = 40
75% of N = 0.75(40)
= 30
3 240
(80) = = 60
4 4

5 120
(24) = = 15
8 8

60 – 15 = 45
3x−9
x2−9
3(x−3)
=
(x+3)(x−3)
3
=
x+3
 3(x-4y) – (4y-3x) – (2x+y)
= 3x – 12y – 4y + 3x - 2x – y
= 4x – 17y
let P passed both languages

P = (K+G) – (40-2)
= (30+36) – 38
= 66 – 38
= 28
 a+b a b
Recall that = +
c c c

417+419 417 419

hence, = + 17
417 4 17 4
= 40 + 4 2
= 1 + 16
= 17
 3a+5 = 50
3a = 50 – 5
a a 3a = 45
a = 45/3
a+5 a = 15

P = a+a+(a+5)  a+5
P = 3a+5 = 15+5
P = 50 = 20
let x be the lowest grade; x+42 be highest

x + (x + 42) = 138
2x + 42 = 138
2x = 138 – 42
2x = 96
x = 48 x + 42
= 48 + 42
= 90
HIERARCHY OF PARALLELOGRAMS
40 hrs/wk x 2 weeks = 80 hrs

let P be the take home pay

P = (₽80/hr x 80 hrs) – ₽1400

= ₽6400 – ₽1400
= ₽5,000
 30 < N < 42

SUM OF DIGITS (must be 8):

A. 31  3+1 = 4 
B. 35  3+5 = 8 
C. 40  4+0 = 4 
D. 39  3+9 = 12 
66–55=11; 55–44=11; 44–33=11;

11 is a common difference
therefore, option II is an
ARITHMETIC SEQUENCE
let x be the scale factor of the ratio
5x be the longest part

3x + 4x + 5x = 96
12x = 96
x = 8 5x
= 5(8)
= 40
 (x1, y1) = (3, -5) (x2, y2) = (-2, 4)

formula for the slope:

y 2 − y1
m=
x2 − x1
4 + 5 9 −9
= = or
−2 − 3 −5 5
 let A be the total area of A-Estates

A = 450 x 80 m2 = 36,000 m2

1 ha = 10,000 m2
1 ha
36,000 m x
2 = 3.6 ha
10,000 m 2
 let x be the measure of an angle;
90-x be its complement; 180-x, supplement
x = (90-x) + 14
x = 104 – x
2x = 104
x = 52 180 – x
= 180 – 52
= 128
 formula in finding the
8 8 Area of Eq. Triangle:
s2 3
A =
4
8 82 3
=
4
64 3
=
4
= 16 3
720 ÷ 2 = 360
÷2 = 180
÷2 = 90
÷2 = 45
÷3 = 15
÷3 = 5
Prime Factors: 2 · 2 · 2 · 2 · 3 · 3 · 5
or 24 · 32 ·5
THE PERCENTAGE PYRAMID

P R=0.52; P=104; B=?

B R P 104
B = = = 200
R 0.52
 doubled every year means
the previous is half the present
Year 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Collection 2880 1440 720 360 180 90 45

Geometric Sequence: an=a1rn-1; a1=2880, r=½, n=6

a6 = 2880(½)5
= 2880(1/32)
= 2880/32
= 90
 let N be the positive number

N+0.7N = 1.7N
1.7N-0.5(1.7N)
= 1.7N–0.85N
= 0.85N
N  0.85N
netChange: 15% decrease
 for any set of THREE numbers, it must be
first assumed that these are measures of
the sides of a triangle
to determine whether it is or not a triangle,
TRIANGLE INEQUALITY THEOREM and/or
PYTHAGOREAN THEOREM must be used.
Triangle Inequality Theorem: Pythagorean Theorem
a + b > c
a + c > b c 2 = a2 + b2
b + c > a
A. 20% of 100 = .20(100) = 20 
B. 25% of 200 = .25(200) = 50 
C. 40% of 500 = .40(500) = 200 
D. 50% of 600 = .50(600) = 300 
 range (R), commonly used as one of the
measures of dispersion/variability,
is the difference between the highest value
(HV) and the lowest value (LV)
HV = 5 LV = -6
R = HV – LV
= 5 – (-6)
= 5 + 6
= 11
balloon is spherical, use the formula:
V = 4/3 x π x r3
half of diameter is radius, use r = 12
V = 4/3 x π x 123
= 4/3 x π x 1728
= 6912/3 x π
= 2304 π
the wetted lawn forms a circle, use the
formula: A = π x r2; where r = 6.5
A = 3.14 x (6.5)2
= 3.14 x 42.25
= 132.66
a r/carton is a rectangular prism whose
dimensions are: V=800, H=10, W=20, L=?
formula: V= L x W x H
800 = L x 20 x 10
800 = L x 200  200L = 800
800
L =
200
L = 4
 Median is the middlemost in a set of
decreasingly or increasingly ordered values.
Median = 6.5

Mode is the most frequently appearing value.

Mode = 6
 There are 52 cards in a deck, of which,
4 are Jacks, 4 are Queens and 4 are Kings;
a total of 12 face cards in a deck.

The probability, therefore, of getting a face

12 3
card is , or in lowest term,
52 13
A pair of dice, rolled DIE 1
∑
once, can have 1 2 3 4 5 6

6x6, or 36 possible 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
outcomes. 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
3 4 5 6 7 8 9
DIE 2
Finding the probability 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
of getting a sum of 5 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
or 11, we illustrate: 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
 DICE 1 The probability,
∑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 therefore, of getting a
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 sum of 5 or 11
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 is 6 out of 36,
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 or in simplest form,
DICE 2

4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1
.
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 6
6 7 8 9 10 11 12
 135 5 27
13.5% = 0.135 = ÷ =
1000 5 200
 “SOHCAHTOA”
opp
sin 30° =
wall (o)

hyp
adj
cos 30° =
30˚ hyp
8.5m (a)
opp
tan 30° =
adj
 adj
cos 30° =
hyp
wall (o)

8.5
0.866 =
h
30˚
8.5
8.5m (a) h =
0.866
= 9.8
 5 3 5 3
=  =
2(x+1) (x+2) 2x+2 x+2
5(x+2) = 3(2x+2)
5x + 10 = 6x + 6
5x – 6x = 6 – 10
-x = -4
x = 4
(x-3)(x-1) = x2 – 4x + 3
Expected Population P (1+r)t
= 1,400 (1+0.05)2
= 1,400 (1.05)2
= 1,400 (1.1025)
= 1,543.5 or 1,544
 let P be the perimeter
1 1
7 P = P + P + 7
3 5
1 15P = 5P + 3P + 105
P
3
1 15P – 5P – 3P = 105
P
5 7P = 105
P = 15
 the next odd number is the fourth
let x be the first odd number
x+2, second; x+4, third; x+6, fourth
x+(x+2)+(x+4)
= 27
3
3x+6
= 27
3
3x + 6 = 81
3x = 75
x = 25 x + 6
= 25 + 6
= 31
 1 21
10 =
2 2
21 1 21 5 105 35
(1 – )  ( ) = or
2 6 2 6 12 4

35 1 35 4
÷ = x
4 4 4 1
= 35
25% sugar means ¼ of the solution
x = the amount of water
4 = the amount of sugar
the total volume is x+4
4 1
=
x+4 4
x+4 = 16
x = 12
 16/4 = 4; 4/1 = 4; r = 4

number of terms, n = 6

Term 1 2 3 4 5 6
Value 1 4 16 64 256 1024

Geometric Sequence formula can also be used.

 PRODUCTS
means = extremes
2 : p = 6 : q 6p = 2q 
4 : p = 3 : q 3p = 4q 
6 : p = 2 : q 2p = 6q 
4 : q = p : 3 pq = 12 
average of consecutive numbers w/ d=1
is obtained using the formula:
an + a1
μ =
2

1 + 31 32
= =
2 2
= 16
 7th

1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 6th 5th 4th 3rd 2nd 1st
 x + 2y = (x – 2y) + 80
2y + 2y = x – x + 80
4y = 80
y= 80/4
y= 20
2 78 +6(86) 156+516
=
8 8

672
=
8

= 84
 let T be the number of
teacher-applicants
1 1 5
T (1 – ) – 10 = T T = 10
2 7 14
1 1 5T = 140
T – T = 10
2 7
T = 140/5
5
14
T = 10 = 28
x–y = xy  xy = x–y
xy + y = x
y(x+1) = x
y = x/x+1
 (3, 2) = (x, y)

2x + cy = c + 1
2(3) + c(2) = c + 1
6 + 2c = c + 1
2c – c = 1 - 6
c = -5
55% (1200)  boys
45% (1200)  girls = 540

20% (540)  w/ glasses = 108

48x2y3 = 2·2·2·2 ·3 ·x·x ·y·y·y
72x3y2 = 2·2·2 ·3·3 ·x·x·x ·y·y
36xy4 = 2·2 ·3·3 ·x ·y·y·y·y
GCF = 2·2 ·3 ·x ·y·y = 12xy2
 LCM

48x2y3 = 2·2·2·2 ·3 ·x·x ·y·y·y

72x3y2 = 2·2·2 ·3·3 ·x·x·x ·y·y
36xy4 = 2·2 ·3·3 ·x ·y·y·y·y
LCM = 2·2·2·2 ·3·3 ·x·x·x ·y·y·y·y = 144x3y4
 (-5,4) base (2,4)
7

height 3

(-5,1)
bh 7(3) 21
Area : = = = 10.5
2 2 2
x, first; x+2, second/middle; x+4, third
x + (x+2) + (x+4) = 150
3x + 6 = 150
3x = 150 – 6
3x = 144
x = 48  x + 2
= 48 + 2
= 50
 0.4 (35) = 14

14 / 140 = 0.1  10%

 n(n+1)(2n+1)
=
6
5(5+1)(10+1)
=
6
5(6)(11)
=
6
330
= = 55
6
 h (b1+b2)
A =
2
12 (30+48)
=
2
= 6 (78)
= 468
 let x be the smaller number
1 : 4  x : 4x
x (4x) = 36
4x2 = 36
x2 = 9
x = 9
x = 3
 x be the first number; y be the second

solving for x by solving for y, when x=30,

elimination method: by substitution method:
x + y = 48 x + y = 48
+ x - y = 12 30 + y = 48
2x = 60 y = 48 – 30
x = 60/2 y = 18
x = 30
V = SA
s3 = 6s2
s3 6s2
=
s2 s2
s = 6
converting Area in hectares to m2:
6 hectares = 60,000 m2
reclamation area = Area x depth
Volume of sand = 60,000 (1.5)
= 90,000
 7 5
( 1 - ) =  failed
12 12
5
(144) = 60
12
 let n be the no. of sides

original formula: ∑ = 180*(n-2)

we derive: n = (∑/180)+2
900
n = + 2
180
= 5 + 2
= 7
2 +5
3 6
4 − 1
5 3
4 +5 9
 6 6 = 6
12 − 5 7
15 15 15

9 7 9 15 135
÷ = x =
6 15 6 7 42
45
=
14
= 70 ÷ 7 ∙ 5 + 64 ÷ 4 ∙ 2
= 70 ÷ 7 ∙ 5 + 64 ÷ 4 ∙ 2
= 10 ∙ 5 + 16 ∙ 2
= 50 + 32
= 82
[5x(y+4) - 3(xy-2)] – [2xy - 4x]

5xy + 20x – 3xy + 6 – 2xy + 4x

24x + 6
x = 1; 3 + (1 – 1)5 = 3 Sum of all terms:
x = 2; 3 + (2 – 1)5 = 8
x = 3; 3 + (3 – 1)5 = 13
x = 4; 3 + (4 – 1)5 = 18 207
x = 5; 3 + (5 – 1)5 = 23
x = 6; 3 + (6 – 1)5 = 28
x = 7; 3 + (7 – 1)5 = 33
x = 8; 3 + (8 – 1)5 = 38
x = 9; 3 + (9 – 1)5 = 43
 a1 = 3 d = 5 n = 9
Arithmetic Series:
n
Sn = 2a1+ n−1 d
2
9 9
S9 = 2(3)+ 9−1 5 = 6+ 8 5
2 2
9 9 414
S9 = 6+40 = 46 = = 207
2 2 2
 “The sum of the lengths of any two sides
of a triangle must be greater than the third
side.” –Triangle Inequality Theorem

5, 4, 1 
5, 4, 6 
5, 4, 9 
5, 4, 10 
Special Product: (a+b)(a-b) = a2-b2
(2 7+ 3)(2 7- 3) = (2 7)2 – ( 3)2
= 4(7) – (3)
= 28 – 3
= 25
“In a right triangle, the square of the
hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the
squares of the other two sides.”
–Pythagorean Theorem

5, 6, 7 
7, 12, 13 
8, 15, 17 
3, 9, 12 
1 m = 100 cm

27 (100) = 2,700

66 (13.5) = 891

2,700 – 891 = 1,809

five terms, common ratio is 2

x 1 2 3 4 5
y 2 4 8 16 32
Square with side 22 cm 4(22) = 88 

Rectangle whose sides are

22 and 23 cm 2(22+23) = 90 

Circular pizza with

radius 13 cm 2(3.14)(13) = 82 

Equiangular triangle with

a 24-cm side 3(24) = 72 
Given that p = 5, then n = 3p
= 3(5)
= 15
therefore:
m = 3n – p
= 3(15) – 5
= 45 – 5
= 40
106 = 1,000,000

8.56 x 1,000,000

8,560,000