Chapter 1:Rational

Numbers
1.1 Integers
Positive Numbers and Negative Numbers
▪ Positive numbers are numbers with values greater than 0.
▪ Negative numbers are numbers with values smaller than 0.
Example 1
Write the value in each of the following sentences as positive number or negative number.
(a) Company A earned a profit of RM130000 while company B incurred a loss of RM45000.
(b) Azmir’s house and Ben’s house are 5.5m to the left and to the right of their school
respectively.
1.1 Integers
Integers
▪ Integers are whole numbers with positive or negative sign. The positive sign is usually omitted.
▪ Integers include positive integers, zero and negative integers.

… , −4, −3, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, …

Negative integers Positive integers

Zero
Example 2
Identify the integers from the following list of numbers.
5
−1.3, −29, , 67, +15, +8.0
2
Example 3
Describe each of the following integers in writing.
(a) -4
(b) 31
1.1 Integers
Representing Integers on Number Lines
Integers can be represented on number lines as shown below :

1
Value
increasing
0 vertical number line

−1

−2 Value
decreasing
−2 −1 0 1 2
Horizontal number line
Example 4
Represent the integers from -4 to 2 on the horizontal number line.
Solution

-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2
1.1 Integers
Comparing and Arranging Integers
Example 5
Compare each of the following pairs of integers.
(a) -18 and -7
(b) 1 and -6
Example 6
−2, 3, 1, −4, 0
Arrange the integers in
(a) ascending order
(b) descending order
Practice 1.1
1. Write the values in the following descriptions as a positive or negative number.
(a) The price of a roti canai is increased by 10 sen while the price of one litre of petrol is
decresed by 15 sen.
(b) In a competition, Red Team lost 3 games while Blue Team won 4 games.
(c) 2.8 litre of water flow into a tank every minute while 1.5 litres of water flow out of the
tank every minute due to a leakage.
 1.2 Basic Arithmetic Operations Involving
Integers
Addition and Subtraction of Integers
Adding integers
Addition is the process of finding the sum of two or more integers
Adding two positive integers : Adding two negative integers :
+8 = 8 steps to the right
+2 + +8 = 10 −3 + −4 = −7 -4 = 4 steps to the left

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2

Adding integers of different signs :

+7 = 7 steps to the right

−5 + +7 = 2 +4 + −6 = −2 -6 = 6 steps to the left

-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
 Subtracting integers
▪ Subtraction is the process of finding the difference between two integers.
Subtracting positive integers :
The ant moves in the opposite direction of the positive integer ( to the right), so it moves to the left.

-6 = 6 steps to the left

3 − 6 = 3 + −6 −2 − 4 = −2 + (−4) -4 = 4 steps to the left
= −3 = −6

-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2
Subtracting negative integers :
The ant moves in the opposite direction of the negative integer ( to the left), so it moves to the
right.
−4 − −7 = −3
3 − −6 = 9 -(-6) = +6 = 6 steps to -(-7) = +7 = 7 steps to the right
the right

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
▪ If (+) represents the positive integers and (-) represents the negative integers, then

Two integers with same sign will result in + sign + + =+

− − =−
Two integers with different signs will result in - sign + − =−
− + =−
Example 7
Evaluate the following.
(a) 4 − −5
(b) 5 + −1
(c) 2 − (+3)
1.2 Basic Arithmetic Operations Involving
Integers
Multiplication and Division of Integers
Multiplying integers
▪Multiplication is the process of repeated addition. For example,
1+1+1+1 =4×1
▪General rules of multiplying two integers :
The product of two integers with the same sign is + × + = (+)
a positive integer.
− × − = (+)

The product of two integers with different signs + × − = (−)

is a negative integer.
− × + = (−)

The product of any integer with zero is zero. + ×0=0

− ×0=0
Example 8
Evaluate the following :
(a) −4 × −5
(b) 5 × −1
(c) −7 × 3
(d) 2 × 0
Example 9
Calculate 4 × −12 × −2 .
Dividing integers
▪Division is the process of splitting into equal parts or groups.
▪Division of positive integers :
6 green chips are equally divided among 3 students. Every students gets 2 chips. That is,
6÷3=2 + + +

+ + +

+ + +

+ + +
▪Division of negative integers :
9 red chips are equally divided among 3 students. Every student gets 3 red chips. That is,
−9 ÷ 3 = −3

− − − − −

− − − −

− − −

− − −

− − −
▪Division is the reverse of multiplication :

−2 × −3 = 6 5 × −3 = −15

6 × −3 = −2 −15 ÷ −3 = 5
Thinking Map

Quotient (+) (+) (-) (-)

as as as

Operation of (+) ÷ (+) (−) ÷ (−) (+) ÷ (−) (−) ÷ (+)

division
Example 10
Evaluate the following.
(a) −12 ÷ −3
(b) 5 ÷ −1
(c) −35 ÷ 7
(d) −9 ÷ 0
Example 11
Calculate 60 ÷ −5 ÷ −4 .
1.2 Basic Arithmetic Operations Involving
Integers
Combined Operations Involving Integers
Combined operations must be done on the following order :
Perform operations within
the brackets first.

Multiply and divide form

left to right

Add and subtract from

left to right
Example 12
Evaluate :
(a) −8 + 12 − −10
(b) 45 ÷ −9 × −7
Example 13
Evaluate :
(a) −20 + −5 × 3 − −19
(b) 6 − 18 ÷ 4 × −8
 1.2 Basic Arithmetic Operations Involving
Integers
Law of Arithmetic Operations
There are several laws of arithmetic operations involving addition and multiplication.
I. Identify Law
- The Identify Law states that the sum or the product s number, 𝑎, and an identity is the
number 𝑎 itself.
𝑎+0= 0+𝑎 =𝑎
𝑎×1=1×𝑎 =𝑎
II. Commutative Law
- The Commutative Law states that the sum of product of any two numbers is the same even
after reordering the numbers.
 - Commutative Law for addition :
𝑎+𝑏=𝑏+𝑎
- Commutative Law for multiplication :
𝑎×𝑏 = 𝑏×𝑎
III. Associative Law
- The Associative Law states that the sum or product of any three numbers is the same no
matter how the numbers are grouped.
- Associative Law for addition :
𝑎+𝑏 +𝑐 =𝑎+ 𝑏+𝑐
- Associative Law for multiplication :
𝑎×𝑏 ×𝑐 = 𝑎× 𝑏×𝑐
IV. Distributive Law
- The Distributive Law states that a number multiplied with the sum (or difference) of two
numbers is the same as the sum (or difference) of the products of the first number with
each of the two numbers.
𝑎× 𝑏+𝑐 =𝑎×𝑏+𝑎×𝑐
𝑎× 𝑏−𝑐 =𝑎×𝑏−𝑎×𝑐
HOTS QUESTIONS
1. In a Science quiz with 50 questions, 5 marks are awarded for a correct answer and -3 marks
for an incorrect answer. Idris answers 28 questions correctly and the rest incorrectly.
Calculate the total marks for Idris.

2. 5 litres of diesel is used when an engine runs for 45 minutes. How long can the engine run if
there are 8 litres of diesel in the engine?
HOTS QUESTIONS
3. Mira has RM8 pocket money. She pays RM3 for the class fee. Then , her mother gives her
RM15. If she buys 4 pens which cost RM2 per pen, how much pocket money would Mira
have left?
1.3 Positive and Negative Fractions
Representing Factions on Number Lines

3 2 1 1 2
-1 − − − 0 1
4 4 4 4 4

Example 14
2 1 2
Represent the fractions − , − and 1 on a number line.
3 3 3

Example 15
1 1 3 5
Represent the fractions − , − , and on a number line.
2 4 4 2
1.3 Positive and Negative Fractions
Comparing and Arranging Fractions
To compare the values of two or more fractions, first write down all the fractions in the same
denominator, then compare the values of the numerators.
Example 16
Compare each of the following pairs of fractions.
7 5
(a) and
9 7
3 1
(b) −3 and −3
8 4
Example 17
Arrange the following fractions in ascending order.
3 2 1 4
−1 , − , − , −2
10 5 2 5
1.3 Positive and Negative Fractions
Combined Operations Involving Fractions
▪Perform operations in the brackets first.
▪Then, multiply and divide from left to right.
▪Finally, add and subtract from left to right.
Example 18
Evaluate and express your answers in the lowest terms.
1 2 3
(a) 1 − × (− )
6 3 8
9 22 7 14
(b) − × + (− ) ÷ (− )
11 4 12 27
Practice 1.3
1. Evaluate :
2 5 3
(a) − − + −
3 12 4
1 4 1
(b) × ÷5
8 11 2
19 3 8
(c) − ÷
4 7 21
Practice 1.3
2. Evaluate and express your answers as fractions in the lowest terms.
2 5 2
(a) − + ÷ −
7 9 3
5 1 2
(b) ÷ − −7
6 2 3
HOTS QUESTIONS
1𝑜
3. The initial temperature of a solution is 21 C. The temperature of the solution decreases by
4
1𝑜
5 C when cold water is added to the solution. Then the solution is heated for 5 minutes
2
2𝑜
until it reaches a temperature of 30 C. Calculate the rise in temperature during the heating
5
process.
1.4 Positive and Negative Decimals
Representing Decimals on Number Lines
Example 19
Mark −2.3, −1.6 and 1.8 on a number line.
1.4 Positive and Negative Decimals
Comparing and Arranging Decimals
The further a positive number is
from 0, the greater the number.

The closer a negative number is to

0, the greater the number.

Example 20
Compare the following pairs of decimals.
(a) -4.3 and -4.6
(b) -3.5 and -1.5
Example 21
Arrange -1.4, -0.7, -1.9, -0.6, -1.2, -0.3 and -1.1 in ascending order.
1.4 Positive and Negative Decimals
Combined Operations on Decimals
Order of operations :
Operation in ( )

×,÷
From left to right

+,-
From left to right
Example 22
Evaluate :
(a) −3.04 × 0.3 + −1.16
(b) 5.1 − −1.4 ÷ −0.8
 1.5 Rational Numbers
Rational Numbers
𝑎
▪ Rational Numbers are numbers that can be expressed as a ration 𝑎: 𝑏 or as a fraction , where 𝑎 and 𝑏 are
𝑏
integers and the value of 𝑏 is not 0.
4
▪ 4 is a rational number because 4 = , that is , 4 can be written as a fraction. Therefore, all integers are rational
1
numbers.
1 5
▪ 2.5 is a rational number because 2.5 = 2 = , which is a fraction.
2 2
▪ Not all decimals are rational numbers.
▪ Repeating decimals can be expressed in fractions. Therefore, all repeating decimals are rational numbers.
1
= 0.111111111 …
9
5 Repeating decimal
= 0.833333333 …
6
▪ Non-repeating decimals cannot be expressed in fractions. Therefore, all non-repeating decimals
are not rational numbers.
0.1234…..
Non-repeating decimal
4.8321…..
1.5 Rational Numbers
Combined Operations Involving Rational Numbers
The order of operations is applied to all types of numbers including rational numbers.
( ) ×,÷ +, −

Example 23
Evaluate :
3
(a) 4 × −2 + 2.9
8
4 3
(b) 3 × − 1.6 − 1
5 10
1.5 Rational Numbers
HOTS QUESTIONS
Example 24
In a supermarket, the price of a pineapple is RM2.40 and the price of a kilogram of lime is
1
RM8.70. Fadli buys 12 pineapple and 2 kg of lime. The supermarket gives a discount of RM1.00
3
for every purchase of RM10.00. If Fadli pays RM50.00 in cash, how much change will he receive?
HOTS QUESTIONS
1. The following table is the scoring system for a grammar quiz.

Each correct answer = 5 points

Each incorrect answer = -2.5 points
Each unanswered question = -0.5 points

There are 50 questions in this quiz. If Rohani answered 45 questions and 15 answers are wrong,
calculate her total score.
Summing Up
𝑎
Rational number 𝑏
𝑎 and 𝑏 are integers, and 𝑏 ≠ 0

Integers Fractions Decimals

… − 3, −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, 3, … 2 5 2 1 19 −9.2, −0.03,0.6,1.87
− , − , −1 , ,
5 6 7 2 8

Multiplication
+ × + = + Division
Addition Subtraction − × − = − + ÷ + = +
+ + + = + − − =+ + × − = − − ÷ − = +
− + − = − − + =− − × + = − + ÷ − = −
+ + − = + 𝑜𝑟 − Identity = 0 − ÷ + = −
Identity = 0 Commutative Law:
Commutative Law: 𝑎×𝑏 =𝑏×𝑎
𝑎+𝑏 = 𝑏+𝑎 Associative Law :
Associative Law : (𝑎 × 𝑏) × 𝑐 = 𝑎 × (𝑏 × 𝑐)
𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 = 𝑎 + (𝑏 + 𝑐) Distributive Law :
𝑎× 𝑏+𝑐 = 𝑎×𝑏+𝑎×𝑐
𝑎× 𝑏−𝑐 = 𝑎×𝑏−𝑎×𝑐

Order of Combined Operations

1. Perform operations in the brackets first
2. Then, multiply and divide from left to right.
3. Finally, add and subtract from left to right.