Journal of Power and Energy Engineering, 2020, 8, 46-63

https://www.scirp.org/journal/jpee
ISSN Online: 2327-5901
ISSN Print: 2327-588X

Techno-Economic Evaluation and Optimization

of Grid Connected PV and Wind Generating
System for Riyadh City

Fahd A. Alturki, Abdulhakim Bin Dayil

Electrical Engineering Department, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

How to cite this paper: Alturki, F.A. and Abstract

Dayil, A.B. (2020) Techno-Economic Eval-
uation and Optimization of Grid Connected The risks and challenges faced by human society at the moment are global
PV and Wind Generating System for Riyadh warming, climate change and pollution. In addition to their effect on the at-
City. Journal of Power and Energy Engi-
mosphere, the quantity of fossil fuels is beginning to decrease, and countries
neering, 8, 46-63.
https://doi.org/10.4236/jpee.2020.812004
have taken steps to encourage greater use of renewable energy resources. This
article explores the feasibility of supplying electricity from a hybrid power
Received: December 5, 2020 system (HPS) comprising wind/photovoltaic (PV) and batteries. Taking into
Accepted: December 27, 2020
account residential buildings that consume the largest portion of energy in
Published: December 30, 2020
Saudi grid, Saudi Arabia, Riyadh is the preferred city with distinctive geo-
Copyright © 2020 by author(s) and graphical and climatic conditions. The hourly electricity demand data must
Scientific Research Publishing Inc. be over 8760 hours during a 1-year analysis in order to assess the optimum
This work is licensed under the Creative
design and operational planning of the HPS. The economic analysis is carried
Commons Attribution International
License (CC BY 4.0).
out by applying HOMER software on the basis of net present cost (NPC),
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ energy cost (COE) and the renewable fraction for all situations. In addition,
Open Access to specify the effect of fuel costs on the scheme, sensitivity tests are carried
out by considering two separate tariff rates for residential consumers. The
results of the economic analysis show that current tariff is not economic to
use HSP under warm and temperate climate conditions compare to using elec-
tricity from grid and the expected forecasted tariff shows it’s economic to use
HSP compare to grid electricity.

Keywords
Solar, Grid, Optimization, Cost, HOMER Pro® Software

1. Introduction
The energy demand has increased due to population growth. As a result, meet-
ing energy requirements is a growing concern for governors. Under such cir-

DOI: 10.4236/jpee.2020.812004 Dec. 30, 2020 46 Journal of Power and Energy Engineering
 F. A. Alturki, A. B. Dayil

cumstances, finding an alternative, clean, and low-cost source of energy is of the

utmost importance. Limited reserves of fossil fuels, sustainability enhancement,
diversification of energy supplies and environmental impacts of fossil fuels have
led to increased utilization of renewable energies.
Moreover, the renewable technologies provide a sustainable and cost-effective
alternative for fighting carbon pollution. Consequently, the significant advance-
ment in the global clean energy sector stems from renewable energy sources and
they are one of the fastest-growing industries [1]. Given the fact that global
energy consumption has been growing rapidly, it is predicted that the electricity
generated from renewable energy sources will surpass natural gases and nuclear
power, and renewables will become dominant in energy production by the end
of 2040. The strategic energy planning process is a framework that can be mod-
ified to meet each community’s need. World energy consumption is increasing
substantially, according to International Energy Agency the world energy con-
sumption in 2018 is 25,721 TWh where almost 60% of the produced energy
around the world emits carbon dioxide (CO2). We can calculate the contribution
of the average citizen of each country by dividing its total emissions by its popu-
lation. This gives us CO2 emissions per capita [1].
Saudi Arabia has a growing economy. The energy consumption per capita is
increased throughout the country with a substantial percentage. The reason of
significant energy consumption is the decline in the exports of fossil fuels. The
previous decade experienced much energy consumption equivalent to more than
500 million barrels of oil. It is expected that the total consumption of energy could
be double in 2030. Evidently, as per given data of Saudi Electric Company, the
total share of hydrocarbon i.e. oil is 63% and gas is 37%. The data further inte-
grated and demonstrated that the in 2008 the total hydrocarbon consumption is
1766 TWh to fulfill the energy needs of different sectors. The growth of primary
energy demand from 2004-2008 is 1366 TWh, and with the current consump-
tion ratio in 2020 (2035 TWh), it will increase up to 2593 TWh in 2030. It will
lead to further decline in the fossil fuel [2].
The world’s largest per capita CO2 emitters are the major oil producing coun-
tries; this is particularly true for those with relatively low population size. Most
are in the Middle East: In 2017 Qatar had the highest emissions at 49 tonnes (t)
per person, followed by Trinidad and Tobago (30t); Kuwait (25t); United Arab
Emirates (25t); Brunei (24t); Bahrain (23t) and Saudi Arabia (19t). Figure 1
shows carbon dioxide per person in year for Saudi Arabia. In the visualization
we see the differences in per capita emissions across the world [3].
Various research work has been done on modeling hybrid systems that can
generate much less emissions and can eventually replace the traditional way of
producing electricity.
An off-grid solar-wind hybrid system is proposed for a university campus in
Pakistan that will operate during power supply unavailability or shedding scena-
rio. The University campus model has very low energy (COE) and Net Present

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F. A. Alturki, A. B. Dayil

Figure 1. CO2 emissions per capita (Source: our world in data [3]).

Cost (NPC) costs [4]. Hybrid energy system focused on PV-generator batteries
for Aha Village, Morotai Island, North Maluku. Here, the authors considered
two forms of loads for the village, i.e. communal and administrative. The results
of the optimization show that both types of load can be easily satisfied by the
proposed hybrid model [5]. Off-grid PV-wind battery hybrid system for three
regions of Morocco that easily meets the load of those areas. The result also
shows that the hybrid method can only be used if significant resources are avail-
able [6].
Study shows that among the cities considered in the study, Kish Island has
mild and temperate climate, highest solar radiation and the lowest value for
COE is the most economically and environmentally feasible city to meet the ener-
gy needs of all three types buildings. In addition to the substantial decrease in
diesel fuel consumption, emission of CO2, NPC and COE prices, this shows that
renewable energy is more environmentally friendly and cost-effective than tradi-
tional energy sources [7].

2. Overview of the Electricity Sector in Saudi Arabia

Electricity generation capacity in 2018 reach 85.556 GW with 79 power plant of
different producers, in between 2013-2018 around 49.4 GW have been added to
the power system likely, due to increased consumption and higher energy de-
mand in the kingdom. Based on International Energy Agency, Saudi Arabia
generate electricity by using oil and gas on steam turbines (41%), gas turbines
(41), diesel generator (1%) and combined cycle unite (17%) as it mentioned be-
low (Figure 2).

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 F. A. Alturki, A. B. Dayil

Figure 2. Energy consumption by source in Saudi Arabia (Source: our world in data [3]).

Integration of power sources in power system has the upside of decreasing

greenhouse gas emanation, henceforth helping with settling an unnatural global
warming issue. It additionally helps decline our reliance on non-renewable energy
source in power areas. Accordingly, renewable energy resources are viewed as a
piece of the answer for alleviate ecological issues brought about by the utilization
of traditional vitality assets. Right now, assets offer clean energy generations,
permitting the charge of no-associated and remote zones, add to diminish re-
liance on non-renewable energy sources. They additionally have improved their
innovations and diminished expenses. Nevertheless, the capital expense of sus-
tainable force plant is exceptionally high contrasted with conventional power
sources. However, the operating cost is less expensive than the one for conven-
tional source and will keep on declining with modern technical improvement
[8].
Since the greater part of sustainable resources are discontinuous in nature, it
is invaluable to use more than one asset when accessible. Hybridizing of inex-
haustible assets improves the energy system reliability, proficiency and economy,
particularly in places with great attributes of sun and wind.

3. Renewable Energy in Energy Portfolio

The geographic location of KSA is well placed for capitalizing solar energy with

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F. A. Alturki, A. B. Dayil

the average daily solar radiation level between 5.69 - 6.62 kWh/m2 and 80% -
90% of clear sky days over the year as shown in Figure 3 [9] [10]. High availabil-
ity of neutral sources like solar and wind guide the world trending to use re-
newable energy and identify valuable opportunities to further reduce future
energy costs and CO2. Hence, according to Vision 2030, Saudi Arabia aims to
boost its renewable energy resources in its total energy share by producing near-
ly 9.5 GW of energy from sustainable energy sources by 2023, of which solar
photovoltaic (PV) generation comprises a considerable portion [9].
In addition to the solar over the kingdom, It shows that minimum and maxi-
mum wind speed over the Saudi Arabia 6 m/s and 10 m/s repetitively as shown
in Figure 4.

Figure 3. Global horizontal irradiation overt the kingdom (source: Global Solar Atlas [10]).

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 F. A. Alturki, A. B. Dayil

Potential Renewable Energy Systems in Chosen Location in

Different Areas in KSA
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is an Arab country and it is the largest nation in the
Middle Orient and it is primarily situated in the southwest of the continent of
Asia and forms the largest region of the Arab Peninsula with a latitude and
length of approximately two million square km (23˚43'00''N 44˚07'00''E), respec-
tively, and it has a diverse climate and a particular topographic character in this
analysis. Riyadh city has been considered. The location Riyadh in Saudi Arabia is
shown in Figure 5.

Figure 4. Yearly average wind speed overt the kingdom (source: K.A.CARE [11]).

Figure 5. Riyadh city location.

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F. A. Alturki, A. B. Dayil

4. Site Characterization
4.1. System Design
Mathematical model: PV [12]
PPVA = N PV VPV I PV (1)

Mathematical model: Wind Turbine

Two or more binomial expressions are used to ensure fitting accuracy. The
fitting equation of the wind generator output characteristic can be expressed as
[12]:

0 for V < Vci

a V 5  b V 2 + c V + d for Vc ≤ Vc < V1
 1 1 1 2

PWG ( V ) a 2 V 5  b 2 V 2 + c 2 V + d 2
= for V1 ≤ V < V2 (2)
a V 5  b V 2 + c V + d for V2 ≤ V < Vf
 3 3 3 3

0 for V > Vco

(V) is wind speed at the hub height.

(Vci) is the cut-in wind speed.
(VCo) is the cut-off wind speed.
Mathematical model: Batteries.
Where the total output of PV and wind generators is larger than the demand
for load during the charging period, the available battery bank capacity can be
represented by [12]:

 E (t) 
( t ) CBat ( t − 1) × (1 − σ ) +  E PV ( t ) + E WG ( t ) − L ηBat
CBat = (3)
 ηinv 

where:
CBat(t) and CBat(t − 1) are the charge quantities of battery bank at the time (t)
and (t − 1).
EPV(t) is the total energy generated by PV array.
EWG(t) is the total energy generated by wind Turbine.
EL(t) is load demand at the time (t).
(σ) is hourly self-discharge rate of the battery bank.
Mathematical model: System Performance.
As the lowest energy cost of these projects is more concerned, an economic
model for the hybrid PV/ ind power generation system based on a leveled energy
cost (COE) concept is developed [12].
TPV + CRF
COE = (4)
E load

(CRF) is the cumulative present value of the actual cost of all components of the
system including the replacement cost of hybrid system components as men-
tioned below [12].
TRF =CPV + CBatt + C wind + Cgrid (5)

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 F. A. Alturki, A. B. Dayil

4.2. System Schematic

Figures 6-8 display the schematic configuration of the photovoltaic/wind/battery
hybrid system for this analysis. As the demand for load is not constantly the
same as solar panel and wind turbine power, battery banks are used to store
energy in excess and then to use it when more energy is required. Moreover, any
device that includes both AC and DC elements needs a converter to produce
enough electricity.

Figure 6. Schematic of PV-Battery.

Figure 7. Schematic of Wind-Battery.

Figure 8. Schematic of PV-Wind-Battery.

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F. A. Alturki, A. B. Dayil

System #1: PV-Battery Generation system

System #2: Wind-Battery Generation system
System #3: PV-Wind-Battery Generation system
Components technical and economic specification:
The emissions g/kWh consider in Saudi Arabia about 929.85 where this is the
carbon gram per kilo watt hour for Petroleum according to U.S. electric utility
and independent power electricity generation and resulting CO2 emissions by
fuel in 2018 [13].

4.3. Load Profile Assessment

This hybrid system has been planned to meet Riyadh City’s energy needs for a
residential load. The current demand for residential power in urban areas is
strong, because of air conditioning. Energy use is strong in residential commun-
ities. In the current case the main energy consumption is due to the Ac units.
Electric load evaluation was conducted carefully considering household load re-
quirements for the summer peak season for residential requirements. The resi-
dential load estimates are mentioned in Table 1. The load profile of the residen-
tial community’s monthly average electricity consumption is shown in the Fig-
ure 9, with highest consumption of electricity between May and Oct. The AC
units run and the warm temperature in the city of Riyadh.

Table 1. Monthly load profile of typical consumer in Riyadh City.

Month Consumption kWh

Jan 587.0

Feb 596.6

Mar 573.3

Apr 1072.3

May 1663.9

Jun 1727.9

Jul 1980.6

Aug 1916.3

Sep 1544.7

Oct 1583.6

Nov 1147.8

Dec 606.1

Total 15,000

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 F. A. Alturki, A. B. Dayil

Figure 9. Monthly load profile of a typical consumer Riyadh city kWh.

4.4. Available Resources Assessment

In the present case, the hybrid solar/wind power system was taken into account.
Therefore, the full assessment of the wind and solar resources available is given
below:

4.4.1. Available Solar Radiation Data

Solar radiation data obtained by using HOMER software for the locations of
Riyadh city from “Atlas website by K.A.CARE” Figure 10 [11]. The maximum
solar radiations were found to be 6.95 kWh/m2/day. Data shows that the location
has good solar potential and can produce power in efficient way using photovol-
taic (PV) panels. Below sampled of one day of a year in MAY. Using measured
Global horizontal irradiation form Al-Uyaynah Research Station 24˚54'36.0"N
46˚24'36.0"E which considered the advanced solar measurement station in the
world shown in Figure 11.

4.4.2. Available Wind Speed Data

Wind speed data obtained by using HOMER software for the location of Riyadh
city from “Atlas website by K.A.CARE”. Figure 12 [11] displays the monthly
mean wind speed data, measured at 40 m above the ground level. The data have
been obtained from the meteorological database for 3 yr period of 2013-2016.
The annual mean wind speed of is estimated to be 7.64 m/s at 40 m height which
demonstrates that the city benefits from the abundant wind resource. Using
measured wind speed data City site station at Riyadh city 24˚34'35.1"N 46˚21'10.0"E
which considered the advanced solar measurement station in the world Shown
in Figure 13.

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F. A. Alturki, A. B. Dayil

Figure 10. Global horizontal irradiation of Al Uyaynah station sample day in May [11].

Figure 11. Al Uyaynah Research Measurement Station location in Saudi Arabia.

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 F. A. Alturki, A. B. Dayil

Figure 12. Average wind speed of city site station at Riyadh city Sample day of January [11].

Figure 13. Wind Measurement Station location in Saudi Arabia [11].

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F. A. Alturki, A. B. Dayil

5. Methodology
For optimal design and evaluation of the techno-economic feasibility of hybrid
systems, HOMER software Pro 3.14.3 produced by NREL (National Renewable
Energy Laboratory, USA) has been employed. This software is a powerful tool
for the optimum design, scale and planning of renewable hybrid energy systems
through technical and economic analysis of off-grid and on-grid power systems.
It requires inputs such as electrical or heating loads to simulate the system or
hybrid part combinations based on various set-ups and generates optimized sys-
tems sorted in terms of COE and NPC methodology of optimization presented
in Figure 14 [15]. Device architecture configurations are optimized by limiting
the objective feature to the limitations. In this analysis, the objective function is
COE which is the current device expense, except the amount of the revenue. Bat-
tery charging and unloading, power balance and other technological limitations
are the limitations. By making energy balance for an hour, HOMER simulates
the system configurations and takes the electric or thermal loads per hour that
can be supplied to the system [14].
This study shows the effect on COE and NPC of renewable penetration and
storage. As HOMER analyzes and optimizes the pre-feasibility of the micro-grid
systems before implementation. Typically, three tasks can be done with HOMER:
simulations, sensitivity analysis and the simulated machine optimization [13].
Loads, modules and grids are three primary types of equipment for hybrid re-
newable systems. The electric loads for this analysis include PV, generators, bat-
teries and converters. Tables 2-5 define the characteristics of these components
which are modeled on HOMER.

Figure 14. A schematic diagram indicating methodology utilized for analysis [15].

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 F. A. Alturki, A. B. Dayil

Table 2. Parameters of the hybrid system components in Homer.

Component Model Life time Initial cost Replacement cost Maintenance cost

Grid - - - - -

Battery Bank SSIG 12 255 300$/Battery 300$/Battery 4.5$/year

PV module ND-250QCS 25 850$/kW 800$/kW 80.5$/year

Wind Turbine BWC XL.1 20 1500$/turbine 1200$ 50$/year

Power Converter BDP250 25 900$/Converter 800$/Converter 0$/year

Table 3. Technical data used by the HOMER software.

Efficiency 96%

Wind turbine cut-in 2.5 m/s

Wind turbine cut-off 12.5 m/s

Project life time 25 years

Grid Electricity price 0.048 and 0.08 $/kWh

Table 4. Technical Specifications of Bergey XL.1 - 1 kW.

Start-up Wind Speed 3 m/s (6.7 mph)

Cut-in Wind Speed 2.5 m/s (5.6 mph)

Rated Wind Speed 11 m/s (24.6 mph)

Rated Power 1000 watts

Furling Wind Speed 13 m/s (29 mph)

Max. Design Wind Speed 54 m/s (120 mph

Type 3 Blade Upwind

Rotor Diameter 2.5 m (8.2 ft.)

Over speed Protection AUTOFURL

Table 5. Technical Specifications of ND-250QCS 250 W.

Maximum Power (Pmax)* 250 W

Tolerance of Pmax +5%/−0%

PTC Rating 223.6 W

Type of Cell Polycrystalline silicon

Cell Configuration 60 in series

Open Circuit Voltage (Voc) 38.3 V

Maximum Power Voltage (Vpm) 29.8 V

Short Circuit Current (Isc) 8.90 A

Maximum Power Current (Ipm) 8.40 A

Module Efficiency (%) 15.3%

Maximum System (DC) Voltage 600 V

Series Fuse Rating 15 A

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F. A. Alturki, A. B. Dayil

Optimization Method
The optimization of the system has been done according to the leveled cost of
energy (COE) concepts and compare to SEC tariff prices for residential con-
sumers (two tariff has been considered for the electricity coming from the grid)
The terms “Total NPC” and “Total NPC” for all schemes, including the initial
capital cost final price of operating costs in addition to CO2 emissions per sys-
tem, for electricity tariff prices of US$ 0.08/kWh have been considered in Table
6 shows that the optimum configuration of the optimization of renewable energy
was the lowest NPC and COE for PV-Grid system. The system does not need
batteries due to the consumer’s load behavior. using batteries would increase the
capital cost of the system and increasing COE as it mentioned in the second sys-
tem in Table 6 and is not the highest prices due to the price of PV-Battery sys-
tem would be also less than the price of electricity grid where the electricity of
the grid coming in the third table where first tire 1 - 6000 kWh cost 0.048 $/kWh
and second tariff is >6000 kWh cost 0.08 $/kWh.

6. Result
Table 6, Table 7 shows the results of the simulations of the optimal systems for
each case study and the economic assessments based on NPC and COE parame-
ters. Sensitivity case studies in Saudi Arabia often take into account the current
price of electricity in the residual categorization prices of $0.048/kWh and the
potential projected prices of $0.08/kWh. Systems in various configurations are
tested. PV-Grid 2. PV-Battery-Grid 3. Wind-Grid 4. Wind-Battery-Grid 5. PV-
Wind-Grid 6. PV-Wind-Battery-Grid. In Table 7 for the Total NPC and Total
NPC, plus the initial expense of the operating cost, for both systems. In addition
to the emission of CO2 per device, only the 0.048$/kWh tariff price of Table 7 is
considered. Also, show optimum systems optimization. Table 7 shows that the
use of renewables is not economical for a typical Riyadh user with an annual
consumption of 15,000 kWh per year, because of a COE scheme than electricity
for the grid. so, it is obvious the grid coming as the economic NPC and COE as
it shows in Table 7.

Table 6. Generalization of renewable energy systems optimization in riyadh for electricity tariff of 0.08$.

Cost/Initial System/Ren emmsion

PV WIND Battery Grid NPC COE operating cost
capital ($) Frac (%) kg/yr

2.036 on 16215.990 0.075 963.832 2631.788 21.0768 7601

1.982 1 on 16492.320 0.077 965.914 2878.783 20.70087 7631

on 16912.740 0.080 1200.000 0.000 0 9480

1.963 1 on 18113.440 0.084 995.881 4077.545 23.66246 7356

1.891 1 1 on 18389.850 0.086 998.934 4310.935 23.19167 7393

1 on 18973.440 0.090 1232.888 1597.181 2.528687 9240

1 1 on 19233.290 0.091 1224.962 1968.750 3.053514 9191

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 F. A. Alturki, A. B. Dayil

Table 7. Generalization of renewable energy systems optimization in riyadh for electricity tariff of 0.048$.

Cost/Initial System/Ren emmsion

PV WIND Battery Grid NPC COE operating cost
capital ($) Frac (%) kg/yr

on 10147.640 0.048 720.000 0 0 9480

0.056 on 10162.170 0.048 716.220 67.801 0.531 9430

0.066 1 on 10441.900 0.049 713.131 391.066 0.735 9410

1 on 12380.080 0.059 765.316 1593.750 2.488 9244

0.382 1 1 on 12649.170 0.060 728.906 2376.004 7.362 8782

1 1 on 12656.330 0.060 762.302 1912.500 2.681 9226

0.723 1 on 12849.960 0.061 759.264 2148.927 3.409 9157

The critical factors (for example, the size of the PV, converter and the number
of wind turbines and batteries) that are required to provide the electricity de-
mand are distinct from the environment parameters of a selected area at Riyadh,
and they could have a profound effect on the cost of the system as well. It is pri-
marily due to the fluctuation of the city’s primary parameters, such as solar radi-
ation and wind speed, to determine the solar panel size and the amount of solar
radiation power turbines used and the optimum application of the wind speed.
Higher irradiation or wind speeds may result in the load needed without using
grid electricity and reduce the electricity used by the grid.

7. Conclusion
As a conclusion, several changes in electricity prices in the Kingdom has been
done and recently in 2018 was the last change in the electricity tariff in the King-
dom, especially for the residential sector which aims to make several reforms to
the electricity sector in the Kingdom, implicitly in the goals of Vision 2030 for
the Kingdom where the electricity tariff for the residential sector became for the
first and second tiers (1 - 6000-kilowatt hours (kWh) and (6001-kilowatt-hours
and higher) at a value of $0.048/kilowatt-hour and $0.08/kWh respectively, which
ultimately aims to link electricity prices to global energy prices. The cost of elec-
tricity today in the Kingdom is considered a non-incentive for the acquisition of
a renewable energy system, as the electricity tariff from the grid in Saudi Arabia
is cheaper than its cost than the renewable energy systems. But in the event that
electricity prices are raised in the Kingdom and it is expected that electricity
prices in the Kingdom will rise to become similar to the prices of commercial
categories in the next 10 years $0.08/kWh, it is possible that the renewable ener-
gy system is economical and the cost of electricity is cheaper than acquiring it
from the grid to meet the needs of the residential consumer in the Kingdom.
where it shows that PV-Grid system can provide electricity with a price of 0.075
$/kWh cheaper than electricity from the grid of 0.08 $ per each kWh.

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F. A. Alturki, A. B. Dayil

8. Data Availability
1) The data that support the findings of this study are openly available in Global
Atlas at https://globalsolaratlas.info/map, reference number [10].
2) The data that support the findings of this study are available from
[K.A.CARE. Restrictions apply to the availability of these data, which were used
under license for this study. Data are available from the authors upon reasonable
request and with the permission of K.A.CARE [11].
3) The data that support the findings of this study are openly available in EIA
at https://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.php?id=74&t=11, reference number [16].

Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this pa-
per.

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