CLASS : X

SUBJECT : SCIENCE
LESSON : LIFE PROCESSES
PREPARED BY : DR.KANAK LATA
P.G.T.BIOLOGY
K.V.WCL NEW MAJRI
WHAT ARE LIFE PROCESSES
 Processes which work together to perform
maintenance job are called life processes. To
carry out this, main thing required is energy
which is obtained from outside sources i.e.
food.
 The materials required to sustain life are
called nutrients that include oxygen, food and
water.
 Different life processes are nutrition,
respiration, circulation/transpiration,
excretion, reproduction etc.
 Food sources are mainly made of carbon.Food
need to be broken down and converted into
energy by the process of respiration.
 Unicellular organisms are directly in
contact with environment therefore
simple diffusion can meet the
requirement of taking in food,
exchange of gases and removal of
wastes.
 Multicellular organisms are not in direct
contact with environment therefore
having various specialized body parts to
fulfill the requirements. They have
special organ system to take in food
and oxygen, their transportation,
getting rid of useless wastes from the
body.
 NUTRITION
➢ It is a process by which an organism
obtains its food.
➢ The process of nutrition includes
ingestion, digestion, absorption,
assimilation, egestion and oxidation of
food to release energy.
or
➢ It is a process of intake as well as
utilization of nutrients by an organism
to release energy for carrying out all
life processes.
FOOD AND ITS FUNCTION
❑ Food: Nutritive substance taken by all living
organisms for growth development and
survival.
❑ Functions:
✓ Provides energy to do work.
✓ Helps in maintaining body temperature.
✓ Important for growth and reproduction.
✓ Helps in repairing damaged cells and tissues.
✓ Helps in removal of wastes.
✓ It maintains water balance in the body
(osmoregulation).
 MODES OF NUTRITION

AUTOTROPHIC HETEROTROPHIC
NUTRITION NUTRITION

PHOTO- CHEMO-
AUTOTROPHIC AUTOTROPHIC
NUTRITION NUTRITION

HOLOZOIC SAPROPHYTIC PARASITIC OSMOTROPHIC

 AUTOTROPHIC MODE OF
NUTRITION
➢ Autotrophic nutrition is the type of nutrition in
which organisms prepare or synthesize their
own food with the help of raw materials
(CO2,H2O) in the presence of sunlight and
chlorophyll by the process of photosynthesis.

➢ E.g. All green plants, Photosynthetic bacteria.

Chlorophyll
➢ 6 CO2 + 6 H 2O C6H12O6 + 6O2
Sunlight
 WHAT HAPPENS DURING
PHOTOSYNTHESIS

➢ Absorption of light energy by

chlorophyll.
➢ Conversion of light energy into
chemical energy and splitting of
water molecules into hydrogen and
oxygen.
➢ Reduction of carbon dioxide into
carbohydrate.
CROSS SECTION OF LEAF
 PHOTOAUTOTROPHIC
NUTRITION
❑The nutrition in which light
energy (Photons) is used to
prepare own food by an
organisms.

❑E.g. Green plants.

Photoautotrophic
nutrition
Euglena: Connecting link between plants and animals
Photosynthetic bacteria
 CHEMOAUTOTROPHIC
NUTRITION
➢ Food is synthesized from inorganic
substances in the presence of
energy derived from the oxidation
of simple inorganic compound of
iron and sulphur.

➢ E.g.Chemosynthetic bacteria
( nitrosomonas )
Nitrosomonas
Nitrosomonas
HETEROTROPHIC NUTRITION

❑ It is a type of nutrition in which

the organism do not synthesizes
their own food.
❑In this case energy is derived
from the intake and digestion of
organic substances normally of
plants or animals sources.
❑ E.g. Animals, Human beings,
Fungi ( non - green plants ) etc.
 SAPROPHYTIC NUTRITION
The type of nutrition in which
organisms obtain nutrition from
the dead and decaying organic
matter. Such organisms are called
saprophytes. E.g. Fungi, Certain
bacteria.
 PARASITIC NUTRITION
 This type of nutrition is the
characteristic of parasites. The
organisms who obtained the food from
other organisms are called ‘parasites’
and the organism from which food is
absorbed is called ‘host’. Thus, there
is a relationship between host and
parasite in which one organism is
benefitted and other is harmed. E.g.
Plasmodium, Liver flukes, Ascaris,
Cuscuta (total stem parasite),
Puccinia, Ustilago etc.
Heterotrophic nutrition
 Heterotrophic
Nutrition ( saprophytic)
Parasitic fungus
Cuscuta :Total stem parasite
Pitcher plant: insectivorous plant
 Drosera :
insectivorous
plant
Sundew
Sundew
 HOLOZOIC NUTRITION
 In this type of nutrition, the animals take in
solid food through a definite path. It involves a
number of process like:
✓ Ingestion: Taking complex organic food through
mouth.
✓ Digestion: Change of complex food into simple
soluble and diffusible components.
✓ Absorption: Passing simple, soluble nutrients
into the blood or lymph.
✓ Assimilation: Utilization of absorbed food.
✓ Egestion: Expelling the undigested food.
Example: mammals, Amoeba, Hydra, frog etc.
Amoeba: Holozoic nutrition
 Osmotrophic nutrition: Organisms
take in predigest food through its
body wall by the process of
diffusion. Examples: Tape worm,
Trypanosoma etc.
 Coprozoic nutrition: They depends
on faecal matter of other
organisms.E.g.Pig
 Myxotrophic nutrition: Organisms
that uses more than one types of
nutrition. E.g. Euglena.
 NUTRITION IN AMOEBA
 Food of amoeba are microscopic animals
and plants that are present in water.
 The mode of nutrition is holozoic.
 The process of obtaining food is called
phagocytosis (in taking of solid food
material).
 Ingestion is taking place with the help of
pseudopodia.
 When the food is completely encircled and
the tip of encircling pseudopodia touch
each other, the membrane at the point
dissolved and the food is captured into
cell like bag called food vacuole.
 In food vacuole the digestion is
completed with the help of digestive
enzymes
( intracellular digestion ).
Amylase – starch into sugar
Protease-proteins into amino acid
Lipase-fats to fatty acids and
glycerol.
▪ Then by diffusion, absorption and
assimilation takes place
▪ The undigested food remain in the
vacuole which is thrown out.
(exocytosis )
NUTRITION IN HUMAN BEINGS

Digestive system:
Human digestive system is divided
into two parts:
➢ Alimentary canal
➢ Digestive glands
Digestive system
 ALIMENTARY CANAL
❖Mouth: Buccal cavity, tongue, teeth.
❖Pharynx
❖Oesophagus (food pipe)
❖Stomach
❖Small intestine: Duodenum, jejunum,
ileum
❖Large intestine: Ascending colon,
transverse colon, descending colon.
❖Rectum
❖Anus
 DIGESTIVE GLANDS
 Salivary gland: Saliva ( contain
ptyalin/salivary amylase).
 Gastric gland: HCl, pepsin, mucus,
gastric lypase.
 Pancreas: Pancreatic juice (contain
trypsin, pancreatic amylase and
small amount of gastric lipase).
 Liver: Bile.
 Intestinal gland: Intestinal juice
( succus entericus).
Types of teeth
Types of teeth
 NUTRITIONAL PROCESS

 Mouth opens into buccal cavity.

 The floor of buccal cavity has a
tongue having taste bud( bitter,
sour, salt, sweet ).
 Tongue helps in ingestion of food.
 Both the upper and lower jaws are
provided with four different types
of teeth (incisors, canine,
premolar, molar).
 The teeth helps in mastication of food. Here
the food is mixed with saliva which contain
enzyme ptyalin.

 Ptyalin helps in digestion of starch into maltose

( simple sugar ). Thus the digestion of
carbohydrates starts in the buccal cavity.

 Mouth opens into a small funnel shaped pharynx

and finally to long tubular oesophagus.Here no
digestion takes place.

 The oesophagus opens into a J- shaped

stomach.

 The stomach has branched and tubular glands

that secretes gastric juice.
 Gastric juice is a mixture of HCl,
protein digesting enzyme pepsin,
mucus and a small amount of gastric
lypase.
 The digestion of protein starts in
stomach.
 It is done with the help of pepsin.
 Pepsin converts protein into peptones.
Gastric lipase break down the lipids.
 Small intestine is a long coiled and
narrow tube and its wall is provided
with numerous long fingers like
projection called villi.
 These villi increases the surface area
of inner lining of intestine and helps in
absorption.
 Bile secreted by the liver cells
emulsifies fat.
 Pancreatic juice secreted by pancreas
contain trypsin that helps in the
digestion of protein and pancreatic
amylase break down the starch.
 Bicarbonate ions secreted by the
duodenal wall makes the medium
alkaline for the action of pancreatic
enzymes.
 These villi increases the surface
area of inner lining of intestine and
helps in absorption.
 Bile secreted by the liver cells
emulsifies fat.
 Pancreatic juice secreted by
pancreas contain trypsin that helps
in the digestion of protein and
pancreatic amylase break down the
starch.
 Bicarbonate ions secreted by the
duodenal wall makes the medium
alkaline for the action of pancreatic
enzymes.
 One mark question
➢ What is the role of mucus.
The mucus protects the inner lining
of the stomach from the action of
acid under normal condition.
➢ How food from stomach enters into
the small intestine.
The exit of food from the stomach
is regulated by sphincter muscle
which releases it in small amount
into the small intestine.
➢ Which is the longest part of
alimentary canal.
Small intestine (about 20 m.)
➢ Complete digestion of food takes
place in which part of alimentary
canal.
Small intestine.
➢ The exist of waste material is
regulated by which muscles.
Anal sphincter.
➢ What is the role of HCl in stomach.
It facilitates the action of enzyme
pepsin by the acidic medium produced
by it in the stomach i.e. it helps in
the digestion of protein.
 RESPIRATION & BREATHING
 Respiration: It is a catabolic
process which involves the burning
of food substances within the tissue
to produce energy in the form of
ATP.
 Breathing: The process of intake of
oxygen and removal of carbon di
oxide. is called breathing No
enzymes are required
 Differentiate between
respiration and breathing.
RESPIRATION BREATHING
It is the oxidation of It is simple intake of
food to produce carbon oxygen and removal of
dioxide, water and carbon dioxide.
energy.
It is intracellular. It is extra cellular.

Energy is released in No energy is released.

the form of ATP.
Enzymes are involved. No enzymes are
involved.
It is common in all It varies in different
animals. animals.
 TYPES OF RESPIRATION
 Aerobic : Majority of organisms
uses oxygen for respiration. Such
organisms are called aerobes and
respiration is called aerobic
respiration.
 Steps of aerobic respiration:
➢ Uptake of oxygen by the tissues.
➢ Oxidation of food inside the cell by
enzymes.
➢ Elimination of Carbon dioxide from
the tissues.
 Glycolysis Kreb’s cycle

Glucose Pyruvate
No oxygen is required In presence of oxygen
(takes place in cytoplasm) (takes place in mitochondria)

CO2 + H2O + Energy (ATP)

(Six carbon dioxide compound is

converted into three carbon
compound : Glucose to pyruvate)
Anaerobic respiration: The
respiration in which energy
released from food in the
absence of oxygen is called
anaerobic respiration. This type
of animals are called anaerobes.
During this process ethyl alcohol
is formed as end product in
some plants (Yeast) and lactic
acid in muscles cells of animals
and bacteria.
 ATP
Adenosine Triphosphate: It is the
energy currency of the cell used for
most of the cellular processes. ATP
molecule is formed from ADP and
inorganic phosphate.
energy
ADP + P ADP~P = ATP
P : Phosphate
ATP can be used in the cells for the
contraction of muscles, protein
synthesis, conduction of nervous
impulse and many other activities.
 AEROBIC RESPIRATION ANAEROBIC
RESPIRATION.
Utilizes oxygen. Takes place in absence of
oxygen.

End product CO2 and H2O End products are ethyl

alcohol or lactic acid.
Considerable more amount Less energy is released.
of energy is released.(38 (2ATP)
ATP)
Takes place in majority of Takes place in few
organisms. organisms like fungi and
bacteria.
Glycolysis takes place in Takes place in cytoplasm.
cytoplasm and Kreb’s takes
place in mitochondria.
 AEROBIC ANAEROBIC
RESPIRATION RESPIRATION.

Food is Food is
completely incompletely
oxidized. oxidized.
End products End products
are non-toxic. are toxic.
 RESPIRATION IN PLANTS
 In case of plants gaseous exchange takes place
through stomata in leaves and stems and through
lenticels in woody stems and older roots. Oxygen is
continuously absorbed for the oxidation and CO2 is
released.
 Respiration in plants differ from animals in three
respects:
➢ All parts of the plant like root, stem, leaf perform
respiration individually.
➢ There is little transport of gases from one part to
other part of the plant unlike animals.
➢ The rate of respiration is slow in case of plants as
compared to animals.
 EXCHANGE OF GASES IN ROOTS
AND STEMS
 Root hair take up oxygen from the
soil by diffusion process. They are
in contact with oxygen in soil.
Oxygen diffuses into root hair and
passes into other cells of the
roots. CO2 from root cells similarly
moves out into the soil. In woody
plants the bark has lenticels for
gaseous exchange.
EXCHANGE OF GASES IN ROOT
EXCHANGE OF GASES IN STEM
 EXCHANGE OF GASES IN
LEAVES

 Stomata present on the surface of

leaf are responsible for exchange
of gases. When CO2 concentration
increases, stomata opens to release
it into the atmosphere by the
process of diffusion.
EXHANGE OF GASES IN LEAF
 RESPIRATION IN ANIMALS
 Aquatic animals: Fish, prawn, mussels
have gills for respiration. They take in
dissolved oxygen from water and give out
CO2 from the body.
 Land animal: Lizard, bird, human beings
respire through lungs. Uptake of oxygen
takes place from environment.
 Earth worm: Through moist skin.
 Frog: Moist skin and lungs.
 Insects: Air tubes or spiracles (tracheal
system)
 Why the rate of breathing in
aquatic organism is much faster
than terrestrial organisms?
The rate of breathing in aquatic
organism is much faster than
terrestrial organisms because the
amount of dissolved oxygen is fairly
low as compared to the amount of
oxygen in the air.
 COMMON FEATURES OF ALL
RESPIRATORY ORGANS
A large surface area to get
enough oxygen.
 Thin walls for easy diffusion
and exchange of respiratory
gases.
 In the tracheal system air
reaches to cells directly.
 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM IN
HUMAN BEING
 Respiratory organs:
❖Nostrils (Nasal passage)
❖Nasopharynx
❖Larynx (Voice box)
❖Trachea
❖Bronchi and Bronchioles
❖Alveoli and lungs
❖Diaphragm
❖Intercoastal muscle.
 Nostril:
These are two nasal openings which have mucus to
remove dust particles from air. It is warm to kill
bacteria.
 Nasopharynx:
It is the junction between the oral and the nasal
cavity. It is guarded by epiglottis which closes
the passage of air while swallowing food.
 Larynx:
It is the voice box which is responsible to prevent
the entry of food material in the trachea (Wind
pipe). In male Adam’s apple is present which is
protruding cartilage of voice box.
 Trachea:
It is about 4 inch long and extends from larynx to
the level of the fifth thoracic vertebra. It is
composed of 16-20 incomplete rings which prevent
the trachea from collapsing.
 Bronchi and Bronchioles:
Bronchi are formed by the bilateral furcation
of trachea. Bronchi further divided into
bronchioles which end into Alveoli (Air sacs).
 Lungs:
There are two spongy elastic organs formed of
alveoli, bronchioles, blood vessels etc. The
right lung has three lobes and the left lung
has two lobes. Lung is covered by a doubled
membrane known as pleura.
 Diaphragm:
It is the large dome shaped sheath of muscles
which separates the thoracic cavity from the
abdominal cavity.
 Intercoastal muscle: These are two series of
muscles situated in between the ribs.
 ❑ MECHANISM OF BREATHING:
 INSPIRATION: It is also known as inhalation.
It is the result of combined action of the ribs
and diaphragm. Due to this action thoracic
cavity increases in size. It leads to the
decrease in pressure in the lungs as compared
to atmospheric pressure. This rushes the air
into the lungs through nostrils, trachea and
bronchi.
 EXPIRATION: It is also known as exhalation.
It is the reverse of inspiration. It again
involves the action of ribs and diaphragm. Due
to this thoracic cavity decreases in size. It
leads to increase in the pressure in lungs as
compared to atmospheric pressure which
compresses the lungs and forces the air out
into the atmosphere.
 ❖EXCHANGE OF GASES IN TISSUE:
 In the tissues, oxygen gets used up and
CO2 is released. The blood which brings
oxygen from lungs and carries it to
tissues has a higher concentration of
oxygen and lower concentration of CO2.
Due to the differences in concentration,
the gases get exchanged between tissues
and blood capillaries.
 What is the name of respiratory pigment?
 Haemoglobin (High affinity for oxygen).
It is also called carrier of oxygen.
Oxygen+Haemoglobin ->Oxyhaemoglobin.
 ❖TRANSPORTATION:
It is one of the life process in which a
substance absorbed or synthesized in
one part is moved to other part of the
body.

❖TRANSPORTATION IN HUMAN
BEINGS:
In case of human being there is a system
called circulatory system which is
responsible for transportation of
nutrients, respiratory gases (CO2 and
O2), waste products, hormones, enzymes
within the body through blood and
lymph. Blood flows through blood vessels
(artery, veins and capillaries)
 ❖ CIRCULATORY SYSTEM COMPRISES:
 Heart (pumping organ) produces lub-dub
sound.
 Blood
 Blood vessels
❖ HEART:
 It is a muscular organ which is as big as our
fist.
 It is of four chambers: Two upper atrium
(auricles) and two lower ventricles.
 It is made up of cardiac muscle fibres.
 It is called as pumping organ
 There is rhythmic contraction (systole) and
relaxation (diastole) of heart muscles
throughout life.
SECTIONAL VIEW OF HUMAN HEART
SCHEMATIC REPRESENTATION OF TRANSPORT AND
EXCHANGE OF OXYGEN AND CARBOB DIOXIDE
 ❖ MECHANISM OF CIRCULTION OF BLOOD:
DOUBLE CIRCULATION:
 When the muscles of all the four
chambers of heart are relaxed, the
pulmonary vein brings the oxygenated
blood from lungs to left atrium of the
heart.
 When the left atrium contracts the
oxygenated blood is pushed into the
left ventricle through valve V1.
 When the left ventricle contracts the
oxygenated blood enters into the main
artery (aorta). From main artery the
blood is forced to different body part
through smaller arteries (arterioles).
 The oxygen is utilised by the cells and
deoxygenated blood from the body parts
enters into the main vein. The main vein
carries the deoxygenated blood to the right
atrium of the heart.
 When the right atrium contracts
deoxygenated blood is pumped into the right
ventricle through the valve V2.
 When the right ventricle contracts the
deoxygenated blood is pumped into the lung
through pulmonary artery.
 In the lungs deoxygenated blood releases
its CO2 and absorbs fresh O2 from air.
Thus again blood become oxygenated which
is sent to the left atrium of heart by
pulmonary vein for circulation.
 ❖DOUBLE CIRCULATION:
 A circulatory system in which blood
flows twice through the heart in one
complete cycle is called double
circulation. Here there is no mixing
of oxygenated and deoxygenated
blood. It is also called close
circulatory system.
 It involves two circulations:
Systemic circulation and pulmonary
circulation.
DOUBLE CIRCULATION
 ❖ADVANTAGE OF DOUBLE
CIRCULATION:
 The separation of the right side and
the left side of the heart is useful
to keep oxygenated and
deoxygenated blood from mixing.
 Such separation allows a highly
efficient supply of oxygen to the
body.
 This is very useful in those animals
(birds and mammals) which have high
energy needs to maintain the body
temperature.
 BLOOD PRESSURE
 Blood pressure is the force that is exerted by
the blood against the wall of a vessel.
 The pressure is more in artery than in vein.
 The pressure of blood inside the artery during
ventricular systole (contraction) is called systolic
pressure and pressure in artery ventricular
diastole(relaxation) is called diastolic pressure.
 The normal systolic pressure is about 120 mm
of Hg and diastolic pressure is 80 mm of Hg.
 Blood pressure is measured by
sphygmomanometer.
 High B.P. is called hypertension and is due to
constriction of arterioles, Which results in
increased resistance to blood flow.
 It may lead to rupture of an artery and internal
bleeding.
❖BLOOD VESSELS:
 Artery
 Vein
 Capillary.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ARTERIES AND VEINS
ARTERY VEIN
They carry blood away from They carry blood towards the
heart. heart.
Carries oxygenated blood except Carries deoxygenated blood
pulmonary artery. except pulmonary vein.
Deeply seated. Superficially seated.
Thick muscular walls. Thin and less muscular walls.
Narrow lumen. Wider lumen.
Blood flow with jerk Blood flows without jerk
Walls elastic Walls non elastic
They do not collapse when They collapse when empty.
empty.
 ❖CAPILLARIES:
 These are very fine blood vessels.
 Artery branch into smaller and
smaller arteries and finally into
capillaries.
 All the functions of the blood are
carried out through capillaries like
digested food is picked from the
small intestine, oxygen from the
alveoli, carbon dioxide and other
wastes from every cell and so on.
 Capillaries connects artery to vein.
❖MAINTENANCE BY PLATELETS:

 Platelets help in clotting of

blood. They are fragments of
cells in bone marrow.
 Nucleus is absent in platelets.
 It is also called thrombocytes
❖LYMPH:
 It is light yellow fluid due to absence
of R.B.C.
 It contains less protein molecule and
digested food.
 It is another medium of circulation in
the body of human.
 It flows in only one direction i.e. from
body tissue to the heart.
 It is called extracellular.
 The other name of lymph is body fluid.
 Lymph drains into lymphatic capillaries
from the intracellular spaces which join
to form large lymph vessels that finally
open into larger veins.
❖TRANSPORTATION IN PLANTS:
 In case of plants conducting tissue
i.e. xylem and phloem are responsible
for transportation.
 Xylem carries water and minerals in
the upward direction only.
 Phloem carries prepared food from
leaf to other parts of the plants.
 It is also responsible to carry
hormones made by plants in their root
tips and shoot tips.
 ❖TRANSPORT OF WATER AND
MINERALS:

 Transportation of water and

minerals takes place through the
two kinds of elements of xylem
tissue i.e. tracheids and vessels.
Both are the non- living
conducting tissues which have
thick walls.
 ❖ MECHANISM OF TRANSPORT OF WATER
AND MINERALS:
 In xylem tissue, vessels and tracheids of the
roots, stems and leaves are interconnected to
form a continuous system of water conducting
channels reaching all parts of the plant.
 The root cells in contact with the soil
actively take up ions.
 This creates a difference in the
concentration of these ions between roots
and the soil.
 Therefore by the process of diffusion water
enters into the root hairs.
 Water and minerals dissolved in it passes
through root cortex, endodermis and reach
the root xylem.
 Then they enter the stem xylem via petiole
(stalk of leaf).
 Only 1 to 2 % of the absorbed water is
utilised in the photosynthesis and other
metabolic activities thus the remaining
water comes out through stomata by the
process of transpiration.
 Loss of water is compensated by the
movement of fresh supply of water to the
leaf.
 Loss of water by the leaves creates a
suction which pulls water from xylem cells.
 Thus, transpiration helps in the upward
movement of water from roots to the
leaves which is also called ascent of sap.
 ❖ TRANSPORT OF FOOD AND OTHER
SUBSTANCES:
 The transport of soluble products of
photosynthesis is called translocation and it
occurs in the part of the vascular tissue
called phloem.
 The phloem also transports amino acids and
hormones.
 These substances are especially delivered to
the storage organs of roots, fruits, seeds
and to the growing organs.
 The translocation of food and other
substances takes place in the sieve tubes
with the help of adjacent companion cells
both in upward and downward directions.
Osmotic pressure is the cause for
translocation of food and other substances.
 ❑EXCRETION:

 The biological process involved in

the removal of harmful metabolic
wastes from the body is called
excretion. Many unicellular
organisms remove these wastes by
simple diffusion from the body
surface into the surroundings.
 ❖EXCRETION IN HUMAN BEINGS:
The excretory system consists of:
 Two bean shaped kidney
 Two ureters
 A urinary bladder
 A urethra
➢ KIDNEY:
 Kidneys are located in the abdomen one on either
side of the backbone.
 The function of kidneys are to remove the
poisonous toxic substance urea, other wastes salts
and excess of water from the blood and excrete
them in the form of a yellowish liquid called urine.
➢ URETERS:
 These are excretory tubes one from each kidney
and it opens into urinary bladder.
 These tubes carry urine from the kidney to
urinary bladder.
➢ URINARY BLADDER:
 Urine is stored in the urinary bladder for some
time.
➢ URETHRA:
 Urethra is a tube having urinary opening through
which urine is discharged.
❖MECHANISM OF URINE FORMATION:

•Each kidney is made up of a large no. of

excretory units called nephron.
•The nephron has a cup-shaped bag at its upper
end which is called Bowman’s capsule.
•The lower end of Bowman’s capsule is tube
shaped and it is called tubule.
•The Bowman’s capsule contains a bundle of
blood capillaries which is called glomerulus.
•One end of glomerulus is attached to the renal
artery which brings the impure blood and the
other end of glomerulus is attached to the
renal vein.
•The function of glomerulus is to filter the
blood. During filtration, the substance like
glucose, amino acids, salts, water and urea
present in the blood passes into the
Bowman’s capsule and then enter the tubule
of nephron.
•Useful substance like glucose, all amino
acids, most salts and most water are
reabsorbed into the tubules through blood
capillaries surrounding the tubules.
•The liquid left behind in the tubule of
nephron is urine which is excreted out
through urethra.
•Human urine = water + some salts
+nitrogenous wastes ( The most of which is
urea )
 ❖ ARTIFICIAL KIDNEY (Hemodialysis):
 An artificial kidney is a device to remove
nitrogenous waste products from the blood
through dialysis. In this case blood is made
to flow into the dialysis machine made of
long cellulose tubes coiled in a dialyzing tank
with dialysis fluid.
 This fluid has same osmotic pressure as the
blood except it is devoid of nitrogenous
wastes.
 The patient blood is allowed to pass through
these tubes.
 As a result wastes substance diffuses out
from the blood into the tank. The clean
blood is pumped back into the patient body.
 ❖MAIN DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
KIDNEY AND ARTIFICIAL KIDNEY:

 In case of artificial kidney no

reabsorption takes place.
 Normally in a healthy adult, the
initial filtrate in the kidney is about
180L daily but the volume actually
excreted is only a litre or two per
day, as the remaining filtrate is
reabsorbed in the kidney tubules.
 ❖EXCRETION IN PLANTS:
 Excretion in plant is done through
stomata. (oxygen and carbon dioxide)
 Excess of water is excreted by the
process of transpiration.
 Some wastes are stored in leaves and
plants get rid of these wastes by
removing the dry leaves.
 Some wastes are stored in cellular
vacuoles.
 Some wastes are stored as resins and
gums especially in old xylem.
 Plants also excrete some wastes into
the soil.
❖TYPES OF WASTES GENERATED IN
PLANTS:

 Solid wastes: Raphides, Rubber.

 Liquid wastes: Milky latex,
Resin, Gum, Sandal wood oil,
Eucalyptus oil.
 Gaseous wastes: Carbon dioxide,
Oxygen, Water vapour.
RAPHIDES
RUBBER
PLANT
MILKY LATEX
GUM DROP
EXTRACTION OF
GUM
SANDAL WOOD
OIL