Trees In Trouble IELTS Reading Answers with

Explanation
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Bài đọc (reading passage)
Trees In Trouble

What is causing the decline of the world’s giant forests?

A. Big trees are incredibly important ecologically. For a start, they sustain countless other species. They
provide shelter for many animals, and their trunks and branches can become gardens, hung with green
ferns, orchids and bromeliads, coated with mosses and draped with vines. With their tall canopies*
basking in the sun, they capture vast amounts of energy. This allows them to produce massive crops of
fruit, flowers and foliage that sustain much of the animal life in the forest.

B. Only a small number of tree species have the genetic capacity to grow really big. The mightiest are
native to North America, but big trees grow all over the globe, from the tropics to the boreal forests of the
high latitudes. To achieve giant stature, a tree needs three things: the right place to establish its seedling,
good growing conditions and lots of time with low adult mortality*. Disrupt any of these, and you can lose
your biggest trees.

C. In some parts of the world, populations of big trees are dwindling because their seedlings cannot
survive or grow. In southern India, for instance, an aggressive nonnative shrub, Lantana camara, is
invading the floor of many forests. Lantana grows so thickly that young trees often fail to take root. With
no young trees to replace them, it is only a matter of time before most of the big trees disappear. Across
much of northern Australia, Gamba grass from Africa is overrunning native savannah woodlands. The
grass grows up to four metres tall and burns fiercely, creating super hot fires that cause catastrophic tree
mortality.

D. Without the right growing conditions trees cannot get really big, and there is some evidence to
suggest tree growth could slow down in a warmer world, particularly in environments that are already
warm. Having worked for decades at La Selva Biological Station in Puerto Viejo de Sarapiqui, Costa Rica,
David and Deborah Clark and colleagues have shown that tree growth there declines markedly in warmer
years. “During the day, their photosynthesis* shuts down when it gets too warm, and at night they
consume more energy because their metabolic rate increases, much as a reptile’s would when it gets
warmer,” explains David Clark. With less energy produced in warmer years and more being consumed just
to survive, there is even less energy available for growth.

E. The Clarks’ hypothesis, if correct, means tropical forests would shrink over time. The largest, oldest
trees would progressively die off and tend not to be replaced. According to the Clarks, this might trigger a
destabilisation of the climate; as older trees die, forests would release some of their stored carbon into
the atmosphere, prompting a vicious cycle of further warming, forest shrinkage and carbon emissions.

F. Big trees face threats from elsewhere. The most serious is increasing mortality, especially of mature
trees. Across much of the planet, forests of slow growing ancient trees have been cleared for human use.
In western North America, most have been replaced by monocultures of fast growing conifers. Siberia’s
forests are being logged at an incredible rate. Logging in tropical forests is selective but the timber cutters
usually prioritise the biggest and oldest trees. In the Amazon, my colleagues and I found the mortality rate
for the biggest trees had tripled in small patches of rainforest surrounded by pasture land. This happens
for two reasons. First, as they grow taller, big trees become thicker and less flexible: when winds blow
across the surrounding cleared land, there is nothing to stop their acceleration. When they hit the trees,
the impact can snap them in half. Second, rainforest fragments dry out when surrounded by dry, hot
pastures and the resulting drought can have devastating consequences: one four-year study has shown
that death rates will double for smaller trees but will increase 4.5 times for bigger trees.

G. Particular enemies to large trees are insects and disease. Across vast areas of western North
America, increasingly mild winters are causing massive outbreaks of bark beetle. These tiny creatures can
kill entire forests as they tunnel their way through the inside of trees. In both North America and Europe,
fungus causing diseases such as Dutch elm disease have killed off millions of stately trees that once gave
beauty to forests and cities. As a result of human activity, such enemies reach even the remotest corners
of the world, threatening to make the ancient giants a thing of the past. Glossary: a canopy: leaves and
branches that form a cover high above the ground mortality: the number of deaths within a particular
group photosynthesis: a process used by plants to convert the light energy from the sun into chemical
energy that can be used as food.
Câu hỏi (questions)
Question 1 - 7
Reading Passage has seven paragraphs, A-G.

Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below.

Write the correct number, I-X

List of Headings

I How deforestation harms isolated trees

II How other plants can cause harm

III Which big trees support the most diverse species

IV Impact of big tree loss on the wider environment

V Measures to prevent further decline in big tree populations

VI How wildlife benefits from big trees

VII Risk from pests and infection

VIII Ways in which industry uses big tree products

IX How higher temperatures slow the rate of tree growth

X Factors that enable trees to grow to significant heights

1 Paragraph A

2 Paragraph B

3 Paragraph C

4 Paragraph D

5 Paragraph E

6 Paragraph F

7 Paragraph G
Question 8 - 1 3
Complete the sentences below.

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

8 The biggest trees in the world can be found in .

9 Some trees in northern Australia die because of made worse by gamba grass.

10 The Clarks believe that the release of from dead trees could lead to the death of more trees.

11 Strong are capable of damaging tall trees in the Amazon.

12 has a worse impact on tall trees than smaller ones.

13 In western Northern America, a species of has destroyed many trees.

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2 X https://www.dol.vn/ielts-r
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3 II https://www.dol.vn/ielts-r
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4 IX https://www.dol.vn/ielts-r
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6 I https://www.dol.vn/ielts-r
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8 North America https://www.dol.vn/ielts-r

9 super hot fires/fires https://www.dol.vn/ielts-r

10 stored carbon/carbon https://www.dol.vn/ielts-r

11 winds https://www.dol.vn/ielts-r
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12 drought https://www.dol.vn/ielts-r
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13 beetle https://www.dol.vn/ielts-r
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