SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY ym distant object are parallel. * object is formed at the focus of the concave mirror. wrror_and fix it on the as optical bench with the help of mirror holder. Now, place the screen on the optical bench with the help of screen holder. K: Point the concave mirror towards object (as tree) outside the window. Now, adjust the position of the seree that, a sharp and inverte ant object is formed onSCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY ‘The focal length of the concave minvor uirror (f) = — em. Precautions 1. The screen should be 3 placed wh: BME iartastak checks beseN ea eee ys ee " EXPERIMENT 4(b) of the Experiment termine the focal length of a convex lens by obtaining the image ofa distant oles: terials Required p ‘convex lens and screen. 4] bench with lens and screen holder stand, dium bounded by two spherical surfaces, o= jg a portion of a transparent refracting mo 3 7 gurface and the other plane surface tae ages wwerging lens is ‘The point is called principal ‘one that brings the rays of parallel beams of “focus, This lens is thicker in the 75SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY ctangular glass slab for differen, Aim of the Experiment fraction, angle of MOTHER an To trace the path of a ray of light past! angles of incidence. Measure the angle of incidences interpret the result. Jing through @ re angle of Materials Required ass slat Plain sheet of paper, drawing board, drawing pins, Pins, pencil, seale, protractor, Gs sib 8 Theory i rh ; her medium, it deviates from its path. This i, 10 When light travels from one medium to anol! called the refraction of light. ‘A ray of light travelling from an optical medium (such as glass), it slows down and bi lly rarer medium (such a8 air) to optically ends towards to normal. ‘A ray of light travelling from an optically denser medium (euch as glass) to optically medium (such as air), it speeds up and bends away from the normal. that is incident on the surface of ‘Angle of incidence: The angle between © ray the eurface is called the angle of inci medium and the normal to the incident point on ‘Angle of refraction: ‘The angle between a ray that is refracted at the surface between tw ‘and normal to the surface at the point of refraction is called the angle of refraction. The laws of refraction: 1. Fora pair of media, the ratio of refraction (sin r) is always constant. 2, Incident ray, refracted ray and normal at the point of incidence, of sine of the angle of incidence (sin i) to sine of th all lie in the The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of refraction for a pair of media is always constant. This constant is known as the refractive index and represented by H ABCD - Glass Procedure 1, Fix the sheet of paper on a of drawing pins. 9, Place rectangular glass slab on paper and sketch its outline as ABCD.aw a perpendicular NO at Point © ang paw a line TO making an angle of go! extend it t fhe path of incident ray lying in the pl ix two pins at points P, and P, verti lane of paper, aca ‘ook at the pins at P, and P, é 1 and P, fro ® p,and P, appear in a line, m the other face (BO) of th ; 1 lass slab, , #0 that the pins __ Fix another two pins at P, and appear in a straight line, Mark these points as P, and P, in such a way vy that all the pins at P, 1s Pay Py and P, Now, remove the pins and glass slab from the praw a straight line joining points P, an oa BC. This line represents the emergent « ae Join O and O,. This i ee is is the path of light within the gl Draw another normal QQ, at the Point 0, ie Repeat the procedure for different value of the angles of incid of incidence, Tine meets at Point 0, at the face No. of Observations esult 1, Angle of incidence (A) 2, Angle of refraction (41) = recautions ‘The pencil should be sharP- a vertically erect: he pins should ee ve miongured sorurataly an carefully, , that the 295% slab does not get disturbed taken, 82 during the experiment. st deviates from its path: TR 5 another medium,