,PSRUWDQW,QIRUPDWLRQ

First and foremost, we at NDT Systems, Inc. would like to thank you for your purchase of the Raptor. The
Raptor is a new category in Ultrasonic Flaw Detectors. The Raptor is not only a contemporary high speed
flaw detector BUT, also includes a full featured C-Scan Imaging System within the same package.
Leveraging three 32-bit microprocessors, the Raptor offers substantially more capabilities than ANY
conventional flaw detector. Press the FLAW MODE key and the Raptor performs as any High
Performance flaw detector would. Press the SCAN key and the Raptor becomes a full featured Flaw
Detector AND Imaging System matching, and in some cases exceeding, the features of imaging systems
costing more than $40,000, at standard Flaw Detector prices.

2SHUDWRU4XDOLILFDWLRQV
In order for the owner of this advanced technology instrument to fully benefit from the unique features of
the Raptor, the assigned operator(s) must be experienced and well-founded in the fundamentals of
ultrasonic testing. Operators should fully possess the qualifications of ultrasonic testing personnel as
defined in Recommended Practice No. SNT-TC-1A, Personnel Qualification and Certification in
Nondestructive Testing, available from the American Society for Nondestructive Testing (ASNT), 1711
Arlingate Lane, P.O. Box 38518, Columbus, OH 43228-0518, phone (614) 274-6003, FAX (614) 274-
6899, telex 245347.




7DEOHRI&RQWHQWV
 *HQHUDO,QIRUPDWLRQ  
1.1 Powering the Raptor...................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Powering On and Off .................................................................................................................... 1
1.3 Display .......................................................................................................................................... 2
1.4 Keypad .......................................................................................................................................... 2
1.1.1 Upper section......................................................................................................................... 2
1.1.2 Lower section ........................................................................................................................ 2
 4XLFN6WDUW 
2.1 Thickness....................................................................................................................................... 3
2.2 Flaw-Lin ........................................................................................................................................ 3
2.3 Flaw-Dag....................................................................................................................................... 4
2.4 Shear.............................................................................................................................................. 4
2.5 Scan ............................................................................................................................................... 5
 0HQXV  
3.1 Main .............................................................................................................................................. 7
3.2 Calibrate ........................................................................................................................................ 8
3.3 Mode.............................................................................................................................................. 9
3.4 Thickness....................................................................................................................................... 9
3.5 Flaw-Lin ...................................................................................................................................... 10
3.6 Flaw-Dag..................................................................................................................................... 10
3.7 Shear............................................................................................................................................ 11
3.8 Dag Setup .................................................................................................................................... 11
3.9 Pulser........................................................................................................................................... 12
3.10 Receiver....................................................................................................................................... 12
3.11 Tuning ......................................................................................................................................... 13
3.12 Scan ............................................................................................................................................. 13
3.13 Display ........................................................................................................................................ 14
3.14 Alarm........................................................................................................................................... 14
3.15 Setup........................................................................................................................................... 15
3.16 A-traces ....................................................................................................................................... 15
 7KLFNQHVV0RGH  
4.1 A Walk through using a 3/8” 5.0 MHZ Contact Transducer ...................................................... 16
4.1.1 ZERO & VELOCITY ............................................................................................................. 17
4.2 ECHO-ECHO Setup Using 3/8" 5MHz Contact Transducer...................................................... 18
4.3 Procedures for Using Dual Element Transducers with Delay Lines........................................... 19
4.3.1 Key Concept ............................................................................................................................ 19
4.4 Dual Element Delay Line ZEROing Procedure for Raptor......................................................... 20
4.5 Dual Element Thru-Paint Measurements. ................................................................................... 20
 )ODZ0RGH 
5.1 Flaw-Lin ...................................................................................................................................... 23
5.1.1 Start (F1) and End (F2) ........................................................................................................... 23
5.1.2 Thresh (F3).............................................................................................................................. 23
5.1.3 Alarm (F4)............................................................................................................................... 23
5.1.4 GATE2 (F5) ............................................................................................................................ 23
5.1.5 GATE2 Start (F6), End (F7), and Thresh (F8)........................................................................ 23
 )ODZ'DJ  
6.1 Manual Dag setup........................................................................................................................ 25
6.2 Auto DAG ................................................................................................................................... 27
 6KHDURU$QJOH0RGH  
i
 7.1 Setup - Equipment........................................................................................................................29
7.2 A few items to be entered before starting the Calibration: ..........................................................29
7.3 Calibration: ..................................................................................................................................29
7.4 EBLK Adjusted............................................................................................................................30
 6HWXSV  
8.1 FACTORY Setup Variables. .......................................................................................................31
 6FDQQLQJ 
9.1 New CScan...................................................................................................................................33
9.1.1 Scan Area Definition................................................................................................................33
9.1.2 Start Scan .................................................................................................................................34
9.1.3 Move Motors............................................................................................................................34
9.1.4 Home Motors ...........................................................................................................................34
9.1.5 Speed/Strokes...........................................................................................................................35
9.1.6 Clear Scan ................................................................................................................................35
9.1.7 Image........................................................................................................................................35
9.1.7.1 Scale.........................................................................................................................................35
9.1.7.2 Color bar ..................................................................................................................................35
9.1.7.3 Zoom .......................................................................................................................................36
9.1.7.4 B-Scan......................................................................................................................................36
9.1.7.5 Histogram.................................................................................................................................37
9.1.7.6 3D View ...................................................................................................................................37
9.1.7.7 Measure....................................................................................................................................38
9.1.7.8 Units.........................................................................................................................................38
9.1.8 Close Scan................................................................................................................................38
9.1.9 Save Scan .................................................................................................................................38
9.2 New BScan...................................................................................................................................39
9.3 Load Scan.....................................................................................................................................40
9.4 Move ............................................................................................................................................40
9.5 Scanner.........................................................................................................................................41
9.6 Load Image ..................................................................................................................................41
 6'&DUGVDQG&RPPXQLFDWLRQV  
10.1 SD Cards .....................................................................................................................................43
10.1.1 An example Screenshot............................................................................................................43
10.1.2 File Menu .................................................................................................................................43
10.1.3 F2 to select external memory...................................................................................................44
10.1.4 Filename Entry.........................................................................................................................44
10.2 USB Port ......................................................................................................................................44
 $SSHQGL[$7UDQVGXFHU6HOHFWLRQ 
11.1 Thickness Gaging Applications. ..................................................................................................45
11.1.1 Thickness Ranges.....................................................................................................................45
11.1.1.1 Single Element, Delay Line Transducers.............................................................................45
11.1.1.2 Single Element, Focused Immersion Transducers...............................................................45
11.1.2 Thickness Ranging from 0.030 inch (0.76mm) Upward. ........................................................46
11.1.2.1 Single Element Contact Transducers Hard-Faced Wear Plates...........................................46
11.1.2.2 Single Element Contact Transducers with Membrane and Other Protective Devices.........46
11.1.2.3 Dual Element Contact-Type Transducers............................................................................47
11.2 Flaw Detection Applications........................................................................................................47
11.2.1 Straight Beam Longitudinal Wave Tests. ................................................................................47
11.2.2 Angle-Beam Shear Wave Tests. ..............................................................................................48
11.2.3 Through-Transmission Tests. ..................................................................................................49
11.2.4 Immersion Tests.......................................................................................................................49
11.3 Transducers for Non-Metallic Test Materials..............................................................................50

ii
 11.4 Transducers for Specialized Applications................................................................................... 50

 $SSHQGL[&$FFHVVRULHV 
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iii
 General Information

General Information
The Raptor is a high speed flaw detector that also includes a full featured C-Scan Imaging System within
the same package. With three 32-bit microprocessors, the Raptor offers substantially more capabilities
than any conventional flaw detector from any competitor. Press the key and the Raptor performs as
any High Performance flaw detector would. Press the key and the Raptor becomes a full featured Flaw
Detector and Imaging System matching and in some cases exceeding the features of imaging systems at
standard Flaw Detector prices.
The following is covered in this Chapter:
Powering the Raptor
Turning the Raptor On and OFF
Display
Keypad

1.1 Powering the Raptor

The primary power source for the Raptor is a Li ion battery pack. The battery pack is inserted through an
access panel in the top of the instrument.

 &$87,21 
8VHRQO\WKH,QVSLUHG(QHUJ\/L,RQ
EDWWHU\SDFNVXSSOLHGZLWKWKLVLQVWUXPHQW
DQGRQO\FKDUJHWKLVEDWWHU\SDFNLQWKH
LQVWUXPHQWRULQDVXSSOLHG,QVSLUHG
(QHUJ\FKDUJHU

3LFWXUH
The secondary power source for the Raptor is an externally connected Charger/AC adapter. The adapter
plugs into a connector on the lower right side of the Raptor. If the adapter is plugged in with no battery in
the battery compartment the battery charge indicator will indicate this by the symbol. If the Raptor
is charging the battery or running on battery power the charge indicator will show where the blue
is an approximation of the battery charge. The blue will turn red to warn the user when the battery
drops below a minimum level.

1.2 Powering On and Off

The Raptor powers on by pressing the key briefly. When the Splash Screen is displayed press any key
to proceed to the measurement screen. The Raptor powers off by holding the key for approximately 4
seconds. During this time the splash screen will come up and say “Powering Off” then the screen will go
dark.

Raptor Operators Manual 1

 1.3 Display
The Raptor display is a 480 X 640(VGA) color LCD that is sunlight
viewable.
The Raptor screen shown to the right is the home screen.
The display is in 4 sections:
0HQX The top portion of the screen shows the functions assigned to the
soft keys F1 through F8. The functions shown change as the menus are
stepped through.
0HDVXUHPHQW The Thickness reading, Flaw information or Angle
information will be displayed in this section
$WUDFH,PDJLQJ A-trace information and/or Scanned images are displayed
in this section.
,QIRUPDWLRQ Gain setting, Gain step, Battery life, and Date/Time are
displayed in the Information section.

1.4 Keypad
The Raptor keypad is in 2 sections, an upper and a lower.

Upper section
The upper section contains the F1 through F8 keys and an LED that echoes
the Alarm LED.

Lower section
The lower section contains dedicated keys, navigation keys, LED’s, and the
spin encoder. The dedicated keys are the GAIN + and -, +dB, CAL,
FREEZE, SETUP, FLAW MODE, SCAN, SCREEN CAP, ON OFF.

The navigation keys include the ARROW keys, MENU ESC, and the
ENTER key.

The spin encoder is used for navigation and for changing parameters. The
Spin Encoder comes through the circular opening in the lower section of the
Keypad.

The LED’s are for AC PWR, CHARGING, and ALARM.

2 Raptor Operators Manual

 Quick Start

Quick Start
1.1 Thickness
The Raptor first starts in Thickness mode. To get to the Thickness
menu from the Main menu press F27his brings up the Mode menu.
Next press F1 for the Thickness menu. The screen will look similar to
the screen shot to the right. See Section 4 for more details. The
$552: keys may also be used to move through the menu options
and select the highlighted item with the (17(5 key.

1.2 Flaw-Lin
To get to the Flaw-Lin menu from the Main menu press F27his
brings up the Mode menu. Next press F2 for the Flaw-Lin menu. The
screen will look similar to the screen shot to the right. Alternatively,
pressing the )ODZ0RGH key will bring up this screen. The $552:
keys may also be used to move through the menu options and select
the highlighted item with the (17(5 key. See Section 5 for more
details.

Raptor Operators Manual 3

 Quick Start

1.3 Flaw-Dag
To get to the Flaw-Dag menu from the Main menu press ). This
brings up the Mode menu. Next press ) for the Flaw-Dag menu. The
screen will look similar to the screen shot to the right. The $552:
keys may also be used to move through the menu options and select
the highlighted item with the (17(5 key. See Section 5 for more
details.

1.4 Shear
To get to the Shear menu from the Main menu press ). This brings
up the Mode menu. Next press ) for the Shear menu. The screen will
look similar to the screen shot to the right. The $552: keys may
also be used to move through the menu options and select the
highlighted item with the (17(5 key. See Section 5 for more details.

4 Raptor Operators Manual

 Quick Start

1.5 Scan
To get to the Scan menu from the Main menu press ). This
brings up the Scan menu. Alternatively, press the 6&$1 button
on the keyboard. The screen will look similar to the screen shot
to the right. The $552: keys may also be used to move
through the menu options and select the highlighted item with
the (17(5 key. See Section 8 for more details.

Raptor Operators Manual 5

 Thickness Mode

Menus

As can be seen from the menu tree, functions on the Raptor can be accessed with only 2 to 3 keystrokes.
Using the F1-F8 soft keys allows rapid movement through the menu tree. The soft key associations for
each menu are called out next to the menu item.
Main
F1 Calibrate F5 Scan
F2 Mode F6 Display
F3 Pulser F7 Setup
F4 Receive F8 Atraces

Calibrate Mode Pulser Receiver Scan Display Setup Atraces

F1 Zero F5 Tracking F1 Thickness F5 Dag Setup F1 Sing/Dual F5 Puls-Wid F1 Rect F5 +dB-Inc F1 New Cscan F5 Scanner F1 Backlite F5 Copy F1 Load F1 Atrace1
F2 Velocity F6 Delay2 F2 Flaw-Lin F2 Damp F6 Sync F2 Polarity F6 Tuning F2 New Bscan F6 Speed F2 Fill F6 Clock F2 Save F2 Atrace2
F3 Delay F7 Range2 F3 Flaw-Dag F3 Sqr/Spike F7 Invert Wav F3 Damp F7 Reject F3 Load Scan F7 Load Image F3 Peak-Hold F7 Alarm
F4 Range F8 PRF F4 Shear F4 Puls-Vlts F4 Gain-Inc F4 Move F4 Units

Thickness Shear Tuning

F1 Thresh F5 Echo Blk1 F1 Angle F5 Velocity F1 Frequency F5 Puls-Vlts
F2 Polarity F6 Echo Blk2 F2 Matl-Thk F6 Alarm F2 Bandwidth F6 Puls-Wld
F3 Echo F7 Polarity2 F3 SD-Offset F3 Puls Damp
F4 IP Blk F8 Thresh2 F4 Zero F4 Sqr/Spike

Flaw-Lin Dag Setup

F1 Start F5 Gate2 F1 Reset F5 End
F2 End F6 Start F2 Start F6 Del Pt.
F3 Thresh F7 End F3 Auto 80% F7 Accept All
F4 Alarm F8 Thresh F4 Accept Pt.

Flaw-Dag Alarm
F1 Peak F5 Add F1 Thk-Alarm F5 Amp-Alm
F2 Pt# F6 Erase F2 Lo-Thk F6 Amp-Alm2
F3 X F7 Rst F3 Hi-Thk F7 Buzzer
F4 Y F8 DAC F4 Time

)LJXUH0HQX7UHH

1.6 Main

1. &DOLEUDWH – Brings up the Calibrate menu.

2. 0RGH – Brings up the Mode menu.
3. 3XOVHU – Brings up the Pulser menu.
4. 5HFHLYHU – Brings up the Receiver menu.
5. 6FDQ – Brings up the Scan menu.
6. 'LVSOD\ – Brings up the Display menu.
7. 6HWXS – Brings up the Setup menu.
8. $WUDFHV – Brings up the Atraces menu.

Raptor Operators Manual 7

 Thickness Mode

1.7 Calibrate

1. =HUR – A fine delay function which allows for compensation of transducer wearsurfaces,
coupling membranes and angle beam wedges. Adjustment is continuous from -100 to
+100 microseconds.

2. 9HORFLW\ – Sets the material velocity (inches/microsecond or mm/microsecond) used in

calculations of thickness. NOTE: The VELOCITY value will be decreased by
approximately one-half from reference velocity when ANGLE MODE is selected.

3. 'HOD\ – Used to adjust the start of the A-trace display along the horizontal axis. Gates that
are synchronized with the A-trace will also delay accordingly.

4. 5DQJH – Used to determine how much time (distance) is represented on the horizontal axis
of the A-trace display. Increasing or Decreasing the RANGE will cause the A-trace
display to expand or contract.

5. 7UDFNLQJ – When Tracking is ON, the Track window will follow the echo at the point of
thickness trigger. This is where the Threshold line triggers on the echo. The Gage will
automatically center the echo in the center of the Track window regardless of the actual
thickness being measured.
When Tracking is OFF the Track window does not follow the echo but rather defines an
area of Zoom which will not operate in a dynamic fashion. In this regard, the echo will
move left or right throughout the Track window. If the echo moves outside the area defined
by the vertical cursors there will be no echo displayed on the lower screen.

6. 'HOD\. – This control adjusts the independent time base Delay for the Tracking window.
This operates with Tracking Mode ON or OFF.

7. 5DQJH – This control adjusts the independent time base Range for the Tracking window.
The total Range for the Track window can not exceed the set Range of the Main Trace
window. For instance if the Main Trace is set to 3” the Track window can not be set to 4”.
Usually the Track window is something like 20-40% of the Main Trace window. This
operates with Tracking Mode ON or OFF.

8. 35) – Used to adjust the Pulse rate.

8 Raptor Operators Manual

 Thickness Mode

1.8 Mode

1. 7KLFNQHVV – Brings up the Thickness menu and changes Measurement and A-trace
sections to Thickness Mode.
2. )ODZ/LQ – Brings up the Flaw-Lin menu and changes Measurement and A-trace sections
to Linear Flaw Gate Mode.
3. )ODZ'DJ – Brings up the Flaw-Dag menu and changes Measurement and A-trace sections
to Dynamic Flaw Gate mode.
4. 6KHDU – Brings up the Shear menu and changes Measurement and A-trace sections to
Shear Wave mode.
5. 'DJ6HWXS– Brings up the Dag Setup Menu

1.9 Thickness

1. 7KUHVK – Increases or decreases the Measurement Threshold level. Any echo or echo half
cycle with amplitude equal to or greater than the Thickness Gate Threshold will be
measured for distance. The threshold gate is the bar on the left of the A-Trace frame
extending to the first echo in the figure.
2. 3RODULW\ – Determines if triggering is on the positive or negative half cycle.
3. (FKR – Allows the selection of a multiple echo from which the thickness measurement will
begin. Selections are IP to 1st, 1st to 2nd, and 2nd to 3rd.
4. ,3EON – Used to increase or decrease the length of the gate that is used to block out any
unwanted signals after the Initial Pulse. Adjustment of the IP blk will allow proper setup
for IP to 1st back echo measurements in the thickness mode.
5. (FKR EON – Increases or Decreases the length of the echo blocking gate that is used to
block out any unwanted signals from the 1st echo in the thickness mode.
6. (FKR EON – Increases or Decreases the length of the echo blocking gate that is used to
block out any unwanted signals from the 2nd echo in the thickness mode.
7. 3RODULW\ – Sets the polarity of Echo blk1.
8. 7KUHVK – Sets the threshold for Echo blk1.

Raptor Operators Manual 9

 Thickness Mode

1.10 Flaw-Lin

1. 6WDUW – Adjusts the horizontal position of the leading edge (start) of Gate1.

2. (QG – Adjusts the horizontal position of the trailing edge (end) of Gate1.

3. 7KUHVK – Sets the threshold level of Gate1. Adjustable from 0% to 100% of full screen
height in 1% increments.

4. $ODUP – Brings up the Alarm menu (see 1.4.7.1 for more details).

5. *DWH – Enables Gate2.

6. 6WDUW – Adjusts the horizontal position of the trailing edge (end) of Gate2.

7. (QG – Adjusts the horizontal position of the trailing edge (end) of Gate2.

8. 7KUHVK – Sets the threshold level of Gate2. Adjustable from 0% to 100% of full screen
height in 1% increment.

1.11 Flaw-Dag

1. 3HDN(only available in rectified display modes) – Peak hold has 3 settings: Off, Hold 2
Sec, and Hold Cont.
HOLD 2 SEC - Captures and displays the peak echo envelope for a period of 2 seconds.
After this time the envelope reduces (washes) to the baseline again. Useful in temporarily
holding echo results as the user continues scanning.
HOLD CONT - Captures and holds the echo envelope, continuously adjusting it for any
echo peak over the last displayed value. If the echo never exceeds the displayed echo
envelope, the envelope will not be adjusted.
2. 3W – Selects the gate geometry point to adjust (1-20).
3. ; – Adjusts the Horizontal position of the selected point.
4. < – Adjusts the Vertical position of the selected point.
5. $GG – Creates an additional point of geometry (up to 20 total points).
6. (UDVH – Removes the selected point from the geometry.
7. 5VW – Resets geometry to 2 linear points.
8. '$& – Enables Distance Amplitude Correction for the signals beneath the gate geometry.

10 Raptor Operators Manual

 Thickness Mode

1.12 Shear

1. $QJOH – Allows user entry of the refracted beam angle (for flaw triangulation
measurements) of the transducer being used. Adjustable from 0 to 90 degrees in 0.1 degree
increments.
2. 0DWO7KN – Allows entry of the nominal thickness of the material being tested (used for
flaw triangulation measurements). Adjustable from 0.01. To 50.00 inches.
3. 6'2IIVHW – Permits the user to enter the sound path offset in order to compensate for
wedge or shoe distance. This offset is subtracted from the actual Surface Distance to allow
for more accurate flaw location.
4. =HUR – Fine delay function which allows for compensation of transducer wear, coupling
membranes and angle beam wedge. Adjustment is continuous from 0 to 20,000
nanoseconds.
5. 9HORFLW\ – Sets the material velocity (inches/microsecond or mm/microsecond) used in
calculations of thickness. NOTE: The VELOCITY value will be decreased by
approximately one-half from reference velocity while in Shear MODE.
6. $ODUP – Brings up the Alarm menu (see 1.4.7.1 for more details).

1.13 Dag Setup

1. 5HVHW – Deletes all points in the DAG gate.

2. 6WDUW – Begin setting up the DAG gate in Auto mode..
3. $XWR – Sets the current point to 80% of screen height.
4. $FFHSW3W – Accept the current point.
5. (QG – Completes the DAG setup.
6. 'HO3W – Deletes selected point.
7. $FFHSW$OO – Accepts all entered points.
8. '$&– Toggles DAC

Raptor Operators Manual 11

 Thickness Mode

1.14 Pulser

1. 6LQJ'XDO – Selects between single or dual element transducers. Dual setting can also be
used for thru transmission applications.
2. 'DPS – Changes receiver damping through these values: 25, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 175,
375 ohms. As each new value is switched in, the effect on the waveform in the A-trace
display can be observed. Use Damping to visually optimize the receiver / transducer
performance.
3. 6TU6SLNH – Selects between Square pulser and Spike pulser.
4. 3XOV9OWV – Sets the pulse amplitude.
5. 3XOV:LG – Sets the pulse width when using the Square pulser.
6. 6\QF – Selects between IP sync and IF sync.
7. ,QYHUW:DY – Inverts the A-Trace waveform.

1.15 Receiver

1. 5HFW – Sets the rectification mode for the echo signal on the A-trace display. Four
selectable waveform types scan be displayed :

1.1. +: - Positive half-wave rectified – +HW when selected, displays only the positive
portion of the RF signal on the A-trace display.

1.2. +: - Negative half-wave rectified – -HW when selected, displays only the negative
portion of the RF signal on the A-trace display.

1.3. ): - Fullwave rectified – FW when selected, displays a superimposed -HW signal on

a +HW signal on the A-trace display.

1.4. 5) - Non rectified radio-frequency – RF when selected, displays both the +HW and -
HW signals, non-rectified.

2. 3RODULW\ – Sets the polarity of the primary threshold.

3. 'DPS – Changes receiver damping through these values: 25, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 175,
375 ohms. As each new value is switched in, the effect on the waveform in the A-trace
display can be observed. Use Damping to visually optimize the receiver / transducer
performance.

4. *DLQ,QF – Sets the value the Gain increments or decrements when GAIN +/- keys are
used.

5. G%,QF – Sets the value the +dB key changes the gain when pressed.
12 Raptor Operators Manual
 Thickness Mode
6. 7XQLQJ – Brings up the Tuning menu (see 1.4.5.1 for more details).

7. 5HMHFW – Allows suppression of unwanted low amplitude signals, such as electrical or

material noise. Reject is adjustable from 0 to 100% in 1% increments of screen height of
the A-trace display.

1.16 Tuning

1. )UHTXHQF\ – Selects the frequency range of the receiver to match the transducer: A
broadband frequency range (BB) of 0.5 to 20MHz, tuned channels of 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 2.5, 5.0,
10.0, and 15.0 MHZ (nominal) are selectable.

2. %DQGZLGWK – Sets the Bandwidth to narrow or wide.

3. 9LG)LOW –Sets the video filter to low, med, or high.

4. 3XOV'DPS – Changes receiver damping through these values: 25, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150,
175, 375 ohms. As each new value is switched in, the effect on the waveform in the A-
trace display can be observed. Use Damping to visually optimize the receiver / transducer
performance.

5. 6TU6SLNH – Selects between Square pulser and Spike pulser.

6. 3XOV9OWV – Sets the pulse amplitude.

7. 3XOV:LG – Sets the pulse width when using the Square pulser.

1.17 Scan

1. 1HZ&VFDQ –Brings up the setup screen for Cscans.

2. 1HZ%VFDQ – Brings up the setup screen for Bscans.
3. /RDG6FDQ – Loads a previously saved scan setup and data.
4. 0RYH – For motorized scanners, moves the motors.
5. 6FDQQHU – Available scanner selection.
6. 6SHHG – Accesses the speed menu.
7. /RDG,PDJH– Loads a previously saved screenshot.

Raptor Operators Manual 13

 Thickness Mode

1.18 Display

1. %DFNOLWH – Adjusts the LCD backlight between 3% and 100%.

2. )LOO – ON - Fill the waveform when in +HW, -HW or FW mode.
OFF - Display waveform in outline mode.
3. 3HDN+ROG – Peak hold has 3 settings: Off, Hold 2 Sec, and Hold Cont.
HOLD 2 SEC - Captures and displays the peak echo envelope for a period of 2 seconds.
After this time the envelope reduces (washes) to the baseline again. Useful in temporarily
holding echo results as the user continues scanning.
HOLD CONT - Captures and holds the echo envelope, continuously adjusting it for any
echo peak over the last displayed value. If the echo never exceeds the displayed echo
envelope, the envelope will not be adjusted.
4. 8QLWV – Selects between inches or millimeters.
5. &RS\ –Saves the current screen to the internal or external disk.
6. &ORFN –Sets the real time clock.
7. $ODUP –Brings up the alarm menu (see 1.4.7.1 for more details).

1.19 Alarm

1. 7+.B$/0 – Selects which thickness alarm is mode enabled: Off, Low (less than), High
(greater than), or Both.
2. /R7KN – Sets the low value for the thickness alarm. The alarm will trip when the
thickness is less than the value set.
3. +L7KN – Sets the high value for the thickness alarm. The alarm will trip when the
thickness is greater than the value set.
4. 7LPH – Sets the duration of triggering necessary to sound the alarm.
5. $PS$OP – Sets the alarm mode for amplitude gate 1: Off, Greater Than, or Less Than.
6. $PS$OP – Sets the alarm mode for amplitude gate 2: Off, Greater Than, or Less Than.
7. %X]]HU – Enables or disables the audio buzzer during alarm condition.

14 Raptor Operators Manual

 Thickness Mode

1.20 Setup

1. /RDG – Loads a previously saved setup through the file

access menu.

2. 6DYH – Saves a setup under a user selected name.

1.21 A-traces

1. $WUDFH – Enables or disables A-trace 1. This is the “full view” A-trace which
determines the overall Measurement conditions.
2. $WUDFH – Enables or disables A-trace 2. This is the “enhanced view” A-trace which
tracks the target echo at a selectable zoom level.

Raptor Operators Manual 15

 Thickness Mode

Thickness Mode
1.22 A Walk through using a 3/8” 5.0 MHZ Contact Transducer
(NDT Systems Nova Series C11 or general purpose Optima Series CHG053)
Once the effects of variables affecting thickness gaging precision are understood, the operator can quickly diagnose which
variables should be adjusted. A good way of observing these effects, and to become quickly familiar with Raptor’s controls is
to perform the following procedure:

1) Attach a highly damped, broadband contact transducer such as the OPTIMA CHG053 or NOVA C11 (5
MHZ, 3/8 inch element diameter) to the BNC connector on the transducer cable appropriate for the Raptor.
Insert the connector in either receptacle on the top closure of Raptor.

2) Obtain a steel stepped wedge with several known thickness steps. An excellent choice, and the one upon
which this procedure is based, is the OPTIMA Model TBS114. This block, made from 4340 vacuum-melted
steel alloy and nickel plated, has five steps precision machined to thicknesses of 0.100, 0.200, 0.300, 0.400,
0.500 inch (2.54, 5.08, 7.62, 10.16, 12.70mm).

3) Couple the transducer to the 0.500 inch step using a drop of glycerin, light machine oil, mineral oil, or low
viscosity gel-type couplant. For this familiarization exercise, it will be convenient to use a rubber band or a
small weighted object that will hold the transducer in place. This trick will relieve you from having to hold
the transducer in place for an extended period during familiarization.

4) Press the 212)) key. During this very brief period, the Raptor undergoes a host of internal diagnostic
checks. Once these checks are complete, the LOGO screen appears. Press any key on the Raptor to continue
to the measurement screen.

5) An A-trace will appear, along with the Main Menu items and thickness readout, the large numbers in the
upper area of the A-trace. If the unit is not the correct mode, go to the MODE menu by pressing ) and
select THICKNESS mode by pressing ). Then go to SETUP by pressing 0(18(6& twice then ) to
select SETUP menu. Press ) to load a setup and select CONTACT 5MHZ from the setup list. The setup
name should be the first in the list. Scroll up or down as necessary, then press (17(5. Note the first large
back echo at the second major horizontal scale division and the thin horizontal bar at 40% full-scale (FS)
amplitude. Observe that this horizontal line extends from the extreme left edge of the A-trace and terminates
on the leading edge of the 1st back echo. This line, or bar, represents the thickness gate (T-gate) and shows
which echo stops the gate. In this example, since the 0.500 inch step is the one being measured and the
horizontal FS range is 2.50 inches, the T-gate terminates on the first echo above 40% FS amplitude, the back
echo from the 0.500 inch step. Along the left-hand vertical axis, a signal will also be seen. Since the
FACTORY setup defaults to initial pulse synchronization (IP SYNC), this signal is the initial pulse (IP) with
its leading edge coincident with the left-hand vertical axis.

6) One other feature that should be noted is the presence of a wider shaded bar extending horizontally along the
thickness gate, in this case on the MAIN A-Trace window from the left-hand axis. This bar represents the IP
blocking gate (IP-BLK gate) which serves to “block” out the string of high amplitude echoes typically
accompanying the IP. In its FACTORY setup default position, the IP-BLK gate is at 0.2284 inch to block out
the IP echoes and thus prevent the T-gate from triggering in or on the IP. This will likely need to be adjusted
depending on the specific transducer attached. Control of the IP-BLK gate is explained further in this
procedure. (If an undamped or lightly damped transducer other than those recommended for this exercise is
being used, it may be necessary to make an immediate adjustment of the IP-BLK gate in order to proceed. If
necessary, go to Step 15, below, and perform the necessary adjustment.)

7) For the transducers and stepped wedge recommended, the thickness readout (T-readout) should be within a
few thousandths of an inch from 0.500 inch plus or minus.

8) Use the front panel keypad *$,1 keys to increase/decrease the effective gain so that the first primary
echo peak is above the threshold line, but below the top of the screen height.

9) To become familiar with the RANGE function, from the MAIN menu, press ) to select the CALIBRATE
menu, and then press ) to select RANGE. The 83 arrow key will squeeze the echoes on the A-trace to the

16 Raptor Operators Manual

 Thickness Mode
left, that is, except for the initial pulse. If multiple back echoes are present, they will move toward the left
and approach each other more closely. In our 0.500 inch steel block example, depress the '2:1 arrow key
until the first back echo, originally at the second vertical division of the electronic graticule moves to
approximately the fourth full vertical division. The second back echo will be aligned (or nearly so) at the 8th
full division. The readout value under RANGE may be close to 1.2 inch.

10) The DELAY function also has pronounced effects on the location (and LOCATION ONLY) of signals on the
Atrace. Set the full-scale range using the RANGE menu selection at about the 1 inch and position the cursor
at DELAY or press ) in the CALIBRATE menu to select DELAY. Depress the 83 arrow key and observe
the effect. Signals move toward the left, including that of the initial pulse, which moves off-screen to the
left. Note that the distance between multiple back echoes does not change as it did when range was increased.
Continued depression of the 83 arrow key moves echoes toward the left until they are completely delayed
off-screen. If calibration has been performed for the material under test, the readout under DELAY indicates
how far the display has been delayed.

11) With the RANGE at 1.00 inch, from the MAIN Menu press ) for MODE, then press ) for THICKNESS,
then press ) to select IP-BLK. The 83 & '2:1 arrow keys control the length of the blocking gate,
referred to as “IP-BLK” gate, and represented by the Thick bar extending horizontally along the thickness
gate line on the Atrace from the left-hand side of the screen. Its purpose is to “block” the trailing edge echoes
associated with the initial pulse or any spurious signals which might interfere with what is known as the true
interface. This group of echoes contains ring-down echoes from the transducer and "noise" accompanying
stray reflections resulting from coupling. The "noise" is minimal when both the front surface of the
transducer and the surface of the test object are smooth. This is the usual case with new, unworn transducers
and with many finely-machined test blocks or reference standards. However, actual test objects seldom have
clean, smooth surfaces. They often have rough machined or mill-finished surfaces (as-cast surfaces on
castings), and sometimes have corroded and/or painted surfaces. In these cases, the extent of coupling noise
will be greater than that returned from test blocks. At default, the length of the blocking gate (IP-BLK gate)
is about 0.200 inch equivalent in steel. With medium to broadband transducers of 2.25 MHZ or greater, the
distance is usually sufficient to block IP echoes and coupling noise from standard test blocks. Note, however,
that it would not be possible to measure material less than the width of the calibrated IP-BLK gate (less than
~0.200 inch at FACTORY defaults). If the total IP signal is greater, and the blocking gate must be increased,
any significant echoes within the blocking gate, transducer back echoes or otherwise, will be blocked and
will determine the minimum thickness that can be gaged with the correct digital thickness readout. In such
cases, it may be necessary to use a different transducer or a different technique. With highly damped,
broadband transducers of 5 or 10 MHZ, it should be possible to shorten the IP-BLK gate to permit IP to first
back echo digital readout of 0.030 inch steel or equivalent. At this point, use the Up/Down arrow keys to
change the length of the IP-BLK gate in order to observe the effects of the control.

12) Before examining the function of THICKNESS THRESHOLD (THRESH), press 0(18(6& to display the
MAIN Menu. At THRESH, note that the horizontal T-gate bar is at 40%. 83 or '2:1 arrow keys change
the threshold level of the T-gate, and the actual level of the T-gate is readout in % full-scale amplitude,
variable from 0% minimum to 100% maximum. The FACTORY default amplitude of generally 40% (probe
selection dependant) is a good compromise and generally effective when the first back echo amplitude is
maintained between approximately 70% full-scale and to somewhat greater than saturation amplitude
(greater than 100% full-scale).

1.22.1 ZERO & VELOCITY

The next two functions, VEL and ZERO are adjustments necessary to "calibrate" the gage to the accurately measure the
thickness of the specific material under test.
In our example, using a 0.500 inch thickness step, we have yet to perform any operations to "calibrate" the Thickness
readout. Most probably the reading is close to 0.500 inch, since the FACTORY setup defaults are deliberately designed to
produce nearly correct calibration for a contact transducer being used on steel having longitudinal sound velocity of 0.2330
inches/microsecond.
As a first step in becoming familiar with the VEL and ZERO functions, lets complete the calibration for thickness
measurement using the step block in our example. Press the &$/ key to enter the Calibration menu.
Velocity - Set the cursor at Velocity (or press )) and adjust it to .2330 in/ȝs (Steel).
Zero (probe zero control position) - Using the /HIW5LJKW arrow keys, reposition it at ZERO (or press )). Using the 8S'RZQ
arrow keys adjust the thickness reading to 0.500". When 0.500 inch [or whatever the known actual thickness of the step] is
achieved in Thickness readout, the upper range calibration is complete. Note that zero may change through up to 5 or 10 counts
Raptor Operators Manual 17
 Thickness Mode
(on the display) before the indicated thickness changes. Choosing zero roughly at the mid-point of the range needed to move
from 0.499 inch to 0.501 inch. This procedure can improve thickness gaging precision.
Remove the transducer from the 0.500 inch step and couple it to the other steps on the block. If the test block has been
accurately measured and the material is steel with a VELOCITY (VEL) of 0.2330 in/us, the other step measurements should be
within ±0.001 inch of the actual measured values and reproducible.
If some material other than steel is used, a different procedure will be required. For a transducer of similar type as
used in these procedures, reset the ZERO to approximately that of the default (.7530 ȝs). Depress the ) key to position the
cursor at VEL (velocity). With the transducer coupled to the thickest step, use the 8S'RZQ arrow keys to increase/Decrease
the velocity until the known thickness of the material is displayed on the thickness readout.
Now couple the transducer to the thinnest step. If thickness readout does not agree with the known thickness, press ) to
position the cursor at ZERO and use the 8S'RZQ arrow keys to produce the known thickness on the thickness readout.
Then, again check the thickest step. If thickness readout still does not agree with known thickness, reposition the cursor at VEL
(velocity) and use the 8S'RZQ arrow keys to obtain the known thickness.
Continued adjustments between ZERO and VELOCITY will produce correct thickness readout on both the thickest and
thinnest steps. At this point, the steps in between will read correctly (within the resolution, ±0.001 inch). The velocity value
above the Measurement is the velocity of the material of the specific material of block under test.
A short-cut in the calibration routine for metals other than steel is to scroll the value at VEL to the nominal velocity for that
material. Velocity values are tabulated in a variety of publications, including NDT Systems, Inc. OPTIMA transducer catalog.

1.23 ECHO-ECHO Setup Using 3/8" 5MHz Contact Transducer

To examine ECHO to ECHO function, place the transducer on the 0.500 inch thickness step. Press &$/, then ) to set
RANGE to 2.00 inch with the 8S'RZQ arrow keys. Exit Calibration with 0(18(6&, then press ) for Mode, then ) for
Thickness, then ) for Echo. Use the 8S key to select “1-2”. Echo allows the selection of a multiple echo from which the
thickness measurement (Thickness gate) will begin. Up to the 3rd-multiple echo can be selected using the 8S'RZQ arrow
keys. This function is useful when using single element transducers with thin elastomeric membranes or on coated test objects.
Press ) to select the 1st ECHO BLOCKING GATE (ECHO-BLK1). Note the thick horizontal bar on the Thickness
gate. Use the right arrow key to select the length of the echo blocking gate that is appropriate to block out any unwanted signals
between multiple echoes in the thickness mode. The FACTORY default value is .200 inch. ECHO-BLK is actively displayed
when MULT is set at 1-2 or 2-3. Look at the upper, Main Trace window. There are 2 multiple echoes in it; one at about half
screen and another at about 80% across the screen. However, if you look at the Tracking (lower window) you will notice the
gage is currently triggered between a single echo’s half cycle producing a reading of 0.044" which is wrong. Note the short
blocking bar is about half way between. Now, look at the following image. In the Main Trace window you’ll note the ECHO-
BLK gate is set just beyond the echo half cycle set. With the gate set in this manner note the Thickness Measurement bar
extends to the echo set at the 80% screen position, which is the correct position. The track window now displays the echo being
measured to and where the gate terminates.
For clarification regarding echo half cycles refer to the following RF based image.
The one at 0.029 is triggered on successive positive half cycles. Note the position of
the ECHO-BLK Gate. Then look the image displaying 0.500" and note the position
of the ECHO-BLK gate. Use Polarity2 ()) to set the polarity after the 1st echo.
For precision thickness gaging, the type of waveform used for setups has a significant
effect on gaging results. Note that the RECT default is RF, meaning that the current
display is of signals that are not rectified.
$SSURSULDWH6HOHFWLRQRI(FKR+DOIF\FOH
To better illustrate the effects produced by the various waveform displays, press
&$/, then ) to select RANGE. Use the '2:1 arrow key to change the RANGE
readout to 1.00 inch.
For this example, the display will be similar to that shown to the right:

Note that the back echoes are now displayed on a centered horizontal baseline and
have both positive and negative components. This mode of display, RF, reveals all
the details of the signal. If necessary to more faithfully reproduce the waveform in
the figure above, it may be necessary to use the *$,1 keys to change the gain.
Now examine the details of the back echo. The first half-cycle is negative-going, but has less relative amplitude than the next
18 Raptor Operators Manual
 Thickness Mode
half-cycle with respect to each following half cycle (+ or -), which is positive-going. This being the case, imagine what the
back echo would look like if everything below (on the negative side of) the base line were removed from the display. Vertically
enlarged, that is what actually happens when +HW is selected. Selection of -HW results in the converse; only the negative-
going components of the back echo signal are displayed. On the A-trace, the negative-going parts of the signal are “flipped”
upright (rectified). FW represents full-wave rectification; that is, both the positive half-cycles and the flipped over negative
half-cycles are displayed simultaneously.
Look at each of the responses and make a mental note of the differences. These are important differences in thickness gaging.
For example, under the current test setup conditions, if FW (full-wave rectification) is selected, the lower Amplitude negative
cycle appears as the first, or leading edge of the back echo. By manipulating the gain to cause the T-gate to terminate on the
negative component, then on the positive part, a significant difference in T-readout occurs.
Referring back to the Figure which shows the RF display, a good reason to select +HW over -HW or FW is because the first
positive going component of the signal has greater amplitude than does the first negative, produces a “cleaner” display than
FW and is less sensitive to producing Thickness readout changes as a function of gain.
There are other good reasons for offering this variety of display modes. There are instances where the more prominent half-
cycle is not positive-going. In cases where the back wall is lined with another material (e.g. some elastomers), the first
negative-going half-cycle is more prominent. This phenomenon has to do with the relative acoustical impedance characteristics
of the two materials that make up an interface. Many liquids, elastomers, and polymers forming an intimate interface with
metals produce echoes whose phase is reversed from that of the metal/air interface.
The RF display can be referred to if there is any question about which waveform should be selected. For thickness gaging
metals much beyond one inch thick, it will be necessary to “expand” the RF display. If, for example, for a 2 inch thick test
specimen, the full-scale range of the Raptor has been set to a long range, and the RF display is selected, there will be poor
detail in the presentation of the RF.
In order to expand the RF display of the back echo under such condition, delay can be used to reposition the back echo very
near the left side of the A-trace. Then, reducing full-scale range to 0.50 inch (12.7mm) reproduces the RF of the back echo
similar to that of a much thinner test object.
From the MAIN Menu select Pulser ()) and then DAMP ()). The default value is specific to the transducer selected, but 50
Ohms is a usually good match for the type of transducer being used in this example. To observe the effect of damping changes,
depress the 8S'RZQ arrow key and note a new, higher or lower damping resistance value displayed. Also note that the IP
echoes tend to extend farther at higher damping resistance. Damping changes likewise increase both the amplitude and shape
of the back echo. To observe the effect of damping on the back echo, use *$,1 keys to control the gain (dB). With down
and up adjustments as required, establish the amplitude of the first back echo at approximately 50% FS (the precise location is
unimportant). Then, return the cursor to DAMP and use the 8S'RZQ arrow key to once again increase the damping
resistance. Observe that the amplitude of the back echo increases, perhaps substantially, with increased damping resistance.
While this effect can be used to advantage under some conditions, for precision, high-resolution thickness gaging, it is usually
desirable to select relatively low damping resistance. With experience, through careful observation of the changing shapes of
the IP and back echo, it is possible to optimize the damping for the job at hand. For now, return the damping resistance value to
50 ohms, the default value.

1.24 Procedures for Using Dual Element Transducers with Delay Lines.
Dual element transducers combine the advantages of single element delay line transducers with the addition of a few more. The
sound beam of a dual element transducer is generally directed into the test object at a small angle. The dual element transducer
has two active elements mounted side-by-side with a barrier strip of sound-absorbing material between them. One element is
connected to the instrument pulser and the other to the receiver. Otherwise, they are electrically isolated from one another. The
elements are mounted at slight angles with respect to the barrier strip, thus forming the shape of a shallow angle roof. The
transmitted longitudinal beam centerline enters the test object at the “roof angle”. The beam continues into and through the test
object, reflects from the back wall, and returns at the same angle toward the receiving transducer.
A dual element transducer is always in a “listening” mode as one half is transmitting. The real benefit with a dual can be found
when inspecting corroded, pitted or eroded materials. Dual element transducers have the ability to discriminate the peaks and
valleys of corrosion and or pitting.

1.24.1 Key Concept

The time it takes to traverse this path includes the sum of times through the transmission delay line, through the test object
thickness to the back wall, from the back wall through the test object again, and through the receiving element delay line.
Therefore a process called Probe Zeroing needs to be done; it cancels out the added material in the sound path, such as the
internal delay lines. Also, if a probe designed for the gage is used, the instrument compensates for the non-linearity due to the
V-Path.

Raptor Operators Manual 19

 Thickness Mode
By “ZEROing” out the constant distance paths taken by the sound beam in traversing the dual delay lines, a measurement can
be made of the travel distance in the test object only.
Since the sound beam travels at a slight angle into and out of the test object, the path taken is slightly longer than in the case
where the sound beam enters and exits perpendicular to the test object surface. Calibration at a specific thickness applies only
for that thickness, plus or minus. While the error at other thicknesses is small, for high precision measurements, it should be
taken into account. While the error can be calculated, it is usually more convenient to determine it experimentally, or to
recalibrate for different ranges of expected test object thickness. This error is more pronounced between 0.40 inch and about
0.20 inch, depending on manufacturer. This point will be illustrated in the following setups. This common error is referred to as
"V-Path Error", so-called because of the V-shaped path the soundbeam takes in traveling from the transmitting element to the
receiving element of the transducer.
There are several considerations to dual element transducer setups:

1) If the temperatures of the test object and transducer are essentially the same and the setup is made at basically
ambient conditions, the delay line ZERO procedure is relatively easy.

2) If the test object is at a substantially different temperature than the transducer, setting up for multiple echo
interval measurement will be more precise. This technique is also applicable if the test object is coated or
painted.

1.25 Dual Element Delay Line ZEROing Procedure for Raptor

Most dual element transducers are either undamped or lightly damped. As a consequence, the setup must be carefully
optimized. The first step is to decide upon which form of display rectification will best serve. In the following procedure, a 5
MHZ, 3/8 inch (9.5mm) diameter transducer (NOVA Model TG506) can be used to produce measurements in the range from
0.200 to 0.500 inch. The factory stored SETUP name in the Raptor closely matching this probe would be “Dual 5MHz ½ in.”
or follow this procedure.
1. In the Pulser ()) Menu, select DUAL ()). Then, in the &$/ Menu, change RANGE to 2.00 inch. In the
RECEIVER ()) Menu, select RECT ()) then RF. Adjust gain to produce and maintain an echo pattern which is less-than-
saturated. Set DAMP ()) at 375 ohms or adjust to produce the sharpest, or “cleanest”, echo pattern.
2. Study this echo pattern carefully. Notice that there is a low amplitude negative-going half-cycle, then larger amplitude
positive and negative half-cycles. During the optimization step above, observe that the amplitude of the first small negative-
going half-cycle changes very little as a consequence of varying pulse width and amplitude. In the RECEIVER ()) then
RECT ()) menu, alternately observe the effects of +HW and -HW rectification. While -HW (shown on the right, below) could
be used, the echo half-cycle on which the T-Gate terminates varies considerable with changes in echo amplitude. At +HW, the
first positive-going half-cycle is at full-scale amplitude. Since both displays were produced at the same level of gain, +HW
rectification should be chosen.
3. The next step is to complete the calibration. In the MAIN then Calibrate ()) menu (or press front panel &$/ button),
adjust Velocity to 0.2330. Then move to and adjust ZERO to produce the thickness readout corresponding to a known
thickness (in this case, 0.500 inch). Note, when you check the measurement of the 0.200 inch step it produces ~0.205 inch.
This error is due to “V-Path Error”, mentioned above. Check the thicknesses in between and note the variations.
4. With the error having been determined to be ~0.005 inch in the range from 0.200 to 0.500 inch, the “safer” way to
calibrate is to establish the known thickness at the lower extreme of the measurement range. Thus, ZEROing at 0.200 inch
produces the “conservative” error of 0.006 inch at the 0.500 inch step. Note the ZERO difference.

1.26 Dual Element Thru-Paint Measurements.

With careful optimization and setup, multiple back echo intervals can be used for thickness
measurement using dual element transducers. In the example shown below, multiple back
echo intervals as far as the 4th back echo can be seen. In this case, the first back echo was set
to the left-hand start of the windowed A-trace.
Go to MODE ()), then THICKNESS ()), then ECHO ()) and change to 1-2.

20 Raptor Operators Manual

 Thickness Mode
Go to ECHO-BLK and set to a minimum point between the 1st and 2nd echo where the gage will trigger reliably on the proper
second echo. As a point of reference, compare the two screens to the right. In the top screen, a “standard” fingertip dual
transducer is connected. Note how the waveform extends in a decaying fashion between the 1st and 2nd echo. In this case the
ECHO-BLK will need to be extended out far enough to pass the multiple echo cycles of the first echo. This will limit the low
end thickness capability. In the bottom image, a TG560P transducer is attached. In this case the transducer is optimized to
allow for thinner material measurement.
This technique can be used with many dual element transducers to measure painted or coated
objects or object at elevated temperatures. With the ZEROing technique described in the
preceding procedure, when the transducer delay lines contact a hot surface, they rapidly expand.
Expansion changes the V-path significantly, and consequently produces sizeable errors. Using a
multi-echo mode eliminates this error.
In general, multi echo measurements in a dual element mode are limited to a upper thickness
range of about 3 inch, probe, material, coating and application specific as the 2nd echo tends to
diminish even under ideal circumstances.

Raptor Operators Manual 21

 Flaw Mode

Flaw Mode
The FLAW MODE (selected from the MODE menu or front panel direct access key FLAW MODE)
contains items specific to flaw detection. When this mode is first selected, GATE1 will be displayed in
the measurement screen.

1.27 Flaw-Lin
In this mode, two Linear Amplitude Gates can be defined for the purposes of echo amplitude
measurement and threshold triggered alarm. These Gates are defined by:

1.27.1 Start (F1) and End (F2)

Establish the beginning and ending of GATE1

1.27.2 Thresh (F3)

Threshold allows adjustment of the vertical threshold of GATE1 in percent from 0% to 100% in 1%
increments. (This threshold is tied directly to the thickness mode threshold for ease of mode switching)

1.27.3 Alarm (F4)

Alarm enters the Alarm menu. Relevant options in Alarm menu for Flaw Mode:
Time – Sets the duration of triggering necessary to sound the alarm.
Amp-Alm – Sets the alarm mode for GATE1: Off, Greater Than, or Less Than.
Amp2-Alm – Sets the alarm mode for GATE2: Off, Greater Than, or Less Than.
Buzzer – Enables or disables the audio buzzer during alarm condition.

1.27.4 GATE2 (F5)

Enables a second, independent Flaw gate

1.27.5 GATE2 Start (F6), End (F7), and Thresh (F8)

Allow adjustment of the beginning, ending, and threshold level of GATE2. (GATE2 threshold is
independent of all others)

Raptor Operators Manual 23

 Flaw-Dag

Flaw-Dag
DAG (Distance Amplitude Gating): Calculates signal amplitude as a percentage or dB difference of the
DAC curve level same size reflectors peak along the curve independent of their location. An alarm can be
activated when a gated signal breaks the curve.

DAC (Distance Amplitude Correction): Corrects for distance/amplitude

variations due to material attenuation and beam spreading. Reference echoes
are brought to a standard full screen level of 80%.

1.28 Manual Dag setup

From the Main menu press ) to get to the Mode menu then ) to get into
Flaw-Dag menu. The screen will look similar to the screen on the right. To
begin setup use ) (Add) to set the number of points on your DAG curve. The
Raptor allows for a maximum of 20 points. It is suggested that Peak hold be
turned on at this time by pressing ). Peak hold will assist in setting up the
points of your curve. When your first echo is correctly positioned on the
screen, use ) (X) and ) (Y) to move the point, represented by a square on
the screen, onto the peak of the echo. When X or Y is selected the Up/Down
arrows are used to change the value of X or Y.

Once the point and the peak echo match, press ) (Pt#) to move to the next
point. When your second echo is correctly positioned on the screen, use )
(X) and ) (Y) to move the point onto the peak of the echo. Repeat these
steps for each additional point.

Raptor Operators Manual 25

 Flaw-Dag
At this point you have a DAG gate. Select ) to turn on DAC all points should
be at equal amplitude to the first DAG point. If any points are not equal use )
to turn off DAC and use ) to select the point that needs to be readjusted
usually the Y needs adjusting and then turn DAC back on with ). Again look
for equal amplitude based off the highest point.

Other controls on this menu are F6 Erase which removes a selected point and F7
Rst which resets the DAG setup completely.

26 Raptor Operators Manual

 Flaw-Dag

1.29 Auto DAG

From the Main menu press ) to get to the Mode menu then ) to get into
the Dag Setup menu. The screen will look similar to the screen on the right.
To begin setup use ) (Start) when your first echo is correctly positioned on
the screen, use ) (Auto 80%) to set the point onto the peak of the echo and
set the echo to 80%. Once the point is correctly positioned press ) (Accept
Pt) if it is not correct then press ) (Del Pt). Repeat these steps for all
subsequent points up to a maximum of 20. Once all points are entered press
) (Accept All) and then ) (End) to complete the gate. After completing
the gate press ) (DAC) to bring the DAC on line.

Raptor Operators Manual 27

 Shear or Angle Mode

Shear or Angle Mode

The following is a method for calibrating in the angle beam mode. There are several other methods
possible. The following is simply a recommendation.
Setting up for shearwave calibration encompasses virtually every feature in the Raptor, from
THICKNESS to FLAW, and then to the SHEAR (trig) mode. As such, we will be switching between each
of these modes, adjusting the components required to fully run in a calibrated manor in SHEAR MODE.
There are elements of the calibration to be aware of as we get started. A significant one is the included,
Longitudinal sound path of the wedge itself, as well as the matching layer of the transducer, both of which
need to be taken into account in the ZEROing of the thickness. For this procedure we will be using a
miniature IIW, Type 2 block incorporating a 1 inch and 2 inch radius path.

1.30 Setup - Equipment

1. Raptor UT Instrument

2. Mini IIW-Type 2

3. 3.5 MHz 1/2 inch Transducer NDT Model No. TAB034

4. 60 Degree ST Wedge, NDT Model TAW460

5. Couplant (preferably Glycerin)

1.31 A few items to be entered before starting the Calibration:

1. Enter SHEAR MODE () for Mode, ) for Shear)

2. Set Angle ()) to 60.0

3. Enter Matl-Thk ()) as 2.5 inch to keep 2 inch echoes on screen and assure LEG (skip)
count will be accurate. When we are finished calibrating, the Matl-Thk will be readjusted
to the actual base material under test.

4. Measure the distance from the wedge index point, which is the sound entry point usually
indicated with a scribe line on the wedge, from the transducer to the bottom of the wedge.
In this case the SD-Offset ()) is 0.600. The SD-Offset simply provides an automated
method to subtract the wedge face distance so the user can measure (usually with a scale)
from the end of the wedge to the surface above the defect.

1.32 Calibration:
5. Set Range ()) to 5 inch in CAL menu

6. Set Raptor to Thickness ()) in Mode ()) menu

7. Set Thresh ()) to 60%

8. Place transducer (assembled to wedge) on IIW block and attain a set of full screen height
echoes (one from the 1 inch radius and the other from the 2 inch radius) as shown below.

Raptor Operators Manual 29

 Shear or Angle Mode
9. Set IP blk ()) so the wider shadowed gate is set
past the Initial Pulse. This prevents the Raptor
from triggering on Transducer/wedge/pulser
“front end” ring-down noise.

1.33 EBLK Adjusted

10. Set Echo ()) to 1-2 (1st to 2nd Echo) where we
will be measuring from the 1 inch to the 2 inch
radius path. If the measuring gate line does not
extend from the 1st to the 2nd echo as shown in the
example, it is likely that the Echo Block gate
requires an adjustment. The Echo Block is the
short shaded gate as it is shown on the 2nd echo. It
must extend past the width of the echo envelope
in order to stop on the next echo. Study the
images to the above.

11. Exit the Thickness menu (0(18(6&) and select Flaw-Lin ()) if needed to set the flaw
gate in position (adjust Start and End to be over desired echoes).

12. Exit the Flaw-Lin menu (0(18(6&) and select Shear ())

13. Assure Angle, Matl-Thk and SD-Offset are as originally set.

14. Select Velocity ()) and adjust so that PATH reads 1.000 inch as the distance from echo 1
to echo 2.

15. Exit the Shear Menu (0(18(6&) and select Thickness ()), then set Echo ()) to IP-1st

16. Exit (0(18(6&) and set Mode to Shear ())

17. Without moving probe, adjust Zero ()) to attain a Path reading of 1.000 inch. Since we
know the VELOCITY is set correctly for the material using Echo to Echo to eliminate
variables in the wedge and probe, this process will adjust the excess transit time (zero) to
eliminate the wedge and transducer face thickness from the total sound path travel

18. Once the ZERO is adjusted to attain 1.000 inch, slide the transducer assembly to read only
the 2 inch radius. If the calibration was done properly you should be very close to the
2.000 inch Path (soundpath) +/- any variation when you moved the probe over.

19. From here, you are ready to adjust Matl-Thk to the thickness of the material under test. As
the material gets thinner you may note the LEG count increase and decrease as you scan
indicating the skip path.

30 Raptor Operators Manual

 Setups

Setups
In designing the menus for the Raptor, particular attention has been paid to simplifying the process of
locating items, then prompting the operator to do something intuitive in order to change control settings.

1.34 FACTORY Setup Variables.

When the Raptor is turned on by pressing the 212)) control, the LOGO screen is displayed
automatically. When the gage is operated for the first time, or if FACTORY DEFAULT RESET is
performed (hold (17(5 while booting), all the control variables “default” to the Contact 5MHz profile
(after that, they will display the last previous setup parameters). For many common flaw detection or
thickness gaging applications, it is only necessary to “fine tune” a few variables. Some applications can
be started without any adjustments. The FACTORY setup variables have values that match or nearly
match a variety of the most commonly used transducers for flaw detection or thickness gaging.
From the Main menu, select Setup ()) or press 6(783, then Load ()) to see the list of default and user
setups stored on the gage.
With Raptor’s broadband receiver and Spike pulser, it is possible to achieve high resolution, penetration,
and sensitivity by using relatively highly damped, broadband transducers for thickness gaging as well as
lower Q or tuned transducers, such as angle beam probes. Of course, there will be instances where
reduced bandwidth transducers will be preferred and therefore the “FILTER” setting in the Receiver menu
may be turned on, but a surprising number of applications can be satisfied with the FILTER in broadband
mode.
Once you have “dialed-in” the settings which are most optimal for your transducer and application, you
can save them all into a convenient quick-load setup. From the Main menu, select Setup ()) or press
6(783, then Save ()), then Save ()) to open the keyboard dialog so that your setup can be named for
reference. Once done naming, select (17(5 to save, and (17(5 again to confirm. Follow the loading
procedures above to reload your setup at any time

Raptor Operators Manual 31

 Scanning

Scanning
1.35 New CScan
Select New CScan ()) from the SCAN menu and press (17(5.
This menu selection will clear any scan information in RAM
memory and reset the screen so new scan data can be acquired. If
this is the first scan to be set up, then the operator needs to clarify
the scanner selection before initializing this step.

1.35.1 Scan Area Definition

Now the Scan Area Definition screen will appear. Use the
8S'RZQ arrows to select, then use the /HIW5LJKW arrows or
numbers to enter values. “Index” refers to the distance between
data points in each axis. “Length” refers to the positive dimension
to be scanned in each axis. “Points” shows how many data points
will be collected in each axis. Note that the first data point is
taken at zero, and the last data point taken at the length entered.
Example: A 1.0 inch index and a 12.0 inch length will yield
thirteen data points.
The “Data Stored Each Point” selection allows you to choose between three methods of holding data
information acquired during a scan. “Lowest” means that the lowest reading in a data point will be held
across multiple passes. “Highest” means that the highest reading in a data point will be held across
multiple passes. “Center” means that the reading closest to the
dimensional center in a data point will be held as aggregated over multiple
passes. When all selections have been made press (17(5 to proceed or
0(18(6& to back up to the previous screen (this applies throughout the
program).
Place the transducer at the zero reference corner by using the
corresponding motor jog arrow keys to position the scanner in the proper
location. Press (17(5 to initialize the scan area, 0(18(6& to abort to
the previous screen.
When the scan area is initialized, a grey box will appear on the screen and
the scale will be repositioned at the bottom or left side of the screen
depending on the size and shape of the scan area.

Raptor Operators Manual 33

 Scanning

1.35.2 Start Scan

The C-Scan pop-up window will appear; move the highlight bar to
Start Scan ()). Make sure that there is nothing that will obstruct the
movement of the scanner (like cables) during the scan, and make sure
that there is plenty of couplant for the transducer. If you are ready to
scan press (17(5, and the motorized scan will begin. If you are in
the manual mode, you can begin scanning now. You can stop a scan
at any time by pressing 0(18(6&. If you need to stop a scan, you
may want to restart it using the Start Scan ()) command.

1.35.3 Move Motors

Pressing (17(5 at the Move selection will allow you to jog the motors to position the scanner at a
particular location.

1.35.4 Home Motors

Pressing (17(5 at the Home Motors selection will return the scanner to its original zero position where
the scan was started from. If you stop a scan in the middle of a scan, you do not have to home the motors
before proceeding. Even if you have jogged the motors around a bit, you can restart a scan by going back
the Start Scan selection and pressing (17(5. If the scanner is momentarily stalled, and then continues,
only the data at the end of that stroke will be lost. The system will put itself back location and continue
the scan without losing proper position.

34 Raptor Operators Manual

 Scanning

1.35.5 Speed/Strokes
Using the 8S'RZQ arrow keys, select the number of strokes the
scanner will make before indexing. A minimum of one and a
maximum of ten strokes are allowed. This feature is helpful when
rough material, or other conditions make accuracy difficult. By
stroking an additional time, the operator can have a greater confidence
in the data collected in undesirable conditions.

1.35.6 Clear Scan

If you want to re-scan an area you do not have to enter a new scan.
You can move the highlight bar to the Clear Scan selection and press
(17(5. If you have not saved the data already scanned, it will be
lost! To scan an area over again choose: +RPH, then &OHDUVFDQ,
then 6WDUWVFDQ.

1.35.7 Image
Opens the Image options sub-menu

1.35.7.1 Scale
Scale adjusts the Range and Offset for displaying readings along the color spectrum.

1.35.7.2 Color bar

Allows for various colorization schemes for scan data: Flip (inverts current
spectrum), Spectrum(ROYGBIV), Gray (White to Black), Red (to Black),
Green (to Black), and Blue (to Black).

Raptor Operators Manual 35

 Scanning

1.35.7.3 Zoom
Zoom opens a screen for zooming in on sections of a scan to
show details of a reading. Arrow keys move the zoom window.
F1 changes to numeric view. F2 zooms out to full. F3 gives a
full screen view of the zoomed area. F5 zooms out. F6 zooms
in. F7 makes zoom window Tall/Thin. F8 makes zoom window
Wide/Short. MENU/ESC exits.

1.35.7.4 B-Scan
B-scan opens a screen for viewing the B-scans intersecting at a
given point of a Cscan. Arrow keys move cursor. F1 finds the
lowest measurement in the scan and slews to that point. F2 finds
the highest measurement in the scan and slews to that point.
MENU/ESC exits.

36 Raptor Operators Manual

 Scanning

1.35.7.5 Histogram
Opens a Statistical histogram of the measurements made in a scan.
Arrow keys move the graph horizontally. F1 performs an automatic
Min/Max adjustment. F2/F3 move the vertical scale up/down.
ENTER sets the displayed Range and Offset into the image color
scale. MENU/ESC exits without making changes to the scale.

1.35.7.6 3D View
Opens a dialog to define and render a 3D isometric representation of
the current scan.

Raptor Operators Manual 37

 Scanning

1.35.7.7 Measure
1. /LQH – Calculates the angle and length of a line
between two points. Also shows the thickness
reading at each end

2. 5HFW(OO – Calculates the area of Rectangle or

ellipse as defined by two points and a given height.

3. 3RO\JRQ – Calculates the area under a polygon

defined by at least 3 points. F1 performs the
calculation.

1.35.7.8 Units
Units selects between Inches or Millimeters.

1.35.8 Close Scan

This will exit C-scan mode without saving the scan data. Make
sure that you have saved any collected data using Save Scan before exiting.

1.35.9 Save Scan

Once a scan is completed, you will want to save it. Select Save scan ()). A keyboard entry menu will
appear on the screen. Once you have named your scan, select (QWHU or press 0(18(6&, then press
(17(5 to confirm.

38 Raptor Operators Manual

 Scanning

1.36 New BScan

Select New BScan from the menu and press (17(5. This menu
selection will clear any scan information in RAM memory and
reset the screen so new scan data can be acquired. If this is the
first scan to be set up, then the operator needs to clarify the
scanner selection before initializing this step.
The menus for the BScan mirror those of the CScan, so refer to
definitions found in 8.2.

Raptor Operators Manual 39

 Scanning

1.37 Load Scan

Open a file menu dialog from which saved scans can be loaded and manipulated. Press (17(5 on a
directory or file name to open it. ) selects files stored internally. ) selects files stored externally on
the SD card. ) copies a file from internal to external memory or vice versa. ) deletes the selected file
or directory. ) renames a file.

1.38 Move
Move opens the Move Motors Dialog to allow a scanner to be jogged into position before or after a scan.
Use the Arrow keys to Jog. 0(18(6& or (17(5 exits.

40 Raptor Operators Manual

 Scanning

1.39 Scanner
Use the arrow keys to move the highlight bar to the Scanner ())
menu, and press (17(5. Move the highlight bar to the appropriate
scanner selection and press ENTER. This tells the software which
resolution, motor configuration, and coordinate system to use while
scanning. This selection does not have to be made again unless you
change the type of scanner being used. Note that there is a selection
for an inverted pipe scanner. This setting is for using the P3-12 pipe
scanner with the directions reversed. This is important when using the
cantilever arm attachment (optional accessory for this scanner) to get
close to an object on the opposite end of the scanner.

1.40 Load Image

Opens a file menu dialog from which saved bitmap images can be
viewed. Press (17(5 on a directory or file name to open it. )
selects files stored internally. ) selects files stored externally on
the SD card. ) copies a file from internal to external memory or
vice versa. ) deletes the selected file or directory. ) renames a
file. While viewing an image, press any key to exit.

Raptor Operators Manual 41

 SD Cards and Communications

SD Cards and Communications

Screen captures, setup files and scanner plots can be retrieved from the Raptor two ways. The first is by an SD Card inserted in
the SD slot on the lower left hand side of the Raptor. The second is by the
USB port that is in the same area.

1.41 SD Cards
The Raptor will accept any SD card that is not High capacity.
The Raptor is shipped with a 2G SD Card as an included
accessory. When saving screenshots or other data the user will
have to select the external card in the Save menu otherwise the
data will be saved in internal memory.

1.41.1 An example Screenshot

A screen similar to the one at right will be presented when the
,0$*( key is pressed. At this screen you can enter a Screen
File name and accept the default location, which is internal
memory or Press ) to select a new location.

1.41.2 File Menu

A screen similar to the one on the right will be presented when the ) key is
pressed. In this menu ) and ) select where to save the file in Internal or
External memory. The External memory is the SD card placed in the
external SD slot. The Root Directory of the internal memory is limited to
approximately 200 files, when files can no longer be written to the internal
root directory it will be necessary to create a new directory for additional file
storage. Highlight the directory area and select F3-New Dir and name the
new directory, unlimited files may now be saved to this new directory (not
to exceed the capacity of the internal memory).
) well create a new directory in the selected memory internal or external.
) will delete the selected file.
) will copy the selected file to the external memory.

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 SD Cards and Communications

1.41.3 F2 to select external memory

Press ) to select the external memory. Either press (17(5 to select the root
of the SD card or use the 83'RZQ arrows to select a directory and then press
(17(5. If you have selected the Root level you will be returned to the
Filename entry screen. If you have selected a subdirectory it will be noted in
the path space. You will then again select the external memory space by
pressing ) again you will see the save here indication move to the external
file space. Pressing (17(5 will now return you to the filename entry screen.

1.41.4 Filename Entry

The screen on the right shows the filename entry screen. Use the arrow keys
or an external keyboard to enter a filename for the screenshot. When finished
entering the filename press (17(5 on the virtual keyboard or on the external
keyboard. A popup screen will ask for confirmation before saving press
(17(5 again to continue with the save.
After the file save is complete the SD Card can be removed and read into a
computer.

1.42 USB Port

Communications through the USB port will be handled by a Data Transfer Program.

44 Raptor Operators Manual

 Appendix A Transducer Selection

Appendix A Transducer Selection

The Raptor is a capable precision thickness gage. Virtually any broadband or general purpose transducer
(application dependant) can be used with the Raptor, as can equivalent transducers manufactured by other
producers.
While the commentary below pertains to applications in metals, there are numerous applications to a wide
variety of engineering materials. For plastics, glasses and other more or less isotropic materials, the
procedures are similar to those for metals. Major differences in testing nonmetals are in the velocity of
sound and different impedance characteristics. Fiber-reinforced composite materials are characteristically
anisotropic, having different acoustical properties in different directions, and often require specialized
transducers and procedures for satisfactory ultrasonic testing results.
In general, however, many of the transducer selection criteria factors outlined below apply for nonmetals,
but additional experimentation may be required. NDT Systems, Inc. engineers have extensive experience
in ultrasonic testing of many materials and can provide assistance when called upon.
The following suggestions are by no means fully comprehensive or mandatory. Alternative approaches
may produce essentially the same results. The operator should experiment to determine the best
transducer for given applications or contact NDT Systems, Inc. for advice.

1.43 Thickness Gaging Applications.

1.43.1 Thickness Ranges

1.43.1.1 Single Element, Delay Line Transducers.

Some highly damped, high frequency transducers of this type are capable of producing fully resolved
multiple back echoes equivalent to as little as 0.005 inch (0.13mm) in steel having smooth surfaces.
However, such transducers will be relatively expensive and not readily attainable.
Standard inexpensive delay line transducers, highly damped, in the frequency range of 10 to 20 MHz, will
ordinarily produce good results down to approximately 0.008 inch (0.20mm). Given smooth surfaces in
metals having relatively low attenuation, like wrought steel or aluminum, such transducers can be used to
gage up to 0.75 inch (20mm), more or less, depending upon the length of the delay line.
To determine the practical minimum thickness resolution of a delay line transducer, it is necessary to have
an array of thin shims ranging in thickness around the desired minimum to be measured. Inexpensive sets
of steel shims, used as feeler gages, can be obtained from well equipped hardware stores, automotive parts
houses or specialty tool suppliers. The nominal thickness is typically imprinted onto each shim, often in
inches and millimeters. Available sets contain as many as 15 or 20 shims, ranging from 0.005 to 0.025
inch (0.13 to 0.64mm) thick. While we have found that the stated thickness is nominal, subject to
variation up to ±0.0004 inch (0.01mm), these shims can be used to readily determine the minimum
thickness that can be expected from a given transducer.
Under ideal conditions, parts having very smooth, parallel surfaces can be measured to an accuracy
approaching ±0.0001 (±0.003mm). To achieve such accuracy, not only is it necessary to have an
appropriate transducer, the thickness gaging instrument must have extremely stable, high speed electronic
circuitry. The Raptor fulfills this requirement admirably.

1.43.1.2 Single Element, Focused Immersion Transducers.

Some transducers of this type have been designed specifically for precision thickness gaging of metals
0.010 inch (0.25mm) thick and greater. Small diameter, high frequency, short-focused immersion

Raptor Operators Manual 45

 Appendix A Transducer Selection
transducers also can be used to measure the distance to quite small internal reflectors. This is useful, for
example, in gaging remaining thickness over internal passages in turbine blades.

1.43.2 Thickness Ranging from 0.030 inch (0.76mm) Upward.

1.43.2.1 Single Element Contact Transducers Hard-Faced Wear Plates.

Depending upon active element size and frequency, highly damped (broadband) transducers of this type
can seldom be used on steel or aluminum much below 0.030 inch (0.8mm). The ultimate minimum
thickness limitation must be determined experimentally.
The advantage of using this type of transducer is that much thicker sections can be gaged, and on
materials that have less than smooth surfaces or are relatively attenuative. Again, some experimentation
will indicate the limitations and advantages among transducers of the same type, but having different
sizes, frequencies and spectral characteristics.
When trying to achieve best results on relatively thin materials, the most important considerations are
frequency and spectral characteristics. Foremost is the need to use a transducer having the greatest
bandwidth, all other things being equal. Such transducers have relatively large, high density masses
bonded to the internal face of the active element. This mass minimizes the amount of “ringing” of the
active element following excitation by a short duration, high voltage electrical pulse. This kind of high
mechanical damping minimizes the length of the ultrasonic wavetrain associated with the high energy
initial pulse as well as the subsequent back-wall echoes.
Also necessary to achieve best thickness resolution is to use the highest frequency consistent with external
factors that affect coupling efficiency, and to take material attenuation into consideration. If a transducer
is expected to produce minimum thickness resolution and be used over a broad range of thicknesses, test
material attenuation may dictate a compromise. While higher frequencies produce thinner thickness
resolution, attenuation is more pronounced at higher frequencies.
For relatively flat, smooth-surfaced steel or aluminum test objects, highly damped contact transducers in
the frequency range from 5 to 10 MHZ generally will produce acceptable results in the thickness range
from 0.022 inch (.55mm) up to 5 inches (125mm) more or less. With the Raptor, and under ideal external
conditions, transducers of 5, 7.5 or 10 MHZ having active elements of 0.25 to 0.50 inch (6.4 to 12.7mm)
diameter will cover the range from 0.030 to 10 inches (0.76 to 250mm) or more.

1.43.2.2 Single Element Contact Transducers with Membrane and Other

Protective Devices.
So-called protected element transducers are used in relatively rugged applications involving rough,
abrasive test object surfaces or surfaces at elevated temperatures. Usual designs of protected element
transducers include reduced internal damping, lower frequencies and larger diameters. As a result, their
application typically ranges from a few tenths of an inch (10mm plus or minus) upwards.
Often used on castings, forgings and mill-finished piping, protected element transducers are infrequently
used for thickness gaging; more often used for flaw detection. However, if the protective element is a
relatively thin elastomer or flexible polymer, the procedures for thickness gaging are similar to those for
single element contact-type transducers. For thicker wear-caps or temperature-protective delay lines,
procedures are more like those for delay line transducers.

46 Raptor Operators Manual

 Appendix A Transducer Selection
1.43.2.3 Dual Element Contact-Type Transducers.
This category of transducers is frequently used in thickness gaging applications, combining some of the
advantages of both single element contact and delay line models. They have two elements, each with a
separate delay line, mounted side-by-side in a single fixed housing. The elements are isolated
acoustically from one another by a sound-absorbing barrier between them. They are electrically isolated
as well; one serves as a transmitter, the other as a receiver. The ultrasonic instrument must provide the
capability of isolating the pulser and receiver, as does the Raptor.
Practical minimum thickness resolution from a dual element transducer optimized for thickness gaging is
approximately 0.040 inch (1.0mm). Typical frequencies for thickness gaging applications range from
2.25 to 10 MHZ, and the elements can be semi-circular or rectangular. While again it is only possible to
generalize the applications, dual elements provide a good balance among resolution, penetration and
sensitivity.

1.44 Flaw Detection Applications.

1.44.1 Straight Beam Longitudinal Wave Tests.

All the various types of transducers used for thickness gaging are also used for flaw detection. However,
flaw detection focuses on characterizing the amplitude of echoes from small internal reflectors (flaws) as
opposed to accurate measurement of the time-of-flight interval between front-wall and back-wall echoes.
In a sense, both flaw detection and thickness gaging procedures combine in most tests governed by flaw
detection criteria. In most instances, once a flaw has been detected and judged to be significant, it is also
required to describe its geometry, position and location within the test object, at least to the extent
possible.
Usual flaw detection procedures depend upon the capabilities of the instrument/transducer combination to
detect small reflectors. Occasionally, this feature of high sensitivity requires that both the transducer and
instrument receiver amplifier be narrow-banded and frequency-matched to one another. To produce a
narrow-banded transducer, little or no mechanical damping is applied to the back face of the active
element. This results in a more highly energetic transducer, but one that vibrates or "rings down" for a
short time after the excitation pulse shuts off. This continuing oscillation produces a long duration wave-
train that effectively “blinds” the transducer from differentiating echoes from reflectors (flaws or back-
wall) within the ring-down period. While sensitive to the detection of echoes from small, deep-lying
reflectors, narrow-banded transducers are limited in their ability to resolve echoes from near-surface flaws
or from the surfaces of thin-walled test objects.
Transducer frequency also has significant effects on the sensitivity to detection of small flaw echoes. As
the frequency of a narrow-band transducer is increased (assuming narrow-band frequency matching in the
instrument receiver), the ability of the sound beam to react to small reflectors is enhanced. However, in
polycrystalline metals and multi constituent composites, internal reflections from grain boundaries or
other interfaces greatly increase at high ultrasonic frequencies.
The effect manifests as a scattering of the sound beam, both reducing its ability to penetrate and
decreasing the signal-to-noise ratio in reflected echoes that return to the transducer.
A further consideration in transducer selection for flaw detection is the effects of frequency and active
element size on the directivity and coherence of the sound beam. The shape of the sound beam often must
be taken into account. Both near-field effects and beam-spreading relate to sensitivity; unfortunately, the
relationships between element frequency and size are sometimes at odds, forcing compromises with
respect to sensitivity, penetration and near-surface flaw detection.
Without delving into the mathematics of beam geometry, the facts are:

Raptor Operators Manual 47

 Appendix A Transducer Selection
1) For a given element size, higher frequencies produce less divergent beams, but increase the
length of the near-field.

2) For a given frequency, smaller element sizes produce shorter near-fields, but increase beam
divergence.
Since the sensitivity requirements are dictated by the particular code, standard or procedure governing
specific tests, it is not possible to be very specific in recommending flaw detection transducers. However,
since a large number (if not a majority) of straight beam flaw detection ultrasonic tests are performed on
metals less than 2 to 3 inches (50 to 75mm) thick, a few general statements apply:

1) Using broadband transducers will greatly enhance near-surface flaw detection capabilities
and most frequently will produce adequate penetration and sensitivity - generally a better
compromise in many tests than using narrow band transducers.

2) If penetration of the soundbeam is a problem, use the lowest frequency transducer that
produces desired sensitivity. If near-surface resolution is not required, use a low frequency
narrowband transducer.

3) If signal-to-noise sensitivity is a problem, use narrow-band transducers sensitive to small

flaws yet not overly sensitive to other internal reflectors such as grain boundaries in
metals.

4) When a combination of problems exists, experiment with different spectral characteristics

(bandwidth) at the theoretical size and frequency otherwise indicated.
The foregoing discussion applies for immersion transducer selection as well as for the various types of
contact transducers. However, with immersion transducers, another significant factor emerges; the sound
beam can be focused. Within some limits, focusing can produce several advantages

B. The irregular effects of the near-field can be eliminated.

C. Beam divergence can be controlled and beam energy can be concentrated within a small
cross-section of the beam. Sensitivity to detection of small flaws can he increased.

D. On parts having convex curved surfaces, focusing can be used to improve soundbeam
coupling: spherical focusing is best for compound curvature, while cylindrical focusing
can be used on conic and cylindrical shapes
Focusing is only effective within certain limits depending upon transducer size and frequency. For a
complete discussion on the focus ranges of immersion transducers, see OPTIMA transducer catalog in the
Transducer Selection section of Part 4, Immersion Transducers.

1.44.2 Angle-Beam Shear Wave Tests.

Transducer selection for angle-beam tests is relatively simple. Except for a few isolated applications, there
is little need for the transducer to be broad-banded. Medium-to-low damping is ordinary; some angle-
beam transducers are basically undamped. However, such transducers generally perform well with broad-
banded instrument receivers.
AWS transducers, specified for use when the AWS Structural Welding Code is invoked, are supplied in
three element sizes, 5/8 x 5/8 inch, 5/8 x 3/4 inch, and 3/4 x 3/4 inch (15.9 x 15.9mm, 15.9 x 19.1mm, and
19.1 x 19.1mm). All are available with a nominal frequency of 2.25 MHZ, as specified by the Code.
Acrylic plastic wedges are supplied to convert the longitudinal wave to refracted shear waves at incident
angles of 45°, 60°, and 70°, again as required by the Code.

48 Raptor Operators Manual

 Appendix A Transducer Selection
Similar, general-purpose, or so-called “standard” models, are available in a greater variety of sizes and
with standard angle-beam wedges additionally available for 30° and 90° refracted angles. Virtually any
angle can be specified for special applications.
Other types of angle-beam transducers include Quick Change and Mini models. The Quick Change
models have circular element sizes of 1/4, 3/8 and 1/2 inch (6.4, 9.5 and 12.7mm) diameter and are
threaded to accommodate replaceable wedges that screw onto the transducer element. No tools are
required and worn wedges are discarded. Standard and AWS models also have replaceable wedges, but a
small screwdriver is required to remove and replace the wedges. Mini Angle-Beam models are compact,
designed for use in confined spaces, for small parts, and to permit access between closely-spaced
fasteners.
For any angle-beam application it must be kept in mind that the stated refracted angle provided by the
plastic wedges pertains only for a specific material. Wedges designed for use on common alloy steels will
not produce the same refracted angle in aluminum, most super-alloys, many stainless steels, titanium
alloys coppers etc. When purchasing wedges, the test material must he specified or a sample furnished to
the supplier in order to obtain specific refracted shear-wave incident angles.
Another precaution should he observed: replaceable wedges must be acoustically coupled to the face of
the transducer element. Glycerin is most often recommended although other couplants of similar
consistency can be used. During use of transducers with replaceable wedges, the interface between
element and wedge should be checked frequently for proper coupling. Bubbles and incompletely wetted
mating surfaces will significantly affect transducer performance; usually incomplete coupling can he seen
by looking through the transparent wedge material.

1.44.3 Through-Transmission Tests.

The Raptor can be used for through transmission testing on test objects where access permits placement of
transducers on opposing sides of the test object, with two transducers aligned in opposition. One serves as
transmitter and is connected by a separate cable to the pulser output connector. The other is connected to
the adjacent connector. When DUAL is selected in the Pulser menu, the Raptor's pulser and receiver are
electrically isolated. With the transducers coupled to the test object and in opposition with each other, the
sound beam will pass from one to the other, unless there is an intervening acoustic discontinuity in the
path of the sound beam. This technique is often used on highly attenuative test materials and is
particularly suited for detection of laminar-type flaws, or regions of varying composition due to porosity
or other inhomogeneous variations.
Many such tests are conducted through immersion or squirter techniques. Although specialized
mechanical systems may be required to maintain transducer alignment and to provide scanning or other
manipulations, more-or-less standard types of immersion transducers are used.
While some experimentation may be required in order to determine the optimum combination of
transmitter/receiver transducers, the appropriate models are generally available from the extensive line of
NDT Systems, Inc. OPTIMA transducers.
Likewise, for contact transducer through-transmission tests, experimentation will most probably require
specific combinations of transducers, generally available from the OPTIMA selections.

1.44.4 Immersion Tests.

In addition to the through-transmission or squirter techniques mentioned just above, The Raptor can he
used for single transducer, pulse-echo tests. Interface synchronization (SYNC, found in the PULSER
menu) provides for synchronizing the A-Trace beginning from the entry echo that occurs between the
liquid couplant column and the test object surface. Even if the couplant path length varies, the start of the
A-trace and thickness gate are synchronized from the interface (IF) echo.

Raptor Operators Manual 49

 Appendix A Transducer Selection
A complete assortment of immersion transducer types, sizes, frequencies, and spectral characteristics can
he found in the OPTIMA transducer catalog. Accompanying each different type of transducer shown is a
brief guide to the applications appropriate for that type.

1.45 Transducers for Non-Metallic Test Materials.

Virtually all the techniques and applications described above can be applied to a host of non-metallic and
composite materials. It is not possible to cover the numerous applications in this manual. Transducer
selection for non-metals often is much more involved. However, the Raptor’s unique design can
accommodate a huge variety of transducer types. For advice, contact our Transducer Applications
Specialists. Often a transducer can he recommended on the basis of a description of the application. If not,
it may he necessary to submit samples of the test material.

1.46 Transducers for Specialized Applications.

Ultrasonic testing techniques have applications beyond those traditionally though of regarding flaw
detection and thickness gaging. There are applications in material characterization, flaw analysis,
extensometry, bondtesting, liquid level sensing, velocity measurement, and others in more or less limited
usage. In some cases, because the application is specialized, so must be the transducers. The Raptor can
be used as the basic instrument for many unusual applications, and NDT Systems can usually match either
a standard OPTIMA transducer or a custom design to the requirements of the application. Raptor users are
invited to contact a NDT Systems Transducer Applications Specialist for recommendations.

50 Raptor Operators Manual

 Appendix B Accessories

Appendix B Accessories

Available accessories for the Raptor include:

1) Extra Li Ion battery PN

2) Li Ion battery conditioner/Charger PN
3) AC Adapter PN
4) SD Card 2Gigabytes PN
5) External Keyboard PN

Raptor Operators Manual 51

 Appendix C Specifications

Appendix C Specifications
Display: Full 480 x 640 (VGA) Graphic (3.4"W x 4.55"H) New Technology Display, FULLY Sunlight Viewable
SplitView: (Handheld Industry First) Size as a Function of Main Trace Window Size
SplitScan: (Handheld Industry First) Display A-Trace and B or C Scan Simultaneously
AutoTrack: (Handheld Industry First) When in SplitView, Second Window Displays a Zoom View of the Main A-Trace which
Tracks the Echo Being Measured
Scan Mode: A, B and C-Scan imaging native
Freeze: Screen Freeze Mode or Instant-Freeze Mode... Perfect for Spot Weld Applications
Physical: 5.75" Wide X 3" Deep X 9.5" Long - 5.6 lbs with Battery All Aluminum with Sealed and Rubberized end caps
Range: 0.112" - 500" Delay: 0 - 200" @ Full Range!
Resolution: 0.0001"/0.001 • Inch/mm
Velocity Range: 0.0490 to .9999 in/us • fully adjustable.
Calibration: Range, Delay, Velocity & Zero
Pulser / Receiver: Up to 5KHz Rep Rate, Spike and Square Wave Pulser (50v to 450v and 20 to 10,000ns)
Display Mode: RF, +HW, -HW, FW - Hollow and Filled
GAIN: 100dB, Damping - 8 levels
Frequency Range: 500Khz - 20MHz
Tuning: 0.5, 1.0, 2.5, 5 and 10MHz
Probe Select: Single / Dual Element
Peak Echo Hold: Fixed or 2 Sec Hold
Alarm: LED Thickness High, Lo or High/Lo, Amp +/- Level
I/O: USB 2.0 Connectivity
SD Card: Up to 4GB user removable SD Flash Card
Memory: 75MB On-Board Memory (system & storage)
Operational Modes: Single/Dual/Angle/Contact/Delay
Gates: Contact - IP-1st, 1st-2nd Permits Through-Paint, Delay/Bubbler/Immersion, IP Blocking, IF Blocking, IF-1st, 1st-2nd
Echo Blk
Amplitude: 3 Gates, Track IP, IF, previous gate. Alarm POS or NEG Gating
20 Point DAG/DAC
Imaging Features: A-Scan, B-Scan - Time encoded 'B' Scan (Scrolling) Encoded B-Scan, SpreadSheet View, Pan & Zoom, 3D,
Histogram
Scanners: Manual, Semi-Automated, and Fully automated scanners supported.
Power Requirements: Operates on one Li-ion Battery for up to 8 hours while imaging! Charger included
Transducers, cables and accessories are available for almost any application
Plastic carry case included
CE Approved
Manufactured in facilities meeting ISO9001 manufacturing processes

Raptor Operators Manual 53

Appendix D Warranty
LIMITED WARRANTY

1. WARRANTY: NDT SYSTEMS, INC. warrants that reasonable care was used in the choice of materials and the
manufacture of this instrument, and that the instrument conforms to the published ratings and characteristics applicable to the
instrument at the time the instrument is shipped to the Buyer. This warranty shall extend for a period of one year from the date
of shipment of the instrument (FOB Seller's plant) and shall in no event extend beyond such term. The Buyer shall notify NDT
SYSTEMS, INC. by registered or certified mail, return receipt requested, of any claim of discovery of such defect. Failure to
notify NDT SYSTEMS, INC. within the time and in the manner specified herein shall constitute a waiver of any such claim of
defect or breach of warranty. The final determination of the existence of a defect or breach of this warranty shall be made by
NDT SYSTEMS, INC. This warranty shall extend to the Buyer only, and shall not be assignable or transferable to any other
person.
2. DISCLAIMER OF WARRANTIES THERE ARE NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING ANY
IMPLIED WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, OTHER THAN
THOSE WARRANTIES SET FORTH IN THE PARAGRAPH ENTITLED "WARRANTY" ABOVE.

The above warranty shall not apply to digital panel meters and items with a limited life, such as batteries, probes or
cables, nor to any instruments which have been subjected to misuse, improper installation or repair, alteration, or use beyond
the published rating of the instrument.
3. BUYER'S REMEDIES: The Buyer's sole exclusive remedy for breach of the above warranty shall be the repair or
replacement of the instrument by NDT SYSTEMS, INC., free of charge. The Buyer shall return the instrument to NDT
SYSTEMS, INC., transportation prepaid. NDT SYSTEMS, INC. shall promptly repair or replace the instrument and return
same to Buyer, FOB Seller's Plant, collect.
If, for any reason, NDT SYSTEMS, INC. is unwilling to repair or replace the instrument or, because of circumstances,
the exclusive remedy provided herein fails of its essential purpose, or operates to deprive either party of the substantial value of
its bargain, then the Purchaser's exclusive remedy will be the return of the purchase price for the instrument. The liability of
NDT SYSTEMS, INC. shall in no event be greater than the full amount of the purchase price for the instrument.
Any attempt by NDT SYSTEMS, INC. to repair or replace any instrument sold hereunder shall not constitute an
admission that the instrument, or any part thereof, is defective within the meaning of the above warranty, nor that NDT
SYSTEMS, INC. has any legal responsibility to make such repair or effect such replacement.

Any such attempts, if unsuccessful, shall not create any liability on the part of NDT SYSTEMS, INC. and the
purchaser is limited to the remedy set forth herein.
4. LIMITATION ON LIABILITY: NDT SYSTEMS, INC. shall not, under any circumstances, be liable for direct, incidental
or consequential damages for any breach of contract, breach of warranty or misrepresentations, including the negligence of
NDT SYSTEMS, INC., including, but not limited to, damages resulting directly or indirectly from the use, or loss of use, of the
instrument sold hereunder, or the business of the Buyer or third persons wherein the instrument is utilized.
The above warranty, and the obligations of NDT SYSTEMS, INC. hereunder, are expressly in lieu of, and the Buyer
expressly waives, any other liability of NDT SYSTEMS, INC. based upon warranty, express or implied, contract, or the
negligence of NDT SYSTEMS, INC., including, but not limited to, negligence in the design of the instrument or in the choice
of the materials therefore, or negligence in the repair or replacement of the instrument, whether such repair or replacement is
required by the terms hereof or is voluntary, upon the part of NDT SYSTEMS, INC.
Except as provided herein, no person is authorized to assume on behalf of NDT SYSTEMS, INC. any other or
additional liability or responsibility in connection with the instrument. These terms and warranty are applicable to and
complete acceptance of such a binding legal agreement.


 AEHSͲ03Setup




AttachtheArmadillototheRaptorInstrumentandturnontheinstrument.

Ontheopeningmenuselect7Setup,LoadandhighlightDual5Mhz½in.andpresstheENTERkey.




Usingaknownthicknessstandardorwithaknownthicknessofthematerialtobescanned,adjusttheZERO,VELOCITY,DELAYand
RANGEforproperdisplayontheinstrument(a0.500”calibrationstepblockwasusedinthisview).SelectMODE,THICKNESSand
adjustTHRESHandIPBLKtoobtainthebestresults.NOTEtheIPBLKblockinggateissettoapproximately0.050”todisplaythe
thinnestpossibledetectablecorrosionthickness.





 AEHSͲ03Setup


PressMENU/ESCtoreturntothemainmenuandselect5Scanandthenselect5Scanner.


HighlighttheAEHSͲ03–ArmadilloBͲScanUnitselectionandpressENTER


Highlight1NewCscanandpressENTER.Thewarningscreenwillappear,pressanykeytocontinue.
 AEHSͲ03Setup


Entertheparametersasindicated,selectAcceptandpressENTERtocontinue.


PlacetheAEHSͲ03inthelowerleftcorneroftheareatobemeasuredandpressENTER.ThescanareaisbasedonanX/YCartesian
coordinatesystemmakingthelowerleftcornerthe0/0pointofthescanarea.




Tobeginscanningselect1StartScanandpressenter.



 AEHSͲ03Setup
Anonboardencoderincrementsthe“Y”axisattheYͲAxisIndexdimensioninputintheScanDefinitionscreenhoweverthe“X”axis
isartificiallyincrementedatthedimensioninputtedateachoftheendpointsofthescanarea.Dataalsostopsbeingsavedateach
oftheendpointsandwillnotresumebeingsaveduntiltheArmadilloismovedbackintothedefinedscanarea.MovetheArmadillo
inazigzagpatternacrossthedefinedscanareainthe“X”directiontofillinallofthedefinedarea.Informationatthetopofthe
screenindicatesthescannerpositioninthescanareaandthethicknessatthatpointofthescanner.Whenthescaniscompleted
themenuareawillreappear.

Select1StartScantobeginanewscanatanewlocation(both“Y”and“X”willresettothe0/0point)orselect5Imagetoanalyzethe
scannedarea.Select4BͲScanforacrosssectionalviewofthescannedareaandtomeasurepointsofinterest,usethearrowkeysto
navigatethroughthescannedarea.


 AEHSͲ03Setup


Select3Zoomtodisplayalargerareaofthicknessreadings,usethearrowkeystonavigatearoundthescannedarea.

Select63DViewtocreatea3Dimageofthescannedarea.AdjustthesizeoftheimagewithWidth,Height,DepthandZoom
controlstoproducethedesiredimagesizeandYaw,PitchandRollfortheviewingangle.


 AEHSͲ03Setup


SelectStyletochangetheimageappearanceandQualityfortheresolutionofdatadisplayedintheimage.




 NDT Systems
StringScan II Setup

StringScan II component parts Remove the transducer holder from its ZERO park
1-Transducer Cable position and unscrew the two parts of the holder
1-SSxxx Transducer
1-Transducer Holder
1-Raptor Interface Cable
1-StringScan II Encoder Body

Place the encoder rings over the inner holder piece Feed the transducer cable through the outer and
inner pieces.
Connect the transducer and feed back into the housing Secure the transducer in the housing with the set
screw insuring the transducer is flush with the
housing front surface.

Screw the housing halves together. Insure the encoder rings are free to rotate.
Place the transducer holder into its ZERO park position Zero park position

Connect the transducer cable to the Raptor T/R port Connect the Raptor interface cable to the
Scanner / Utility port
Connect the scanner interface cable to the Select 5 SCAN on the Raptor and press ENTER
StringScan II encoder body.

Select 5 SCANNER on the Raptor and press ENTER Select SS2 – String Scanner 2 from the list and
press ENTER
Select 1 NEW Cscan and press ENTER Enter the X/Y lengths, index size, scan axis and
test information, highlight ACCEPT and press
ENTER.

Place the transducer holder at the ZERO park ZERO park position
Position and press ENTER
Place the transducer holder on the lower left corner Lower left corner position.
Of the test piece and press ENTER

Select 1 START SCAN and begin scanning test piece.

 X/YScannerSetup

Fromthemainmenuscreenselect5SCAN

Select5SCANNERandpresstheENTERkey.Selecttheappropriate
scannerfromthelistandpresstheENTERkey.


Select1NewCscanandpresstheENTERkey.


EntertheX/Ylengths,indexsize,scanaxisand
testinformation(Company,Operator,etc.),highlight
ACCEPTandpresstheENTERkey.



Placethetransducerholderatthelower
LeftcornerofthescanareaandpresstheENTERkey.



Tobeginscanningselect1StartScanandpressenter.