CE 513

STRUCTURAL
STEEL DESIGN

Amie Lou G. Cisneros, CE

Instructor
College of Engineering and Technology
Digos City
Welded
Connections
• Different elements are connected
by heating their surfaces to a plastic
or fluid state.
• Arc Welding is the general term for
the many processes that uses
electrical energy in the form of an
arc to generate the heat necessary
for welding.

Welding
Welded Connections
• Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW)
• The weld is protected by using an
electrode covered with a layer of
mineral compounds.
• Melting of this layer during the welding
produces an inert gas encompassing
the weld area.
• The inert gas shields the weld by
preventing the molten metal from
having contact with the surrounding
air.
TYPES OF ARC WELDING
Welded Connections
Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW)
Welded Connections
• Submerged Arc Welding (SAW)
• The arc is not visible because the surface of
the weld and the electric arc are covered
by a blanket of granular fusible material to
protect is from the surrounding air.
• In this method, a bare metal electrode is
used as filler material.
• Compared with SMAW, SAW welds provide
a deeper penetration.
• Also, SAW welds show good ductility and
corrosion resistance and high impact
strength.

TYPES OF ARC WELDING

Welded Connections
Submerged Arc Welding (SAW)
Welded Connections
• Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW)
• The electrode is continuous wire that is fed
from a coil through the electrode holder.
• The shielding is entirely from an externally
supplied gas or gas mixture.
• The GMAW process using the CO2 shielding
is good for the lower carbon and low – alloy
steels which are usually used in buildings
and bridges.

TYPES OF ARC WELDING

Welded Connections
Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW)
Welded Connections
• Flux Cored Arc Welding (FCAW)
• The process in FCAW is similar to GMAW,
except that the continuously fed filler metal
electrode is tubular and contains the flux
material within its core.
• The core material provides the same
functions as does the coating in SMAW ir the
granular flux in SAW.
• This process is useful procedure for field
welding in severe cold weather conditions
as well as to speed up high rise
construction.

TYPES OF ARC WELDING

Welded Connections
Flux Cored Arc Welding (SMAW)
Welded Connections
• The electrode material is specified under
various specification and is given in the ff
table.
• The designation such as
• E60XX – 60 ksi (415 MPa)
• E80XX in – 80 ksi (550 MPa)
• Corresponding to tensile strength, Fu.
• E denotes electrode
• The X’s denote the use of the electrode.

ELECTRODES USED FOR WELDING

Welded Connections
 Min. Yield Min. Tensile
PROCESS
Stress Strength
SMAW SAW GMAW FCAW Fy (MPa) Fu (MPa)
E60XX E6XT - X 345 425
F6XX - EXXX 345 425 – 550
E70XX ER70S-X E7XT - X 415 485
F7XX - EXXX 415 485 – 655
E80XX 460 550
F8XX - EXXX E8XT 470 550 – 690
ER80S 450 550
E100XX 600 690
F10XX - EXXX 605 690 – 895
ER100S 620 690
E10XT 605 690 – 830

ELECTRODES USED FOR WELDING

E110X 670 760
F11XX - EXXX 675 760 – 895
ER110S 675 760
• In welded connections, in general, fewer
pieces are used. This will speed up the
detailing and fabrication process.
• In welded connections, gusset and splice
plates may be eliminated. Bolts or rivets are
not needed either. Thus, the total weight of a
welded steel structure is somewhat less than
that of the corresponding bolted structure.
• Connecting unusual members (such as pipes)
is easier by welding than by bolting.
• Welding provides truly rigid joint and
continuous structures.

ADVANTAGES OF WELDING
Welded Connections
FORMS OF WELDED JOINTS
Welded Connections
• The two common types of welds in welded steel
structures are groove welds and fillet welds.

• GROOVE WELDS
• Can be used when the pieces to be
connected can be lined up in the same
plane with small tolerance.
• Two different types of groove welds
• Partial penetration (single V)
• Full penetration (double V)

TYPES OF WELDS
Welded Connections
TYPES OF GROOVE WELDS
Welded Connections
• FILLET WELDS
• Depending on the direction of the applied
load and the line of the fillet weld, fillet welds
are classified as longitudinal or transverse
fillet weld.
• Longitudinal Fillet Welds – the shear force to
be transferred as parallel to the weld line
• Transverse Fillet Welds – force to be
transmitted is perpendicular to the weld line.

TYPES OF WELDS
Welded Connections
• FILLET WELDS
• Can be either equal – leg or unequal leg
• The intersection point of the original faces of
the steel elements being connected is called
the root of the weld.
• The surface of the weld should have a slight
convexity.
• The normal distance from the root to the
theoretical face of the weld is called the
throat of the weld.
• Fillet welds are weaker in shear than in
tension and compression.

FILLET WELDS
Welded Connections
FILLET WELDS
Welded Connections
FILLET WELDS
Welded Connections
• FILLET WELDS
• Equal – leg fillet welds fail in shear through the
throat (at angles of 45 degrees with the legs
of the weld).
• For equal – leg fillet welds , the throat is:

𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟎𝟕𝒘

• 𝒕 = throat
• 𝒘 = leg

FILLET WELDS
Welded Connections
• FILLET WELDS
• Shear is the controlling factor in the design of
fillet welds
𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆 𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒐𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒘𝒆𝒍𝒅 𝑷
• 𝒔𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒓 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔 = 𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒓𝒐𝒂𝒕 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒘𝒆𝒍𝒅
• 𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒓𝒐𝒂𝒕 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 = 𝒕𝒉𝒓𝒐𝒂𝒕 𝒕𝒉𝒊𝒄𝒌𝒏𝒆𝒔𝒔 ×
𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒇𝒊𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒕 𝒘𝒆𝒍𝒅

FILLET WELDS
Welded Connections
• FILLET WELDS
• For unequal – leg fillet welds , the throat is:

𝒘𝒉
𝒕=
𝒘 𝟐 + 𝒉𝟐

• 𝒕 = throat
• 𝒉, 𝒘 = leg lengths

FILLET WELDS
Welded Connections
• The effective area of the welds shall be
based on the following:
1. The effective area of the fillet welds shall
be taken as the effective length times the
effective throat thickness
2. The effective length of the fillet welds,
except on fillet welds in holes and slots,
shall be the overall length of the full – size
fillets, including returns.

EFFECTIVE AREA OF FILLET WELDS

Welded Connections
• The effective area of the welds shall be
based on the following:
3. The effective throat thickness of a fillet
weld shall be the shortest distance from
the root of the joint to the face of the
diagrammatic weld, except that for fillet
welds made by submerged arc process,
the effective throat thickness shall be
equal to the leg size for 10 mm and smaller
fillet welds, and equal to the theoretical
throat plus 3 mm for fillet welds larger than
10 mm.

EFFECTIVE AREA OF FILLET WELDS

Welded Connections
• The effective area of the welds shall be
based on the following:
4. For fillet welds in holes and slots, the
effective length shall be the length of the
centerline of the weld along the center of
the plane through the throat. In the case of
overlapping fillets, the effective area shall
not exceed the nominal cross – sectional
area of the hole slot in the plane of the
faying surface.

EFFECTIVE AREA OF FILLET WELDS

Welded Connections
• GROOVE WELDS
• Groove welds are used to connect structural
members that are aligned in the same plane.
• If the groove weld is to transmit the full load of
the members they join, the weld should have
been the same strength as the pieces joined.
Such is called the complete penetration
groove weld.
• When joints are designed such that such that
groove welds do not extend completely
through the thickness of the pieces joined,
they are called partial penetrating groove
weld.

GROOVE WELDS
Welded Connections
• The effective area of the groove welds shall
be based on the following:
1. The effective area a groove welds shall be
considered as the effective length of the
weld time the effective throat thickness.
2. The effective length a groove weld shall be
the width of the part joined.
3. The effective throat thickness of a complete
penetration groove weld shall be the
thickness of the thinner part joined.
4. The effective throat thickness of a partial –
penetration groove weld shall be as shown
in the following table:
EFFECTIVE AREA OF GROOVE WELDS
Welded Connections
 • The effective area of the groove welds shall
be based on the following:
4. The effective throat thickness of a partial –
penetration groove weld shall be as shown
in the following table:
Table 3.5 EFFECTIVE THROAT THICKNESS OF
PARTIAL – PENETRATION GROOVE WELDS
WELDING WELDING INCLUDED ANGLE AT ROOT EFFECTIVE ROOT
PROCESS POSITION OF GROOVE THICKNESS

SMAW J or U joint
SAW
Depth of Chamfer
GMAW Bevel of V joint ≥ 60
ALL
degrees
FCAW Bevel or V joint < 60 deg but Depth of chamfer
≥ 45 deg minus 3 mm

EFFECTIVE AREA OF GROOVE WELDS

Welded Connections
 • The effective area of the groove welds shall
be based on the following:
5. The effective thickness of a partial
penetration groove weld shall be as shown
in Table 3.5:
Table 3.6: EFFECTIVE THROAT THICKNESS OF
FLARE GROOVE WELDS
Type of Weld Radius R of Bar or Bend Effective Throat Thickness

Flare bevel groove All (5/16) R

Flare V - groove All (1/2) R*

*Use of (3/8)R for GMAW (except short circulating transfer process) when R ≥ 12
mm. EFFECTIVE AREA OF GROOVE WELDS
Welded Connections
• The effective area of the groove welds shall
be based on the following:
6. The effective throat thickness of a flare
groove welds when flushed to the surface of
a bar or 90 degrees bend in a formed
section shall be as shown in Table 3.6.
Random sections of production welds for
each welding procedure or such a test
sections as may be required by design
documents, shall be used to verify that the
effective throat is consistently obtained.

EFFECTIVE AREA OF GROOVE WELDS

Welded Connections
1. The minimum size of fillet welds shall be as
shown in Table 3.3. Minimum weld size is
dependent upon the thicker of the two parts
joined, except that the weld size need not
exceed the thickness of the thinner part. For this
exception, particular care shall be taken to
provide sufficient preheat for soundness of the
weld. Weld sizes larger than the thinner part
joined are permitted if required by calculated
strength. In the as welded connection, the
distance between the edge of the base metal
and the toe of the weld may be less than 1.5 mm
provided the weld size is clearly verifiable.

LIMITATION OF FILLET WELDS

Welded Connections
 Table 3.3 Minimum Size of Fillet Welds
Material Thickness of Thicker Part
Minimum Size of Fillet Weld
Joined

To 6 mm inclusive 3 mm

Over 6 mm to 12 mm 5 mm

Over 12 mm to 20 mm 6 mm

Over 20 mm 8 mm

LIMITATION OF FILLET WELDS

Welded Connections
2. The maximum size of fillet welds that is permitted
along the edges of connected parts shall be:
• Material less than 6 mm thick, not greater than the
thickness of the material;
• Material 6 mm or more in thickness, not greater
than the thickness of the material minus 1.6 mm,
unless the weld is especially designated on the
drawings to be built out to obtain full – throat
thickness.

LIMITATION OF FILLET WELDS

Welded Connections
3. The minimum effective length of fillet welds
designated on the basis of strength shall be not
less than 4 times the nominal size or else the size
of the weld shall be considered not to exceed ¼
of its effective length. If the longitudinal fillet
welds are used alone in end connections of flat
bar tension members, the length of each fillet
weld shall not be less than the perpendicular
distance between them. The transverse spacing
of longitudinal fillet welds used in end
connections of tension members shall not
exceed 200 mm, unless the member is designed
on the basis of effective net area.

LIMITATION OF FILLET WELDS

Welded Connections
4. Intermittent fillet welds are permitted to transfer
calculated stress across a joint or faying surface
when the strength required is less than that
developed by a continuous fillet weld of the
smallest permitted size, and to join components
of built – up members. The effective length of
any segment of intermittent fillet welding shall
not be less than 4 times the weld size, with a
minimum of 38 mm.

LIMITATION OF FILLET WELDS

Welded Connections
5. In lap joints, the minimum lap shall be 5 times
the thickness of the thinner part joined, but not
less than 25 mm, Lap joints joining plates or bars
subjected to axial stress shall be fillet welded
along the ends of both lapped parts, except
where the deflection of the lapped parts is
sufficiently restrained to prevent opening of the
joint under maximum loading.

LIMITATION OF FILLET WELDS

Welded Connections
6. Fillet welds in holes or slots are permitted to
transmit shear on lap joints or to prevent the
buckling or separation of the lapped parts or to
join components of the built – up members. Such
fillet welds may overlap, subject to the provision
of the Code. Fillet welds in holes or slots are not
to be considered plot or slot welds.

LIMITATION OF FILLET WELDS

Welded Connections
7. Side or end fillet welds terminating at ends or sides,
respectively, or parts or members shall wherever
practicable, be returned continuously around the
corners for a distance not less than 2 times the
nominal size of the weld. This provision shall apply
to side and top fillet welds connecting brackets,
beam seats, and similar connections, on the plane
about which bending moments are computed. For
framing angles and simple end – plate
connections which depends on flexibility of the
outstanding legs for connection flexinbility, end
returns shall not exceed four times the nominal size
of the weld. Fillet welds that occur on opposite
sides common to both welds. End returns shall be
indicated on the design and details drawings.

LIMITATION OF FILLET WELDS

Welded Connections
The load capacity is given as:

𝑷 = 𝑭𝒗 × 𝟎. 𝟕𝟎𝟕𝒘𝑳

𝑭𝒗 = allowable shearing stress of the weld

metal
𝒘 = size of the weld (leg)
𝑳 = total length of the weld

CAPACITY OF EQUAL – LEG FILLET WELDS

Welded Connections
 Table 3.4 Allowable Working Strength of Equal Leg
Fillet Welds (Fv = 0.30 Fu)
Size of Weld Allowable Load, kN/mm
E60XX E70XX E80XX
in. mm Fu = 60 ksi Fu = 70 ksi Fu = 80 ksi
Fu = 415 MPa Fu = 485 MPa Fu = 550 MPa

3/16 4.76 0.417 0.488 0.555

¼ 6.35 0.557 0.651 0.741

5/16 7.94 0.696 0.814 0.926

3/8 9.52 0.835 0.976 1.111

½ 12.70 1.113 1.302 1.482

5/8 15.90 1.394 1.630 1.855

Welded Connections
1. The minimum effective throat thickness of a
partial – penetration groove weld shall be as
shown in Table 3.7.
2. Minimum effective throat thickness is determined
by the thicker of the two parts joined, except
that the weld size need not exceed the thickness
of the thinnest part joined. For this exception,
particular care shall be taken to provide
sufficient preheat for soundness of the weld.

LIMITATION OF GROOVE WELDS

Welded Connections
 Table 3.7 Minimum Effective Throat Thickness of
Partial Penetration Groove Weld

Material Thickness of Thicker Part

Minimum Effective Throat Thickness
Joined

To 6 mm inclusive 3 mm

Over 6 mm to 12 mm 5 mm

Over 12 mm to 20 mm 6 mm

Over 20 mm to 38 mm 8 mm

Over 38 mm to 57 mm 10 mm

Over 57 mm to 150 mm 12 mm
Welded Connections
Over 150 mm 16 mm
BALANCED WELD
GROUPS

Seismology: Earth's Interior & Plate Tectonics

• In some cases, members are subjected to direct
axial stresses, which are unsymmetrical and
cause eccentricities in welded connections. Such
is given by the figure:

Welded Connections
• To avoid eccentricity, the ff equation must be
satisfied:
𝑷 = 𝑷𝟏 + 𝑷𝟐 + 𝑷𝟑
• 𝑴𝒄𝒈 = 𝟎
𝑷𝟏 𝒚𝟏 + 𝑷𝟑 𝒚𝟑 = 𝑷𝟐 𝒚𝟐
𝑷𝟏 , 𝑷𝟐 , 𝑷𝟑 = capacities of this weld

If all the welds are equal – leg fillet and have the
same size, the following eq may be used:
𝑷 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟎𝟕𝒕𝑳𝑭𝒗
𝑳 = 𝑳𝟏 + 𝑳𝟐 + 𝑳𝟑
𝑳𝟏 𝒚𝟏 + 𝑳𝟑 𝒚𝟑 = 𝑳𝟐 𝒚𝟐

Welded Connections
ECCENTRICALLY
LOADED WELDED
CONNECTIONS

Seismology: Earth's Interior & Plate Tectonics

• Direct Load
𝑭𝒙
𝑷𝑫𝒙 =
𝑳
𝑭𝒚
𝑷𝑫𝒚 =
𝑳
𝑳 = 𝑳𝟏 + 𝑳𝟐 + 𝑳𝟑

Welded Connections
• Load due to Moment
𝑻 = 𝑭𝒙 𝒆𝒚 + 𝑭𝒚 𝒆𝒙
𝑻𝒚
𝑷𝑻𝒙 =
𝑱
𝑻𝒙
𝑷𝑻𝒚 =
𝑱
𝑳𝟐
𝑱= 𝑳 + 𝒙𝒈 𝟐 + 𝒚𝒈 𝟐
𝟏𝟐
• Total Load per Millimeter length of weld

𝟐 𝟐
𝑷= 𝑷𝑫𝒙 + 𝑷𝑫𝒚 + 𝑷𝑻𝒙 + 𝑷𝑻𝒚
Welded Connections
CONNECTION WITH
SHEAR AND
BENDING

Seismology: Earth's Interior & Plate Tectonics

• The following figure shows the welded connection
that must support both direct shear and bending
moment.

Welded Connections
• The nominal shear stress is
𝑷
𝒇𝒗 =
𝑳𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍
• The nominal bending stress is:
𝑴𝒄 𝑴 𝑷𝒆
𝒇𝒃 = = =
𝑰 𝑺 𝑺
• The resultant stress is given as (N/mm):
𝑹= 𝒇𝒃 𝟐 + 𝒇𝒗 𝟐
𝑹 = 𝑭𝒗 𝒕𝒆
• Where
• 𝒕𝒆 = effective weld size
• 𝒕𝒆 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟎𝟕𝐭 for equal leg weld
• 𝑭𝒗 = allowable shear stress

Welded Connections
Table 3.8 Properties of Weld Group (treated as lines)

Welded Connections
Table 3.8 Properties of Weld Group (treated as lines)

Welded Connections