Short course for PVU staffs

8-11 August, 2022

ADVANCED FORMATION
EVALUATION
Day 3: Wells Correlation

1
 Course Contents

1. Bio & Cyclo-log correlation

2. Chemostratigraphy correlation
3. Electro logs facies correlation

2
 Course Contents

1. Bio & Cyclo-log correlation

2. Chemostratigraphy correlation
3. Well logs correlation

3
Introduction of Cyclo-log

• The software CycloLog is developed

by ENRES.

• The principles and practice of

CycloLog are based on the Climate
Stratigraphy.

• CycloLog’s calculations use spectral

(waveform) analytic methods to detect
changes of log which has properties of
amplitude, wavelength and phase.

• The results are two types of log

transform curves – the PEFA and
INPEFA curves which are unique to
CycloLog.

4
5

Climate Stratigraphy & CycloLog

Climate Stratigraphy uses the fundamental findings of Global Cyclostratigraphy.

Essential principles of that is as follows:

1. Climate change is cyclic as a

result of the primary orbital
control.
2. Vertical lithofacies patterns
retain a record of the nested
orbital periodicities.
3. Climate change information is
accessible through the spectral
properties of a facies-sensitive
log – GR log.
4. A facies-sensitive log provides a
regularly sampled suitable for
the spectral analysis
(wavelength, amplitude, phase).
Nio et al. (2006)

5
6

CycloLog

6
7

MEM

MEM (Maximum Entropy Method) is

based in the information theory.

MEM is extracting a set of relationships

inherent in a chosen interval containing
the climatic change signals with respect
to the lithological changes.

MEM is specifically concerned with data

that are both less regular and noisy in
the wireline log data.

7
 Climate Stratigraphy Concept
Orbital (Quỹ đạo) Variation of the Earth Orbital-forced variations in insolation -> variations
of temperature and humidity (atmospheric
OBLIQUITY/TILT
PRECESSION
circulation cells expand or contract) -> Succession
The Earth’s axis precesses Variation in axial obliquity or
tilt of the Earth’s axis Variation in insolation (solar energy flux) which can be
in a 19-23 KY cycle
changes in a 41 KY cycle of climatic change.
19k – 23k years calculated based on the Earth-Sun distance and angle of the
PRECESSION OBLIQUITY/TILT
North Hemisphere Sun’s rays & the Earth’s surface Warmest Climate is the weather Warmest
41k years
measured over tens of
1 cycle years.
Max Max
Insolation

Watt / Sq. m
Insolation
South Hemisphere
ECCENTRICITY

N 2 MYa 0 MYa
Sum m er Winte r
N
Plane of the ecliptic
Calculated @ midsummer’s day, Latitude-parallel belt (52oN)

S
Winte r S Sum m er

ECCENTRICITY
Milankovitch model 100k – 400k years
Sedimentation system (sediment
supply, transport and deposition) are Min
Tectonic Climate influenced by climate & tectonic Coolest Insolation
KY
- Climate is a major control for 4th Elements of climate:
Stratigraphic Cycle Order of - Energy from the Sun Climate expression of an insolation cycle
lithofacies. - Temperature on the Earth
- GR can be treated as composite - Wind circulation
- Precipitation (rain, snow,..)
Note of Climate Stratigraphy:
waveform.
- Assume the climate change is - Ocean currents
- Based on assumption of spectral information
contented in waveform Global Temp increase ->
properties (i.e. Climate -> Global ice volume decrease
- Subject to spectral analysis algorithms
Stratigraphy concept, Nio et.al. -> Global sea level increase Sea level changes
2006). due to Climate and
- Data should be good quality
Global Cyclostratigraphy Tectonic
- Need to combine with geological knowledge (lithofacies
and biostratigraphy) for interpretation
Spectral trend attribute
- INPEFA contents pattern of climate - An insolation circle = 1 precession or 1 eccentricity (19KY-
curve (INPEFA)
change information. 400KY) = 4th to 5th Stratigraphic Cycle Order (<1m
“arid” reservoir scale). Tectonic in longer time-scale, if
Spectral analysis to transform “cooling”
- Lithofacies successions in the same accommodation space < wavelength of insolation cycle
log into patterns Latitude belt should show similar
“humid”
then only part of the strat-pac is preserved.
“warming” patterns of change
“arid” a C-shape circle = a stratigraphic package
- Incomplete C-shape circle may due to erosion/hiatus
= a climate circle = an insolation circle
“cooling” - Long-term INPEFA has better correlation than short-term
“humid” INPEFA due to locally change in lithofacies.
“warming” Pattern of
climate change NBS Stratigraphy breaks
Lithofacies predicted by PBS
facies-sensitive log (GR) “arid” 8
 INPEFA Curve Calculation
1. Facies-sensitive log (i.e. GR) can be treated as a Concept of synthetic spectral change
composite waveform which has wavelength, in Geology:

Unknown Waveform
amplitude and phase properties.
 Missing section: can be hiatus or erosional

properties
2. Waveform properties can be understood as
surface
spectral and then, spectral analysis method
 Amplitude change: can be significant change in
named Maximum Entropy Spectral Analysis
lithofacies
(MESA) can be applied.
 Frequency change: can be abrupt change in
3. MESA computes a PEFA (Prediction Error Filter) Filter size sedimentation rate and/or lithofacies
representing the changes in the waveform (1m, 5m, 10m)
properties (spectral) from one window to the
other (see below diagram).
4. INPEFA (Integrated-PEFA), a cumulative curve of
PEFA from bottom to top, indicates uphole Sliding window
spectral trends of data series. (default 10m)
5. Spectral trends can be interpreted as Filter default 1m
depositional trends in stratigraphy.
MESA method is used as a linear prediction using
successive values in a data series to predict the next
value in the series (see MESA in next slide)
Avg. GR values between
1m, 5m, 10m

(X*n+1)
The optimum set
reflect spectral
(Xn+1)
information of the
data series
9
 INPEFA Curve Properties
Filter sizes with sliding intervals 1m, 5m, 10m
Similar to “noise Well 1
filter”, so call More detail
PEFA is Prediction information Larger filter is lower-
Error Filter order StratPac

INPEFA
(1m filter)

- +
Less detail
information

Positive
Bounding
Surface
(PBS)

Higher-Order
StratPac

Negative
Bounding
Surface
(NBS)
Spectral
discontinuity
surfaces (turning
Stratigraphy point)
Package
(StratPac) Higher-Order
StratPac

Positive
Bounding
Surface
(PBS) 10
 Spectral Analysis Method (MESA)
Maximum Entropy Spectral Analysis (MESA) analyses the spectral content of a composite waveform, is a filtering
technique originally developed by geophysicists for processing seismic signals.
𝑝
1. Consider a prediction in 𝑥𝑛 = ෍ 𝑐𝑘 𝑥𝑛−𝑘
data series (waveform):
𝑘=1
𝑁 𝑝 2
2. Objective of the method is 𝐶𝑌𝑊 (𝑐1 , 𝑐2 , … , 𝑐𝑝 ) = ෍ 𝑥𝑛 − ෍ 𝑐𝑘 𝑥𝑛−𝑘
minimizing the error criterion
𝑛=𝑝+1 𝑘=1
Where,
ck (k=1,…,p) are prediction filter coefficients
p: number of data points in sliding window
N: total number of data for whole analyzed interval
- Yule-Walker algorithm is a statistic algorithm to calculate the (c1, c2, …, cp) set which minimize the criterion above.
Other algorithms are Burg algorithm, Genetic algorithm,…
- The coefficients ck (k=1,…,p) found for one optimal prediction are closely related to the spectral content of the
data series. The coefficients can be transformed into a spectral representation of the data known as the maximum
entropy spectrum.
- Prediction error analysis can thus give an indication of spectral change without spectral calculation, larger errors
imply more significant breaks in the succession data.
- If the log were a perfectly regular waveform (no spectral change), the prediction error will be a constant.
- The coefficients ck (k=1,…,p) is relied on N (total number of data), therefore a short interval analysis (short-term
INPEFA) will give more optimum prediction (detail spectral trend) than whole well analysis (long-term INPEFA)
which is regional analysis.
11
 MESA Method
MESA
Spectral
Image
MESA (Maximum Entropy Spectral Analysis) is

Long

Shor
Wav
← →

t
e
lengt
based on the MEM.
h MESA of wireline logs is dealing with decomposing
the composite waveform of the log.

Individual Milankovitch MESA => Method of the spectral estimation

cycles compose the
insolation curve. MESA computes an Average Amplitude Spectrum
(AAS), which displays all the wavelengths in the
relative contribution to the data.

CycloLog shows the Spectral Image instead of the

AAS. This color means that blue is weak, yellow is
strong and red is very strong to indicate the relative
strength.

Average Amplitude Spectrum

(AAS)
Amplitude

Wavelength
12
 MESA, PEFA
MESA analysis is carried out with a sliding
window (the default window-length is 10m).

MESA, which is used as a prediction filter

to predict the window’s next upward data
point based on the data points in the
window, is extended into a prediction error
filter. It is based on the static probabilistic
model based on the climatic and lithological
changes.

The filter returns the error in the prediction

instead of the prediction in CycloLog.
The error (PEFA; Prediction Error Filter
Analysis) is the difference between the
predicted data point and the true data point.

The effects of both

changes and
discontinuities in
waveform properties
in a log are visualized. 13
14

Spectral changes

Mathematically, any spectral

Missing section of the
waveform can be change is related to a phase
interpreted as an jump, an amplitude change or a
erosional surface. frequency change.

A change in the
amplitude of the
waveform may be
related to an important
change in lithofacies.

A change in the
frequency of the
waveform can be related
to a lithofacies change
or a change in net
accumulation rate. 14
15

INPEFA

The spikes on a PEFA are not distributed

randomly.
Rather, there will be intervals in which positive
spikes or negative spikes are more prominent in
each interval.
That is why each stratigraphic package should be
deposited within a certain climatic regime.

The cumulative trends of these spikes show as

curves called INPEFA (Integrated-PEFA).

15
16

INPEFA

Intervals of positive and negative trend in

the PEFA curve are separated by turning
points called PBS and NBS (Positive and
Negative Bounding Surface).

• The beginning of a period of renewed sand-

influx or progradation (making it a candidate
for a sequence boundary).
• The end of a shaling-up trend and the
beginning of a sand-prone trend.

• Some kind of flooding or transgressive

surface.
• The end of a sanding-up trend and the
beginning of a shale-prone trend.

16
17

CycloLog, PEFA, INPEFA

17
18

Filtering (PEFA)

MESA computes an Average Amplitude

Spectrum (AAS) with a sliding window
(the default window-length is 10m).

If the log is smoothed, then some of

the less significant prediction errors
are likely to disappear.
Some of the spikes have been reduced
to the level of ‘noise’ by the process,
whereas the more persist spikes are
likely to have a more regional
significance than those that have
disappeared.

The interpretation of PEFA spikes is

quite normal for geological succession
to comprise many apparently sudden
switches between sand and shale.

18
19

Filtering (INPEFA)

Filter size
10m (default) 50m 100m The portion of the data
omitted from the
calculation of the INPEFA
curve increases with the
window-length.

CycloLog Manual
recommends using the
default window-length
(10m) at all times.

100m

19
20

D-INPEFA (Dynamic-INPEFA)

INPEFA has the option to

analyze a smaller interval,
which results in a higher
resolution of the climatic
change patterns.

This option is called D-

INPEFA (Dynamic-INPEFA) in
CycloLog.

20
21

Long- or Short-term INPEFA

• Long-term INPEFA_GR curves
are generated for the total
study interval. This shows
relatively little detail; only the
major turning-points and tends
which are related to the
interaction of longer period
tectonic change.

• Short-term INPEFA_GR curves

are made for subsections. The
curves usually show enhanced
character, making detailed
interpretations possible. It can
be appeared the shorter period
climatic cyclicity.

• There is no discrepancy
between the turning-points of
the Long- and Short-term
INPEFA curves.

21
22

Correlation of INPEFA

The low-order stratigraphic bounding surfaces and

stratigraphic packages are identified and correlated in the
INPEFA curves with a high level of confidence. At this
scale of resolution, biostratigraphic and seismic data, if
available, will provide constraints to the interpretations.
However the correlation by the higher-order bounding
surfaces from well-to-well has to be carefully. If available,
high-resolution seismic and biostatigaphic data may offer
constraints also at this level of detail.
22
23

Summary

• The PEFA and INPEFA curves might yield information that is

largely hidden in untreated log.

• Visualization of INPEFA may change depends on the filter

size.

• Bounding surfaces of the same order are more or less time

synchronous in correlation.

• Biostratigraphic and seismic data will provide constraints to

the interpretations if available.

23
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Biostratigraphy Analysis (Well 1)
The Biostratigraphic subdivisions are based on the combination of foraminifera, nannofossil and palynology zones as
well as the characteristic fossils assemblages. Each maximum flooding surface (MFS) is characterized by a peak of
planktonic foraminifera, nannofossil and microplanktonic palynomorphs.

MM14 SB
TMC#5

TMC#6U
MM13 SB
TMC#6L

TMC#7
MM12 SB

TMC#8 MM11 SB

TMC#9
MM10 SB

TMC#10U
TMC#10L MM9 SB

TMC#11
TMC#12 MM8 SB

TMC#13 24
25
Biostratigraphy Analysis (Well 2)

TMC#5 MM14 SB

TMC#6U
TMC#6L MM13 SB

TMC#7
MM12 SB

TMC#8 MM11 SB

TMC#9
MM10 SB

TMC#10U
TMC#10L MM9 SB

TMC#11

TMC#12 MM8 SB

TMC#13 MM7 SB

MM6 SB 25
26
Biostratigraphy Analysis (Well 3)

MM14 SB
TMC#5

DN-Carb
TMC#6
MM13 SB

TMC#7
MM12 SB

TMC#8
MM11 SB

TMC#9
MM10 SB

TMC#10U
MM9 SB
TMC#10L

TMC#11 26
MM8 SB
27
Biostrat correlation

Well 2
Well 1 Well 3

27
 Cyclo log correlation
Well 1 Well 2 Well 3

28
 Course Contents

1. Bio & Cyclo-log correlation

2. Chemostratigraphy correlation
3. Well logs correlation

29
30
Methodology

CHEMOSTRATIGRAPHY TECHNIQUE
(Using inorganic geochemical data)

Concept: Based on recognition of changes in provenance, reflected by changes in the chemistry

and abundance of detrital minerals.

ISOTOPE CHEMOSTRATIGRAPHY ELEMENTAL CHEMOSTRATIGRAPHY

Key questions:
- Why certain key element/ratios were used instead of
others?
- How the mineralogical relationship of elements were
established?
- How the samples were selected and then prepared prior
to analysis?
- How data quality was measured?
Issue:
- If the scale is large (i.e. wells spacing more than 16 km),
the same chemostratigraphic units can be deposited in
different stratigraphic intervals at difference times (Neil
Craigie, Principles of Elemental Chemostratigraphy,
Springer 2018).
30
31
Chemostratigraphy Concept

Chemostratigraphy
o Sediment characterization and correlation using variations
in the elementary composition of sediments

o Geochemical variations in the sedimentary rocks are linked to

changes in provenance, climate, depositional environment and
diagenesis

 Primary tools to understand the Sequence of deposition

and Time of deposition

Integrate interpretation is also possible when we can

utilize Time and Interpretive tools…

o Time tools (biostratigraphy, absolute dating, orbital stratigraphy)

o Interpretive tools (Sedimentary facies (Core), Tectonic history
(structural setting, seismic data))

- Characterize Depo facies and reservoir quality

- Assess Depositional sequence/system

31
32
Analytical Work Flow
Sampling Noted that core & cutting are difference on contamination, depth control, resolution of provenance variation

Sample preparation
- Washed in liquid detergent
- Grinding to micronize samples
- Preparing in powdered form for XRF analysis or liquefied form for ICP analysis (using aqua regia/ acid digestion or alkali fusion techniques)

Elemental data analysis

- ICP technology (ICP-OES, ICP-MS): involve the generation of a plasma, then measure variation of emitted photons (ICP-OES) or extract ions into a mass
spectrometer for analysis (ICP-MS). Max 55 elements can be analyzed.
- XRF technology: based on peak intensities for a particular energy of fluorescent light emitted by an element. Max 42 elements can be analyzed.
- Detection limits, precision and accuracy decide data quality. Precision refers to repeatability of results by repeated analyses of a Standard Reference
Materials (SRMs). Accuracy refers to the closeness of a result to the “known” values by analyzing SRMs.

Establish Element : Mineral links

- The elements can have multiple mineralogical affinities
- The links can be established by comparing geochemical and mineralogical data Statistical technique (Correlation Coefficient,
(XRD, petrographic, heavy mineral analysis) or well log data Principle Component Analysis)
- Chose the correct elements and ratios to use for chemostratigraphic analysis and Graphical technique
recognition of “trends in the dataset” from max 300 elemental ratios

Lithology determination
- Plot the data in the form of profiles
- Identify lithology in conjunction with log and geochemical data

Final quality control check

- To ensure consistency between cutting description, log response and geochemical data
- Depth control by checking synthetic gamma ray ChemGR = (16*K) + (8*U) + (4*Th) with GR (Log)

Identify Chemozones and boundaries

- Analyze concentration of elements and trends in dataset and consult with log data
- Subject to interpreters and confidence analysis (statistical and histograms)

Chemostratigraphy Correlation
- Correlate wells and integrate with other data (biostratigraphy, depositional analysis, seismic and well log) for provenance
and tectonic setting determination 32
33
1. Cutting Sample Contamination

- Core data relatively follows the trend of SV wells

- All cutting samples were contaminated by drilling mud,
need correction?

33
34
2. Data Quality Control

- Sampling interval: 5m for cuttings, 1-5m for core

Then, the uncertainty should be within 5m. How match GR_LWD and GR_WL?
- Sample shifts 5m-10m are questionable? These samples were contaminated and
should be omitted, unless poor depth control was demonstrated.

Contaminated of
KCL Glycon HT
mud system

Core interval

Core interval

34
35
Element : Mineral Links
Element : Mineral Link
90.0
80.0
70.0 Si
60.0
50.0
%

40.0 Q
30.0
20.0
10.0
0.0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Depth (m)
The comparation of geochemical and mineralogical data (XRD, petrographic, heavy
mineral analysis) or well log data are not fully explained in the report.
Element : Mineral Link
14.0

12.0

10.0

8.0
Plagioclase
%

6.0

4.0

2.0 Sodium
0.0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Depth (m)

Element : Mineral Link

4.0
3.5
Potassium
3.0
2.5
2.0
%

1.5
1.0
K-feldspar
0.5
0.0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Depth (m)
35
36
Example of Element : Mineral Links

36
37
3. Common Element : Mineral Links
 Si = mainly quartz, but part of any silicate mineral
 Al and Ga = mainly clay minerals (particularly kaolinite, with less amounts associated with feldspars)
 K and Rb = K feldspars, micas and clay minerals (especially illite)
 Cs and Sc = clay minerals and feldspars
 V = mainly clay minerals. It is also noteworthy that V is adsorbed onto clay minerals in anoxic conditions.
 Ca = mainly calcite and dolomite, though high levels of Ca are also linked with gypsum and anhydrite. In
addition to this less amounts of Ca may me associated with smectites and plagioclase feldspar
 Mg = mainly dolomite, calcite, and/or clay minerals (particularly chlorite)
 Fe and Mn = various clay and carbonate minerals, and pyrite
 Na = mainly plagioclase feldspar, though some Na is be associated with halite and/or clay minerals (e.g.
smectite)
 Ti, Ta and Nb = titanomagnetite, magnetite, illmenite, rutile, anatase and/or sphene
 Th = heavy minerals, particularly monazite, zircon and apatite
 LREE and MREE = various mineralogical affinities. In general LREE are most abundant in clay minerals and
feldspars, whilst MREE exist in heavy minerals, though this rules does not hold true in every study.
 Y and HREE = heavy minerals
 U = heavy minerals and organic matter, with redox influence
 Cr = heavy minerals such as chrome spinel
 Zr and Hf = zircon
 P = mainly biogenic phosphate and/or P-bearing heavy minerals such as apatite and monazite. However,
some P may be concentrate in carbonate and clay minerals.
 Zn, Ni, Mo, Co and Cu = pyrite, Fe-oxyhydroxides, carbonate and/or clay minerals
 Ba = drilling additives (in the form of barite)
 Sr = mainly drilling additives and carbonate minerals, though some Sr may be associated with feldspars and
clay minerals
 Be, W, Tl, Sn and Pb = uncertain mineralogical affinities.

37
38
3. PCA for Element : Mineral Links

Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is

used to identify important element
associations ??? ???

A total of seven element groups relating to

carbonate minerals, quartz, zircon, plagioclase,
heavy minerals in general, illite(mica) / kaolinite
and smectite. The minerals are consistence with
lithology identification.

38
39
4. Lithology Identification
The lithology identification is quite clear

Silty Claystone Siltstone

• Ca < 10% • Ca < 10%
• Si/Al < 4 • 4 < Si/Al < 6

Calc. Argillacious Sandstone

• CaCO3 > 10%
• 6 < Si/Al < 10

Argillacious Sandstone
• Ca < 10%
• 6 < Si/Al < 10

Sandstone
Calcareous Siltstone • Ca < 10%
• CaCO3 > 10% • Si/Al > 10
Silty Limestone • 4 < Si/Al < 10
• CaCO3 > 50%
• 4 < Si/Al < 6

39
40
5. Chemostratigraphic Sequence Zonation

K/Al K/Rb Ga/Rb Cs/Sc Cr/Nb Si/Zr Ti/Nb Th/U Zr/Al

Seq. P5

Seq. P4

Seq. P3

Seq. P2

Seq. P1 40
41
5. Chemostratigraphic Sequence Zonation
K/Al K/Rb Ga/Rb Cs/Sc Cr/Nb Si/Zr Ti/Nb Th/U Zr/Al

Seq. P5

Seq. P4

Seq. P3

K/Al K/Rb Ga/Rb Cs/Sc Cr/Nb Si/Zr Ti/Nb Th/U Zr/Al

Seq. P2

Seq. P1 41
42
5. Chemostratigraphic Sequence Zonation

“High Potassium
Seq. P5 due to
Low Low contaminated with
Low
KCl” ?

High High
High Cs/Sc may
High
Seq. P4 present marine
flooding surface

Seq. P3 High
Low Low Low

K/Al K/Rb Ga/Rb Cs/Sc Cr/Nb Si/Zr Ti/Nb Th/U Zr/Al

Upward decrease
Seq. P2 Low High High High
High
?
Upward increase

Seq. P1 High High Low High Low 42

43
5. Chemosequence P1
K/Al K/Rb Ga/Rb Cs/Sc Cr/Nb Si/Zr Ti/Nb Th/U Zr/Al

43
44
5. Chemosequence P1 (Rev)
K/Al K/Rb Ga/Rb Cs/Sc Cr/Nb Si/Zr Ti/Nb Th/U Zr/Al

Low Low

44
45
5. Chemosequence P2
K/Al K/Rb Ga/Rb Cs/Sc Cr/Nb Si/Zr Ti/Nb Th/U Zr/Al

45
46
5. Chemosequence P2 (Rev)
K/Al K/Rb Ga/Rb Cs/Sc Cr/Nb Si/Zr Ti/Nb Th/U Zr/Al

High

High
High High High
Low High

Low Low Low

46
47
5. Chemosequence P3
K/Al K/Rb Ga/Rb Cs/Sc Cr/Nb Si/Zr Ti/Nb Th/U Zr/Al

47
48
5. Chemosequence P4
K/Al K/Rb Ga/Rb Cs/Sc Cr/Nb Si/Zr Ti/Nb Th/U Zr/Al

48
49
5. Chemosequence P5
K/Al K/Rb Ga/Rb Cs/Sc Cr/Nb Si/Zr Ti/Nb Th/U Zr/Al

P4 ?
Contaminated ?

49
50
Chemostrat Sequence Well 2
Well 3

Well 2

Well 1
Chemostrat Sequence:
- Used geochemical variations to classify the Chemostrat
sequence

o P1: Top TMC#12 – Top TMC#11

High Si/Zr, Ga/Rb and K/Rb, Low Ti/Nb and C/Nb
o P2: Top TMC#10 – TMC#9 – Top TMC#8
High Si/Zr, Cr/Nb, Ti/Nb and K/Rb, Low K/Al
o P3: Top TMC#8 – Top TMC#7
High Cs/Sc, Low K/Al, K/Rb and Cr/Nb
o P4: Top TMC#7 – Top TMC#5
High Si/Zr, Cr/Nb and Cs/Sc, Low Cr/Nb and K/Rb
o P5: int TMC#2 – Top TMC#5
Low Si/Zr, Cr/Nb and Cs/Sc
o P6: int TMC#2 – int. TMC#1

- Chemostrat sequence generally corresponds to top TMC

units 50
51
Chemostrat Package Well 2

Well 3

Well 2

Well 1 Chemostrat Package:

o Consistent with TMC units [Top & Base]
=> consistent with parasequence set and shale interval
o Geochemical variations reflect to different sedimentary facies

o P1-1: TMC#11 shale:

o P1-2: TMC#11 sand:
High Cs/Sc, Cr/Nb, Ti/Nb and K/Rb, Low Zr/Al and Si/Zr than P1-2

o P2-1: TMC#10: Low K/Al, K/Rb and Ti/Nb

o P2-2: TMC#9: Low K/Al and higher Ti/Nb
o P2-3: TMC#8: Higher K/Al, Lower Ti/Nb

o P3-1: TMC#7 shale: Low K/Al, K/Rb, Cr/Nb and Ti/Nb, high Cs/Sc
o P3-2: TMC#7 sand: Higher K/Al, K/Rb Cr/Nb and Ti/Nb, Lower Cs/Sc

o P4-1: TMC#6: Low K/Rb, high Cs/Sc and Cr/Nb

o P4-2: TMC#5: High Si/Zr, Cr/Nb and Cs/Sc, Low Cr/Nb

o P5-1: TMC#4 – TMC#5: Low Si/Zr, Cr/Nb and Cs/Sc 51

52
Chemostrat study
Facies interpretation

TMC#5 FS
TMC#6 FS
TMC#7 MFS?

TMC#8
FS
TMC#9 FS

TMC#10 FS
TMC#11 FS

Facies interpretation
- Increase offshore facies

52
53
Facies interpretation summary
Proximal Distal
Well 1 Well 2 Proximal to distal sequence
Well 3
to the east
Water deepening to the east

Major Flooding Surface

Toward offshore => MFS? (4th order)

Well 1
? SVW-1X

Well 2
Sand: SV-1XST
Little lateral variation: TMC#7, TMC#9 and TMC#10 SV-1X
Well 3
Proximal to distal toward Well 3: TMC#8
Shale:
X
Little lateral variation: TMC#6, TMC#7, TMC#9 and TMC#10
Water deepening to the east: TMC#5, TMC#8 and TMC#11
Carbonate:
Promote carbonates in Well 1 unlike Well 3 [bypass sediment from W to E] ? 53
54
Chemostratigraphic Correlation
 Well 4 Package P3-3 (TMC#7 upper) is irregular compared to wells Well 3
1-2-3, probably represents a channel fill.
(*) Chemostratigraphy, or chemical
stratigraphy, is the study of the chemical
variations within sedimentary sequences
to determine stratigraphic relationships

Well 2
Well 4

Well 1
TMC#3
P5 P5
P5
TMC#5
P4 P4 P4 DN-Carb

P3 P3 P3
TMC#7

P2
P2
P2
P1
P1
P1
54
55
Chemostratigraphic Correlation
The geochemical data demonstrates a similar sediment provenance between the Well 1 and Well 2areas, a felsic continental
source, with Well 2 facies in a more distal setting compared to the facies identified within Well 1

Well 1
Well 2

Well 1
Well 2

Geochemical provenance plots

show a consistent pattern
between SV and DN wells

55
 Course Contents

1. Bio & Cyclo-log correlation

2. Chemostratigraphy correlation
3. Well logs correlation

56
 TYPICAL TYP ICAL
ENVIRONMENTAL
PROB AB ILITY GAMMARAY
FAC IES
CURVE CURVE
FLUVIAL

BRAIDED S TREAM

P OINT B AR
DELTA FRONT

DIS TRIB UTARY CHANNEL

S TREAM MOUTH B AR

INTERDIS TRIB UTARY B EACH

SHORE
NEAR

BEACH

TIDAL FLAT

DUNE
TURBIDITE

DENS ITY FLOW

DEB RIS FLOW

Figure IV-2: Typical Gamma Ray Curves

 Swamp
F res h
ma rs h
G H

F
B C D E Cr e v a s se
A
Cr e v a s se
Bay dep
Delta front deposits
Prodelta deposits
Shelf deposits
Shelf deposits Older marine deposits

A B C D
Bay Bay - marsh Ma rs h
Bay
Overbank splay Overbank splay
Delta front
Delta front Dist. mouth
Dist. mouth bar
bar
Delta front
Pr o de l ta Pr o de l ta Delta front
Pr o de l ta
Pr o de l ta
Sh el f Sh el f
Sh el f Sh el f
E F G H
Bay fill Bay fill Mars h
Bay fill Bay fill Bay fill
Bay fill Bay Bay
Bay fill
Bay
Delta front Delta front Delta front

Pr o de l ta Pr o de l ta Pr o de l ta Pr o de l ta
Sh el f
Sh el f Sh el f Sh el f Transgressive
beach shelf

Figure IV-4: GR in Deltaic Plain, Bay and Lacustrine

Figure IV-5: GR Curve in Distributary Mouth Bar (Coleman and Pior, 1980)
 COASTAL PLAN
MENI Gamma Ray DEPTH Depositional
Grain Size
Zone AP I (m) Environment
20 120

UT - 1 cg Interdistributary
(bay, sandflat, minor

CORED INTERVAL
mg 4190 channel & splay)

MT - 5
lmg
4200
MT - 4 Distributary
mg
Channel
u fg 4210
m-cg
4 20 9. 7
Interdistributary
MT - 3 f-mg
f-mg O = 3% (bay, sandflat, minor
f-mg k = 3 md channel & splay)
(lam)
Figure IV-6: GR curve in the Coastal Plan Environment
 DELTA ABANDONMENT
Grain Size Cement
Son ic us/f
110 60
DEPTH Resi stivity Density (g/c m3) Depos itional
Gamma Ray (ILD) 2.0 3.0 Environment
(m) Neutron (PU) DELTA
0.1 1 10 100 45 -1 5
20 API 120 ABANDONMENT
vfg
4600 4595 Pore-filling
LT-7 illite
C
O Shoreface
LT-6 Pore-filling
fg - mg R (Reworked Delta Front)
46 05.9 illite
E 4610
vfg D 46 07.4 Pore-filling
LT-5 vfg( lam) 4610 chor ite/illite
vfg 46 11.1
I Delta Front
fg - cg N 4620 46 15.5 Chorite Grain
T Coats /Siderite
46 20.85 Shoreface
vfg E Pore-filling (Reworked Delta Front)
LT-4 vfg R 46 22.5 chor ite/illite
V 4630 Quartz
vfg A 46 27.7
fg 46 30.2 Chamo site
vfg L 46 30.9 Subtidal Sand
Siderite
vfg 46 32.1 Dolomite Wave
mg 46 33.5
vfg PF Chlorite
LT-3 4640 46 34.5
Delta Front

COAS
Figure IV-7: Log Characteristics TAL
between Delta Abandonment and Coastal Environment COASTAL
Stream Mouth Bar Delta Front Prodelta
F SEQUENCE
 F SEQUENCE
0 100 200
3855
0 50 100
3895
3865

3875
3905 Braided
3885 Stream
(From core)
3895
3915
3905 Braided
Stream
3915 3925 0 50 100
3940
3925

3935 3935
Multistory
3945 Fluvial
3950 Channels
3955
0 50 100
3965 3965

3975

3985 Multistory
3975 Fluvial
3995 deposits

4005

4015 3985
 0 100 200 0 100 200 F SEQUENCE
4095 4382
4115 0 100 200
4135 4430
4155 Channel
4175 (from core)
4195 Braided
4215 Stream 4392
4235
4255 Channel
4275 (from core)
4440
4295 0 50 100 150 200
4315 4660
4335
4355
4375 0 100 200 4670
4395 0 100 200 4648
4415 4455 4680 Multistory
4435
4455 Fluvial
4475 Braided 4690 Channel
4495
Stream Channel Deposits
4515 4465
4535 4700
4555 4658
4575
4710
4595
4615
4635 0 100 200 4720
4655 4675
4675 0 100 200
4695 4485
4715
4735
4755 Channel
4775 4495 Braided
4795 Stream
4815
4835
4855 4505
4875
4895 4685
 0 100 200 F SEQUENCE
0 100 200
4680
4680
4690 0 100 200
4688 0 100 200
4700 Braided
4770
Stream 4690
4710
4692 Channel
4720 4690 4780

4730 4694
0 100 200 4790
4740 4700
4750
4800
4760 4710 0 100 200
Braided Multistory
4770 4720
Stream 4810 Fluvial
4780 4720 Channel Channels
4790 4820
0 100 200
4800
4730
4730 4830
4810

4820
4740 4840
Braided
4830
Stream
0 100 200
4840 4850
4750 4750
4850

4860 0 100 200 4860

Multistory
4850 4760
4870 Fluvial
Braided Channels 4870
4880
Stream
4860 4770
4890

4900
4870
4910
E SEQUENCE

69
 0 100 200
E SEQUENCE 0 100 200
3675 0 100 200
0 100 200 3885
3550 3695
3530
Braided Stream Braided stream
3715
3550 3560 3895
3735
0 100 200
3570 0 100 200
3755 3915
3580
3590 3775 Marsh/ Swamp
Channel/Lacustrine 3925
3590 shoreface (from core)
3610 3795

3815 0 100 200

3630 3600 3925
3835
3650 3935
0 100 200
3855
3670 Meanderings or
3670 3945 Distributary channels
3875
Distributary channel
3690 3955
3680 3895

3710 3915 0 100 200

4000
3935
3730 0 100 200
3699 4010 Braided stream?
3955
3750 Multistory Fluvial
3709 channels/ 3975 4020
Meandering?
3770 3995
3719 0 100 200
3790 4015 4040

0 100 200 4035 4050

3810
3810
4055 4060
3830 Braided streams
3820
Distributary 4075
channels 4070
3850 3830 4095
 0 100 200 E SEQUENCE
0 100 200 0 100 200
3810
3810 2145
3830 Point bar
3830 2155
3850
3870 0 100 200 2165 0 100 200
3830 2175
3890 2175 Flood Plain
Point bar/Dis.channel Marsh?/
3910
Flood Plain
3930 3850 2185
2185
3950 2195
3970 0 100 200
3935 2205
3990
4010 2215
4030
3955 Stacked
4050 channels
4070 0 100 200
0 100 200 2650
4090 3975 St.
2650
4110 0 100 200 Mouth
4130 bar
4055 2660
4150 2660
4065 2670
4170
4075 Channels/ 0 100 200
4190 2680
4085 S.Mouth bars? 2705
4210
4095 2690
4230 2715
4250 4105 2700
4270 Channels
0 100 200 2725
2710
4290 4300
4310 Mash/ 2720 2735
4330 4320 Swamp
2730 0 100 200
4350
2730
4370 0 100 200
2740
4330
4390 Marsh/
4410 2750 2740 Swamp
Braided channel
4430 4350
2760
71
E SEQUENCE
0 100 200
0 100 200
2955 0 100 200
2970 0 100 200 3660
2975
2995 Marsh/ Swamp? 3660
3015 2980 Distributary
3680 3680 channel
3035
3055 2990
3700
3075 3700
3095 0 100 200 3720
3115
2990 3740
3135
3155
3000 Channel 3760 0 100 200
3175
3195 3780 3710
Dist. Channel
3215 3010
3235 3800
3255 3730
0 100 200 Stacked
3275 3820
3295 3018 channels
3840 3750
3315
3335 Marsh/ Swamp?
3355 3028 3860
3375 3880
3395 0 100 200
3415 0 100 200 3900 3960
3435 3060
3455 point bar meander belt 3920
3475 3070 Marsh/swamp
Marsh/swamp or

3940 3980
3495 or stacked
3515 3080 channels
3960
3535
3555 3090 3980 4000
3575
3595 3100 4000
3615
3635 3110 4020
0 100 200
3655
4040 4040
3675 0 100 200
3695 3148 4060
3715 4060
3735 3158 Stream mouth
4080
3755 Distributary channel bars
3168 4080
3775 4100
3795 3178
3815 4120 4100
E SEQUENCE 0 100 200
0 100 200
3350
2400 0 100 200
2420 3355
2440
2460 0 100 200
2480 3370 Marsh
2850
2500
2520 2870
2540 3375
2560 2890 3390
2580
2600 2910
2620 Braided
2930 0 100 200
2640 streams
2660 2950 3410 3380
2680
2700 2970 Point bar/
2720 Dist.channel
2740 2990
3430
2760 3400
2780
2800
2820
2840 3450 0 100 200
2860
2880 0 100 200 3465
2900 2990
2920 Marsh
2940 3470
2960 3010 3475
Point bar/
2980
3000 3030 Dist.
3020 Channel? 3490
3040 3050 0 100 200
3060 3500
3080
3100 S. mouth bar/
3120 3510
3510 Dist.channel
3140
3160
3180 0 100 200
3200 3180 3530
3220 0 100 200
3240 3520
3260 3200 Braided
3280 streams 3530 Braided
3300 3550
3320 3220 stream
3540
3340
3360

73
D SEQUENCE

74
D SEQUENCE 0 100 200 0 100 200
0 100 200 0 100 200
3260 2745 2765
3230
3270
Distributary 2765
3280 2775
3250 channel
3290
2785 2785
3270 3300
Stacked
2805 2795 chanels
3290 0 100 200
3300
2825 2805
3310
Bay Fill/
Marsh 2845
3310
3330 0 100 200
0 100 200 2865 2910
3320
3350
3330 2885 2920
Channel
Channel
3370
3340 2905
3390 0 100 200
0 100 200
3345 2925
2930
3410 Str. mouth bar
3355 2945 2940

3430 0 100 200 2950

3355 2965
2960
Sand
3450 3365 Braided stream
2985 2970 flat

3470 0 100 200 2980

3005
3410 2990
3490 3025
Channel 3000

3510 3420 3010

 D SEQUENCE 0 100 200
0 100 200 2015
0 100 200 3110
3015 Channel 0 100 200 2025
Stack
3035 3120 2000 channels
2035
3055
0 100 200 2010
3075 2045
3195
3095
3205 2020 0 100 200
3115
2055
3135 3215
2030
3155 3225 Stack
2065
3175 Flood Plain/ channels
3235 2040
Delta Plain
3195 3245 2075
3215 2050
3255
3235 0 50 100 150 200
2060 2080
3255 0 100 200
3275 3445 2090

Flood Plain/
2070

Delta plain
3295 Dis.Channel
3455
3315 2100
2080
3335
3355 0 100 200 2110
2090
3375 3315
3325 2120
3395 2100
3335
3415 0 100 200
3345
3435 2110 2123
3355
3455 Flood Plain/
3365 Dist. channel
Delta Plain 2120
3475 3375 2133
3495 3385
2130
3515 3395 0 100 200
3535 3405 2140
2140 Dist.channe
3555 3415
l
3425 2150
3575 2150
D SEQUENCE
0 100 200 0 100 200
3300 2897
0 100 200
0 100 200 2850 Dis. channel
3230 Bay Fill 2907
3310 2870
3250 2890 0 100 200
3320 2950
2910
3270
2930 Bay fill/
0 100 200 Marsh
3290 3320 2950 2960

2970
3310 3330
2990 0 100 200
3340 Flood Plain / 2960
3330 3010
Delta Plain?
3350 3030
3350 2970 Channels
3360 3050
3370 2980
3370 3070

3390 3090
0 100 200
0 100 200 3110
3410 2988
3442
3130
Density Bay fill/
3430 Flow 3150 Marsh
3452 2998
3170
3450
3190
0 100 200
3470 3210
3450 0 100 200
3230 3105
3490 3460
Flood Plain / 3250 Marsh or
3470
3510 Delta Plain? 3270 Channels
3115
3480
3290
3530 3490
 0 100 200 300
3250 0 100 200 300 0 100 200 300
3265 3495
3270
3275 Dist. Channel Dist. Channel
3290 3505
3285
3310

3330
0 100 200 300
3350 0 100 200 300
3310
3370 St. Mouth Bar 3520
3315
3390 3530 St. Mouth Bar/
Dist. Channel
3410 3540
0 100 200 300
3430 3380 3550
3390 Dist.
3450
Channels
3470 3400
0 100 200 300
3490 3617
Bay fill/
3510 0 100 200 300 Marsh
3428 3627
3530
Dist. Channel
3550 3438
0 100 200 300
3570 3635
0 100 200 300 Bay fill/
3590 3455 Marsh
3610 Dist. Channel 3645
3465
3630

3650 0 100 200 300

0 100 200 300
3680
3670 3462 Bay fill/
St. Mouth Bar Marsh
3690 3472 3690
 D SEQUENCE 0 100 200
0 100 200 300 2610
0 100 200
2425 2620 Flood
2590
0 100 200 300 2630 Plain?
St. Mouth
2425 2435 2610
Bar 2640
2445 2630
2465 0 100 200
0 100 200 300 2650
2650
2485 2470
2670 2660 Stream
2505 2480
2690 2670 mouth bar
2525 2490 Dist. 2680
2500 Channels 2710
2545
2510 2730 0 100 200
2565
2680
2520 2750
2585 2690
2770 2700
2605 0 100 200 300 2710

Multistory Channels/
Stream mouth bars?
2525 2790 2720
2625
2535 2730
2645 St. Mouth 2810 2740
2545
Bars 2750
2665 2830 2760
2685 2555 2770
2850
2780
2705 0 100 200 300 2790
2870
2685 2800
2725
2890 2810
2745 2695
2910 0 100 200
2765 2705 2885
2930
2785 Multistory Dis. Channel
2715
2805 Fluvial 2950 2895
2725 Channels
2825 2970 0 100 200
2735 2930
2845 2990
S. mouth bar
2745 2940
D SEQUENCE 0 100 200
0 100 200
2030
2325 0 100 200
0 200
2020 2040
2280
St. mouth bar Stacked
2300 2040 2050
2335 channels
2320 2060 2060
0 100 200
2340 2070
2345 2080
2360 0 100 200
2380 2100 2090
2355 Distributary St. mouth bar
2400 channel 2120
2100
2420
2365 2140 0 100 200
2440
2100
0 100 200 2160
2460 Dist.
2425 2110
2480 2180 channel
Dist. channel 2120
2500 2435 2200
0 100 200
2520 2130
2220
2540 0 100 200
2530 2140
2560 2240
Stacked
2150 channels
2580 Distributary 2260
2540 channel 2160
2600
2280
2620 0 100 200
2550 2300 2200
2640
2660 2320 2210
0 100 200
2680 2640 2220
2340
2230 Flood Plain/
2700
2360 Delta Plain
2720 2650 Channels/ 2240
St. Mouth bar 2380
2740 2250
2760 2660 2400 2260
 D SEQUENCE
0 100 200 0 100 200
0 100 200 2560 2690
2560 2710
2580 Distributary
2600 2580 2730
2620 Channel/ 0 100 200

Stacked Channels
2640 2750
2660 Barrier Bar 3410
2680 2600 2770
2700
2720
2740 3430
2620 0 100 200
2760
2780 2900
2800 2920 3450
2820 2640
2840 2940
2860
2880 2960 3470
2900 2660
2920 2980
2940 3000 3490 Stacked
2960
2980 3020 channels
3000
3020 3040 3510

Distributary Channels/ Barrier Bars

3040 3060
3060
3080 3080 3530
3100
3120 3100
3140 3120
3160 3550
3180 3140
3200
3220 3160
3240 3180
3260
3280 3200
3300
3320 3220
3340 0 100 200
3360 3240 3607
3380 3260
3400
3420 3280 Distributary
3440
3460 3300 Channel
3480 3320
3500 3627
3520 3340
3540
3560 3360
3580 3380
3600
3620 3400
3640
3660
 D SEQUENCE
0 100 200
0 100 200 0 100 200 300
2555 0 100 200 300
0 100 200 2713 2300
2365
2545
2565 Dist. Dist. 2350
Dist.
2565 channel channel 2375
2400 channel
2585 2723
2575 2450
2605
2500 0 100 200 300
2625 0 100 200 0 100 200
2550 2425
2585 2858
2645
St. mouth 2600
2665 bar 2435
St. mouth bar 2650 Bay Fill /
2595
2685 Marsh
2868 2700
2445
2705
2750
2725 0 100 200 2800 2455
2640 0 100 200
2745
2890 2850
2765
Marsh/ St. 2900 0 100 200 300
2785 Stacked mouth bar 2700
dist. 2900 2950
2805 2650 Channels Dist.
3000 2710
channels
2825
3050 2720
2845
3100
0 100 200 2730
2865
2703 0 100 200 3150
2885 2908 0 100 200 300
3200
2905 2800
Marsh/ Dist. 3250
2925 swamp channel St. mouth
3300 2810 bar
2918
2945 2713 3350
C SEQUENCE
 C SEQUENCE
0 100 200 0 100 200
3020 3030 0 100 200
2525
3030 3040 2535
3040
3050 2545 0 100 200
3050 2525
Dist. 2555 0 100 200
3060 3060 2535 2800
channels 2565
3070 2545
3070 2575
2555
3080 2810
3080 2585
2565
3090

Sand Flat
2595
0 100 200 2575

Sand Flat/ Fan or Delta Plain?

3100 3130 2605 Stacked 2820
Delta Plain?

2585
3110
channels
St.mouth bar 2615 2595
3120 3140 2625 2605 2830
3130 0 100 200 2635 2615
3146
3140 2645 2625
St.mouth bar 2840
3150 3153 2655 2635
3160 0 100 200 2665 2645
3152 2850
3170 2675 2655
Dist.
3180 channels 2685
3162 2860
3190 2695
0 100 200
3200 2705
3188
3210 2715
3198
Distributary
3220 2725
3208 mouth bar
2735
3230 3218
2745
C SEQUENCE 0 100 200
0 100 200
2065
2845 0 100 200
0 100 200 2055 2075
2825 2075
2855 2085 Distributary
2835 2095
channels/
Bay Fill/ 2115
2845 2095 InterDistributary
Marsh/
Channels? 2135
2855 2865 2105
2155
2865 2175 0 100 200
2195 2105
2875
2875
2215 2115 Tidal Flat
2885
0 100 200 2235
2895 2880
2255 0 100 200
2905 2275 2145
S. Mouth bar
2915 2890 2295 2155
2315
2925 0 100 200 2165
2335 S. Mouth bars
2900
2935 2175
2355
2945 2375 2185
2910
2955 S. Mouth bar 2395 2195
2415 0 100 200
2965
2920 2435 2215
2975
2455
0 100 200 Inter Distributary
2985 2945 2475 2225
2995 2495
0 100 200
Distributary 2515
3005 2420
2955 channel
2535 S. Mouth bar/
2430
3015 2555 Inter Distributary
2440
85
 C SEQUENCE 0 100 200
0 100 200
0 100 200 2630
2918
0 100 200 2620 2640
Distributary 0 100 200 Stacked
2860 2650
channel 3147 2630 Channels
2870 2928
2660
2880 2640
Bay Fill/ 2670
2890
2900 0 100 200 3157 Marsh 2650
0 100 200
2910 2955 2660 2665
2920
2930 2670 2675
Bay Fill
2940 2965
2680 2685
2950
2960 0 100 200 2690 2695
2970 3160
2980 0 100 200 2700 2705

Delta Plain / Coastal Plain/ Delta Front?

Delta Plain / Delta Front?

2990 2978 Stream 2710

3170 2715
3000 mouth bar Meandering?/
3010 2988 2720 2725 Dis. Channels/
3020 Distributary 3180 St.Mouth Bars
2998 2730
3030 2735
channels
3040 3008 2740
2745
3050
3060 2750
3018 2755
3070 0 100 200
2760
3080 3178 2765
3090 0 100 200 2770
2775
3100 3028 3188
2780
3110 3038 Channels 2785
3120 3198 2790
3130 3048 2795
3140 2800
3058 Stream 3208 0 100 200
3150 2810 2805
3160 3068 mouth bars
3218
3170 3078 2820 2815
3180 Stacked
3088 2830 Channels
3190 2825
3200 3098 2840
3210 2835
3220 3108 2850

86
 C SEQUENCE 0 100 200 0 100 200 300
2460 2005
0 100 200 0 100 200 300
Distributary 2015
2460 1970
Channel Inter
2470 2025 Distributary
1990 (Beach)/
0 100 200 2035 Tidal Flat
2470 2470 2010
2045
Dist. 2030

2480 Channels 0 100 200 300

2480 2050
2100
0 100 200
2070
2485 2110 Tidal Flat
2490
2090
2120
2495 Stream
mouth 2110
2500 0 100 200 300
bars 2135
2130
2505 Distributary
2145 channels/
2150
2510 0 100 200 Distributary
2505 2155 Mouth bars
2170
Dis.Channel 2165
2520 2513 2190
0 100 200 300
0 100 200 2160
2210
2513
2530 Stream 2230 2170 Tidal Flat
mouth
2523 bars 2250 2180
0 100 200 300
2540
0 100 200 2270 2230
2524
2240 Tidal Flat
Dis.Channel 2290
2550 2530 2250
87
C SEQUENCE 0 100 200 300
2285
0 100 200
0 100 200 300 2390 0 100 200
2265 2295 2420
2400
Distributary
2275 2410 2430
Channels
2305
2285 2420 2440

Distributary Channels
2295 2430
2315 2450
2440
2305
2460
2450
2315 0 100 200 300
2327 2460 2470
2325
2470
2480
2335 2337

Delta Front?
Stream 2480
Mouth 2490
2345 2490
2347 Bar?
2355 2500

2365 2357 2510

0 100 200
2375 2520 2500
0 100 200 300 2530
2385 2392 Stream
2510
2540 Mouth
2395 Bar?
Bay Fill/ 2550 2520
2405 Marsh
2402 2560
2415 2530
2570

2425 2580
88
C SEQUENCE 0 100 200 300
2155 0 100 200
0 100 200 1950
0 100 200 300 1950
2150 Dis.Channel
2165 Distributary
Channel
2160 0 100 200 300
2165
1960 1960
2170 S.Mouth bar
0 100 200
2175 0 100 200
2180 1960
1960
0 100 200 300 1970
2178
2190 Distributary
Channel
Dis.Channel
2200 1968
2188 1980 1968

2210 0 100 200 300

2202 0 100 200
1966
2220 S.Mouth bar 1990
2208 Bay Fill/
2230 0 100 200 300 Marsh
2229 swamp
1973
2240 2000
Bay Fill /
Marsh 0 100 200
2250 1990

2239 2010
2260 Bay Fill/
0 100 200 300 Marsh
2265 swamp
2270
2000
Dist. Channel
2020
2280 2271

89
BI SEQUENCE

90
BI SEQUENCE
0 100 200
0 100 200
2695
0 100 200 2140
2570
2160 0 100 200
2705 Bay Fill
2590 2177
2180
2610
2715 2200 2187
2630
0 100 200 Distributary
2220 2197
2650 2770 channels/
2670 2240 Tidal Flat
2207
2690 2780 2260

Delta Front/ Near shore?

Interdistributay 2217
2710 Beach 2280
2790 2227
2730
2300
2750
0 100 200 2320
2770 2810
2340
2790 0 100 200
Bay Fill 2260
2810 2820 2360

2830 2380 2270

2850 0 100 200 Distributary
2400 2280
2860 channels/
2870 2420 Interdistributay
2290 Beach
2890
2440
2870 2300
2910
Stacked 2460
2930 channels 2310
2880 2480
2950

2970 2500

2990 2890 2520

BI SEQUENCE 0 100 200 0 100 200
2120 0 100 200 2120
2130 2080 2130
0 100 200 Tidal Flat
Tidal Flat 2100 2140
2050 2140
2120
2070 2150 2150
2140
2090
2160 0 100 200
2110 0 100 200
2130 2180 2235
2190 2200
2150 2245
2170 2200 2220 Tidal Flat
Distal 2240 2255
2190 2210
2210 Delta 2260 2265
2220
2230 Front? 2280
2230 0 100 200
2250 2300
2270 2240 2320 2350
2290 2340 2360
2310 0 100 200 2360 2370
2330 2250 2380 2380 Distal
2350 2260 2400 2390 Delta
2370 2270 2420 2400
2390 Tidal Flat Front?
2280 2440 2410
2410 2290 2420
2460
2430 2430
2450 2480
0 100 200 2500 2440
2470
2490 2465 2520 0 100 200
2510 2475 2540 2440
2530 2485 2560 2450
2550 2495 Tidal Flat 2580
2505 2460
2570 2600
2590 2515 2620 2470
2610 2525 2480 Tidal Flat
2640
2630 2660 2490
2650 2680 2500
0 100 200
2670 2700
2592 2510
2690 Debris Flow
2602 2720
2710 0 100 200
2740
2730 2775
2750 2760
0 100 200 2780 Turbidites
2770 2785
2790 2658 2800 distal/ Barriers
2668
Debris Flow
2810 2820 2795
92
BI SEQUENCE 0 100 200 0 100 200 300
2110 1815
0 100 200 Barrier 0 100 200 300
2120 1825
1990 1775 Tidal Flat
2010 2130 1835
1795
2030
2050 0 100 200 1815
2070 2130
2090 1835 0 100 200 300
2110 Barrier
2140 1855 1880
2130
2150 1890 Stream
2170 1875
0 100 200
2190 1900 Mouth Bars
2190 1895
2210
2230 2200 1915 1910
2250 Bay Fill or
2210 1935
2270 Marsh 0 100 200 300
2290 2220 swamp
2310 1955 2035
2330 2230
2350 1975 2045
2370 0 100 200
1995 2055
2390 2245
2410 Tidal Flat?
2255 2015
2430 Distributary 2065
2450 2265 2035
2470
channels 2075
2275 2055
2490
2510 2285 2085
2075
2530
2550 0 100 200 2095
2570 2300 0 100 200 300
2590 2310 2115 2180
2610
2630 2320 2135
Stacked 2190
2650 2330
2670 2340 channels/ 2155 2200
2690 2350 Progradational 2210
2175
2710 2360 sequence Bay Fill or
2730 2370 2195 2220 Marsh
2750 2380 2230
2770 2390 2215 swamp
2790 2400 2240
2810 2235
2410 2250
2830 2420
2850 2255
2430 2260

93
BI SEQUENCE 0 100 200 0 100 200
1845 2145
0 100 200 Core
(1847.63): Lacustrine-Brackish marine 2155
1810 (1863.3): Creavasse splay sands
Dist. Bay Fill/
1855 Marsh
1830 mouth bar? 2165
1850
1870 1865 0 100 200
1890 2180
0 100 200
1910 1890 2190
1930 2200
1950 Dist.
1900 2210
mouth bar
1970
Core
2220
1990 (1900.33): Dis. Mouth bar

1910 2230
2010
2240
2030

Delta front or Tidal Flat

0 100 200 2250
2050
1965
2070 2260
2090 1975 2270
2110 2280
2130 1985 2290
2150 Delta front or
2300
2170 Tidal Flat?
1995 2310
2190
2320
2210 2005
2230 2330
2250 2015 2340
2270 2350
0 100 200
2290 2360
2045
2310 2370
2330
2055 Tidal Flat 0 100 200
2350 or Bay Fill? 2375
2370
Bay Fill
2390 2065
2385
94
 BI SEQUENCE

0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200

0 100 200 1960
1700 1717 2070
1720 Tidal Flat
1723
1740
1970
2080
1760
0 100 200

Distributary channels &Str.Mouth

1780 1728
1800 1980
2090
1820 Tidal Flat

Distributary channels/Str.M bars/ InterDist. Beach

bars
1738
1840

(Delta Plain/Coastal Plain or Delta Front)

1990
1860 2100
1880 0 100 200
1760
1900
2000
2110
1920 Str.M bar/
1770 InterDist. Beach/
1940
Barrier
1960 2010
2120
1980 1780

2000 0 100 200

0 100 200
1897
2020 2012 2130
2040 Bay Fill/
Marsh
2060 1905
2022 Tidal Flat
2080 2140
0 100 200
2100 1955
Str.M bar/
2120 InterDist. Beach 2032
1960 2150
2140

95
BI SEQUENCE 0 100 200
0 100 200 1590
1560
1600 Tidal Flat
1580
0 100 200
1600 1610 1840
1620
0 100 200 1850
1640 1609
1860
1660 Dist. Channels &
1619
Str. Mouth bars
1870
1680 (Delta front?) Stacked
1629
1880
channels /
1700
Dist. Channels
1720 1890
1740 0 100 200
1675 1900
1760
Bay Fill/Marsh?
1910
1780 1685
1920
1800

1820 0 100 200 1930

1770
1840 1780 1940

1860 1790
Dist. Channels
& Str. Mouth 1950
1880 1800 bars
(Delta front?)
1810
1900
1820
1920
1830
1940 1840

96
 BI SEQUENCE 0 100 200 0 100 200
1770 1890
0 100 200
0 100 200 Stacked 1865
1770 channels/ 1900 Bay Fill/
1780 Bay- Lagoon Marsh
1875
1780 1910
1790 1885
0 100 200
1800 1830 0 100 200
1895
1910
1810 Bay Fill/ 1905
1840 Marsh 1920
1820 Dist. Mouth bar/
1915
1830 & Bay Fill
1930
0 100 200 1925
1840
1845
1850 1935 0 100 200
1860 1855 1945 1940
Distributary
1870 Mouth Bars 1950 Dist. Channels
1865 1955
& Bay Fill
1880
1965 1960
1890 1875
0 100 200
1975
1900 1960
0 100 200 1985
1910 Dist. Channel/
1880
1970 Dist. Mouth bar
1920 1995
1890
1930
2005 0 100 200
1940 1900
1980
2015
1950 Delta Front? 1990
1910
1960 2025 2000
1920 2010
1970 2035 Delta Plain/
2020 Delta Front?
1930
1980 2045 2030
1990 1940 2040
2055
2000 2050
1950
97
 BI SEQUENCE 0 100 200
0 100 200 0 100 200
2148 1560
1470
0 100 200 Stream Bay
2158 1490
2140 mouth bars 1570 Fill/
0 100 200 1510 Marsh
2160 0 100 200 2340 1530 1580
2170 0 100 200
1550
2180 2350 1775
2180 1570
2200 Distributary 1785
Dist. Channel
2190 2360 1590
channels
1610

Distributary channels; stream mouth bars & tidal Flats

2220 2200
2370 1630 0 100 200
2210
2240 1650 1860
0 100 200 2380

(Delta Front or coastal Plain?)

2225 1670 1870
2260
2390 1690 1880
Tidal Flat
2280 2235 1710 1890
2400 1730
2300 0 100 200 1900 Tidal Flat/
1750 Delta
2235
2410 1910 front
2320 1770
2245 1920
Distributary channels & Stream mouth

2420 1790
2340 2255 1930
(Delta Front or coastal Plain?)

1810
2360 2265 2430 1830 1940

2275 1850 1950

2380 2440
bars

1870 1960
2285
2400 2450 1890
2295
1910
2420 0 100 200
2305 2460 1930 1960
2440 2315 1950 1970 Dist. Channel
1970
2460 2325 1980

98