UNIT 2

Fundamental rights and economic programme. Society, religion, culture, and

their inter relationship.
Impact of social structure on human behavior, Social Structure
Social Problems: - Social and communal conflicts and social harmony, rural
poverty, unemployment, bonded labor.
Rural Poverty
 Rural Poverty
• Rural poverty refers to poverty in rural areas, including factors

of rural society, rural economy, and political systems that give

rise to the poverty found there.[1] Rural areas, because of their

spread-out populations, typically have less well maintained

infrastructure and a harder time accessing markets, which tend

to be concentrated in population centers.

• Rural communities also face disadvantages in terms of legal
and social protections, with women and marginalized
communities frequently having hard times accessing land,
education and other support systems that help with economic
development.

• Several policies have been tested in both developing and

developed economies, including rural electrification and access
to other technologies such as internet, gender parity, and
improved access to credit and income.
• In academic studies, Rural poverty is often discussed in

conjunction with spatial inequality, which in this context refers to

the inequality between urban and rural areas.[2]

• Both rural poverty and spatial inequality are global phenomena,

but like poverty in general, there are higher rates of rural

poverty in developing countries than in developed countries.

Contributing factors for Rural Poverty
Lack of infrastructure
• Poverty is often a product of poor infrastructure that
hinders development and mobility.

• Rural areas tend to lack sufficient roads that would increase

access to agricultural inputs and markets.

• Without roads, the rural poor are cut off from technological
development and emerging markets in more urban areas.
• Poor infrastructure hinders communication, resulting in social

isolation among the rural poor, many of whom have limited

access to media and news outlets.

• Such isolation hinders integration with urban society and

established markets, which could result in greater

development and economic security.

Geographic barriers
• Moreover, poverty is often a result of geographic barriers,
certain places are located in such rigid geographic areas that
development is not possible there and not only that the people
living there lack access to their basic requirements, often the
government in economically weaker countries takes no interest
in the development of these areas and thus the people living
here have to suffer from the ill effects of poverty.
Insufficient access to markets

• A lack of access to markets - whether due to poor infrastructure

or productivity, limited education, or insufficient information -
prevents access to both labor and capital.

• In many rural societies, there are few job opportunities outside

of agriculture, often resulting in food and income insecurity due
to the precarious nature of farming.
• Unemployment in India
Unemployment in India
• Unemployment in India, statistics has traditionally had been
collected, compiled and disseminated once every ten years by
the Ministry of Labour and Employment (MLE), primarily from sample
studies conducted by the National Sample Survey Office.[1][2]
• Other than these 5-year sample studies, India has – except since
2017 – never routinely collected monthly, quarterly or yearly
nationwide employment and unemployment statistics.
• In 2016, Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy – a non-government
entity based in Mumbai, started sampling and publishing monthly
unemployment in India statistics.
Causes of unemployment in India
• The causes of high unemployment and under-employment in
India are the subject of intense debate among scholars.

• A group of scholars state that it is a consequence of "restrictive

labour laws that create inflexibility in the labour market", while
organized labour unions and another group of scholars contest
this proposed rationale
• Unemployment is a major social issue in India. As of September
2018, according to the Indian government, India had 31 million
jobless people.

• The numbers are widely disputed.The uses of digital

manufacturing and machinery in factories and garments are
leading to unemployment in India, Unemployment is the biggest
issue in India. There are unemployment rates declined to 6.5%
in January 2021.
Human behavior
• Human behavior is the potential and expressed capacity
(mentally, physically, and socially) of human individuals or groups to
respond to internal and external stimuli throughout their life.

• While specific traits of one's personality, temperament,

and genetics may be more consistent, other behaviors change as
one moves between life stages—i.e., from birth
through adolescence, adulthood, and, for
example, parenthood and retirement.
• Behavior is also driven, in part, by thoughts and feelings, which

provide insight into individual psyche, revealing such things

as attitudes and values. Human behavior is shaped

by psychological traits, as personality types vary from person to

person, producing different actions and

behavior. Extraverted people, for instance, are more likely than

introverted people to participate in social activities like parties.

• The behavior of humans (just as of other organisms) falls upon a
spectrum, whereby some behaviors are common while others
unusual, and some are acceptable while others beyond acceptable
limits.

• The acceptability of behavior depends heavily upon social

norms and is regulated by various means of social control, partly due
to the inherently conformist nature of human society in general.
Thus, social norms also condition behavior, whereby humans
are pressured into following certain rules and displaying certain
behaviors that are deemed acceptable or unacceptable depending
on the given society or culture.
• Human behavior is studied by the social sciences, which
include psychology, sociology, economics, and anthropology.
• In sociology, behavior may broadly refer to all basic human actions,
including those that possess no meaning—actions directed at no
person.
• Behavior in this general sense should not be mistaken with social
behavior.
• Social behavior, a subset of human behavior that accounts for
actions directed at others, is concerned with the considerable
influence of social interaction and culture, as well as ethics, social
environment, authority, persuasion, and coercion.
 Social Norms
• Social norms, the often unspoken rules of a group, shape not only
our behaviors but also our attitudes. An individual's behavior varies
depending on the group(s) they are a part of, a characteristic of
society that allows their norms to heavily impact society.

• Without social norms, human society would not function as it

currently does. Humans would have to be more abstract in their
behavior, as there would not be a pre-tested 'normal' standardized
lifestyle, and individuals would have to make many more choices for
themselves.
What are social problems
• Social problems are the general factors that affect and damage
society. Also known as social issues sometimes.

• A social problem is normally a term used to describe problems

with a particular area or group of people in the world.

• Social problems often involve problems that affect the real

world. It also affects how people react to certain situations.
Anti social behaviour/Crime
• Crime and Cyber crime
• Human Trafficking
• High crime rate
• Child abuse
• Poverty
• Drug abuse
• Alcohol abuse
• Discrimination
• Racial discrimination

• The shortage of schools

• The lack of infrastructure

• Bossing

• Obesity
• Political corruption

• Unemployment

• Stress (not eustress)

• Animal abuse
Society, religion, culture, and their inter relationship

• THE CONCEPT OF SOCIETY

 THE CONCEPT OF SOCIETY
• In common ,the word society is usually used to designate the members of
specific in-group, persons rather than the social relationships of those
persons. Sometimes the word society is used to designate institutions or
Society

• Everyone often defines society as an aggregation or collection of

individuals. But in sociology and anthropology, the term is used in a
different sense. The term “society” refers not just to a group of people but
to a complex pattern of norms of interaction that exist among them
Meaning and Definition of Society

• The roots of the term society can be traced to the Latin word

socius

• which means companionship or friendship.

• We can sum up the definitions of society into two types

• The functional definition and the structural definition.

• From the functional point of view, society is defined as a complex of

groups in reciprocal relationships, interacting upon one another,
enabling human to carry on their life-activities and helping each
person to fulfill his wishes and accomplish his interests in association
with his fellows.
• From the structural point of view, society is the total social heritage

of conventions of daily life, mores and institutions; of habits,

sentiments and ideals.

Characteristics of Society

• society means likeness

• Likeness: Likeness of members in a social group is the primary
basis of their mutuality. ...
• The Reciprocal Awareness: Likeness is generative of reciprocity.
• Differences
• Interdependence
• Cooperation
• Conflict
THE CONCEPT OF CULTURE

• Culture is a word, all of us use in our day to day life.

• In its daily usage, the 9 term culture refers to polished

behaviour, personal refinements as classical music; the fine
arts and world of philosophy.
• But anthropologists define and use the term in quite a

different way. The term culture is used in a much

broader sense by anthropologists as culture includes

much more than just the “finer things in life.”

 Meaning and Definition of Culture
• In an anthropological perspective every society has a culture, it is
universal, though in some societies it may be simple, while complex in
others.

• Like-wise every human being is cultured, and culture is an attribute of

the genus Homo. Culture is design for living. It is the basis of human life.
It rests on biology but is not biological.
• It is human biology such as a developed brain, hands, and freely moving

tongue which helped humans to acquire a design for living. What has been

acquired as a design for living is not biological. It is a totality of mental,

rational and material, technological processes and products. This totality is

what anthropologists call culture.

• Without a network of social relations among people, human life is

impossible.

• Human existence is impracticable without ideas, rules, ideals,

symbols and patterns of thinking (intangible).

• Symbols, ideas, rules, ideals, and patterns of thinking, network of

social relations and material objects together comprise the mental,

rational, and material, technological processes and products.