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SkillPracticeAnswers 2nd Edition

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1

Skill Practice 1
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____

1. If scientists want to determine if a skin cream is affective against fighting acne, what would
be the independent variable?
The skin cream is the independent variable.

2. A “double blind study,” in which the researchers themselves do not even know which group is
the placebo group and which group is a medicated group, is more accurate than one in which
the researches know what the participants are getting. Why?
If the researchers knew which group was which, they could accidentally introduce
some bias. For example, they might be more hopeful when speaking with someone
from the group they knew had received medicine.
3. In each group of questions, circle the question that you think is the best scientific question.

a) “What are the ingredients in the bread?” OR “What causes bread to rise?”

b) “Is this juice acidic or basic?” OR “What kind of fruit is this juice from?”

c) “What is the purpose of my life?” OR “What conditions are necessary for life?”

4. A tire company wants to determine what kind of rubber will last the longest for their tires.
What are some variables that the researchers will want to make controlled variables?
Type of vehicle they test drive, speed at which they drive, sizes of tires they test,
pavement conditions on which they drive, etc.

5. Scientists want to measure how sugar affects the behavior of children at a preschool. They
give one class sugary kool-aid and cookies for their snack time. Another class is given water
and crackers and cheese for their snack. After snack time, the researchers observe their
behavior to see how consuming sugar affects their hyperactivity.
a) What is the independent variable in this study? Sugary drinks

b) What is the dependent variable? Behavior

c) How could the researchers make their study better?

Assessing behavior can be difficult unless there are easily measured benchmarks.
Being specific about what behaviors are “hyperactive” would be a good start.
They may also want to somehow observe secretly, so the children do not realize
they are being watched.

Skill Practice 2
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____

Malachi is selling popsicles at a garage sale, which runs Monday through Saturday. He wanted to see
if the temperature affected sales, so he collected the following data:

Popsicle Sales and Daily Temperatures Over One Week Period

Mon. Tues. Wed. Thurs. Fri. Sat. Total
Number of Popsicles Sold 5 11 17 2 8 22 60
Daily Temperature (°F) 68 72 76 60 63 81

1. Plot the data on the graph

provided.

2. What is the independent variable

Number of Glasses Sold

in the data?

Daily Temperature (°F)

Daily temperature

3. What is the dependent variable?

Number sold

4. Describe the trends in the two

lines of your graph.
Usually, as temperature
increase so do sales.

5. What do you think Malachi will

conclude about daily temperatures
and popsicle sales?
He will probably conclude
that hotter weather is best
for selling popsicles.

Days of the Week

6. Is there anything else (perhaps an additional explanation for sales?) that Malachi should consider
if he were to do another popsicle sale?

He should realize that the warmest weather also occurred on Friday and Saturday and on those
days more people are usually off work and are free to shop. Their availability, rather than the
temperature, may have been the factor driving sales.

Skill Practice 3
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____

20
1. The air we breathe is mostly made up of two gases. It is approximately _____% oxygen and

80
______% nitrogen.

2. Let’s say you have a friend who thinks the air is all one element. You decide to convince him
using what you know about Lavoisier’s mercury experiment. Summarize the experiment in a
persuasive way to convince your friend:

Students should summarize the experiment as presented in the ChemQuest. Teachers may ask
for diagrams as they deem appropriate.

3. Sodium metal and chlorine gas combine to make sodium chloride, which is table salt. Is salt
an element? Why or why not?

It is not an element because it can be made from other things.

4. Throughout history, people known as alchemists have attempted to make gold out of other
metals. No one has ever succeeded. Do you think gold is an element? Why or why not?

Gold is an element because it cannot be made from other things.

Skill Practice 4
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____

1. Is water an element? How do you know?

No, because it can be made from other things. And it can be broken down into other
things.

2. Your friend believes you that water is formed of hydrogen and oxygen since he has heard of
the formula, H2O. However, he doesn’t know how scientists proved it. Describe Lavoisier’s
rifle barrel experiment for your friend:

Student answers will vary, but should agree with descriptions presented in ChemQuest 4.

3. Is water a mixture or a compound? Explain.

It is a compound because it is always made in the same proportion of hydrogen and oxygen.

4. Which are easier to separate, in your opinion—mixtures or compounds? Why?

Mixtures are generally easier. Some mixtures are able to be separated through simple sorting
(like Chex Mix).

5. Label each of the following as an element (E), mixture (M), or compound (C).

_____
M a) salad _____
C b) sugar _____
M c) soda _____
E d) copper

Skill Practice 5
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____

1. Solve the following problems. Write answers in scientific notation.

a) (7.430 x 104)(3.0 x 102) = 2.229x107

b) 8.03 x 106 + 4.0 x 104 = 8.07x106

c) (2.22 x 10-12) / (4.10x10-33) = 5.41x1020

d) (35,020)(321.0) = 1.12x107

e) 3.22x1012 – 2.44x1011 = 2.976x1012

f) (6.32 x 10-32) ÷ (8.19x10-36) = 7.72x103 or 7716

2. Convert the following numbers to scientific notation:

a) 23,000,210,000 = _2.300021x1010 b) 0.00000000351 = 3.51x10-9____

3. Convert the following numbers to "regular" notation:

a) 2.354 x 105 = 235,400 b) 3.400 x 10 –9 = 0.000000003400_

Skill Practice 6
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____

For problems 1-3, please use these conversion factors:

1 pallet = 45 bundles 1 bundle = 32 cases 1 case = 12 cans 1 can = 218.4 mL

1. How many mL of apple juice does the company need to make to fulfill an order for 2.5
pallets?
9,434,880 mL

2. If 46,680 mL of juice are produced, how many cases of juice can be made?

17.8 cases

3. A certain store ordered 480 cases of juice. How many pallets were required to ship the order?
0.333 cases

4. Please perform the following conversions.

a) 15.60 cm = _0.1560_ m b) 41.0 kg = 4.1x1010___ g

c) 9.2 cL = _____92,000_ L d) 9.16 x 10-5 m = 91,600__ nm

e) 345 mL = _0.345__ L f) 3.4x105 mg = _0.34___ kg

g) 0.057 km = _5700 cm h) 4500 g = 4.5_____ mg

i) 2.14 L = 2140 mL j) 0.45 mm = 450__m

5. Why is this conversion impossible? 3.45 mL = _______________ kg

You cannot convert liters to grams (without knowing density).

Skill Practice 7
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____

Perform the following operations and give the answers in the correct number of significant figures. If
the question is in scientific notation, then please use scientific notation in your answer.

1. 200.00 + 125.2 = 325.2__

2. 12,020 + 6000 = ___18,000_

3. 0.003450 + 0.0140 = _0.0175

4. 0.820 – 0.030 = _0.790

5. (240,900)(120.0) = _______28,910,000_____

6. 340/12.5 = _________27__________

7. (2.450 x 106)(2.0 x 106) = _4.9x1012__

8. (5.369 x 1012)/(2.89 x 107) = 1.86x105_

Skill Practice 8
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____

1. Explain why compounds are always homogeneous, but mixtures can be either homogeneous or
heterogeneous.
With a compound (such as salt or sugar), one microscopic portion has the same composition as
another microscopic portion. With a mixture (such as sand+salt), however, one part may not
have exactly the same composition.

2. A white powder is in a beaker. Which statement(s) can be said for sure about the powder?
I. It is homogeneous
II. It is heterogeneous
III. It is a mixture.
IV. It is a compound.

A) I only B) I and IV only C) I and III only D) III only E) none of these

3. Classify the following as chemical changes (C) or physical changes (P). Place a C or P in the
blanks as appropriate.
__ P__ d) melting steel
__C__ a) a dead fish rotting
__ P__ e) bending steel
__P__ b) dissolving salt in water
__ P__ f) cracking ice
__ P__ c) boiling salt water until just salt remains

4. Identify the following as an element (E), compound (C), or mixture (M).

E a) calcium C d) water

M b) calcium and oxygen in the same container E e) sodium

C c) calcium and oxygen atoms bonded M f) sand

5. How many phases and how many states are in a mixture made out of sand, saltwater, oil and ice.
4 phases and 2 states

Skill Practice 9
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____

Phase diagram for substance A:

101.325 kPa

Triple point

Phase diagram for substance B:

101.325 kPa

Sublimation can occur Triple point

anywhere along this line

1. On each of the phase diagrams label the triple point (TP) and the solid, liquid and vapor
states.
2. For which substance, A or B, does the freezing point decrease as the pressure is increased?
B
3. One of the substances behaves more like most other substances. Which substance and what
property allows you to tell?
A, most substances’ freezing point increases with increasing pressure.
4. Assuming that the temperature scales for both phase diagrams are the same, which can be
sublimed at the highest temperature—substance A or B? Show on the phase diagram of this
substance where sublimation will take place.
B

Skill Practice 10
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____

1. Heated blocks of iron used to be used to warm beds. A 1600 g brick of iron heated to 155oC
would release how many joules of heat energy as it cooled to 25oC? Note: the specific heat of iron
is 0.4494 J/goC.

93,000 J

2. How many joules of heat are required to heat 100.0 g of room temperature water (22oC) to the
boiling point?

33,000 J

3. How many joules of heat are required to heat 20.5 g of tin from 30oC to 230oC? The specific heat
of tin is 0.2274 J/goC.

930 J

4. If it takes 24,500 J to heat 1.05 g of a substance from 25oC to 49oC, what is the specific heat of
the substance?

970 J

5. If 24,500 J is applied to 125 g of water at 35oC, what will the final temperature of the water be?

82oC

6. A reactor core needs to stay at or below 95oC to remain in good condition. Cool water at a
temperature of 10oC is used to cool the reactor. If the reactor emits 210,000 kJ of energy each
hour, how many grams of water need to be circulating each hour in order to keep the reactor at or
below 95oC?

590,000g

Skill Practice 11
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____

1. How much energy is required to change the temperature of 210 g of H2O from -40oC to
155oC?

673,000 J

2. How much energy is required to heat up 45g of water at 55oC to steam at 140oC?

114,000 J

3. Consider a cup of coffee that has a temperature of 93oC. Assume the mass of the coffee is
550 g and that the specific heat of coffee is about the same as the specific heat of water. Is a
230 g ice cube (at 0oC) a large enough ice cube to bring the temperature of the coffee to 23oC?
Note: the final temperature of the ice cube and of the coffee is 23oC.

No, ice cube is not large enough.

4. Consider a pot of water at 100oC. If it took 1,048,815 J of energy to vaporize the water and
heat it to 135oC, how many grams of water were in the pot?

450 g

Skill Practice 12
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____

1. What is the density of a rock that has a mass of 234 g and a volume of 7.9 cm3?

26.9 g/cm3

2. A piece of metal that has a density of 5.2 g/cm3 and a mass of 100 g was placed in a full jar of
water. How many mL of water spilled out of the jar? Note: one cm3 = one mL.

19.2 mL

3. A huge meteor had a mass of 3.2x1012 g. If the density of the meteor was 4.2 g/cm3, what was the
volume of the meteor?

7.6x1011 cm3

4. Gold was mined in California and divided into 1.5 kg pieces. Each piece of gold was a perfect
cube 8.1 cm tall. What was the density of the gold?

0.0028 kg/cm3

5. A very large boulder with a volume of 1200 L has a mass of 1.4x109 g. What is the density of the
boulder?

1,200,000 g/L

6. What is the density of a piece of wood that has a mass of 2.74 g and a volume of 3.10 cm3?

0.884 g/cm3

7. Find the volume of a liquid if 32.5 g of the liquid has a density of 0.852 g/mL.

38.1 mL

Skill Practice 13
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____

1. An atom has a mass number of 43 and it also has 21 electrons.

a) How many protons does this atom have?
21
b) What is the identity of this atom?
Scandium (Sc)
c) How many neutrons does this atom have?
22
2. What is an isotope? Give an example.
Atoms of the same element (having the same number of protons) with different
number of neutrons.
3. A certain ion has an atomic number of 16, a mass number of 33, and 18 electrons.
a) What is the charge on the ion?
-2
b) What is the identity of this ion?
sulfur
c) How many neutrons does the nucleus of this ion have?
17
4. Tritium (an isotope of hydrogen) has 2 neutrons. How many protons does it have? What is its
mass number?
1; 3
5. What is the charge on a magnesium ion that has 10 electrons?
+2
6. How many neutrons are there in a chromium atom with a mass number of 54?
30
7. Substance E has 29 protons, 28 electrons, and 34 neutrons. Substance F has 29 protons, 27
electrons, and 34 neutrons. Substances E and F can be categorized as…
A) different elements B) ions C) isotopes D) nuclides E) nucleons

8. The element with 38 protons and 45 neutrons could correctly be identified as which element?
Strontium (Sr)

9. Complete the following table:

Symbol # of neutrons # of protons # of electrons Atomic # Mass #
136 2 80 56 54 56 136
56 Ba
56
Mn 31 25 25 25 56
25
199
Au 120 79 79 79 199
79
41
20 Ca 2 21 20 18 20 41

Skill Practice 14
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____

1. A certain element exists as three different isotopes. 24.1% of all the isotopes have a mass of
75.23 amu, 48.7% have a mass of 74.61 amu, and 27.2% have a mass of 75.20 amu.
a. What is the average atomic mass of this element?
74.92 amu

b. Use your periodic table to determine which element this is.

Arsenic (As)

2. An element exists as 4 different isotopes. 4.35% have a mass of 49.9461 amu, 83.79% have a
mass of 51.9405 amu, 9.50% have a mass of 52.9407 amu, and 2.36% have a mass of 53.9389
amu.
a. What is the average atomic mass of this element?
51.99 amu

b. What is the identity of this element?

Chromium (Cr)

3. Calcium has three different isotopes. One has a mass of 35.00 amu; another has a mass of
41.00 amu; and another has a mass of 40.00 amu. Which isotope is the most abundant of the
three? (HINT: Look at the periodic table at calcium’s average atomic mass.)

The most abundant is the one with a mass of 40.00 amu.

4. Several isotopes of a certain atom “X” exist. 4.35% of all X atoms have a mass of 49.946
amu. 83.79% have a mass of 51.941 amu, 9.50% have a mass of 52.941 amu, and 2.36%
have a mass of 53.939 amu. What is the average atomic mass of atom X?

41.714 amu

Skill Practice 15
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____

1. Define the terms “ground state” and “excited state”.

Ground state: the normal energy level that an electron occupies.
Excited state: when an electron has absorbed energy to occupy a higher energy level.

2. What is the wavelength of light that has a frequency of 4.22 x 1015 Hz?

7.11x10-8 m

3. What is the energy of light that has a frequency of 1.30 x 1014 Hz?

8.62x10-20 J

4. A certain atom has a green spectrum line of about 540 nm. What is the difference in energy
between the two energy levels responsible for producing the line?

3.68x10-19 J

5. The wavelength of a certain beam of light was 3.52x10-7m.

a) Find the frequency of this light.

8.52x1014 Hz

b) Calculate how much energy this light has.

5.65x10-19 J

6. What is the frequency and wavelength of light that has energy of 5.09 x 10-19 J?

f = 7.68x1014 Hz
 = 3.91x10-7 m

Skill Practice 16
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____

1. What is wrong with the following notation?

There is no such thing as an f sublevel in the third energy level. Also, an f sublevel if it
existed would have five orbitals instead of four.

2. How many sublevels would you expect in the 8th energy level?
8

3. What is the maximum number of electrons that can fit in the 3d sublevel?
10

4. How many electrons can fit in a 2p orbital?

5. In the 5th energy level, there is a fifth sublevel called the “g sublevel”. Considering the trend
in number of orbitals and electrons in the s, p, d, and f sublevels, predict how many orbitals
and how many electrons can fit in a g sublevel.
Orbitals = 9
Electrons = 18

6. Considering your answer to question 5, how many electrons can fit in the entire 5th energy
level?
50

7. Write the notation for an electron spinning clockwise in a p sublevel in the 4th energy level.

Skill Practice 17
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____

1. Given the quantum numbers (n, l, ml, ms), which of the following combinations are NOT
possible. Explain. (There may be more than one.)

a) (3, 3, 2, -1/2) b) (4, 1, -1, +1/2) c) (0, 0, 0, -1/2) d) (2, 1, -1, +1/2)

can only have values up to n-1 lowest possible value is 1

2. An electron is in a certain energy level where the maximum value of the quantum number l is
4. What energy level is the electron in?

5th

3. How many ml values are possible when l equals 5?

4. What are the 4 quantum numbers for the following electron notation?

(3, 1, -1, -½)

5. Draw an orbital diagram for an electron whose quantum numbers are (6, 3, -2, +½).

6. Draw an orbital diagram for an electron whose quantum numbers are (3, 2, +1, -½).

Skill Practice 18
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____

1. Using arrows, write complete orbital diagrams for…

a) Scandium 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d

b) Molybdenum

1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 5s 4d

c) Selenium

1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p
2. Write the complete electron configuration (no arrows) for…

a) Chromium
1s22s22p63s23p64s23d4

b) Antimony
1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s24d105p3

c) Calcium
1s22s22p63s23p64s2

3. What is wrong with the following electron orbital diagram? What is the name of the rule that
allows you to identify the error?

The 2p sublevel should look like 2p because of Hund’s Rule.

4. How many unpaired electrons does cobalt have?

Three

Skill Practice 19
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____

1. How many valence electrons does each of the following atoms have?

A) phosphorus B) barium c) selenium d) argon e) chlorine

5 2 6 8 7

2. Draw Bohr diagrams for each of the following atoms.

A) aluminum B) oxygen C) sulfur

3. Which column of the periodic table contains elements whose Lewis dot structure will have
four dots?
Column 14 (or IVA)

4. Draw Lewis dot structures for each of the following elements:

A) antimony B) magnesium C) silicon D) iodine

Skill Practice 20
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____

1. Use the noble gases to write abbreviated electron configurations for…

a) Germanium
[Ar]4s23d104p2

b) Barium
[Xe]6s2

c) Bromine
[Ar]4s23d104p5

d) Bismuth
[Xe]6s24f145d106p3

e) Manganese

[Ar]4s23d5
f) Gold

[Xe]6s24f145d9

2. What column of the periodic table contains elements whose electron configurations end with
d4?

Column 6 (or VIB)

3. What row of the periodic table contains elements with 4d electrons?

5th row

4. What row of the periodic table contains elements with 3p electrons?

3rd row

5. In each row of the “d block” there are only 10 elements. Why is this?
Each d sublevel can hold 10 electrons.

6. In each row of the “p block” there are only 6 elements. Why is this?
Each p sublevel can hold 6 electrons.

Skill Practice 21
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____

1. What force of attraction does the second energy level of a phosphorus atom “feel” from the
nucleus? Draw a Bohr diagram and use it to explain your answer.

The nucleus of a phosphorus atom has 15

protons (a +15 charge) which gets
weakened by 2 electrons in the first level
and 8 electrons in the 2nd level. Thus the
outer level feels a +5 charge from the
nucleus.

2. Using the concepts of shielding and attraction, explain why sulfur is smaller in radius than
silicon.
Sulfur’s outer level of electrons feels a +6 charge pulling on it from the nucleus.
Silicon’s outer level feels a weaker charge of +4 and therefore it is not pulled as close
to the nucleus as sulfur’s outer level.

3. Why can’t you tell by looking at the periodic table whether chlorine or lithium is larger?
Chlorine is lower in the periodic table which would indicate that it is larger than
lithium, but it is also located further to the right which would indicate that it is smaller.

4. Order the following elements from smallest to largest.

A) Al, Na, S, Mg B) C, Sn, Pb, Si

S, Al, Mg, Na C, Si, Sn, Pb

C) K, Se, Ca, Br D) Be, Ca, C, B, Mg

Br, Se, Ca, K C, B, Be, Mg, Ca

E) Ga, Al, Cl, P F) O, Se, S, Ne

Cl, P, Al, Ga Ne, O, S, Se

Skill Practice 22
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____

1. If an atom has a “high first ionization energy” does this mean that it is relatively easy or
relatively hard to remove an electron from the atom?
It is relatively hard to remove the first electron.

2. Arrange the following atoms in order from lowest to highest 1st ionization energy.

A) Ca, Se, As, Br B) As, N, P, Bi

Ca, As, Se, Br Bi, As, P, N

C) Ga, Al, S, Si D) Li, K, O, C

Ga, Al, Si, S K, Li, C, O

E) Te, O, S, Po F) In, Te, Sn, I

Po, Te, S, O In, Sn, Te, I

3. A certain atom in the 2nd period has an unusually high 3rd ionization energy. Name this
element. Draw a Bohr diagram and use it to illustrate why you were able to identify this
atom.

Beryllium; below is the Bohr diagram for beryllium. Notice that after its two
outermost electrons are removed, the next electron would need to be removed from an
inner energy level, which is much more difficult.

4. Compare the trends for size and for ionization energy. As the size of an atom increases, what
happens to the ionization energy? Explain why the ionization energy seems to depend on the
size.
Larger atoms tend to have smaller first ionization energies because the outer electrons
are farther from the nucleus. Since the electrons are farther, the force of attraction
from the nucleus is less.

Skill Practice 23
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____

1. Draw two Bohr diagrams—one for a fluorine atom and one for the ion that the fluorine atom
will form.

Fluorine Atom Fluorine Ion

2. What is the charge on a calcium atom?

0; all atoms have neutral charge.

3. What is the charge on a calcium ion?

4. Give the charge for each of the ions formed by the following atoms. Your answers should
include the magnitude of the charge with a positive or negative sign (i.e., +1, +2, or -1, etc.).

A) S B) F C) Br D) Sr E) K F) Be
-2 -1 -1 +2 +1 +2

G) Al H) P I) O J) Cl K) Ba L) Li
+3 -3 -2 -1 +2 +1

Skill Practice 24
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____

1. Write the symbol and charges for the following ions:

Example: calcium = Ca2+

A) phosphide = _P3-_ B) magnesium = ___Mg2+_ C) rubidium = Rb+_

D) fluoride = F-_ E) aluminum = Al3+_ F) sulfide = _S2-_

2. Each of the following formulas is written incorrectly. Please rewrite them correctly.
Example: Ca2Cl = CaCl2

A) Ba2S = BaS B) Rb2N = _Rb3N_ C) Li2Cl = LiCl____

D) Al3N3 = AlN_ E) Mg3Br2 = MgBr2_ F) O3Al2 = Al2O3______

3. Write the formulas for the compound formed by the combination of the following pairs of atoms.
Example: nitrogen and magnesium = Mg3N2

A) sodium and sulfur = Na2S B) aluminum and chlorine = AlCl3_______

C) phosphorus and calcium = Ca3P2 D) barium and oxygen = _BaO__

4. For each of the formulas you wrote in question 3 above, give the names for the compounds.
Example: Mg3N2 = magnesium nitride

A) _sodium sulfide_____ B) aluminum chloride_

C) calcium phosphide___ D) _barium oxide_________

5. In the blanks above each column, write the charge of the ions formed by atoms in that column.
Note: group IA is done for you.

+1 +2 -4
+3 +4 -3 -2 -1 0

Skill Practice 25
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____

Write the formulas for the following compounds.

1. Lithium acetate LiC2H3O2___ 2. Sodium phosphate _Na3PO4________

3. Magnesium hydroxide Mg(OH)2__ 4. Sulfuric acid _H2SO4_____________

5. Ammonium sulfide (NH4)2S_____ 6. Potassium oxide _K2O_____________

7. Aluminum Phosphate AlPO4 8. Sodium hydroxide NaOH______

9. Acetic Acid _HC2H3O2___ 10. Carbonic Acid H2CO3_

Write the names for the following formulas.

11. CaO calcium oxide_______ 12. BaCl2 _barium chloride_______

13. K3PO4 _potassium phosphate___ 14. Mg(OH)2 _magnesium hydroxide___

15. HNO3 _nitric acid____________ 16. NaC2H3O2 _sodium acetate________

17. Li2SO4 _lithium sulfate________ 18. (NH4)2SO4 _ammonium sulfate_____

19. Al(CN)3 _aluminum cyanide____ 20. Be(ClO3)2 _beryllium chlorate______

Skill Practice 26
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____

Write the formulas for each of the following compounds:

1. manganese(IV) fluoride _MnF4_ 2. ammonium phosphate (NH4)3PO4___

3. nickel(II) nitrate _Ni(NO3)2______ 4. sodium nitride _Na3N______________

5. aluminum sulfate _Al2(SO)3_ 6. chromium(III) hydroxide Cr(OH)3

7. iron(II) phosphate Fe3(PO4)2____ 8. copper(II) chloride _CuCl2__________

Write the names for each of the following compounds:

9. CuO copper(II) oxide_ 10. FeSO4 iron(II) sulfate_____

11. (NH4)2S __ammonium sulfide 12. Ni3(PO4)2 _nickel(II) posphate__

13. Cr(OH)3 __chromium(III) hydroxide_ 14. Ba(ClO3)2 _barium chlorate______

15. Mn3N4 _manganese(IV) nitride 16. Cu2CO3 copper(I) carbonate____

How many oxygen atoms are contained in each of the following compounds?

17. Ca(NO3)2 18. Al2O3 19. MgSO4 20. Ca3(PO4)2

6 3 4 8

Skill Practice 27
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____

Write the names of the following compounds.

1. N2O5 dinitrogen pentoxide___ 2. P3O7 _triphosphorus heptoxide______

3. S3F4 trisulfur tetrafluoride_ 4. CO2 carbon dioxide_________

5. N2O6 _dinitrogen hexoxide______ 6. CuSO4 _copper(II) sulfate__________

7. (NH4)2CO3 __ammonium carbonate_ 8. SF6 sulfur hexafluoride_______

Write the formulas for the following compounds.

9. dihydrogen tetraoxide H2O4 10. trinitrogen pentasulfide N3S5_

11. carbon dioxide CO2___ 12. dinitrogen monoxide N2O_

13. iron(II) nitrate Fe(NO3)2_ 14. carbon tetrachloride CCl4____

Write the empirical formula for each of the following molecular formulas.

15. C6H14 _C3H7_______________ 16. H3PO4 _H3PO4____________

17. N2O4 NO2_ 18. C4H8 C2H4___

19. C12H18O2 _C6H9O__________ 20. N4H6O4 _N2H3O2______________

21. S2O7 S2O7__ 22. C4H3O4 C4H3O4

Skill Practice 28
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____

Draw Lewis structures for each of the following.

1. NO31- 2. CH4

3. NF3 4. SiO32-

5. HCN (carbon is the central atom) 6. H2O (oxygen is the central atom)

7. NH4+ 8. CCl4

Skill Practice 29
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____

1. Draw all of the resonance structures for CO32-.

2. Concerning the structures you drew in question one, what is the bond order for the C—O
bonds?
4/3

3. Draw the structure for CO2.

4. Comparing the structures you drew for questions 1 and 3, which C—O bonds are the longest:
those in CO32- or those in CO2? Which are the strongest (hardest to break)? Explain your
answers.
CO32- has the longest bonds and CO2 has the bonds that are the hardest to break. CO2
contains C—O bonds that are 2nd order and therefore they are stronger and shorter
than the C—O bonds in CO32-, which are 4/3 order.

5. Fill in the blanks:

A) In general, the stronger the bonds, the __shorter____ the bonds.
longer or shorter

B) In general, double bonds are shorter than triple bonds.

longer or shorter

C) Bonds with a low bond energy are ____weaker_____ than bonds with high bond
weaker or stronger
energy.

Skill Practice 30
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____

1. Examine the structure for the cyanide ion, CN1- below. Label the formal charge of each of the
atoms.

-1 0

2. Consider the following two structures for CHNH2O?

-1
+1

A) Are both of the structures legitimate structures? I.e. Do all atoms have eight
electrons? Are the right number of electrons used?
Both structures are legitimate.

B) Label each of the atoms in both structures with their appropriate formal charges.
(see above: all nonzero charges are labeled)
C) Which structure—A or B—is the best structure for CHNH2O? Explain.

B is best because it has the fewest nonzero formal charges.

3. Draw a structure for ClO31-. Label the formal charge of each atom.
+1

-1

Skill Practice 31
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____

Draw a structure for each of the following. On each structure label the approximate bond angle.
Also name the geometry (i.e. “tetrahedral”, “bent”, etc.).

1. NO31- 2. CH4
109o

120o

Trigonal planar Tetrahedral

3. HCN (carbon is the central atom) 4. H2O (oxygen is the central atom)
109o
120o

Linear Bent

5. NF3 6. SiO32-

120o

109o
Trigonal pyramidal Trigonal planar

7. A certain molecule is bent and has a bond angle of about 109o. Is the molecule SeS2 or SeCl2?

The molecule is SeCl2 because SeS2 has bond angles of 120o.

Skill Practice 32
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____

1. What does it mean to say that a bond is polar?

One of the atoms involved in the bond has a greater electronegativity than the other atom and
therefore it has a partial negative charge.

2. Label each of the following bonds as ionic (I), polar covalent (PC) or nonpolar covalent (NC).

I Na—Cl __NC_ N—O _ NC__ F—F

__PC_ S—O _ NC__ H—C _ NC__ P—S

I Mg—F __ PC_ P—O __ PC_ Br—N

3. For each of the sets of bonds, rank them in order from most polar to least polar.

A) F—F, S—O, H—C, P—S

S—O, P—S, H—C, F—F

B) H—N, H—O, H—F, H—Cl

H—F, H—O, H—N, H—Cl

C) C—H, C—O, N—O, S—C

C—O, N—O, C—H, S—C

D) As—S, P—N, N—N, Cl—C

P—N, Cl—C, As—S, N—N

E) H—F, H—O, Se—Br, Si—Cl

H—F, H—O, Si—Cl, Se—Br

Skill Practice 33
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____

1. Label the partial positive and partial negative charges on the following molecules. Remember
for an atom to be partially positive or negative, it must be involved in a polar bond.
-
A) + B) C) D)
- +
- -
-

2. Which of the compounds in question 1 are polar? A

3. Name the type of intermolecular force between each of the compounds in question 1.

A) dipolar B) dispersion C) dispersion D) dispersion

4. Draw two NH3 molecules along with the forces of attraction between them. Label the partial
positive and negative charges.
-
+
+ H N H
-
+ H H N H+
+

H +
5. Name the force that exists between two NH3 molecules.

Dipolar or hydrogen bonds

6. Arrange the following from strongest to weakest: dispersion forces, covalent bond, dipole-
dipole force.

Covalent, dipole-dipole, dispersion

Skill Practice 34
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____

1. Which of the following molecules would you expect to have the strongest intermolecular
forces—O2 or S2? Explain why.

Both dispersion, but because S2 is heaviest it will have the strongest forces.

2. Consider the following molecules, SO2 and SiO2:

O C O
a) What kind of intermolecular force exists between each type of molecule?
SO2 = dipolar SiO2 = dispersion

b) Which one would you expect to have the highest boiling point? SO2

c) Which one would you expect to have the lowest freezing point? SiO2

3. Substance A boils at 78.5oC. Substance B boils at 64.2oC. Substance C boils at 87.9oC.

Rank the three substances in order from strongest to weakest intermolecular forces.
C, A, B

4. Is it more difficult to liquefy polar molecules or nonpolar molecules? Explain why.

Nonpolar because their forces are weakest.

5. Liquid N2 boils at a lower temperature than liquid O2.

a) What type of force exists between N2 molecules? Between O2 molecules?

Dispersion for both

b) Which forces are stronger—those between N2 molecules or those between O2

molecules?
Oxygen since it boils at a higher temperature

6. Substance X has a molar mass of 145 g/mol. Substance Y has a molar mass of 210 g/mol.
Substance Z has a molar mass of 125 g/mol. Assuming that X, Y, and Z are all composed of
only carbon and hydrogen, rank them in order from strongest to weakest intermolecular
forces. And then name the force that exists between the molecules.
All dispersion; Y, X, Z

Skill Practice 35
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____

I. Single Replacement Reactions

1. Write the reaction for each of the following reactions:

a) Sodium sulfate reacts with magnesium to produce magnesium sulfate and sodium
Na2SO4 + Mg  MgSO4 + Na

b) Copper(I) carbonate reacts with aluminum to form copper metal and aluminum
carbonate.
Cu2CO3 + Al  Cu + Al2(CO3)3

c) Copper metal is dipped into a solution of silver nitrate to produce copper(II) nitrate
and silver metal.
Cu + AgNO3  Ag + Cu(NO3)2

d) Calcium sulfate reacts with aluminum to produce aluminum sulfate and calcium.
CaSO4 + Al  Al2(SO4)3 + Ca

2. Complete the following reactions:

a) Ca(NO3)2 + Al  Al(NO3)2 + Ca

b) Zn + K3PO4  Zn3(PO4)2 + K

c) Cd(NO3)2 + Li  LiNO3 + Cd

d) Cl2 + Na3P  P + NaCl

e) Be(C2H3O2)2 + Al  Al(C2H3O2)3 + Be

f) Fe2(SO4)3 + Na  Na2SO4 + Fe

Skill Practice 36
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____

Double Replacement Reactions

1. Write the reaction for each of the following reactions:
a) Iron(II) phosphate reacts with sodium chloride to produce iron(II) chloride and sodium
phosphate.
Fe3(PO4)2 + NaCl  FeCl2 + Na3PO4

b) Calcium carbonate reacts with lithium hydroxide to produce calcium hydroxide and
lithium carbonate.
CaCO3 + LiOH  Ca(OH)2 + Li2CO3

2. Complete the following reactions:

a) Mg(NO3)2 + Al(C2H3O2)3  Mg(C2H3O2)2 + Al(NO3)3

b) Ba(OH)2 + Na3PO4  Ba3(PO4)2 + NaOH

Combustion Reactions
3. Write the combustion reactions for the following compounds.
a) C2H4
C2H4 + O2  CO2 + H2O
b) C8H16
C8H16 + O2  CO2 + H2O

Synthesis and Decomposition Reactions

4. Write an equation for the decomposition of potassium bromide.
KBr  K + Br2

5. Write an equation for the synthesis of calcium oxide from its elements.
Ca + O2  CaO

Skill Practice 37
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____

Directions: Complete the following equations. (Some reactions will already be complete.) After
they are complete, balance them. Indicate in the blank to the left of each question whether the
reaction is a single replacement (SR), double replacement (DR), synthesis (S), decomposition (D), or
combustion (C).

_C___ 1. C4H8 + 6 O2  4 CO2 + 4 H2O

__DR_ 2. Al2(CO3)3 + ____6 NaNO3_  2 Al(NO3)3 + 3 Na2CO3

S 3. 2 Li + Br2  2 LiBr

__D__ 4. 2 Na2CO3  4 Na + 2C + 3 O2

__SR_ 5. Mg + 2 CuCl  MgCl2 + 2 Cu

__DR_ 6. 3 CaCl2 + 2 Al(NO3)3  3 Ca(NO3)2 + 2 AlCl3

__SR_ 7. Ca3(PO4)2 + 2 Al  2 AlPO4 + 3 Ca

C 8. C3H8 + 5 O2  3 CO2 + 4 H2O

__S__ 9. 2 Ca + O2  2 CaO

D 10. 2 N2O5  2 N2 + 5 O2

Skill Practice 38
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____

1. Why does a molecule need to absorb energy in order to break a chemical bond?

Molecules are stable. To disrupt that stability, energy will need to be supplied.

2. Given the following reaction, answer the questions…

CH4 + 2 O2  CO2 + 2 H2O

Part 1 Part 2

a) In which part of the reaction—Part 1 or Part 2—are bonds being broken?

Part 1

b) In which part of the reaction—Part 1or Part 2—will energy be released?

Part 2

3. Which bond would you predict to be shorter: a carbon—oxygen single bond or a carbon—
oxygen double bond? Explain.
The double bond will be shorter. Stronger bonds tend to have shorter lengths.

C 4.
_____ C6H14 + O2  CO2 + H2O

DR 5.
_____ Al2(CO3)3 + NaNO3
________________  Al(NO3)3 + Na2CO3

S 6.
_____ Na F2
+ ______________  NaF

D 7.
_____ Na2S  Na + S

SR 8.
_____ Mg + AlCl3  MgCl2 + Al

DR 9.
_____ KCl + Al2(CO3)3  K2CO3 + AlCl3

SR 10.
_____ Cu3(PO4)2 + Al  AlPO4 + Cu

Skill Practice 39
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____

1. Calculate the number of molecules in 210 grams of water.

7.02x1024 molecules

2. If you have 6.25 x 1024 molecules of sulfur tetrafluoride, how many grams do you have?

1120 g

3. Define what a mole is. Don’t give a number, give a definition in words.

The quantity of atoms needed to equal the substances atomic mass in units of grams.

4. What is the mass of 3.45 moles of aluminum sulfate?

1180 g

5. Consider zinc acetate and find its “formula mass” and its “molar mass”. Include units for each.

Formula mass: 183.4 amu Molar mass: 183.4 g/mol

6. If you have 245 grams of lithium carbonate, how many moles do you have?

3.32 mol

7. How many gold atoms do you have if you have 400 grams of gold?

1.22x1024 atoms

8. 68.5 grams of a certain compound contains 5.25 x 1023 molecules. What is the molar mass of the
compound?

78.5 g/mol

9. How many grams are there in a container of 2.26 x 1025 molecules of dinitrogen trisulfide?

4,670 g

10. How many molecules are in 325 g of N2O5?

1.81x1024 molecules

Skill Practice 40
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____

1. What is the percent by mass of carbon in Al2(CO3)3?

15.4%

2. Find the percent composition of oxygen in each of the following compounds:

a) Na2O b) Mg(NO3)2
25.8% 64.7%

3. Find the percent composition of nitrogen in each of the following compounds.

a) (NH4)2O b) N3O5
53.8% 34.4%

4. What is the empirical formula of a compound that contains 25.9% nitrogen (N) and 74.1%
oxygen (O) by mass?

N2O5

5. What is the molecular formula of a compound that has an empirical formula of NO2 and a molar
mass of 138 g/mol?

N3O6

6. A compound contains 64.3% carbon, 7.14% hydrogen and 28.6% oxygen. The molecular
formula has a molecular mass of 448 amu.
a) What is the empirical formula for this compound?

C3H4O

b) What is the molecular formula for this compound?

C24H32O8

7. A certain compound contains 26.35% C, 3.30% H and 70.35% O. If the molecular mass of this
compound is 819 amu, what is the molecular formulas of the compound?

C18H27O36

Skill Practice 41
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____

1. Write the formula for the hydrate of CaSO4 that has a mass of 97.85 g before heating and 64.01 g
after heating.

CaSO4 ∙4H2O

2. 140.4 g of hydrated compound of MgSO4 was heated until it had a mass of 68.6 g. What is the
formula of the hydrate?

MgSO4 ∙7H2O

3. A hydrate of MgSO4 was heated intensely so that the mass changed from 2.389 g to 0.855 g.
What is the formula of the hydrate?

MgSO4 ∙12H2O

4. If 9.99 g of a hydrated CaCO3 are heated so that the mass then becomes 5.81 g, which of the
following is the formula of the hydrate?

CaCO3 ∙4H2O

Skill Practice 42
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____

1. Consider the reaction in which 410 g of Ca(NO3)2 react with just the right amount of lithium
metal in a single replacement reaction.
a) How many grams of lithium are required?

35.0 g

b) How many grams of each product can be produced?

345 g LiNO3
100g Ca

2. When 250 g of Na2SO4 reacts with plenty of Ca3P2 according to the following balanced equation,
how many grams of Na3P will be produced?
3 Na2SO4 + Ca3P2  2 Na3P + 3 CaSO4
130g Na3P
265g CaSO4

3. Consider the following combustion reaction: 2 C4H10 + 13 O2  8 CO2 + 10 H2O. If 75.3 g of

C4H10 react with plenty of O2, what mass of CO2 and H2O can be produced?

229g CO2
117g H2O

4. Consider the following balanced equation: 3Ca(NO3)2 + 2AlCl3  2Al(NO3)3 + 3CaCl2. If

210.5g of calcium nitrate react, what is the mass of each product that can be produced?

409.8g Al(NO3)3
142g CaCl2

5. When 53.6 g of calcium carbonate react with plenty of aluminum fluoride, how many grams of
each product can be produced?

41.8g of each product will be produced

Skill Practice 43
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____

1. Consider the following combustion reaction: 2 C4H10 + 13 O2  8 CO2 + 10 H2O. 125 g of

C4H10 react with 415 g of O2.
a) Which substance is the limiting reactant?
O2

b) What mass of CO2 and H2O can be produced?

351g CO2
180g H2O

2. When 412.5 g of calcium carbonate react with 521.9 g of aluminum fluoride, how many
grams of each product can be produced?

321.9g CaF2
321.4g Al2(CO3)3

3. When 277 g of Na2SO4 reacts with 137 g of Ca3P2 according to the following balanced
equation… 3 Na2SO4 + Ca3P2  2 Na3P + 3 CaSO4
a) How many grams of the excess reactant are left over?

18.6g of Ca3P2 left over

b) How many grams of Na3P are produced?

130g

4. If 312 g of potassium sulfide reacts with 410 g of aluminum phosphide, how many grams of
each product can be produced?

280g K3P
142g Al2S3

Skill Practice 44
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____

5. In a certain chemical reaction, 297 g of zinc chloride was produced from the single replacement
reaction of excess zinc and 202.7 g of lithium chloride. What is the percent yield of zinc
chloride?

91.1%

6. When 24.5 g of CaCl2 reacted with plenty of AgNO3, 21.5 grams of Ca(NO3)2 were produced.
What was the percent yield of Ca(NO3)2?

59.4%

7. When 312.7 g of Al2(SO4)3 react with plenty of magnesium, what is the percent yield when 38.5 g
of aluminum are formed?

78.0%

8. Consider the reaction in which 370 g of Ca(NO3)2 react with just the right amount of lithium
metal in a single replacement reaction. If the percent yield of LiNO3 is 74.3%, what mass of
LiNO3 will be produced?

231g

9. If 42.4g of Al react with excess O2 and 67.3g of Al2O3 are produced, what was the percent yield
of Al2O3? Note: the balanced equation is: 4 Al + 3 O2  2 Al2O3

84.0%

Skill Practice 45
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____

1. Consider a closed system consisting of a piece of wood in a container. If the closed system
was heated intensely for one hour, would you expect the mass of the system to change? Why
or why not?

No, because any gas that would have escaped in an open system is trapped in the
closed system. That gas has mass.

2. Early scientists didn’t think carefully about open vs. closed systems. Why did their lack of
understanding lead them astray, especially when it came to gases?

Heating in an open system causes a gas to escape. That gas went unnoticed, but the
mass still dropped.

3. Explain how salt water could be purified through distillation.

In a distillation apparatus the salt water can be boiled and the steam trapped and
condensed back into a liquid—pure water. The salt will remain behind.

4. If you have a powder and you don’t know if it is a hydrate or a carbonate, how could you use
a curved-necked retort to find out?

If the powder is a hydrate, water will be collected and observed. If the powder is a
carbonate, carbon dioxide will escape the powder, but no water will be observed.

5. How can you determine the formula of a hydrate by heating it in an open system?

Weigh the powder, then heat it and obtain the mass after heating. Convert this mass to
moles using the molar mass of the compound without water. Subtracting the mass
gives you the water’s mass. Convert the mass of water to moles. Obtain the mole
ratio.

Skill Practice 46
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____

1. Consider the following gases. Explain a procedure for each gas that would allow you to
determine its identity if you didn’t already know it.

a) Hydrogen

Mix with air and then ignite. If it explodes, it is hydrogen.

b) Oxygen

Ignite a candle. If the candle burns more brightly in the gas, but it does not explode
then it is oxygen.

c) Carbon dioxide

Bubble it through limewater. If the water turns cloudy, the gas is carbon dioxide.

d) Nitrogen

If all of the above tests are negative, then the gas will be nitrogen.

2. Compare the rate of respiration of a mouse and a plant. Explain the basis for your comparison.

I mouse breathes much more quickly than a plan takes in carbon dioxide and releases
oxygen. We know this because a plant placed in a jar with a mouse cannot keep the
mouse alive indefinitely.

Skill Practice 47
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____

IMPORTANT: whenever you use temperature, it must be in degree Kelvin (K), so remember the
equation: K = oC + 273

1. a) convert 39 oC to K. b) convert 127 K to oC.

312 K -146oC

2. A gas has an initial volume of 2.75 L at a temperature of 285 K. If the temperature changes to
380 K, what is the new volume of the gas if the pressure is unchanged?
3.67 L

3. Gas can often be cooled by compressing it while keeping the pressure constant. If I have 45.0 L
of gas at room temperature (22oC) and I compress it so that the final volume is 0.50 L, what is the
final temperature of the gas if the pressure is constant?
3.28 K or -269.7oC

4. The volume of a gas is 2.5 L when the pressure is at standard pressure (101.325 kPa). What is the
volume of the gas if the pressure decreases to 85 kPa and the temperature remains unchanged?
2.98 L

5. A 5.0 L container of gas experiences a temperature change so that the final temperature is 4 times
the initial temperature. What is the size of the container after the temperature change? (Assume
constant pressure.)
20 L

6. At 45oC the volume of a certain gas is 27.5 L and the pressure is 210 kPa. What is the volume of
the gas at standard temperature (273 K) and 310 kPa of pressure?
16.0 L

7. The pressure of a sample of gas was 97.8 kPa and the volume of the gas was 3.75 L. If the gas
occupied a container with a volume of 8.00 L, what would the pressure in the container be?
45.8 kPa

8. Isothermal expansion refers to allowing a gas to expand while keeping the temperature constant.
This is one means to simulate a vacuum. If a gas originally at 97 kPa is allowed to expand from
0.25 L to 182 L, what is the pressure of the gas?
0.133 kPa

9. A gas is initially at a pressure of 225 kPa and a temperature of 245 K in a container that is 4.5 L.
If the gas is compressed to a volume of 2.1 L and the temperature changes to 275 K, what is the
new pressure?
541.2 kPa

Skill Practice 48
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____

1. Under water where the temperature is 17oC and the pressure is 394 kPa, a diver inhales 2.1 L of
air from his SCUBA tank.
a) How many moles of gas are in his lungs?
0.343 mol

b) If the diver swims to the surface without exhaling where the temperature is 32oC and the
pressure changes to 100.2 kPa, what will the volume of the air in his lungs be?
8.68 L

3. On planet X, 2.78 moles of a gas takes up 1.85 L under a pressure of 74.1 kPa and a temperature
of 201oC. What is the value of the ideal gas constant (R) on planet X? (include units)

0.104 kPa-L/(mol-K)

4. At a pressure of 103 kPa and a temperature of 22oC, 52.9 g of a certain gas has a volume of 31.5
L. What is the identity of this gas? (Hint: find the molar mass of the gas and match it with the
periodic table.)
Molar mass = 39.97 g/mol  Argon

5. Some oxygen gas has a volume of 41.0 L under a pressure of 245 kPa and a temperature of 279
K. What is the mass of the gas?

138.6 g

6. 17.5 mL of oxygen gas were collected at room temperature (22oC) and 100.2 kPa of atmospheric
pressure.

e) How many moles of oxygen gas were produced?

7.15x10-4 mol

f) What is the molar volume of the oxygen gas at the conditions in the laboratory?
24.5 L

7. What is the molar volume of a gas at 135 kPa and 45oC?

19.6 L

Skill Practice 49
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____

1. At 80oC, 3.284 g of a certain gas has a volume of 1.6 L and a pressure of 215 kPa.

a) What is the molar mass of the gas?

28 g/mol

b) Which diatomic gas is this? (Hint: think BrINClHOF)

nitrogen, N2

2. Consider 210.5 grams of nitrogen gas (N2) in a 4.0 L container. What is the pressure inside
the container if the temperature is 300oC?

8949 kPa

3. At 300 K, 12.5 g of a certain gas has a volume of 2.6 L and a pressure of 315 kPa. What is
the molar mass of the gas?

38 g/mol

4. At 320 K, 16.5 g of a certain gas has a volume of 2.6 L and a pressure of 315 kPa. Find the
molar mass of the gas.

53.6 g/mol

5. What is the molar volume of a gas if the pressure is 108 kPa and the temperature is 30 oC?

23.3 L

6. What is the molar volume of carbon dioxide gas at 125 kPa and 35oC?

20.5 L

Skill Practice 50
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____

1. At a certain temperature, the velocity of oxygen molecules is 0.0760 m/s. What is the
velocity of neon atoms at this temperature?

0.096 m/s

2. If nitrogen diffuses at a rate of 0.0489 m/s, how fast does carbon dioxide diffuse?

0.039 m/s

3. Which would be larger—the rate of diffusion of chlorine or carbon dioxide? Explain.

Carbon dioxide because CO2 has a lower mass than Cl2.

4. Find the ratio of the rate of diffusion of helium to argon.

3.16

5. Under certain conditions, fluorine gas diffuses at a rate of 0.0221 m/s. Calculate the rate of
diffusion of helium under the same conditions.

0.0481 m/s

6. Krypton gas diffuses at a rate of 0.0752 m/s. What is the molar mass of an unknown gas
which diffuses at a rate of 0.0527 m/s?

170.6 g/mol

Skill Practice 51
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____

1. In a reaction, 24.9 L of N2 reacts with excess H2 to produce NH3. How many liters of NH3
were produced? How many grams of NH3 is this? The pressure in the lab is 97.8 kPa and the
temperature was 23.7oC.

49.8 L; 33.6 g

2. If 22.5 L of oxygen reacted with excess hydrogen, how many liters of water vapor (gaseous
water) could be produced?

45.0 L

3. The combustion of a certain wax can be represented by the following balanced equation:
C22H44 + 33 O2  22 CO2 + 22 H2O
If 185g of wax (C22H44) burns, how many liters of oxygen gas were used up? Assume the
conditions in the lab are 101 kPa and 25oC.

485 L

4. Zinc metal reacts with hydrochloric acid to produce hydrogen gas. How many liters of
hydrogen can be produced at STP if 13.5g of zinc are reacted with excess HCl?
Zn + 2 HCl  H2 + ZnCl2

4.62 L

5. If 210g of hydrogen gas react in an atmosphere of excess nitrogen, how many liters of NH3
can be produced? Assume condtions are at STP.

1550 L

Skill Practice 52
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____

1. During an experiment, 17.5 mL of oxygen gas were collected over water at room temperature
(25oC) and 100.2 kPa of atmospheric pressure. The vapor pressure of water at this
temperature is 2.6 kPa.
a) What is the pressure of the “dry” oxygen gas?
97.6 kPa

b) How many moles of oxygen gas were produced?

6.90x10-4 mol

c) What is the molar volume of the oxygen gas at the conditions in the laboratory?
25.4 L

2. Zinc metal reacted with hydrochloric acid and 48.5 mL of hydrogen gas were collected over
water at 35oC and 95 kPa of pressure according to the balanced equation,
Zn + 2 HCl  H2 + ZnCl2. How many moles of HCl were used up in the reaction?

0.00339 mol

3. A gas was collected in a 2.0 L container over water at 40oC and the pressure in the container
was 105 kPa. What would be the volume of the gas at STP?

1.68 L

4. A certain container contains 3 moles of hydrogen gas and 2 moles of oxygen gas. The total
pressure in the container is 100 kPa. What is the partial pressure of hydrogen and of oxygen
in the container?

PH2 = 60 kPa
PO2 = 40 kPa

5. Oxygen gas was collected over water at 25oC and 97 kPa by decomposing sodium chlorate:
2 NaClO3  2 NaCl + 3 O2
If 1.45 L were collected, how many grams of NaClO3 were decomposed?

3.90 g

Skill Practice 53
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____

1. Calculate the molarity of the following solutions:

a) 45 g of Na2SO4 in 150 mL of solution.

2.11 M

b) 24.6 g of (NH4)2CO3 in 75 mL of solution.

3.42 M

c) 73.1 g of Ca(NO3)2 in 125 mL of solution.

3.56 M

2. What is the concentration of sulfate ions, SO4-2, in each of the following?

a) 0.75 M Al2(SO4)3 b) 1.35 M Na2SO4

2.25 M 1.35 M

3. What is the molarity of chlorine ions in solution when 47 g of AlCl3 is dissolved in a 210 mL
of solution?

5.03 M

4. Which of the following solutions has the highest concentration? Prove using calculations.

A) 12.5 g of CaCl2 in 40 mL of solution B) 20.9 g of MgI2 in 35 mL

2.82 M 2.15 M

5. How many grams of salt (NaCl) need to be dissolved in 300 mL of solution to give you a
solution that has a concentration of 1.2 M? (Hint: you need to work backwards on this one.
You are given the molarity and the liters, so find the moles and convert to grams.)

21.1 g

Skill Practice 54
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____

1. What is the mass percent of calcium chloride if 45 g of CaCl2 is dissolved in 320 g of water?
12.3%

2. A solution is prepared by dissolving 32 g of salt in 278 g of water.

A) What is the mole fraction of salt in the solution?
0.034

B) What is the mole fraction of water in the solution?

0.966

3. How many grams of calcium nitrate needs to be added to 400 g of water to make a solution
that is 12.5% by mass of Ca(NO3)2?
57.1 g

4. A certain solution of salt water has a molality of 3.25 m.

a) What is the mole fraction of salt in the solution?
0.0554

b) What is the mass percent of salt in the solution?

16.0%

5. If 325 mL of a solution was prepared by dissolving 83.8g of Na3PO4 in 310 g of water…

a) What is the molarity of the solution?

1.57 M

b) What is the molality of the solution?

1.65 m

6. Describe how you could prepare 200 mL of a solution that is 1.2 M NaCl.

14.0 g of NaCl dissolved in water, then dilute to 200 mL

Skill Practice 55
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____

1. What is the molality of ammonium ions in a 1.75 m solution of (NH4)3PO4?

5.25 m

2. What is the total molality of particles in the solution in question 1?

7.0 m

3. What is the total molality of particles in a 1.75 m solution of sugar (a covalent compound with the
formula C6H12O6)?
1.75 m

4. Calculate the freezing point of a 0.75 m solution of Al2(CO3)3.

-6.95oC

5. A solution is prepared by placing 72.8 g of calcium chloride in 120 g of water at 22oC. The vapor
pressure of water at 22oC is 2.6 kPa.
a) What is the boiling point of the solution?

108.4oC

b) What is the freezing point of the solution?

-30.4oC

c) What is the vapor pressure of the solution?

2.4 kPa

6. A solution is prepared by placing 72.8 g of magnesium chloride in 120 g of water at 22oC.

a) What is the boiling point of the solution?

109.8oC

b) What is the freezing point of the solution?

-35.4oC

Skill Practice 56
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____

1. When 230 g of an unknown covalent compound is dissolved in 410 g of water, the freezing
point of the solution is –3.51oC. Find the molar mass of the compound.

296 g

2. Find the molar mass of a covalent compound if 125 g dissolved in water changes the vapor
pressure from 3.4 kPa to 1.8 kPa.

5.05 g/mol

3. When 180 g of an unknown covalent compound is dissolved in 430 g of water, the boiling
point changes to 101.52oC. What is the molar mass of the compound?

142 g/mol

4. The boiling point of a 1.25m solution is 101.2oC. Find the molar mass of the covalent solute
if the mass percent of solute in the solution is 15.2%.

143 g/mol

5. Find the molar mass of a covalent compound that when dissolved in water to make a 2.1m
solution the freezing point becomes -2.53oC. The mass percent of solute is 17.5%.

101 g/mol

Skill Practice 57
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____

1. Consider the following diagram of atoms:

Step 1 Step 2 Step 3

a) Does the above collision have enough energy for a reaction to form? Explain.
Yes, because at the end of Step 3, new bonds have formed.

b) Circle the activated complex in the above diagram. Another name for activated complex
is the

Transition
____________________ state
______________.

c) Which of the following could be the reaction? (There could be more than one.)

A) CO2 + Cl2  CO2Cl2 B) N2 + 3Ca  Ca3N2 C) 3 O2 + 4 Al  2 Al2O3

d) Redraw the above diagram (all three steps), but this time make it a collision that does
NOT have enough energy to react:

The only difference should be that step 3 looks the same as step 1.

2. Draw an energy diagram for an endothermic reaction. Clearly label the activation energy and the
enthalpy change. Then explain how a catalyst would change the diagram you drew.

3. What is a catalyst? A substance that speeds up a reaction

4. Name three ways to speed up a reaction.

Use a catalyst, crush solids, increase temperature, stir the reaction mixture

Skill Practice 58
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____

Use the following information for questions 1 and 2: The following reaction proceeds slowly. It is
possible to analyze the amount of iodide ion in the reaction container (which has a volume of 0.45 L)
and so several measurements were made as shown in the table below.

3 HSO3- + IO3-  3 HSO4- + I-

Time (s) Moles HSO3- Moles IO3- Moles HSO4- Moles I-

0 0.0357 0.0105 0 0
200 0.0294 0.0084 0.0063 0.0021
400 0.0261 0.0073 0.0096 0.0032
600 0.0240 0.0066 0.0117 0.0039

1. Recalling that the change in moles of iodide ions is related to the change in moles of the other
substances, fill in the missing blanks in the table.
(see table above)

2. Calculate the average rate of formation of I- during each of the following intervals of time. Your
units should be M/s.
a) Between 0 and 200 seconds

2.33x10-5 M/s

b) Between 200 and 400 seconds

1.22x10-5 M/s

c) Between 400 and 600 seconds

7.78x10-6 M/s

3. If the rate of disappearance of HSO3- was 0.0045 M/s, calculate the rate of appearance of I-.

0.0015 M/s

Skill Practice 59
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____

1. Give the following reaction and data, answer the following questions.
2 ClO2 + 2 I-  2 ClO2- + I2

Experiment [ClO2] [I-] rate of disappearance of I-

1 0.30 0.40 3.350 x 10-4 M/s
2 0.90 0.40 9.045 x 10-3 M/s
3 0.30 0.80 5.600 x 10-3 M/s

a) What is the order with respect to ClO2 in this reaction? 3rd

b) What is the order with respect to I- in this reaction? 4th
c) What is the overall order in this reaction? 7th
d) Write the rate law for this reaction. Rate = k[ClO2]3[I-]4
e) Calculate the rate constant and include units. k = 0.485 1/M6-s
f) How does the rate of disappearance of ClO2 compare to the rate of appearance of I2?
The rate of disappearance of ClO2 is twice the rate of appearance of I2.

2. Consider the following reaction and the following experimental data.

H2O2 + 3 I- + 2H+  I3- + 2 H2O
[H2O2] [I-] [H+] Rate
Expt. 1 0.010 0.010 0.00050 1.15 x 10-6 M/s
Expt. 2 0.020 0.010 0.00050 2.30 x 10-6 M/s
Expt. 3 0.010 0.020 0.00050 2.30 x 10-6 M/s
Expt. 4 0.010 0.010 0.00100 1.15 x 10-6 M/s

a) What is the order for each reactant?

H2O2 = 1st I- = 1st H+ = 0th

b) Write the rate law. rate = k[H2O2][I-]

c) Determine the rate constant including units.

k = 0.0115 1/M-s

Skill Practice 60
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____

1. Given the following reaction and data, answer the following questions.
2NOCl  2NO + Cl2

Time (s) [NOCl] (M)

0 0.200
575 0.158
995 0.137
2080 0.102

a) How does the rate of disappearance of NOCl compare to the rate of appearance of Cl2?
The rate of disappearance of NOCl is twice the rate of appearance of Cl2.
b) Is this reaction 1st order or 2nd order with respect to [NOCl]?
2nd
c) Calculate the rate constant, k, and include units.
k = 0.00231 1/M-s
d) What is the average rate of reaction between time 0 and 995 s?
6.33x10-5 M/s
e) Describe how you would find the instantaneous rate of reaction at 700 s using a plot of
concentration verses time.
Plot 1/concentration vs. time and take the slope of the tangent line at 700 s.
f) Write the rate law for this reaction.
rate = k[NOCl]2
g) Calculate the rate of disappearance of NOCl at time = 1550 s.
3.13x10-5 M/s
h) Calculate the rate of appearance of Cl2 at time = 750 s.
2.54x10-5 M/s

2. Aspirin decomposes into acetic acid and salicylic acid. The following data was obtained
during experimentation.
Time (min.) [Aspirin], M
0 1.000
5 0.630
10 0.460
15 0.362
a) What is the order of the reaction with respect to aspirin?
2nd order
b) What is the rate constant for this reaction?
k = 0.117 1/M-s
c) How long will it take for the aspirin concentration to reach a value of 0.20 M?
34 minutes

Skill Practice 61
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____

1. A certain reaction has an equilibrium constant of 12,470. At equilibrium, are there mostly
products or are there mostly reactants present? Explain.

Mostly products, since the constant is products divided by reactants and is so large.

2. Indicate whether the statements are True or False. CHANGE any false ones to make them true!

F a) At equilibrium the amount of products must equal the amount of reactants.

_____

T b) During equilibrium, the concentration of the products does not change.

_____

F c) A collision between reactants is all that is needed to cause a reaction.

_____

T d) At the beginning of a reaction the forward reaction is faster than the reverse reaction, but
_____
then the forward reaction slows down as the reverse reaction speeds up.

3. Write equilibrium constants for each of the following reactions.

a) CO2 + Cl2  CO2Cl2 b) N2 + 3Ca  Ca3N2 c) 3 O2 + 4 Al  2 Al2O3

4. Given the following equilibrium constant expressions, write the reaction that goes with each:
[NH 3 ] 2 [CO 2 ][NO] 2
a) K  b) K 
[N 2 ][H 2 ]3 [C][N 2 ][O 2 ] 2

N2 + 3 H2  2 NH3 C + N2 + 2 O2  CO2 + 2 NO

5. A certain reaction has an equilibrium constant of 0.00032. At equilibrium, are there mostly
products or are there mostly reactants present? Explain.

Because the equilibrium constant is so small, there are mostly reactants.

Skill Practice 62
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____

1. What is meant when we say that a reaction has reached “equilibrium”?

The rate of formation of products equals the rate of formation of reactants.

2. Consider the following chemical equation: 2 N2O5  2 N2 + 5 O2. At equilibrium, the

concentration of O2 is 0.45 M, the concentration of N2O5 is 1.20 M, and the concentration of N2 is
0.71 M. Calculate the equilibrium constant, K.

0.00645 M

3. In an experiment, 0.100 mol of H2 and 0.100 mol of I2 are mixed in a 3.00-L container according
to the following equation: H2 + I2  2 HI. If K = 50.0 for this reaction, what is the
equilibrium concentration of I2, H2 and HI?

[H2] = 0.0073 M [I2] = 0.0073 M [HI] = 0.0514 M

4. How many moles of each substance is in a 1.0 L vessel if you start with 0.500 mol of H2 and
0.500 mol of I2 to synthesize HI. K is 49.7.

[H2] = [I2] = 0.111 M [HI] = 0.778 M

5. Consider the following reaction: PCl5 (g)  PCl3 (g) + Cl2 (g). If the initial concentration of
PCl5 is 1.00 mol/L, what is the equilibrium composition (i.e. the concentration of each substance
at equilibrium) of the gaseous mixture? K is 0.0211.

[PCl5] = 0.865 M [PCl3] = [Cl2] = 0.135 M

Skill Practice 63
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____

1. When 0.100 mol H2S gas was put into a 10.0 L vessel and heated to 1132oC, it gave an
equilibrium mixture containing 0.0285 mol H2 gas along with some S2 gas.
a) Calculate Kc at this temperature.

2.26x10-4

b) Calculate Kp at this temperature.

0.0261

2. If Kc for the following reaction is 4.58x10-4, what is Kp at 420oC?

SO2Cl2 (g)  SO2 (g) + Cl2 (g)

0.026

3. Given the information in question 2 above, consider the following. a 2.5 L reaction vessel was
filled with 0.84 mol of SO2Cl2. After the reaction comes to equilibrium, what is the concentration
of SO2Cl2, SO2 and Cl2?

[SO2Cl2] = 0.322 M [SO2] = [Cl2] = 0.0122 M

4. Consider the following chemical equation: 2 N2O5  2 N2 + 5 O2. If Kc = 0.345 at a

temperature of 245 K, what is Kp at this temperature?

1.14x106

Skill Practice 64
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____

1. The following reaction has an equilibrium constant Kc equal to 3.07x10-4. At a given moment in
time, the concentration of NOBr was 0.181 M, the concentration of NO was 0.0123 M and the
concentration of Br2 was 0.0201 M. Is the reaction at equilibrium? If not, indicate whether more
products or more reactants will be formed. 2NOBr (g)  2NO (g) + Br2 (g)

The reaction is not at equilibrium. Since Q = 9.28x10-5 it is smaller than Kc meaning that
more products will be formed.

2. Consider the reaction 2 H2S (g) + 3 O2 (g)  2 H2O (g) + 2 SO2 (g) where Kc = 2.38. The
reaction began and after a while, the sample was analyzed and the concentration of SO2 was
0.085 M, the concentration of H2O was 0.071 M, the concentration of O2 was 0.162M and the
concentration of H2S was 0.059 M. As the reaction proceeds from this moment forward, do you
expect more products to form or more reactants? Explain.

The reaction is not at equilibrium. Since Q = 2.46 it is larger than Kc which means that more
reactants will be formed.

3. Given the reaction: H2 + I2  2 HI. The equilibrium constant Kc is 0.481. The

concentrations of H2, I2, and HI were measured at various times. For each of the following sets of
data indicate whether the reaction is at equilibrium or not. If the reaction is not at equilibrium,
then indicate whether more reactants will form or whether more products need to form to attain
equilibrium.
a) [H2] = 0.27 M; [I2] = 0.40 M; [HI] = 0.31 M

Q = 0.890 so more reactants will form.

b) [H2] = 0.46 M; [I2] = 0.34 M; [HI] = 0.28 M

Q = 0.501 so more reactants will form.

c) [H2] = 0.18 M; [I2] = 0.29 M; [HI] = 0.48 M

Q = 4.41 so more reactants will form.

d) [H2] = 0.257 M; [I2] = 0.269 M; [HI] = 0.510 M

Q = 3.76 so more reactants will form.

Skill Practice 65
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____

1. What is the solubility (in g/L) of calcium phosphate? (Hint: Find Ksp in book.)

2.21x10-4 g/L

2. Lead(II) hydroxide has a solubility of 0.00975 g/L. What is Ksp for this salt?

2.64x10-13

3. The solubility of the mostly insoluble compound silver sulfate is 0.0044 g/L. Calculate the Ksp
for silver sulfate (Ag2SO4).

1.12x10-14

4. Calculate the solubility in g/L of Pb3(AsO4)2. Ksp = 4.0x10-36.

2.94x10-5 g/L

Skill Practice 66
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____

1. Consider the following reaction: PCl5 (g)  PCl3 (g) + Cl2 (g).
a) If at equilibrium the concentration of PCl5 is 2 M, the concentration of PCl3 is 3 M and the
concentration of Cl2 is 4 M, calculate the equilibrium constant.
6

b) Will more reactants or more products be produced if the pressure decreases? Explain.
More products, since decreasing pressure will shift toward the side with the most
moles of gas.
c) Assume the reaction is endothermic. In order to increase the amount of products would
you want to increase or decrease the temperature? Explain.
Increase temperature because for an endothermic reaction the heat term would be
on the reactant side and the reaction shifts away from the heat term when
temperature increases.
2. The amount of products of a certain reaction increased when the temperature was raised. Is the
reaction endothermic or exothermic? (Hint: think of LeChatelier’s Principle and whether the
energy would be written on the left or right side of the equation.)
Endothermic

3. Nitrogen and hydrogen gases react to form ammonia: N2 (g) + 3 H2 (g)  2 NH3 (g). It is an
exothermic reaction.
a) Would more NH3 (g) be produced if the pressure was increased? Explain.
Yes

b) Would more NH3 (g) be produced if the temperature was increased? Explain.
No

c) Describe what would happen if some H2 were removed from the container.
Equilibrium would shift toward the reactants.

4. Consider the following equilibrium: SO2Cl2 (g)  SO2 (g) + Cl2 (g). The H of the
reaction is 121.4 kJ. Consider LeChatelier’s principle when answering the following
questions.
a) Would more SO2Cl2 be produced if the pressure was increased? Explain.
Yes

b) Would more SO2Cl2 be produced if the temperature was increased? Explain.

c) Describe what would happen if some Cl2 were removed from the container.
Equilibrium shifts toward the products.

Skill Practice 67
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____

1. Calculate and compare the molar solubility of CdC2O4 (Ksp = 1.5x10-8) in pure water and in
0.15 M cadmium chloride (a soluble salt).

1.22x10-4 mol/L in pure water

1x10-7 mol/L in CdCl2 solution

2. Determine if a precipitate of CaSO4 will form from a solution that is 0.0025 M in calcium
chloride and 0.029 M in sodium sulfate.

Q = 7.25x10-5 which is greater than Ksp so a precipitate WILL form.

3. Which of the following salts would be most soluble in acidic pH—magnesium oxalate or
magnesium bisulfate (MgHSO4)?

Magnesium oxalate is more soluble because oxalate is the anion from a weak acid and it is
therefore a conjugate base which can combine with H+.

4. The solubility of the partially soluble salt silver carbonate (Ag2CO3) in water is 2.6 g/L. What
is the solubility (in g/L) of Ag2CO3 in a 0.035 M solution of silver nitrate? (Hint: first
calculate Ksp using the 2.6 g/L.)

0.754 g/L

Skill Practice 68
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____

1. A certain substance in solution is known to increase the concentration of H3O+. Is this substance
an acid or a base?
Acid

2. Given the following reaction, identify the Arrhenius acid and describe why the substance you
chose is an Arrhenius acid.
H2SO4  HSO4- + H+

It is an acid because it increases the concentration of H+ in solution.

3. How do the Bronsted-Lowry definitions and the Arrhenius definitions differ?

Bronsted-Lowry: an acid donates a proton (H+)

Arrhenius: an acid increases the concentration of H+ in solution.

4. Describe the difference between a weak and a strong acid.

Strong acids dissociate completely, but weak acids only dissociate partially.

5. In each of the following reactions identify an acid (if there is one) and then specify whether it is
an acid according to the Arrhenius definitions or the Bronsted-Lowry definitions or both.

a) H2CO3 + CN-  HCN + HCO3- Bronsted-Lowry

b) F- + HSO4-  HF + SO42- Bronsted-Lowry

c) HSO4- + H2O  H3O+ + SO42- Both

6. What is the conjugate base of HCN?

CN-

Skill Practice 69
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____

1. What is the pH of a 0.034 M solution of HNO3?

1.47

3. Calculate the pH of a 0.0105 M solution of NaOH?

12.0212

4. a) Calculate the pH of a 0.025 M solution of HNO3.

1.60

b) What is the pOH of this solution?

12.40

5. Calculate [H+], [OH-], pOH and the pH for a 0.0015 M solution of HCl.

[H+] = 0.0015 M
[OH-] = 6.67x10-12 M
pOH = 11.18
pH = 2.82

6. Calculate [H+], [OH-], pOH and the pH for a 0.00024 M solution of sodium hydroxide, NaOH.

[H+] = 4.17x10-11 M
[OH-] = 0.00024 M
pOH = 3.62
pH = 10.38

Skill Practice 70
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____

1. Determine whether each of the following are acids (A) or bases (B).

A a) H2SO4
_____ B
_____ b) KOH B c) Ca(OH)2
_____ A
_____ d) HNO3

2. A substance was dissolved in water to give a pH of 2.14. Was the substance HCl or NaOH?
Explain.

HCl because 2.14 is an acidic pH

3. Calculate the pH of a 0.046 M solution of Al(OH)3.

13.1

4. Write the balanced equation for the reaction between CaCO3 and HCl.

CaCO3 + 2 HCl  CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O

5. Write the balanced equation for the reaction between nitric acid and calcium hydroxide.

2 HNO3 + Ca(OH)2  Ca(NO3)2 + 2 H2O

6. Limestone is made of CaCO3. Why would a lake with a limestone bed experience fewer adverse
affects from acid rain than a lake with a “normal” sand bed?

The carbonate is able to neutralize acids similar to the reaction in question 4.

Skill Practice 71
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____

1. What is the pH of a 0.34 M solution of HNO3?

0.47

2. What is the pH of a 0.34 M solution of benzoic acid (Ka=6.3x10-5) ?

2.33

3. Compare the concentrations and pH of each solution in questions 1 and 2. Why are weak acids
called weak? What is the relationship between a weak acid’s Ka value and the pH?

Weak acids do not dissociate completely. The larger the Ka, the lower the pH.

4. Acetic acid (HC2H3O2) has an ionization constant of 1.7x10-5. What is the Kb for C2H3O2- ?

5.88x10-10

5. What is the pH of a 0.16 M solution of acetic acid?

2.78

6. A 0.25 M solution of an unknown acid has a pH of 2.5. What is the Ka of the acid?

4.05x10-5

7. Ammonia is a weak base with Kb = 1.8x10-5. What is the pH of a 0.5 M solution of NH3?

11.48

8. A 0.045 M solution of a certain unknown base has a pH of 9.7. What is the Kb for this base?

5.58x10-8

Skill Practice 72
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____

1. In a solution of benzoic acid, sodium chloride will not cause the common ion effect, but
sodium benzoate will. Offer an explanation.

The benzoate ion is present in both benzoic acid and sodium benzoate.

2. Propanoic acid (HC3H5O2) has a Ka of 1.3x10-5. What is the pH of a solution that has a
concentration of 0.045 M propanoic acid and 0.022 M sodium propanoate (NaC3H5O2).

4.58

3. What is the pH of a solution that is 0.075 M hypochlorous acid (HOCl, Ka=3.5x10-8) and
0.064 M calcium hypochlorite, Ca(OCl)2?

7.69

4. Hydrocyanic acid, HCN, when in a solution with which of the following compounds will
experience a common-ion effect?

A) NaNO3 B) LiCN C) CaCO3 D) HCl E) Mg(CN)2

Skill Practice 73
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____

1. What is the pH of a solution formed by diluting 245 mL of 0.024 M HCl with 200 mL of
water? (Assume volumes of liquids are additive.)

1.88

2. What is the pH of a solution made by mixing 1.5 L of 0.35 M HCl with 2.0 L of 0.10 M
NaOH?

1.03

3. In titration, the equivalence point is when the moles of an acid equals the moles of a base.
Consider 245 mL of 0.25 M NaOH being titrated with 0.40 M HCl.

a) How many mL of HCl will need to be added to reach the equivalence point?

153 mL

b) What is the pH at the equivalence point?

4. What is the pH of a solution formed by mixing 1.27 L of 0.035 M NaOH with 1.65 L of 0.025
M HCl?

11.51

5. Find the pH of a solution that is formed by diluting 450 mL of 0.045 M NaOH with 300 mL
of water. (Assume volumes of liquids are additive.)

12.43

Skill Practice 74
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____

1. Indicate whether the following salts will result in an acidic (A), basic (B), or neutral (N) pH
when dissolved in water.

A a) NH4Cl N b) NaCl B c) Mg(CN)2 B d) CaF2

B e) Na2C2H3O2 A f) NH4Cl N g) MgCl2 N h) Ca(NO3)2

2. What is the pH of a solution formed by dissolving 25.8 g of ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) in

1.5 L of water?

4.87

3. A solution was made by adding acetic acid and a salt to water. The concentration of acetic
acid in the solution was 0.5 M. The pH of the solution was found to be 3.3. Was the salt
calcium chloride or sodium acetate? Explain.

The pH of 0.5 M acetic acid is 2.5. Since the solution with the salt has a pH of 3.3, the
salt must be basic. Sodium acetate if basic; calcium chloride would not affect the pH.

4. Calculate the pH of a 0.045 M solution of sodium benzoate. (Benzoate is the anion formed
from benzoic acid, which has a Ka of 6.3x10-5.)

8.43

5. What effect on the pH does NH4NO3 have when it is added to a solution of ammonia in
water?

It lowers the pH.

6. Calculate the pH of a 0.035 M solution of sodium acetate.

5.34

7. Calculate the pH of a 0.00046 M solution of NH4Cl.

6.30

Skill Practice 75
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____

1. 120 mL of a 0.095 M solution of HCl is titrated with 0.065 M NaOH.

a) How many mL of NaOH are required to reach the equivalence point?
175 mL

b) What is the pH at the equivalence point?

2. Predict whether the equivalence point would be at an acidic, basic, or neutral pH for the
titration of NH3 with HNO3. Explain.

Acidic since it is a weak base and a strong acid.

3. Consider a titration of 0.125 L of 0.34 M NH3 with 0.20 M HCl.

a) Calculate the pH after 0.085 L of HCl is added.

9.43

b) Calculate the pH at the equivalence point.

5.08

4. Calculate the pH at the equivalence point when you titrate 24.5 mL of 0.0079 M HC2H3O2
with 0.023 M NaOH.

8.26

Skill Practice 76
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____

1. a) Calculate the pH of a buffer that is 0.24 M benzoic acid and 0.22 M sodium benzoate. (The
Ka for benzoic acid is 6.4x10-5.)

4.16

b) Calculate the pH of 65 mL of the buffer from part (a) after 8.0 mL of 0.15 M HCl is added
to it.

4.15

2. Calculate the pH of a buffer that was made by mixing 27.8 mL of 0.30 M HC2H3O2 and 30.5
mL of 0.21 M NaC2H3O2.

4.63

3. Calculate the pH of the buffer in question 2 after 10 mL of 0.10 M HCl is added to it.

4.51

4. Which buffer would be best at a pH of around 5—a solution of HNO2 and NaNO2 or a
solution of HC2H3O2 and NaC2H3O2? Explain.

HC2H3O2 and NaC2H3O2 because the pKa of acetic acid is closest to 5

5. Bromcresol green is an indicator that changes color at a pH of around 3.5 and phenolphthalein
changes color at a pH of around 8. Which would be the best indicator to use for the titration
of a solution of acetic acid with sodium hydroxide? Explain. Hint: you want an indicator that
changes color at a pH nearest to the equivalence point.

Titrations of a weak acid with a strong base will yield a basic pH. Phenolphthalein is best
here, since it changes color at a basic pH.

Skill Practice 77
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____

For some of the following problems, you will need to use a table of Hf values.

1. Using Hf values calculate the enthalpy change for the following reaction.
2 CH3OH (l) + 3 O2 (g)  2 CO2 (g) + 4 H2O (l)

-1453 kJ

2. Using Hf values calculate the enthalpy change for the decomposition of one mole of SO3 (g)
into SO2 (g) and O2 (g).

99.2 kJ

3. Calculate the enthalpy change in kilojoules when 54.7g of MgCO3 decomposes according to
the following equation: MgCO3 (s)  MgO (s) + CO2 (g)

76.1 kJ

4. Which of the following reactions are exothermic?

A) C2H2 (g) + 2 H2 (g)  C2H6 (g)

B) CS2 (l) + 3 O2 (g)  CO2 (g) + 2 SO2 (g)

C) N2 (g) + O2 (g)  2 NO (g)

5. Calculate the enthalpy for the following reaction: 4 NH3 (g) + 5 O2 (g)  4 NO (g) + 6 H2O
(g).
You may only use the following information:
N2 (g) + O2 (g)  2 NO (g); Hf = 180.6 kJ
N2 (g) + 3 H2 (g)  2 NH3 (g); Hf = -91.8 kJ
2 H2 (g) + O2 (g)  2 H2O (g); Hf = -483.7 kJ

-918.3 kJ

Skill Practice 78
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____

1. Hydrogen cyanide is extremely poisonous. It can be produced by the following reaction:

CH4 (g) + NH3 (g)  HCN (g) + 3 H2 (g)

Using only the following information, calculate the heat of reaction (H):

N2 (g) + 3 H2 (g)  2 NH3 (g) ; H = -91.8 kJ

C (s) + 2 H2 (g)  CH4 (g) ; H = -74.9 kJ

H2 (g) + 2 C (s) + N2 (g)  2 HCN (g) ; H = 270.3 kJ

255.95 kJ

2. Compounds with carbon-carbon double bonds, such as ethylene, C2H4, add hydrogen in a
reaction called hydrogenation:
C2H4 (g) + H2 (g)  C2H6 (g)
Calculate the enthalpy change for this reaction, using only the following combustion data:

C2H4 (g) + 3 O2 (g)  2 CO2 (g) + 2 H2O (l); H = -1401 kJ

C2H6 (g) + 7/2 O2 (g)  2 CO2 (g) + 3 H2O (l); H = -1550 kJ

H2 (g) + ½ O2 (g)  H2O (l); H = -286 kJ

-137 kJ

3. Use the thermochemical equations shown below to determine the enthalpy for the reaction:
H2SO4(l)  H2S(g) + 2O2(g)

SO3(g) + H2O(g)  H2SO4(l) H = -205KJ

H2S(g) + 2O2(g)  SO3(g) + H2O(l)  H = -690KJ

H2O(l)  H2O(g)  H = 110KJ

785 kJ

Skill Practice 79
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____

1. Predict whether S is positive or negative for each of the following reactions.

A) 2 Na (s) + Cl2 (g)  2 NaCl (s)

negative

B) 2 C (s) + O2 (g)  2 CO2 (g)

positive

C) 2 CH3OH (l) + 3 O2 (g)  2 CO2 (g) + 2 H2O (l)

negative

D) P4 (g)  P4 (s)
negative

2. Calculate S for the following reactions using standard entropy values.

A) 2 SO3 (g)  2 SO2 (g) + O2 (g)

187.88 J

B) CS2 (l) + 3 O2 (g)  CO2 (g) + 2 SO2 (g)

-56.1 J

C) CH4 (g) + 2 O2 (g)  CO2 (g) + 2 H2O (l)

-242.52 J

D) CS2 (g) + 4 H2 (g)  CH4 (g) + 2 H2S (g)

-162.9 J

3. What does it mean for a reaction to be spontaneous?

It means that the reaction occurs without needing outside influences.

Skill Practice 80
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____

1. Given the following reaction, calculate H and S.

2 CH3OH (l) + 3 O2 (g)  2 CO2 (g) + 4 H2O (l)

H = -1453.2 kJ
S = -161.84 kJ

2. Given your answers to question 1 and the fact that this reaction takes place at 25oC, calculate G.

-1404.9 kJ

3. A certain reaction is nonspontaneous at room temperature and spontaneous at high temperatures.

What are the signs of S and H?

H = positive
S = positive

4. Calculate G for each of the following reactions. Indicate whether each reaction is spontaneous
or not.

A) C2H2 (g) + 2 H2 (g)  C2H6 (g)

-241.86 kJ; spontaneous

B) CS2 (l) + 3 O2 (g)  CO2 (g) + 2 SO2 (g)

-1058.4 kJ; spontaneous

C) N2 (g) + O2 (g)  2 NO (g)

173.2 kJ; nonspontaneous

Skill Practice 81
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____

C
_____ 1. The substance in a redox reaction that accepts electrons. a. oxidation number

D 2. The gain of electrons.

_____ b. reducing agent

F
_____ 3. A chemical change that occurs when electrons are c. oxidizing agent
transferred from one atom to another.
d. reduction
B
_____ 4. The substance in a redox reaction that loses electrons.
e. oxidation
E
_____ 5. The gain of oxygen.
f. redox reaction
E
_____ 6. The loss of electrons.

A 7. For many substances, this equals the charge.

_____

8. Assign oxidation numbers to each atom in the following reactions (No need to balance the
reactions):
0 0 +2 -2
a) 2 Ca + O2  2 CaO

+1 -2 0 +1 -3 0
b) Li2O + N2  Li3N + O2

+1 +3 -2 0 +4 -2
c) HNO2  H2 + NO2

9. Identify the oxidizing agent in the reactions in parts a and b from question 8.

oxygen
a) _______________ nitrogen
b) ________________

10. Is the following reaction a redox reaction? Explain. NaCl + AgNO3  NaNO3 + AgCl

No because no oxidation numbers change during the reaction.

Skill Practice 82
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____

1. Split the following reactions into half reactions.

a) Ag+ + Zn  Ag + Zn+2

Oxidation ½ reaction: Zn  Zn+2 + 2e-

Reduction ½ reaction: Ag+ + e-  Ag

b) Br2 + Zn  2 Br- + Zn+2

Oxidation ½ reaction: Zn  Zn+2 + 2e-

Reduction ½ reaction: Br2 + 2 e-  2 Br-

c) Cu+2 + 2 Cl-  Cu + Cl2

Oxidation ½ reaction: 2 Cl-  Cl2 + 2 e-

Reduction ½ reaction: Cu+2 + 2 e-  Cu

d) I2 + Fe  2 I- + Fe+2

Oxidation ½ reaction: Fe  Fe+2 + 2 e-

Reduction ½ reaction: I2 + 2 e-  2 I-

2. Which is the best reducing agent—Cu+2 or Fe+2? Explain.

Fe+2 because its reduction potential is more negative.

3. Which of the following will be most easily reduced—Br2 or Cl2? Explain.

Cl2 because its reduction potential is more positive.

Skill Practice 83
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____

1. Calculate the cell voltage for each of the following reactions.

a) Ag+ + Zn  Ag + Zn+2 1.56 V

b) Br2 + Zn  2 Br- + Zn+2 1.83 V

c) Cu+2 + 2 Cl-  Cu + Cl2 -1.02 V

d) Sn+2 + Zn  Sn + Zn+2 0.62 V

e) I2 + Fe  2 I- + Fe+2 0.95 V

2. True or false: In a spontaneous galvanic cell, electrons flow from the anode to the cathode.
True

3. Which equations from question 1 are spontaneous?

All except c because a positive Ecell means it is spontaneous.

4. An electrochemical galvanic cell was created using zinc and tin. For the reaction to be
spontaneous, which one should be the anode and which the cathode?

Zinc should be the cathode and tin the anode.

5. Draw a diagram of a Galvanic cell from question 4.

Skill Practice 84
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____

1. Given the following notations, how many protons and how many neutrons are there in each of
these nuclei?
A) 224 Fr B) 233 C) 100 Tc
87 91 Pa 43

87 protons 91 protons 43 protons

137 neutrons 142 neutrons 57 neutrons
2. Write the symbol for a polonium-209 nucleus.
209
84 Po

3. A certain bismuth nucleus contains 130 neutrons. Write the symbol for this nucleus.
213
83 Bi

238
4. Write the equations for several different kinds of nuclear decay of: 92 U

a) beta decay: 238

92 U  0
1 e +
238
93 Np
238
b) positron decay: 238
92 U  0
1 e + 91 Pa
234
c) alpha decay: 238
92 U  4
2 He + 90 Th
238 238
d) electron capture: 92 U + 0
1 e  91 Pa

247
5. What is the final symbol for the nucleus formed by 97 Bk after it undergoes alpha decay, then
electron capture, followed by beta, and finally another alpha decay?

239
93 Np

6. What is the final symbol for the nucleus formed by 257

100 Fm
after it undergoes beta decay, then
electron capture, followed by another beta, and finally an alpha decay?

253
99 Es

Skill Practice 85
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____

1. Write the nuclear equation for the decay of phosphorus-32 to sulfur-32. What type of radioactive
decay do you expect?
32 32 0
15 P  16 S + 1
e Beta emission

2. Which of the following nuclei are radioactive: 102 109

47 Ag or 47 Ag ? Explain.

Ag-102 since it has too few neutrons (mass number is further from the average of 107.9amu)

3. Which of the following nuclei are radioactive: Rb-86 or Rb-90? Explain.

Rb-90 since its mass number is furthest from the average of 85.47amu

4. What kind of radioactive decay would you expect for each of the following?
a) Chlorine-38 b) Nobelium-259 c) Potassium-36
Electron capture or
Beta emission Alpha positron emission

5. For each substance in question 4, write an appropriate nuclear equation for the decay.
a)
38
17 Cl
 01 e + 38
18 Ar

b)
259
102 No  4
2 He + 255
100 Fm

c)
36
19 K + 0
1 e  36
18 Ar

6. Californium was first synthesized by bombarding an element with alpha particles. The products
were californium-245 and a neutron. What was the target element? Write the nuclear equation.
242
96 Cm + 42 He  245
98 Cf + 01 n

7. Complete the notation and then write the nuclear equation for each of the following:
31 76 79
a) 15 P (, n) ? b) 33 As(, ?) 34 Se

31 76 79
15 P + 42 He  01 n + 34
17 Cl 33 As + 42 He  34 Se + 11 H

8. Write the abbreviated notation for each of the following:

a) 14
7 N 24He178 O11H b) 27
13 Al  24He15
30
P 01n
14
7 N (, p)178 O 27
13 Al (, n) 30
15 P

Skill Practice 86
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____

1. Draw the structure of 3-ethylpentane. H3C CH2

CH CH2
H3C CH2 CH3

2. Why is 1-methylhexane not a legitimate name for a compound?

With a branch on the 1st carbon the main chain should just be lengthened. It would be
a heptanes chain.

3. Why is 4-ethylpentane not a legitimate name?

The main chain would actually be six carbon atoms long.

4. Draw and rename correctly the molecule from question 3.

H3C CH2 CH2 HC CH2 CH3 3-methylhexane

CH3

5. Name the following structure.

3-methyloctane
H H H H H H H H
H C C C C C C C C H
H H H H H C H H
H H
H

6. An alkane has 4 carbon atoms, how many hydrogen atoms does it have?

7. Name the following compound. 3-ethylhexane

H3C CH2
CH CH2
H3C CH2 CH2 CH3

Skill Practice 87
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____

H
H
1. Draw the structure for cis-3-heptene. C
H H
C H
H C H H H

C C C C H
H H H H
2. Explain the difference between cis and trans.
With cis the hydrogen atoms are on the same side of the double bond. With trans, the
hydrogen atoms are on opposite sides.

3. Draw the following structures.

a) trans-2-hexene H H
H H
C C H
C C H
H C
H H C
H H
H

b) trans-3-octene H
H H H
C H
C C H
H C C
H H
C H
H H C
H C
H H
H H
c) cis-3-hexene H
C
H H
C H
H C H H

C C C H
H H H
d) 1-pentene H
H
H C H
C C H
C
H H C
H H
H
4. Why was no cis or trans designation necessary for question 3d?

Carbon #1 has two hydrogen atoms bonded to it.

5. Name the following structure: H H

H C C H
3-hexene HH C C HH
H C C H
H H

Skill Practice 88
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____

Label each of the following molecules as a carboxylic acid, ester, ether, alcohol, ketone, or aldehyde.

1. H3C CH2 O 2. OH
CH2 C H3C HC
CH3
CH2 CH3

ketone
__________________________ alcohol
_________________________

3. CH3 4. O
H3C HC H3C C

O OH
H2C
CH3

ether
__________________________ Carboxylic acid
_________________________

5. H3C O 6. H3C O
CH2 C CH2 CH

O
H3C

ester
__________________________ aldehyde
_________________________

7. H3C O 8. H3C CH2 O

CH C O C
H3C CH CH3 CH CH3
H3C H3C

ketone
__________________________ ester
_________________________

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SkillPracticeAnswers 2nd Edition

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SkillPracticeAnswers 2nd Edition

Uploaded by

1

b) What is the dependent variable? Behavior

c) How could the researchers make their study better?

Popsicle Sales and Daily Temperatures Over One Week Period

1. Plot the data on the graph

2. What is the independent variable

Daily Temperature (°F)

3. What is the dependent variable?

4. Describe the trends in the two

5. What do you think Malachi will

Days of the Week

It is not an element because it can be made from other things.

Gold is an element because it cannot be made from other things.

1. Is water an element? How do you know?

3. Is water a mixture or a compound? Explain.

4. Which are easier to separate, in your opinion—mixtures or compounds? Why?

1. Solve the following problems. Write answers in scientific notation.

a) (7.430 x 104)(3.0 x 102) = 2.229x107

b) 8.03 x 106 + 4.0 x 104 = 8.07x106

c) (2.22 x 10-12) / (4.10x10-33) = 5.41x1020

e) 3.22x1012 – 2.44x1011 = 2.976x1012

f) (6.32 x 10-32) ÷ (8.19x10-36) = 7.72x103 or 7716

2. Convert the following numbers to scientific notation:

a) 23,000,210,000 = ___2.300021x1010__ b) 0.00000000351 = __3.51x10-9______

3. Convert the following numbers to "regular" notation:

a) 2.354 x 105 = ____235,400______ b) 3.400 x 10 –9 = ____0.000000003400___

For problems 1-3, please use these conversion factors:

1 pallet = 45 bundles 1 bundle = 32 cases 1 case = 12 cans 1 can = 218.4 mL

4. Please perform the following conversions.

a) 15.60 cm = _____0.1560_______ m b) 41.0 kg = ______4.1x1010_______ g

c) 9.2 cL = _______92,000_____ L d) 9.16 x 10-5 m = ____91,600____ nm

e) 345 mL = _____0.345________ L f) 3.4x105 mg = ___0.34___ kg

g) 0.057 km = _____5700____ cm h) 4500 g = ______4.5_______ mg

i) 2.14 L = ______2140________ mL j) 0.45 mm = ______450______m

5. Why is this conversion impossible? 3.45 mL = _______________ kg

You cannot convert liters to grams (without knowing density).

1. 200.00 + 125.2 = ____325.2______

2. 12,020 + 6000 = _______18,000_____

3. 0.003450 + 0.0140 = _____0.0175____

4. 0.820 – 0.030 = _______0.790______

7. (2.450 x 106)(2.0 x 106) = ___4.9x1012____

8. (5.369 x 1012)/(2.89 x 107) = ____1.86x105_____

4. Identify the following as an element (E), compound (C), or mixture (M).

__E__ a) calcium __C__ d) water

__M__ b) calcium and oxygen in the same container __E__ e) sodium

__C__ c) calcium and oxygen atoms bonded __M__ f) sand

Phase diagram for substance A:

Phase diagram for substance B:

Sublimation can occur Triple point

No, ice cube is not large enough.

1. An atom has a mass number of 43 and it also has 21 electrons.

9. Complete the following table:

b. Use your periodic table to determine which element this is.

b. What is the identity of this element?

The most abundant is the one with a mass of 40.00 amu.

1. Define the terms “ground state” and “excited state”.

5. The wavelength of a certain beam of light was 3.52x10-7m.

b) Calculate how much energy this light has.

1. What is wrong with the following notation?

4. How many electrons can fit in a 2p orbital?

can only have values up to n-1 lowest possible value is 1

3. How many ml values are possible when l equals 5?

(3, 1, -1, -½)

1. Using arrows, write complete orbital diagrams for…

The 2p sublevel should look like 2p because of Hund’s Rule.

4. How many unpaired electrons does cobalt have?

A) phosphorus B) barium c) selenium d) argon e) chlorine

2. Draw Bohr diagrams for each of the following atoms.

A) aluminum B) oxygen C) sulfur

4. Draw Lewis dot structures for each of the following elements:

A) antimony B) magnesium C) silicon D) iodine

1. Use the noble gases to write abbreviated electron configurations for…

Column 6 (or VIB)

3. What row of the periodic table contains elements with 4d electrons?

4. What row of the periodic table contains elements with 3p electrons?

The nucleus of a phosphorus atom has 15

a) 23,000,210,000 = _2.300021x1010 b) 0.00000000351 = 3.51x10-9____

a) 2.354 x 105 = 235,400 b) 3.400 x 10 –9 = 0.000000003400_

a) 15.60 cm = _0.1560_ m b) 41.0 kg = 4.1x1010___ g

c) 9.2 cL = _____92,000_ L d) 9.16 x 10-5 m = 91,600__ nm

e) 345 mL = _0.345__ L f) 3.4x105 mg = _0.34___ kg

g) 0.057 km = _5700 cm h) 4500 g = 4.5_____ mg

i) 2.14 L = 2140 mL j) 0.45 mm = 450__m

1. 200.00 + 125.2 = 325.2__

2. 12,020 + 6000 = ___18,000_

3. 0.003450 + 0.0140 = _0.0175

4. 0.820 – 0.030 = _0.790

7. (2.450 x 106)(2.0 x 106) = _4.9x1012__

8. (5.369 x 1012)/(2.89 x 107) = 1.86x105_

E a) calcium C d) water

M b) calcium and oxygen in the same container E e) sodium

C c) calcium and oxygen atoms bonded M f) sand

A) phosphide = _P3-_ B) magnesium = ___Mg2+_ C) rubidium = Rb+_

D) fluoride = F-_ E) aluminum = Al3+_ F) sulfide = _S2-_

A) Ba2S = BaS B) Rb2N = _Rb3N_ C) Li2Cl = LiCl____

D) Al3N3 = AlN_ E) Mg3Br2 = MgBr2_ F) O3Al2 = Al2O3______

A) sodium and sulfur = Na2S B) aluminum and chlorine = AlCl3_______

C) phosphorus and calcium = Ca3P2 D) barium and oxygen = _BaO__

A) _sodium sulfide_____ B) aluminum chloride_

C) calcium phosphide___ D) _barium oxide_________

1. Lithium acetate LiC2H3O2___ 2. Sodium phosphate _Na3PO4________

3. Magnesium hydroxide Mg(OH)2__ 4. Sulfuric acid _H2SO4_____________

5. Ammonium sulfide (NH4)2S_____ 6. Potassium oxide _K2O_____________

7. Aluminum Phosphate AlPO4 8. Sodium hydroxide NaOH______

9. Acetic Acid _HC2H3O2___ 10. Carbonic Acid H2CO3_

11. CaO calcium oxide_______ 12. BaCl2 _barium chloride_______

13. K3PO4 _potassium phosphate___ 14. Mg(OH)2 _magnesium hydroxide___

15. HNO3 _nitric acid____________ 16. NaC2H3O2 _sodium acetate________

17. Li2SO4 _lithium sulfate________ 18. (NH4)2SO4 _ammonium sulfate_____

19. Al(CN)3 _aluminum cyanide____ 20. Be(ClO3)2 _beryllium chlorate______

1. manganese(IV) fluoride _MnF4_ 2. ammonium phosphate (NH4)3PO4___

3. nickel(II) nitrate _Ni(NO3)2______ 4. sodium nitride _Na3N______________

5. aluminum sulfate _Al2(SO)3_ 6. chromium(III) hydroxide Cr(OH)3

7. iron(II) phosphate Fe3(PO4)2____ 8. copper(II) chloride _CuCl2__________

9. CuO copper(II) oxide_ 10. FeSO4 iron(II) sulfate_____

11. (NH4)2S __ammonium sulfide 12. Ni3(PO4)2 _nickel(II) posphate__

13. Cr(OH)3 __chromium(III) hydroxide_ 14. Ba(ClO3)2 _barium chlorate______

15. Mn3N4 _manganese(IV) nitride 16. Cu2CO3 copper(I) carbonate____

1. N2O5 dinitrogen pentoxide___ 2. P3O7 _triphosphorus heptoxide______

3. S3F4 trisulfur tetrafluoride_ 4. CO2 carbon dioxide_________

5. N2O6 _dinitrogen hexoxide______ 6. CuSO4 _copper(II) sulfate__________

7. (NH4)2CO3 __ammonium carbonate_ 8. SF6 sulfur hexafluoride_______

9. dihydrogen tetraoxide H2O4 10. trinitrogen pentasulfide N3S5_

11. carbon dioxide CO2___ 12. dinitrogen monoxide N2O_

13. iron(II) nitrate Fe(NO3)2_ 14. carbon tetrachloride CCl4____

15. C6H14 _C3H7_______________ 16. H3PO4 _H3PO4____________

17. N2O4 NO2_ 18. C4H8 C2H4___

19. C12H18O2 _C6H9O__________ 20. N4H6O4 _N2H3O2______________

21. S2O7 S2O7__ 22. C4H3O4 C4H3O4

B) In general, double bonds are shorter than triple bonds.