Getting Started with LS-DYNA

Crush Tube Example

The Arup Campus, Blythe Gate, Blythe Valley Park, Solihull, West
Midlands, B90 8AE
tel: +44 (0) 121 213 3399
email: [email protected]

LS-DYNA ENVIRONMENT
Introduction Getting Started with LS-DYNA

• The purpose of this tutorial is to introduce new users to the basics and
modelling workflow of LS-DYNA.
• For demonstration purposes, the Oasys pre- and post-processing software
(PRIMER, D3PLOT and T/HIS) are used although any software that supports
LS-DYNA can be used (i.e. LS-PrePost).

Steps covered:
• Pre-processing • Solver
• Import model • Run Submission
• Section and material cards • Post-processing
• Boundary and load conditions • Animate the results
• Contact • Obtain cross section force
• Control and output (database) output
cards • Inspect global energy output
• Write LS-DYNA input deck

An incomplete input deck is provided: crush_tube_start.key

Slide 1
LS-DYNA ENVIRONMENT
LS-DYNA / Oasys modelling workflow Getting Started with LS-DYNA

Pre- Post-
Solver Reporting
processing Processing

Slide 2
LS-DYNA ENVIRONMENT
 Basics of LS-DYNA: Keyword hierarchy Getting Started with LS-DYNA

N1
*ELEMENT_SHELL (eid,pid,nid1,nid2,nid3,nid4)

N4 EID N2

N3
*NODE (nid,x,y,z)
*NODE (nid,x,y,z)
• Parts cannot have multiple
element types (e.g. a mix of *NODE (nid,x,y,z)
2D and 3D elements) *NODE (nid,x,y,z)
• Parts cannot have elements
with different materials or σ
sections
• Parts are a useful way to
keep a model organised *PART (pid,sid,mid)

*SECTION_SHELL *MAT_ELASTIC
(Thickness, formulation) (Material properties) ε

Slide 3
LS-DYNA ENVIRONMENT
Basics of LS-DYNA: Keyword Manual Getting Started with LS-DYNA

LS-DYNA_manual_Vol_I_....pdf General
LS-DYNA_manual_Vol_II_....pdf Materials
(LS-DYNA_manual_Vol_III_....pdf Multiphysics)

Alphabetical list Options

of Keywords Description
Cards
Variables
Remarks

Slide 4
LS-DYNA ENVIRONMENT
 Basics of LS-DYNA: Keyword Manual Getting Started with LS-DYNA

See variable descriptions below

Character Hello
Integer (A or A8) 123
Float 1.04e-6

See remarks below

Some cards are additional

Some values are set

by default – you don’t
need to add them

Slide 5
LS-DYNA ENVIRONMENT
Basics of LS-DYNA: Input deck syntax Getting Started with LS-DYNA

• LS-DYNA input deck are often denoted by the *k or *.key extension

• Open keyword file ‘crush_tube_start.key’ in a text editor of your choice (Notepad++, Vim)
• Input deck starts with *KEYWORD and terminates with *END
• Comments begin with $
• Each LS-DYNA keyword begins with an asterisk *
• Followed by card (lines) of data associated with that keyword:
• Often more than one card for a keyword
• Format can be ‘fixed’ (column specific) or ‘free’ (comma separated)
• Each card has a maximum of 80 characters
• Typically 8 fields of 10 characters, common exceptions are:
• *ELEMENT is 10 fields of 8 characters
• *NODE has 16 characters for coordinates
• Order of keywords in file is arbitrary (few exceptions)

Fixed - Each card is 8 fields of 10 characters (usually)

TIP: Add a comment line with count to help you

Free – Each field is separated by a comma

Slide 6
LS-DYNA ENVIRONMENT
Pre-Processor - .key or .k files
 Pre-Processing: PRIMER Environment Getting Started with LS-DYNA
Quick-Pick Control
Manipulation Tools
Controls the mouse action when
applied within the graphics area. Provides access to
PRIMER specific
functions.

Keywords
This provides access to
the Keywords that are
supported and can be
edited by PRIMER.

Graphics Area
VisualisationArea within which graphics are Open Menu tabs
drawn.
These control which
option is displayed in the
current menu panel.
Model and Part Tree will
always be available in
addition to selected
options.

Current menu panel

"Current Menu Panel"
Displays the menu for the
option currently selected
by the menu tabs.
Dialogue & List area Viewing & Drawing Commands

Area for command-line input and output, Provides all aspects of view control: direction, perspective,
also acts a listing area for messages. scale, etc. Contains the drawing commands and their settings.

Slide 8
LS-DYNA ENVIRONMENT
Pre-processing: Tube material Getting Started with LS-DYNA

There are over 200 materials types available in Click here to access keyword manual
LS-DYNA. Refer to the LS-DYNA keyword manual Vol.
II for a complete description.
• Read LS-DYNA input deck ‘crush_tube_start.key’
into PRIMER. Press shortcut key ‘y’ to visualise the
elements.
• Right click on the tube part in the graphics window
and select ‘Edit’ from the drop-down menu.

• Now create a new material card by right clicking in

the MID field (or click the down arrow) and select
‘Create’.

• Firstly, specify the material type as

*MAT_003: PLASTIC_KINEMATIC. Do this by
clicking the button to the right of the ‘Type’ field and
selecting the type from the menu.
MAT_003 is a cost effective model suited to model
isotropic and kinematic hardening plasticity with the
option of including rate effects.

Slide 9
LS-DYNA ENVIRONMENT
Pre-processing: Tube material Getting Started with LS-DYNA

• Enter the following values in the material

card:
• RO = 7.85E-9
• E= 210000
• PR = 0.3
• SIGY = 110
• ETAN = 1000
• Hover the mouse over the parameters to
see a description.
• Press ‘Create MATERIAL’.

Note on consistent units: LS-DYNA requires that the set units employed in any model is consistent with
Newton’s Second Law of Motion (F=ma). Different unit systems are shown in the table below. In this
exercise, we will use the S2 system of units:
S1 S2 S3
Length Meter Millimeter Millimeter
Time Second Second Millisecond
Mass Kilogram Tonne Kilogram
Force Newton Newton kiloNewton
Young’s modulus of steel 210.0E+09 210.0E+03 210.0
Density of steel 7.85E+03 7.85E-09 7.85E+06
Gravitation 9.81 9.81E+03 9.81E+03

Slide 10
LS-DYNA ENVIRONMENT
Pre-processing: Tube Section Getting Started with LS-DYNA

• Create a section card by right clicking in the

SECID field and select ‘Create’.
• Enter the properties of the new section card as
follows:
• ELFORM = 2 (default)
• NIP = 3
• T1 = 1 (setting T1 = 1 will automatically
assign T2, T3 and T4 to the same value)
• Press ‘Create SECTION’.
ELFORM: Element formulation
NIP: Number of through-thickness integration
points
T1: Shell thickness at node 1
• Click ‘Update Part’ in ‘MODIFY PART’ panel.

Slide 11
LS-DYNA ENVIRONMENT
Pre-processing: Plate material and section properties Getting Started with LS-DYNA

• Create a material and section card for the

‘Plate’ part in the same way, by right clicking
on the plate and clicking ‘Edit’.
• MID: Enter the properties of the plate’s
material card as follows:
• Set type to “MAT_020: RIGID”
• RO = 7.85E-9 As a rigid body material
• E = 210000 has been specified, the
• PR = 0.3 elastic modulus and
• CMO = 1 Poisson ratio are only
used for contact
• CON1 = 5
stiffness.
• CON2 = 7
• SECID: Enter the properties of the plate’s
section card as follows:
• Leave ELFORM = 2 and leave NIP = 0
• T1 = 2

Slide 12
LS-DYNA ENVIRONMENT
Pre-processing: Boundary SPC Getting Started with LS-DYNA

• Next, a single point constraint (SPC) boundary

condition should be applied to the far end
(negative x) of the tube.

• To make this easier, first create a set of nodes for

which the SPC condition should be applied to.

• Click on SET in the keyword panel and

select ‘NODE’, then click ‘Create’.

• Click ‘Add NODE’ and then select the nodes

at the far end of the tube. This is easier when
the orientation of the model is set to ‘+XZ’,
then drag a box over the desired nodes.

• Then click ‘Add items’ followed by ‘Create

SET’.

Slide 13
LS-DYNA ENVIRONMENT
Pre-processing: Boundary SPC Getting Started with LS-DYNA

• Now an SPC boundary condition can be applied

to the set of nodes to constrain them in all six
degrees of freedom: translational and rotational.
• Click ‘BOUND’ in the keyword panel and select
‘SPC’.
• Click ‘Keyword’ to edit the *BOUNDARY_SPC
card.
• Change the suffice from ‘NODE’ to ‘SET’ and
then ‘SELECT’ the previously created node set ID
in NSID.
• Set all six degrees of freedom (DOF) to 1
• Click ‘Create’ and then
‘UPDATE’.

Slide 14
LS-DYNA ENVIRONMENT
Pre-processing: Prescribed motion Getting Started with LS-DYNA

• A prescribed motion boundary condition is applied to the rigid

plate part according to a defined load curve LCID.
• Click ‘BOUND’ in the keyword panel and select
‘PRESCRIBED_MOTION’.
• Click ‘Keyword’ to edit the
*BOUNDARY_PRESCRIBED_MOTION card.
• Change the suffice from NODE to RIGID
• Enter the part ID (PID) for the plate
• Set the degrees of freedom to the x direction (DOF = 1)
• Set VAD = 2
• Set LCID = 1
• Set SF = -1
• Click ‘Create’ and then ‘UPDATE’.
VAD:
Velocity/acceleration/displacement
flag.
LCID: Load curve ID which is pre-
defined in this tutorial.
SF: Load curve scale factor.

Slide 15
LS-DYNA ENVIRONMENT
Pre-processing: Contacts Getting Started with LS-DYNA

• Now create a contact definition between the

tube and the plate.
• Click ‘CONTACT’ in the keyword panel and
then ‘Create’.
• In the Create Contact window set the type to
‘AUTOMATIC_SINGLE_SURFACE’.
• Set the slave side type (SSTYP) to 3 (PART id)
• Select the tube part via the ‘PICK’ or ‘SELECT’
option in the SSID field. There is no master
side for this type of contact.
• Change both the static friction and dynamic
friction to 0.2.
• Click ‘Cards A – F’ to edit optional contact
features and set ‘Ignore initial pens’ to 1.
• Now click ‘Create contact’.

The AUTOMATIC_SINGLE_SURFACE is used when the exact

position of the contact is unknown. In this case it is used for self
contact to prevent the tube from penetrating itself.

Slide 16
LS-DYNA ENVIRONMENT
Pre-processing: Contacts Getting Started with LS-DYNA

• Next, create a contact surface between the plate and

the tube.
• Create a new contact and set the type to
‘AUTOMATIC_SURFACE_TO_SURFACE’.
• Set the slave side type (SSTYP) to 3 (Part)
• Select the plate part via the ‘PICK’ or ‘SELECT’
option in the SSID field.
• Do the same for the tube on the master side.
• Change both the static friction and dynamic friction to
0.3.
• Select ‘Cards A – F’ to edit optional additional
features and set ‘Ignore initial pens’ to 1.
• Now click ‘Create contact’.

‘Ignoring initial pens’ helps eliminate any initial stresses

that would occur as a result of initial penetrations.

The AUTOMATIC_SURFACE_TO_SURFACE contact is

used when the direction of contact between two or more
components is predictable. Here it is used to define contact
between the plate and the tube.

Slide 17
LS-DYNA ENVIRONMENT
Pre-processing: Control cards Getting Started with LS-DYNA

There is a large number of control cards available in LS-DYNA to control aspects of the
simulation such as timestep, accuracy, termination and so on. Any cards that are not defined
will be given their default values.

• Click ‘CONTROL’ in the keyword panel and then ‘Modify’.

• In the control card window, under ‘Control Categories’, select ‘STANDARD’ then
‘ENERGY’. Now set HGEN to 2 to enable hourglass energy calculation.

It is recommended to set HGEN=2, otherwise there will be no calculation of hourglass

energy. When post processing a run where hourglass energy calculation was off, this may
give the false impression that the really is no hourglassing.

• Set up the ‘TERMINATION’ control

card (also under ‘STANDARD
control’).
• Set ENDTIM to 0.5 so that the
simulation ends after 0.5s.
• Click ‘Update’ to update the control
card.

Slide 18
LS-DYNA ENVIRONMENT
Pre-processing: Database – Node history Getting Started with LS-DYNA

• Click ‘DATABS’ in the keyword panel and then

‘HISTORY_NODE’.
• To output the nodal history (displacements,
velocities) from the free end of the tube, pick or
enter the node ID in the ID field. Node 1203 can
be used.
• Click ‘Create’.
• The position of the chosen node can be checked
by clicking the arrow in the ID field and then
‘Sketch’ from the drop down menu.
• Click ‘UPDATE’ to dismiss the database card.

• Database cards define what output data is created and at what locations.
• It is important to remember to set up database cards, they will not affect the
calculation but do dictate what data is available in post processing!
• Here, nodes can be added for which output data is required (displacement or velocity
histories for example).
• Note that the ASCII database cards must also be set up in order for the output data to
be available, this is covered in a later slide.

Slide 19
LS-DYNA ENVIRONMENT
Pre-processing: Database – Cross section Getting Started with LS-DYNA

• Click ‘DATABS’ in the keyword panel and then

‘CROSS_SECTION’ and ‘Create’.
• In the ‘CREATE DATABASE_CROSS_SECTION’
window, set the local system type to ‘Constant X’,
then select a node that is one element away from
the fixed end of the tube.
• Click ‘Sketch’ to check the position and
orientation of the cross section plane, and then
‘Create XSECTION’.
DATABASE_CROSS_SECTION card defines the cross
section to obtain the forces and moments in the tube.
DATABASE_SECFORCE output card must also be
added to instruct the output and frequency of these
forces (see next page).

Slide 20
LS-DYNA ENVIRONMENT
Pre-processing: Database cards – ASCII & binary Getting Started with LS-DYNA

ASCII database options specify output and frequency of data

components. Database history cards are also necessary
in order to specify the locations (nodes, cross sections
etc.) of interest.

• Click ‘DATABS’ in the keyword panel and then

‘(ASCII)_OPTION’.
• Tick boxes for ‘GLSTAT’ (global data), ‘MATSUM’
(material energies) and ‘SECFORC’ (section forces).
• Click ‘Apply edit’ to create this database card.

Binary database options specify what output files are

generated (e.g. the .pft file for post processing using Oasys
D3PLOT) and the timestep between output states.

• Click ‘DATABS’ in the keyword panel and then ‘BINARY’.

• Click the ‘INACTIVE’ button for ‘BINARY_D3PLOT’ and
‘BINARY_D3THDT’.
• Define a time interval, DT, of your choice between output
states. This will generate binary output files and associated
time histories.
• Click ‘Apply edit’ to create this database card.

Slide 21
LS-DYNA ENVIRONMENT
Pre-processing: Saving the model Getting Started with LS-DYNA

• To save the model click ‘Model’ and then ‘Write’.

• Define a file path and name and then click ‘Next’ and finally
click ‘Apply’, to write the file.

• Open the *.key file in a text editor and inspect the * LS-
DYNA keywords. Use the LS-DYNA Keyword Manual Vol. I
and II to assist you.

• The written keyword file can now be submitted to LS-DYNA.

Slide 22
LS-DYNA ENVIRONMENT
Job Submission
Solver: SHELL – Submitting jobs Getting Started with LS-DYNA

LS-DYNA Version

Input File

Number of CPU
(cores)

Queue options

Submit

The list of LS-DYNA versions that can be accessed through the SHELL is controlled via an
ASCII file called ‘dyna_versions’, see installation manual for further details

Slide 24
LS-DYNA ENVIRONMENT
Solver: Input and Output files Getting Started with LS-DYNA

Arup file name convention is <name>.extension (see the left hand side column), so it is
obvious which files belong together.

Results files are BIG so are often written as a “family” of files (e.g. ptf, .ptf01, .ptf02).

Other specific output files can be requested for specialist data (e.g. spcforc for reaction
forces). See PRIMER for details of these.

Slide 25
LS-DYNA ENVIRONMENT
Solver: Submit LS-DYNA job Getting Started with LS-DYNA

• In Oasys SHELL, select the following settings:

• Single Precision: Single precision (SP) uses 32 bit
storage and is used for most LS-DYNA applications.
Double precision (DP) would use 64 bit storage and
is useful when extremely small deflections or long
event times are expected.
• SMP: Shared Memory Processing allows users to
distribute the model over multiple processes on the
same machine. Scalability is minimal beyond 4-8
processors. Massively Parallel Processing (MPP)
allows users to run the LS-DYNA solver over a
cluster of machines or use multiple processors on a
single machine. Scalable!
• Version: Select the desired SMP LS-DYNA version
installed on the client machine.
• Number of CPUs: 4 cores is sufficient here.
• Input File: Navigate to the LS-DYNA input deck
• Click ‘Submit’.

Slide 26
LS-DYNA ENVIRONMENT
Post-Processor - .ptf or d3plot files
Post-processing: Oasys D3PLOT Getting Started with LS-DYNA
Top menus Quick-Pick Control Tools T/HIS link
Allows access to basic options, keywords Controls the mouse action when Provides access to D3PLOT
and tools, in a drop-down menu format applied within the graphics area specific functions

Menu tabs
These control which
option is displayed in the
Window ID current menu panel.
Model and Part Tree will
always be available in
addition to selected
options
Graphics Area
Area within which Current menu panel
graphics are drawn
"Current Menu Panel"
Displays the menu for
the option currently
selected by the menu
tabs

Animation Controls
The interface is very similar to Oasys PRIMER
Controls states and what
is displayed during
animation

Dialogue & List area Viewing & Drawing Commands

Area for command-line input and output, Provides all aspects of view control: direction, perspective,
also acts a listing area for messages scale, etc. Contains the drawing commands and their settings

Slide 28
LS-DYNA ENVIRONMENT
Solver: .otf file (Analysis status file) Getting Started with LS-DYNA

Open the .otf file and look for: Error, Warning, t o t a l, termination, smallest, added
It’s useful to look at this file while the model is running. (The messag files can be useful too).
The .otf file contains:
• Generic information from reading the model in
• First allocation of memory
• Model initialisation (t o t a l masses, smallest timestep, contact surface timesteps (should be
less than model timestep), added mass, initial energy, …)
• Information at each timesteps output files are produced for
• Summary of time taken for each part of the analysis (check it’s reasonable).
100 smallest timesteps T i m i n g i n f o r m a t i o n
---------------------- CPU(seconds) %CPU Clock(seconds) %Clock
----------------------------------------------------------------
element timestep Initialization ....... 4.7000E-01 0.01 5.0935E-01 0.01
shell 27156 0.35129E-06 Element processing ... 4.0769E+03 47.79 2.0127E+03 47.58
shell 12452 0.35129E-06 Binary databases ..... 3.3946E+00 0.04 1.7572E+00 0.04
shell 38534 0.41072E-06 ASCII database ....... 2.0024E+00 0.02 1.1212E+00 0.03
slave surface of interface # 1 type= 13 Contact algorithm .... 4.3704E+03 51.23 2.1756E+03 51.43
shell 38533 0.41072E-06
surface timestep= 0.761E-06 current minimum= 0.761E-06 Interface ID 1 3.4023E+03 39.88 1.6947E+03 40.06
shell 1101 0.41072E-06
slave surface of interface # 2 type= 13 Interface ID 2 9.4749E+02 11.11 4.7645E+02 11.26
shell 1096 0.41072E-06
surface timestep= 0.761E-06 current minimum= 0.761E-06 Contact entities ..... 0.0000E+00 0.00 0.0000E+00 0.00
slave surface of interface # 3 type= 7 Rigid bodies ......... 7.7279E+01 0.91 3.8627E+01 0.91
surface timestep= 0.498E-06 current minimum= 0.498E-06 Implicit Nonlinear ... 0.0000E+00 0.00 0.0000E+00 0.00
master surface of interface # 3 type= 7 Implicit Lin. Alg. ... 0.0000E+00 0.00 0.0000E+00 0.00
----------------------------------------------------------------
surface timestep= 0.761E-06 current minimum= 0.498E-06 T o t a l s 8.5305E+03 100.00 4.2303E+03 100.00

The LS-DYNA time step size should not exceed 0.498E-06 Problem time = 5.0000E-01
Problem cycle = 1171653
Total CPU time = 8531 seconds ( 2 hours 22 minutes 11 seconds)
CPU time per zone cycle = 810 nanoseconds
problem cycle = 1200 Clock time per zone cycle= 402 nanoseconds
time = 1.2949E-03 Number of CPU's 2
added mass = 4.3696E-04 NLQ used/max 272/ 272
percentage increase = Deformable Spotwelds *****
2.7420E-02 Start time 09/13/2010 16:53:41
total added spotweld mass = 1.3139E-05 End time 09/13/2010 18:04:50
percentage mass increase = 8.2451E-04 Elapsed time 4269 seconds( 1 hours 11 min. 9 sec.) for 1171653 cycles

N o r m a l t e r m i n a t i o n

Slide 29
LS-DYNA ENVIRONMENT
Post-processing: Animate the results Getting Started with LS-DYNA

• Open the <name>.ptf file from the run directory in Oasys D3PLOT.
• Left Shift + left mouse button to rotate the camera.
• Clicking on items blanks them. Middle mouse button to unblank last item. ‘U’ to
unblank everything.
• Animate the results and check the deformation.

t=0s

t = 0.1 s
Check that the model
behaviour is sensible
t = 0.225 s and as expected. For
example, there
should not be parts
t = 0.35 s flying away or
t = 0.355 penetrating each
s s other and contacts
t = 0.50
should remain intact.

Slide 30
LS-DYNA ENVIRONMENT
Post-processing: Contour stress Getting Started with LS-DYNA

• Select Category: Stress

• Component: X_DIRECT_STRESS via the ‘DATA – Scalar 1’ panel
• Select CT (Continuous Tone) or SI (Shaded Image) for contour plotting

By default this will show the Plastic Strain component, but other output categories can
be selected from the data panel.

Slide 31
LS-DYNA ENVIRONMENT
Time History - . thf or d3thdt, …
Post-processing: Oasys T/HIS Getting Started with LS-DYNA

Top menus Quick-Pick Control Tools D3PLOT Link

Allows access to basic options and tools, Controls the mouse action when Provides access to T/HIS
in a drop-down menu format applied within the graphics area specific functions

Graph ID

Graphics Area
Area within which
graphics are drawn Current menu panel

The entity types for

which time-history data is
available are shown by
the green buttons.

Dialogue & List area Viewing Commands

Area for command-line input and output, These are different to PRIMER and D3PLOT
also acts a listing area for messages

Slide 33
LS-DYNA ENVIRONMENT
Post-processing: Crush force (X-Sections) Getting Started with LS-DYNA

• Click on T/HIS button via the Main Menu Option - this will open a T/HIS
session within D3PLOT.
• Click “X Sections”.
• Select the component of force, i.e. FX – X force.
• Select the SECTION(s) entities corresponding to the model.
• Click ‘Apply’ to plot data graphs.
• Note: Left clicking a line on the graph blanks it. Press middle mouse
button to unblank.
• Further graph and curve options can be found under the ‘T/HIS’ main
menu panel -> ‘Curves’.

While D3PLOT allows visual representation of this result and interaction with it,
T/HIS allows for plotting and manipulation of time histories. All data for post
processing must be requested in the database cards when setting up the run.

Slide 34
LS-DYNA ENVIRONMENT
Post-processing: Check energy output using T/HIS Getting Started with LS-DYNA

• Blank the previous plots and follow equivalent steps as described above.
• Click ‘Read’ in the tool panel to access the available time histories. What is available here
depends on how the database cards were set up earlier.
• Click ‘Global’ and select (holding the ‘Ctrl’ key) ‘KE’, ‘IE’, ‘HG’, ‘EW’ and ‘TE’.
• Check that the energy time histories make sense with what is expected.

Slide 35
LS-DYNA ENVIRONMENT
Post-processing: Check energy output using T/HIS Getting Started with LS-DYNA

• Check the hourglass energy it should not be more than 5% of internal energy.

If the hourglass energy exceeds 5% of the internal energy, then measures should be taken to
reduce the extent of hourglassing. These measures may include:
• Avoid point or line loads and contacts (use pressures or surface contacts instead).
• Avoid bending in single-point-integration solid elements (or use fully integrated elements).
• Use a finer mesh.
• If none of the above work, some benefit can be had from using the *HOURGLASS card.

• The graph on the right shows the

energies from the same model
having been run without requesting
hourglass energy in the
*CONTROL_ENERGY card.
Compare this with the graph on the
previous slide where hourglass
energy (HG.E.) is non-zero.

Slide 36
LS-DYNA ENVIRONMENT
[Optional]: Calculate the work done from the force Getting Started with LS-DYNA

• Check the work done by the force by performing the integral ‫𝑥𝑑 𝑥𝐹 ׬‬.

• The force plotted is with respect to time 𝐹𝑥 (𝑡), not displacement 𝐹𝑥 (𝑥). The work done
𝑑𝑥
can be calculated as ‫𝑡𝑑 )𝑡( 𝑥𝐹 ׬‬.
𝑑𝑡

• Click ‘Read’, ‘Nodes’, and plot the X Displacement of the defined node.

• Now differentiate this curve by clicking ‘Operate’ in the tool panel then ‘DIF’ and select
𝑑𝑥
the X displacement curve. Press ‘Apply’ to generate a curve for (𝑡).
𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑥
• Now use the ‘MUL (y)’ operation to multiply 𝐹𝑥 (𝑡) with t . Then use the ‘INT’
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥
operation on the resultant graph to perform the integral ‫)𝑡( 𝑥𝐹 ׬‬ 𝑑𝑡 .
𝑑𝑡

• Compare the result against the energies plotted earlier by using the ‘Curves’ tool.

Slide 37
LS-DYNA ENVIRONMENT
Contact Information Getting Started with LS-DYNA

www.arup.com/dyna

For more information please contact the following:

UK Contact: China Contact: India Contact: USA West Contact:

The Arup Campus Arup China Arup India Arup Americas
Blythe Valley Park 39/F-41/F Huaihai Plaza Ananth Info Park, HiTec City c/o 560 Mission Street Suite 700
Solihull 1045 Huaihai Road (M) Madhapur Phase-II San Francisco
United Kingdom Xuhui District, Shanghai Hyderabad United States
B90 8AE China India CA 94105
200031 500081, Telangana

T: +44 121 213 3399 T: +86 21 3118 8875 T: +91 40 44369797 / 98 T: +1 415 940 0959
[email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected]

or your local Oasys distributor

Slide 38
LS-DYNA ENVIRONMENT