Group 1 Members :

Alimento - 2
Alquizola - 14
Andoyo – 19, 25
Ano - 9
Balmera - 11
Bibat - 1
1. Find the coefficient of 𝑥 20 in the expansion of 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 4 + 𝑥 5 + ⋯ 3.

Solution:

We have,
𝑥3 + 𝑥4 + 𝑥5 + ⋯ 3 = 𝑥3 1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥2 + ⋯ 3
= 𝑥 9 1 − 𝑥 −3 (By formula 3)
𝑟+3−1 𝑟
= 𝑥 9 σ∞
𝑟=0 𝑥 (By formula 5)
𝑟
𝑟+2 𝑟
= 𝑥 9 σ∞
𝑟=0 𝑥 .
2

Thus, the coefficient of 𝑥 20 in the expansion 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 4 + 𝑥 5 + ⋯ 3 is equal to the

𝑟+2 𝑟 11 + 2 13
coefficient of 𝑥 20−9 = 𝑥 11 in σ∞
𝑟=0 𝑥 , which is then equal to = .
2 2 2
2. Find the coefficient of 𝑥 9 and in the expansion 1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + ⋯ + 𝑥 5 4 .

Solution:

By formula 6, we have

2 5 4 6 4
1
1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 + ⋯+ 𝑥 = 1−𝑥 4
1−𝑥

By formula 5, we have
∞
𝑘+4−1 𝑘
1+𝑥+ 𝑥2 + ⋯+ 𝑥5 4 = 1− 𝑥6 4 ෍ 𝑥
𝑘
𝑘=0

∞
𝑘+3 𝑘
= 1 − 𝑥6 4 ෍ 𝑥
𝑘
𝑘=0

∞
𝑘+3 𝑘
= 1 − 4𝑥 6 + 6𝑥 12 − 4𝑥 18 + 𝑥 24 ෍ 𝑥
𝑘
𝑘=0
Thus, the coefficient of 𝑥 9 in the expansion of 1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + ⋯ + 𝑥 5 4 is

𝑘+3 𝑘−6+3 9+3 9−6+3 11 6

−4 = −4 = −4
3 3 3 3 3 3

and the coefficient of 𝑥 14 in the expansion of 1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + ⋯ + 𝑥 5 4

is

𝑘+3 𝑘−6+3 𝑘 − 12 + 3 14 + 3 14 − 6 + 3 14 − 12 + 3
−4 +6 = −4 +6
3 3 3 3 3 3

17 11 5
= −4 +6
3 3 3
9.) Find the number of ways to distribute 40 identical balls to 7 distinct boxes if box 1
must hold at least 3, and at most 10, of the balls.
Solution :
For each non-negative integer r, we let ar, denote the number of ways to distribute r
identical balls to 7 distinct boxes, such that box 1 must hold at least 3, and at most 10, of the
balls. So, the generating function is
( 𝑥3 + 𝑥4 + 𝑥5 + … + 𝑥10 )( 𝑥0 + 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + … ) ( 𝑥0 + 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + … ) ( 𝑥0 + 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + … )
( 𝑥0 + 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + … )( 𝑥0 + 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + … )( 𝑥0 + 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + … )
= ( 𝑥3 + 𝑥4 + 𝑥5 + … + 𝑥10 )( 𝑥0 + 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + … )6
= 𝑥3 ( 1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥2 + … + 𝑥7 )( 1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥2 + … )6
= 𝑥3 ( 1 – 𝑥8 / 1 – 𝑥 )( 1 / 1 – 𝑥 )6 by formula 3
= 𝑥3 ( 1 – 𝑥8 )( 1 / (1 – 𝑥) )( 1 / 1 – 𝑥 )6
= 𝑥3 ( 1 – 𝑥8 )( 1 / (1 – 𝑥) )7
= 𝑥3 ( 1 – 𝑥8 )( 1 / (1 – 𝑥7 ))
∞
𝑟+7−1
= 𝑥3 ( 1 – 𝑥8 ) ෍ 𝑥 𝑟 by formula 6
𝑟
𝑟=0
∞
𝑟+6
= 𝑥3 ( 1 – 𝑥8 )) ෍ 𝑥𝑟
𝑟
𝑟=0
Thus, the number of ways to distribute 40 identical balls to 7 distinct boxes, such that box
1 must hold at least 3, and at most 10, of the balls, is equal to
40 − 3 + 6 40 − 11 + 6 43 35
𝒂𝟒𝟎 = – = –
6 6 6 6
11. Find the number of ways can 100 identical chairs be divided among 4 different rooms so that each
room will have 10, 20, 30, 40 or 50 chairs?

Let 𝑎𝑟 be the number of ways to divide r identical chairs into 4 different rooms such that each room will
have 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 chairs.

Then, the generating function for 𝑎𝑟 is

(𝑥 + 𝑥 2 +. . . +𝑥 5 )4 = 𝑥 4 (1 + 𝑥+. . . +𝑥 4 )4
= 𝑥 4 1 − 𝑥 5 4 1 − 𝑥 −4 by Formula 6
𝑟+4−1 𝑟
= 𝑥 4 1 − 4𝑥 5 + 6𝑥 10 − 4𝑥 15 + 𝑥 20 σ∞𝑟=0 𝑟
𝑥 Formula 5
𝑟+3 𝑟
= 𝑥 4 1 − 4𝑥 5 + 6𝑥 10 − 4𝑥 15 + 𝑥 20 σ∞
𝑟=0 3 𝑥

Thus, the number of ways to divide 100 identical chairs into 4 different rooms such that each room will
have 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 chairs is equal to

10 − 4 + 3 10 − 4 + 3 9 4
𝑎10 = −4 = −4 = 68.
3 3 3 3
#14
In how many ways can 3000 identical pencils be divided up, in packages of 25, among four student
groups so that each group gets at least 150, but not more than 1000, of the pencils?
Solution:
Since there are 25 pencils in a single package, then
3000
= 120
25
So, there are 120 pencil packages with 25 pencils each package. Also, since the pencils will be divided
among four student groups where each group can get at least 150, but not more than 1000 pencils, then
150 1000
= 6 ; = 40
25 25
Thus, each student group can getat least 6 pencil packages, but not more than 40 packages, with 25
pencils per package. Now, for each non-negative integer 𝑟, we let 𝑎𝑟 denote the number of ways to divide
𝑘 identical pencils amongst 4 student groups such that each group gets at least 6, but not more than 40 of
the pencils. By (5.1.3) and (5.1.6), we see that the generating function for (𝑎𝑟 ) is

𝑥 6 + 𝑥 7 + 𝑥 8 + ⋯ + 𝑥 40 4 = 𝑥 24 + 𝑥 28 + 𝑥 32 + ⋯ + 𝑥 160
= 𝑥 24 1 + 𝑥 4 + 𝑥 8 + ⋯ + 𝑥 136
= 𝑥 24 1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + ⋯ + 𝑥 34 4

= 𝑥 24 1 − 𝑥 35 4
1−𝑥 −4
 ∞
𝑟+4−1 𝑟
= 𝑥 24 1 − 4𝑥 35 + 6𝑥 70 − 4𝑥 105 + 𝑥 140 ෍ 𝑥
𝑟
𝑟=0
∞
𝑟+3 𝑟
= 𝑥 24 − 4𝑥 59 + 6𝑥 94 − 4𝑥 129 + 𝑥 164 ෍ 𝑥
𝑟
𝑟=0

Thus, the number of ways to divide 120 identical pencils amongst 4 student groups such that each group
gets at least 6, but not more than 40 of the pencils, is equal to
120 − 24 + 3 120 − 59 + 3 120 − 94 + 3
𝑎120 = −4 +6
3 3 3
99 64 29
𝑎120 = −4 +6
3 3 3
19. What is the probability that the roll of 5 distinct dice yields a sum of 17?

Solution: Let 𝑎𝑟 be number of ways to yield a sum of 𝑟 from rolling 5 distinct dice, where 𝑟 is
a nonnegative integer. Since there are 6 outcomes for 1 roll namely: 1,2,3,4,5,6, so the
generating function for 1 roll is

𝑥1 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 5 + 𝑥 6 = 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 5 + 𝑥 6

Since there are 5 rolls. Then we can say that the generating function for 5 rolls is

𝑥 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 + 𝑥5 + 𝑥6 5

Thus, we have

𝑥 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 + 𝑥5 + 𝑥6 5 = 𝑥 1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥4 + 𝑥5 5

= 𝑥5 1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥4 + 𝑥5 5
By formula 6 with 𝑛 = 5 and 𝑎 = 1, we have
5
1 1 − 𝑥 5+1
𝑥 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 + 𝑥5 + 𝑥6 5
= 𝑥5
1−𝑥

5
1 − 𝑥6 5
=𝑥
1−𝑥 5

1
= 𝑥5 1 − 𝑥6 5
⋅ 5
1−𝑥
5 5
Notice that 1 − 𝑥6 5 = σ5𝑖=0
𝑖
1 𝑛−𝑖 −𝑥 6 𝑖 = σ5
𝑖=0 𝑖 −1 𝑖 𝑥 6𝑖 by Binomial Theorem and
1 𝑘+5−1 𝑘+4
= σ+∞
𝑘=0 𝑘
𝑥𝑘 = σ+∞
𝑘=0 𝑘 𝑥 𝑘 by formula 5. Thus,
1−𝑥 5

5 +∞
5 𝑘+4 𝑘
𝑥 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 + 𝑥5 + 𝑥6 5
= 𝑥5 ෍ −1 𝑖 𝑥 6𝑖 ෍ 𝑥
𝑖 𝑘
𝑖=0 𝑘=0

+∞ 5
5 𝑖
𝑟 + 4 𝑘 6𝑖 5
= ෍෍ −1 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑖 𝑟
𝑘=0 𝑖=0
 +∞ 5
5 𝑖
𝑘 + 4 𝑘+6𝑖+5
= ෍෍ −1 𝑥
𝑖 𝑟
𝑘=0 𝑖=0

Suppose that 𝑟 = 17. Since we are finding the coefficient of 𝑥 17 which is 𝑎17 , so we can let
𝑥 17 = 𝑥 𝑘+6𝑖+5 which implies that 17 = 𝑘 + 6𝑖 + 5 ⟺ 𝑘 = 12 − 6𝑖. Note that 𝑘 is nonnegative
integer, then the only possible values for 𝑖 are 0, 1, and 2. If 𝑖 = 0 then 𝑘 = 12 − 6 0 = 12, If
𝑖 = 1 then 𝑘 = 12 − 6 1 = 6, and If 𝑖 = 2 then 𝑘 = 12 − 6 2 = 0. Hence,

5 0
12 + 4 5 1
6+4 5 2
0+4
𝑎17 = −1 + −1 + −1
0 12 1 6 2 0

16 10 4
𝑎17 = −5 + 10 = 1820 − 5 210 + 10 = 1830 − 1050 = 780
12 6 0

Thus, 𝑎17 = 780. This means that the number of ways to yield a sum of 17 from rolling 5
distinct dice is 780. Also, observe that we are rolling 5 distinct dice and each dice there are 6
outcomes which are 1,2,3,4,5,6. So by multiplication principle there are 6 ⋅ 6 ⋅ 6 ⋅ 6 ⋅ 6 = 65 =
7776 outcomes in rolling 5 distinct dice. Therefore, the probability that the roll of 5 distinct
780 65
dice yields a sum of 17 is 7776 = 648 ≈ 0.1003 or 10.03%.
25. For 𝑟 ∈ ℕ∗ , let 𝑎𝑟 be the number of integer solutions to the inequality

𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 + 𝑥4 ≤ 𝑟

where 3 ≤ 𝑥1 ≤ 9, 1 ≤ 𝑥2 ≤ 10, 𝑥3 ≥ 2, and 𝑥4 ≥ 0. Find the generating function for the

sequence 𝑎𝑟 and the value of 𝑎20 .

Solution: First we transform the given inequality into an equality by introducing another
variable, let say 𝑥5 . To properly understand the transformation, we will approach it intuitively.
Assuming that we have 5 boxes namely: 𝑏1 , 𝑏2 , 𝑏3 , 𝑏4 , and 𝑏5 and let 𝑟 be a number of
marbles in which these marbles are distributed into boxes 𝑏1 , 𝑏2 , 𝑏3 , 𝑏4 , 𝑏5 . Suppose further
that 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 , 𝑥4 , and 𝑥5 are the number of marbles in each boxes 𝑏1 , 𝑏2 , 𝑏3 , 𝑏4 , and 𝑏5
respectively. Under the condition that 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 + 𝑥4 ≤ 𝑟 where 3 ≤ 𝑥1 ≤ 9, 1 ≤ 𝑥2 ≤ 10,
𝑥3 ≥ 2, and 𝑥4 ≥ 0. Since 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 + 𝑥4 ≤ 𝑟 so there must be marbles left if all the marbles
are not totally distributed into boxes 𝑏1 , 𝑏2 , 𝑏3 , 𝑏4 , let say the number of marbles left is 𝑠 and
assuming that 𝑣 is the number of marbles distributed into boxes 𝑏1 , 𝑏2 , 𝑏3 , 𝑏4 then 𝑟 ≥ 𝑣 and
𝑠 = 𝑟 − 𝑣. Since the marbles are only distributed into boxes 𝑏1 , 𝑏2 , 𝑏3 , 𝑏4 , so this means that
the number of marbles left can only be distributed to 𝑏5 and so 𝑠 = 𝑥5 .
Case 1: 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 + 𝑥4 = 𝑟

The equation 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 + 𝑥4 = 𝑟 means that all the marbles are distributed into boxes 𝑏1 ,
𝑏2 , 𝑏3 , 𝑏4 with 3 ≤ 𝑥1 ≤ 9, 1 ≤ 𝑥2 ≤ 10, 𝑥3 ≥ 2, and 𝑥4 ≥ 0. This means that there are no marble
distributed into 𝑏5 . Thus, 𝑟 = 𝑣 and so 𝑠 = 𝑥5 = 𝑟 − 𝑟 = 0. Analytically and mathematically,
this implies that the number of integer solutions to 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 + 𝑥4 = 𝑟 is equal to the
number of integer solutions to 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 + 𝑥4 + 𝑥5 = 𝑟 where 3 ≤ 𝑥1 ≤ 9, 1 ≤ 𝑥2 ≤ 10, 𝑥3 ≥
2, 𝑥4 ≥ 0, and 𝑥5 = 0.

Case 2: 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 + 𝑥4 < 𝑟

The inequality 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 + 𝑥4 < 𝑟 means that not all the marbles are distributed into boxes
𝑏1 , 𝑏2 , 𝑏3 , 𝑏4 with 3 ≤ 𝑥1 ≤ 9, 1 ≤ 𝑥2 ≤ 10, 𝑥3 ≥ 2, and 𝑥4 ≥ 0. This means that there are
marbles distributed into 𝑏5 . Thus, 𝑟 ≠ 𝑣 and so 𝑠 = 𝑥5 = 𝑟 − 𝑣 and 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 + 𝑥4 = 𝑣, for
some 𝑣 ∈ ℕ . Analytically and mathematically, this implies that the number of integer
solutions to 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 + 𝑥4 < 𝑟 is equal to the number of integer solutions to 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 +
𝑥4 + 𝑥5 = 𝑟 where 3 ≤ 𝑥1 ≤ 9, 1 ≤ 𝑥2 ≤ 10, 𝑥3 ≥ 2, 𝑥4 ≥ 0, and 𝑥5 > 0. We can verify this fact
by letting 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 + 𝑥4 = 𝑣, so 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 + 𝑥4 < 𝑟 ⟺ 𝑣 < 𝑟 ⟺ 𝑟 > 𝑣, thus 𝑟 > 𝑣 is true
because 𝑟 ≠ 𝑣 but 𝑟 ≥ 𝑣. Also, if 𝑥5 = 𝑟 − 𝑣, then 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 + 𝑥4 + 𝑥5 = 𝑟 ⟺ 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 +
𝑥4 + 𝑟 − 𝑣 = 𝑟 ⟺ 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 + 𝑥4 = 𝑟 − 𝑟 + 𝑣 ⟺ 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 + 𝑥4 = 𝑣 , which is, 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 +
𝑥3 + 𝑥4 = 𝑣 is also true.
Combining the results of case 1 and case 2, we can conclude that the number of integer
solutions to 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 + 𝑥4 ≤ 𝑟 is equal to the number of integer solutions to 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 +
𝑥4 + 𝑥5 = 𝑟 where 3 ≤ 𝑥1 ≤ 9, 1 ≤ 𝑥2 ≤ 10, 𝑥3 ≥ 2, 𝑥4 ≥ 0, and 𝑥5 ≥ 0.

We consider 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 + 𝑥4 + 𝑥5 = 𝑟 where 3 ≤ 𝑥1 ≤ 9, 1 ≤ 𝑥2 ≤ 10, 𝑥3 ≥ 2, 𝑥4 ≥ 0, and 𝑥5 ≥

0, and find the generating function for the number of integer solutions. Let 𝑎𝑟 be the number
of integer solutions to the equation

𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 + 𝑥4 + 𝑥5 = 𝑟

where 3 ≤ 𝑥1 ≤ 9, 1 ≤ 𝑥2 ≤ 10, 𝑥3 ≥ 2, 𝑥4 , 𝑥5 ≥ 0, and 𝑟 ∈ ℕ∗ .

For 𝑥1 . Since 3 ≤ 𝑥1 ≤ 9, it follows that the generating function for 𝑥1 is

𝑥3 + 𝑥5 + 𝑥6 + 𝑥7 + 𝑥8 + 𝑥9

For 𝑥2 . Since 1 ≤ 𝑥2 ≤ 10, it follows that the generating function for 𝑥2 is

𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 4 + 𝑥 5 + 𝑥 6 + 𝑥 7 + 𝑥 8 + 𝑥 9 + 𝑥 10
For 𝑥3 . Since 𝑥3 ≥ 2, it follows that the generating function for 𝑥3 is

𝑥2 + 𝑥3 + 𝑥5 + ⋯

For 𝑥4 and 𝑥5 . Since 𝑥4 , 𝑥5 ≥ 0, it follows that the generating function for 𝑥4 and 𝑥5 is

1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 + ⋯

So, the generating function for the number of integer solutions is

𝑥 3 + 𝑥 5 + 𝑥 6 + 𝑥 7 + 𝑥 8 + 𝑥 9 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 5 + 𝑥 6 + 𝑥 7 + 𝑥 8 + 𝑥 9 + 𝑥 10 (𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 5
+ ⋯ ) 1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 + ⋯ 1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 + ⋯

= 𝑥3 1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 + 𝑥4 + 𝑥5 + 𝑥6 𝑥 1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 + 𝑥4 + 𝑥5 + 𝑥6 + 𝑥7 + 𝑥8 + 𝑥9 𝑥2
1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 + ⋯ 1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 + ⋯ 1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 + ⋯

= 𝑥 6 1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 4 + 𝑥 5 + 𝑥 6 (1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 4 + 𝑥 5 + 𝑥 6 + 𝑥 7 + 𝑥 8 +
𝑥 9) 1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3 + ⋯ 3

1−𝑥 7
By formula 6 observe that 1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 + 𝑥4 + 𝑥5 + 𝑥6 = ,1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 + 𝑥4 + 𝑥5 +
1−𝑥
1−𝑥 10 1
𝑥6 + 𝑥7 + 𝑥8 + 𝑥9 = 1−𝑥
, and by formula 3, 1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3 + ⋯ = 1−𝑥.
Thus,

𝑥 3 + 𝑥 5 + 𝑥 6 + 𝑥 7 + 𝑥 8 + 𝑥 9 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 5 + 𝑥 6 + 𝑥 7 + 𝑥 8 + 𝑥 9 + 𝑥 10 (𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 5
+ ⋯ ) 1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 + ⋯ 1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 + ⋯

3 3
1 − 𝑥7 1 − 𝑥 10 1 1 1 1
= 𝑥6 = 𝑥 6 1 − 𝑥 7 1 − 𝑥 10
1−𝑥 1−𝑥 1−𝑥 1−𝑥 1−𝑥 1−𝑥

5
1 1
= 𝑥 6 1 − 𝑥 7 1 − 𝑥 10 = 𝑥 6 1 − 𝑥 7 1 − 𝑥 10 5
1−𝑥 1−𝑥

1 +∞ 𝑘+5−1 +∞ 𝑘+4
By formula 5, = σ𝑘=0 𝑘
𝑥 𝑘 = σ𝑘=0 𝑘
𝑥 𝑘 . Hence,
1−𝑥 5

𝑥 3 + 𝑥 5 + 𝑥 6 + 𝑥 7 + 𝑥 8 + 𝑥 9 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 5 + 𝑥 6 + 𝑥 7 + 𝑥 8 + 𝑥 9 + 𝑥 10 (𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 5
+ ⋯ ) 1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 + ⋯ 1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 + ⋯
+∞ +∞
𝑘+4 𝑘 𝑘+4 𝑘
= 𝑥 6 1 − 𝑥 7 1 − 𝑥 10 ෍ 𝑥 = 𝑥 6 − 𝑥 13 1 − 𝑥 10 ෍ 𝑥
𝑘 𝑘
𝑘=0 𝑘=0
 +∞ +∞
𝑘+4 𝑘 𝑘+4 𝑘
= 𝑥 6 − 𝑥 13 1 − 𝑥 10 ෍ 𝑥 = 𝑥 6 − 𝑥 16 − 𝑥 13 + 𝑥 23 ෍ 𝑥
𝑘 𝑘
𝑘=0 𝑘=0

Therefore, the generating function for the sequence 𝑎𝑟 is

+∞
𝑘+4 𝑘
𝑥 6 − 𝑥 16 − 𝑥 13 + 𝑥 23 ෍ 𝑥
𝑘
𝑘=0

To find the value of 𝑎20 , observe that 𝑎20 is the coefficient of the term 𝑥 20 . So we find the
coefficient of 𝑥 20 . First, we do the following calculation
+∞
𝑘+4 𝑘
𝑥 6 − 𝑥 16 − 𝑥 13 + 𝑥 23 ෍ 𝑥
𝑘
𝑘=0
+∞ +∞ +∞ +∞
𝑘+4 𝑘 𝑘+4 𝑘 𝑘+4 𝑘 𝑘+4 𝑘
= 𝑥6 ෍ 𝑥 − 𝑥 16 ෍ 𝑥 − 𝑥 13 ෍ 𝑥 + 𝑥 23 ෍ 𝑥
𝑘 𝑘 𝑘 𝑘
𝑘=0 𝑘=0 𝑘=0 𝑘=0
 +∞ +∞ +∞ +∞
𝑘 + 4 𝑘+6 𝑘 + 4 𝑘+16 𝑘 + 4 𝑘+13 𝑘 + 4 𝑘+23
=෍ 𝑥 −෍ 𝑥 −෍ 𝑥 +෍ 𝑥
𝑘 𝑘 𝑘 𝑘
𝑘=0 𝑘=0 𝑘=0 𝑘=0

𝑘+4
Consider σ+∞
𝑘=0 𝑘
𝑥 𝑘+6. Let 𝑥 20 = 𝑥 𝑘+6 which implies that 20 = 𝑘 + 6 ⟺ 𝑘 = 14. So,

𝑘+4 14 + 4 18
= = = 3060
𝑘 14 14

𝑘+4
Consider − σ+∞
𝑘=0 𝑘
𝑥 𝑘+16. Let 𝑥 20 = 𝑥 𝑘+16 which implies that 20 = 𝑘 + 16 ⟺ 𝑘 = 4. So,

𝑘+4 4+4 8
− =− =− = −70
𝑘 4 4

𝑘+4
Consider − σ+∞
𝑘=0 𝑘
𝑥 𝑘+13. Let 𝑥 20 = 𝑥 𝑘+13 which implies that 20 = 𝑘 + 13 ⟺ 𝑘 = 7. So,

𝑘+4 7+4 11
− =− =− = −330
𝑘 7 7
 𝑘+4
Consider σ+∞𝑘=0 𝑘 𝑥 𝑘+23 . Let 𝑥 20 = 𝑥 𝑘+23 which implies that 20 = 𝑘 + 23 ⟺ 𝑘 = −3 .
However, 𝑘 ≥ 0, so we can neglect 𝑘 = −3.

Thus, adding all the results above, we have

𝑎20 = 3060 − 70 − 330 = 2660

Therefore, the value of 𝑎20 is 2660.