Instruments -oGqx?

_ cdL/ dfg zfSo

;e]{If0fsf] s'g} klg sfd ug{sf] nflu ;fwg tyf oGqsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . ;j]{Ifsn] cfkm"n] k|of]u
ug]{ ;fwg tyf oGqsf] af/]df hfgsf/L ul//fVg' clt cfjZos x'G5 . tL ;fwg tyf oGqsf][ jgfj6,
pkof]lutf / dxTj hfGg' cfjZos x'G5 . 7Ls sfddf 7Ls oGq tyf ;fwgx?nfO{ /fd|/L lrlg /fVg' k5{ .
;e]{If0fsf] If]qLo sfddf ljz]if u/L sf]0f gfKg] oGq tyf ;fwgx? b'/L gfKg] oGq tyf cGo oGq tyf
;fwgx?sf] k|of]u ul/G5 .
Type of instruments use in plane tabling method: -
Kn]g 6]j'n ;e]{If0f ( Plane table survey) Pp6f ;/n l56f] / sd vr{jf6 gS;f lgsfNg] k|ljlw
xf] . k[YjLsf] s'g} klg efu ;dtn sfuhdf u|fkmLsnL ( graphically) gS;f lvRg] tl/sf xf] .
gS;f lvRg] of] tl/sf 7"nf] If]qsf] ;fgf] dfgdf gS;f jgfpg jl9 pkof]uL 5 . 7"nf] dfgsf] gS;f
jgfpg klg of] tl/sf ckgfOG5 . of] gS;f jgfpg] tl/sfdf If]qLo ;j]{If0f / Knl6Ë ( plotting ) ;+u;u}
Ps} kN6 If]qdfg} x'G5 . o;}n] o; Kn]g 6]j'n tl/sfjf6 ;e]{If0f ul/g] sfo{df s] s] oGqx? k|of]u ul/G5
To:sf] ljj/0f tn lbO{Psf] 5 .
Kn]g 6]j'n ( Plane table ) :- of] Pp6f c;n vfnsf] ;'s]sf] ;dtn sf7jf6 agfPsf] 6]j'n xf] o;sf]
dflyNnf] ;tx Psbd ;dtn x'g'k5{ . d'lg jLrdf lqv'§L ;+u hf]8g sf] nflu d]rx? /fvL jgfO{Psf] x'g'k5{ .
6]j'n sl/j &% ;]=dL=nDjfO{ / ^) ;]=dL= rf}8fO{ sf] x'g' k5{ . 6]j'n lqv'§L df 3'Dg] x'g'k5{ . o;nfO{
j6/NkmfO{, k]r (butterfly screw) 4f/f s:g' k5{ . Kn]g 6]j'nsf] hfFrsf] nfuL s]xL ofb ug'[{ kg]{
s'/fx? tn lbO{Psf5g\ .
!_ Kn]g 6]j'nsf] dflyNnf] ;tx Psbd ;dtn ePsf] x'g'k5{ ;Lwf :s]n ( straight scale) nfO{ ljleGg
sf]0f jf6 6]j'ndf /fvL o:sf] hfFr ug{ ;lsG5 .
@_ 6]j'nsf] d'lg /x]sf] j|f; Kn]6nfO{ sl;/fv]sf] :s|'x? ;j} l7s cj:yfdf sl;/fv]sf] x'g'k5{ .
#_ lqv'§Ldf /x]sf] kmnfdsf k]rx? /fd|f];+u sl;Psf] x'g'k5[{ .
$_6]j'n / lqv'§L nfO{ s'g} Ps :yfgdf /fvL v'§fx?nfO{ /fd|f] ;+u km}nfO{ ltgLx? ;j} 7Ls 5g\ 5}g hfFr ug'{
k5{ .
Kn]g 6]j'n tl/sf df k|of]u x'g] ;fdfgx?
!_ jf]8{ @_ 8«O{Ë k]k/ #_ Alidade -cln8]8_ $_ l:k|8 n]en %_ 6«fkm sDKff; ^_ NklDjË k|ms &_ KnDa
nfO{g :ffO{6 d]g cyjf clN86

af]8{
6«fkm sDkf;

KnlDjË k|ms

lqv'§L
KnDjd

6]ln:sf]lks clN88]8 ( telescopic Alidade )

lrq g+=!
 of] b[i6L /]vfdf b[i6L /]vfsf nflu lyof]8f]nfO{6df h:t} Pp6f b'/lkg (telescope) / vertical angle sf]
nfuL Pp6f vertical circle x'G5g\ logLx?nfO{ ux|f] cfwf/ kftf ( base plate ) dfly Pp6f cf>o
( support ) 4f/f c8\ofO{Psf] x'G5 . cfwf/ kftf ;dfGt/ /]vssf ?kdf x'G5g . b'/jLg nfO{ b[li6 /]vfsf](
line of sight ) lbzfsf] vertical tndf cf+lzs ?kdf jf k'/} 3'dfpg ldN5 b'/ljg df qm;jfo/ /
:6l8of lrGx| ( stadia marks ) /xg' sf ;fy} o; ;+u vertical circle / level Tube ;+nUg
x'G5g\ . cfwf/ kftfdf klg 5'§} ;dtn gnL ( level tube ) jf circular level x'G5 . ljleGg
lgdf{tfx?n] tof/ u/]sf] b'/jLg b[i6L /]vfsx?sf cf– cfˆg} ljz]iftf 5g\ t/ ;j}sf] d"n p2]Zo gS;fsf
ljGb'x?nfO{ hdLgsf] ;ªut lj:t[tL ;+u ;dg':yfkg ( alignment) ug'{ / stadia marks sf] ;xfotfn]
s'g} b'/Ldf /flvPsf] :6fkm (staff) df cf]ul6Psf] 7f8f] b'/L k9L b[i6L /]vfsf] angle of inclination sf
cfwf/df lj:t[ltsf] If}lth b'/L / prfO{sf] cGt/ k|fKt u/L gs;fªsg ug'{ xf] cfhsn kfO{g] self reducing
telescope sf vertical circle ;dfj]z ul/Psf] jL Dofg :6fl8of cfs{ ( Beaman stadia arc) sf]
d2tn] :6fkmdf kl9Psf] cGt v08 ( staff intercept) jf6 If}lth b'/L ( Horizontal distance) /
prfO{ sf] cGt/ w]/} l56f] k|fKt x'G5 .

Trough compass M– Kn]g 6]j'nfO{ /km cf]/]g6];g ( Rough orientation) ug{ / ;'?df kL= l6=
gS;fdf r'DasLo pQ/ lbzf ( magnetic north) sf]g{ Pp6f nfdf] cfotfsf/ j§f leq r'nsf] (
pivote) ;xf/fn] :jtGq ?kdf 3'Dg ;Sg] u/L /flvPsf] r'Dalso l;of] k|of]u ul/G5 . r'DasLo l;of]sf b'O{
6'Dkf kl§ j§fsf] rf}8fO{sf] lbzfdf jLrdf ) kg]{ u/L Graduation ul/Psf] x'G5 . lbS;'rs ( compass)
nfO{ gS;fsf] dflyNnf] b]j|] s'gfdf r'DasLo l;of]sf] b'O{ 5]p )–) lbzfdf kg]{ u/L lk= l6nfO{ 3'dfP/ j§fsf]
nDjfO{ kl§ sf] lsgf/ ;+u tfgLPsf] ;/n /]vfsf] pQ/ blIf0f b]vfpF5 .

Level tube:- of] Pp6f nfdf] PNo"ldlgodf] j§ leq /flvPsf] sfFrsf] gnL xf] . o; leqsf] k|f;j tn (
sprit level n] Kn]g 6]j'nnfO{ ;dtng ug{ ;lsG5 . gnL leqsf] ajn ( Bubble) s]Gb|df ( center )
/xbfF 6]j'n ;dtn 7Ls x'G5 . o:tf] pks/0fnfO{ ;dtns klg eGb5g\ .

Plumbing fork:- Kn]g 6]j'ndf c+lst ljGb'nfO{ hdLgsf] cj:yfg dfly s]Gb|0f ug{ Pp6f plumbing
fork sf] Psf kl§sf] 5]pdf 306L em'0ofO{Psf] x'G5 . of] PNd'lgod sf] x'G5 / o;sf Ps 5]pdf ltvf] r'Rrf] /
csf]{ kl§ ;fgf] cªs'z x'G5 . lrD6fsf] r'Rrf] k/]sf xfFuf lk=6L=sf] ;tx dfly / Tolts} nfdf] csf]{ xfFuf
tnk§L kg]{ u/L o;n] kf6LnfO{ RofKbf b'O{ 5]p Ps csf{sf] 7Ls tn dfly kb{5g\ . o;sf] cfsf/ c+u|hL cIf/
u Hf:tf] x'g] x'gfn] o;nfO{ o"– k|ms ( U-fork) klg eGb5g\ .

Care and maintenance of used in plane table method

gflk ug]{n] oGqx? rnfpg hfg]/ / x]/rf/ u/]/ dfq k'Ub}g oGqx? 7Ls xftndf 5g 5}gg\ hfFRg] / geP
tLgLx?nfO{ s;/L sfd of]Uo jgfpg] eGg] s'/f klg hflg /fVg' k5{ . o:tf] ;dfof]hg cGt/ut oGqsf]
af:tljs / cGo sfNklgs cIf/x? jLrsf] Hofldlto ;DaGw, s'g} /]vf / ;Ddtnsf] ;DaGw cflb kb{5g\ .
Kn]g 6]j'nsf] dflyNnf] ;tx Psbd ;dtn ePsf] x'g'k5{ o;}n] Kn]g 6]j'nfO{ Ps xf]lzof/L ;fy /fVg'
k5{ dflyNnf] kf6fnfO{ s'g}lsl;dsf] 7Ss/x? nufpg' x'b}g .
6]j'nsf] d'lg /x]sf] j|f; Kn]6 nfO{ sl;/fv]sf] :s||'x? ;j} l7s cj:yfdf x'g' k5{ . To;}n] Kn]g 6]j'nsf]
sfo{ ;ls;s]kl5 6«fO{kf]6 ;+u Kn]g 6]j'n af]8{ 5'6\ofP/ /fd|f] ;+u /fVg' k5{ . tnsf] j|f; Kn]6 n'hx'g]
;+efjgfx? w]/} x'g] ePsf] x'gfn] Kn]g 6]j'n jf]8{x? /fVbf Hofb} xf]lzof/ ;fy /fVg' kb{5 . To:t} lqv'§Lx?df
/x]sf] k]rx? /fd|f] ;+u sl;Psf x'g' k5{ To;}n] 6«fO{kf]8 sf] :s|'x?df t]nx? /fvL /fd|f] ;+u :s|'x? /fd|f] ;+u
vf]Ng] s:g] ;lhnf] x'g] u/]/ /fv]sf] x'g'k5{ . lqv'§L nfO{ jf]8{ jf6 x6fO{ ;s]kl5 :s|'x? /fd|/L sl; :6f]/ ug'{
k5{ .
To:t} 6]ln:sf]lks Pln8]8nfO{ hlxn] klg ef8f]df /fVbf ;dtnLo / cg'nDj RofKg]x?s:g' / nfdf] 9'jfgL x'g]
j]nf o;nfO{ khj't l;t s:gf]; . ;w} 9'jfgL sf] nfuL /fd|f] ;+u ef8f]df /fvL ug'{ k5{ .
6]lN;sf]ksf clK6sx? xftx?n] / s'g} s8f sk8fx?n] kgL g5'g] xf]; .
6]ln;sf]kLs PnL8]8 /fVg] efF8f]df cfb|tf ;f]:gsf] nfuL l;Nsf u]nx? /fVg' kb{5 .

lyof]8f]nfO{6
(Theodolite)

xf]l/h]G6n sf]0f ( Horizontal Angle ) sf] l;4fGtnfO{ pkof]u u/L ljleGGf ;dodf ljleGf y/L oGqx?
k|of]udf cfP . tL dWo] Plhdy ;s{n ( azimuth circle) / b"/aLg ( Telescope) sf] ;+o"Qm pkof]u
u/]/ jgfO{Psf] Ps y/L oGq lyof]8f]nfO{6 jf 6«fl~h6 (Transit) xf] . xf]l/h]G6n sf]0f ( Horizontal
angle) / 7f8f] sf]0f (vertical angle) gfKg] oGqnfO{ lyof8f]nfO{6 eGb5g. cfw'lgs lyof]8f]nfO{6 klxn]
klxn]sf] eGbf w]/} leGg, ;fgf], 7f];, xn'sf, / k|of]u ug{ cGoGt ;/n x'g] lsl;dn] ljsl;t ul/;lsPsf] 5 .
o; oGqsf] b'/ljg nfO{ kfZj{cIf ( Trunnion axis ) kf pN6ofP/ cuf8L k5f8L kmfsf{pg' ldNg] x'gfn]
;Defjt o;nfO{ 6«flGh6 gfd lbO{Psf] xf] . ;'?sf lyof]8f]nfO{6nfO{ b'/ljg nfdf] x'g] x'Fbf kN6fpg ;lsb}g
lyof] / b'/ljgnfO{ ljkl/t lbzfdf kmsf{pg, b'/ljgsf] b'O{ lt/sf cf>ox? (Standards) ;lxt 3'dfP/ dfq
cufl8 jf k5fl8 tkm{ ;f]em\ofpg ldn lyof] . cfhsfnsf lyof]8f]nfO{6df b'/ljgnfO{ b'j} xf]l/h]G6n / el6{sn
cIf ( Horizontal and vertical axis) df 3'dfpg ldN5 .
klxn]–klxn] wft'sf] ;s{n (circle) / sf]0f ( Angle ) sf] ;"Id c+z gfKg] elg{o/ ( vernier) k|ljlwnfO{
pkof]u u/L jgfO{Psf o:tf oGqnfO{ ;+o"Qm /fHo cd]l/sfdf 6«flGh6 g} elgG5 . d"n /rgf Ps} k|sf/sf] eP
klg 5f]6f] b"/ljg, sf?frsf] ;s{n (glass circle) / sf]0fsf] ;"Id c+z gfKg clK6sn k|0ffnL k|of]u u/L
jgfO{Psf o:tf oGqnfO{ ljZj JofkL ?kdf lyof]8f]nfO{6 gfdn] lrlgG5 . b'j}sf] ;+/rgfdf vf; leGgtf gkfO{g]
/ gfdsf] ljleGgtfnfO{ rl/tfy{ ug{sf lglDt dfq ;fdfGo leGgtf b]vfpg ;lsg] cflb s'/fnfO{ Wofgdf /fVbf
6«flGh6 / lyof]8f]nfO{6 b'j} gfdnfO{ kl/is[t ?kdf lnP klg x'G5 . lyof]8f]nfO{6 s]jn sf]0f dfkgsf lglDt
dfq l;ldt g/fv]/ o;sf] ;+/rgfdf ;fdfGo yk36 u/L ;fwf/0f n]en 6]lsof]d]6«L, Pn]gd]G6 (aliment),
lgdf{0f of]hgfx?sf k|:yf (setting out)sfo{x?, Pi6«f]gf]ldsn ;j]{If0fsf ;fy} cTofw'lgs ljB't
lyof]8f]nfO{6 ( Electronic theodolite) t b'/L tyf lbzf b'j} gfKg] / ;ªu0fgf (
computation) ug{ b'j} sfddf k|o]u ug{ yflnP jf s] eGg ;lsG5 eg] gfkLsf nfuL lyof]8f]nfO{6 Ps
jx'pB]zLo oGq xf] .

Types of theodolite -lyof]8f]nfO{6sf lsl;d_

lyof]8f]nfO{6 w]/} lsl;dsf kfO{G5 . lyof]8f]nfO{6 jgfpg] sDkgL lkR5] jgfj6df cln km/s x'G5 . gfkL oGqsf
lgdf{tfx?n] ljleGg 9fFrf, u'0f / k7g k|0ffnLsf lyof]8f]nfO{6 ( Theodolite) x/sf] ljsfz u/]sf 6g\ .
ltgLx?sf] cf–cfˆg} ljz]iftf ePtf klg ltgnfO{ lgDgfg';f/ ;d"lxss[t u/L juL{s/0f ugP ;lsG5 .
s_ b'/ljg ( Telescope) nfO{ k"/} cyf{t #^))÷$))g ldNg] jf gldNg] cfwf/df
!_ Non – transiting theodolite -#^)) 3'dfpg g;lsg]_
v_ sf]0fLs (Angle) gfksf] ;"Idtf cg';f/ M– h:t} !', @)", !" jf !c, !)cc, !cc O{TofbL . sf]0fLs gfksf]
kl/z'4tfsf nflu ( Angle accuracy ) ;'xfpg] / ljleGGf ;"Ifdtfsf lyof]8f]nfO{6 kfO{G5g . oLgLx?nfO{
d'Vo b'O{ >]0fLdf ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 . / cfhsn oL g} b'O{ k|sf/sf lyof]8f]nfO{x? ljz]if rNtldf 5g\ .

! Repetition Theodolite:- wild T1, T 16

@_ Direction Theodolite :- 10" / 20" b]lv 0. 2 " / 0.5" ;Dd ;'Idtfsf lyof]8f]nfO{6 kb{5 . h:t}
wild T2, KERN – DKM2
u_ k7g k|0ffnL cg';f/ M–
!_ Vernier theodolite
@_ Optical theodolite
3_ ljz]if sfdsf nflu ;'xfpbf] x'g] u/L lyof]8f]nfO{6df s]xL yk pks/0f ;+nUg ul/P cg';f/ lyof]8f]nfO{6
lgDg ;d"xdf lhefhg ug{ ;lsG5 .
!_ Compass theodolite - compass sf] d2tn] h'g;'s} bearing ;f]em} gfKg ;lsG5 .
@_ Mining theodolote
#_ Photo theodolite
$_ Astronomical theodotite

Figure

lrqdf b]vfP h:t} lyof]8f]nfP{tsf d'Vo d'Vo efux? b«fO{ j|fr, km'6 :s|' :6flG8Ë cfS;L; b]ln:sf]k, lIflthj[t
/ 7f8f] sf]0f j[t, ;dtng gnL, cfO{ lk; n]G; / j]; cflb x'g 5g\ .
 Vertical axis
Horizontal Axis
900

900
Line collimation

900

Plate level axis

lyof]8f]nfO{6df tn lbPsf hf]d]6«Lx? ( Geometrys) l7s;+u ldnsf] x'gk5{ .

s_ Kn]6n]en axis / el6sn cS;L; b'j} cfk;df ;dsf]0f ePsf] x'g'k5{ .
v_ xf]l/h]G6n cS;L; / el6{sn cS;L; b'j} cfk;df ;dsf]0f x'g'k5{ .
u_ nfOg ckm sf]lnd];g / xf]l/h]G6n cS;L; b'j} cfk;df ;dsf]0f x'g'k5{ .
3_ b[li6/]vf ;dtn x'Fbf / 7f8f] j[tsf] ( vertical circle) ;dtn gnLsf] clS;; ;dfGt/ x'g'k5{ .
lyof]8fnfO6 jf6 sfd ubf{ ofb /fVg' kg]{ s'/fx?sf] kl/ro tn lbO{G5 .

!_ s]lGb|t ( centering ) :- lyof]8f]nfO{6 :6];g ljGb'sf] 7Ls dfly s]lGb|t ug]{ sfo{ klxn] ul/G5 . o;sf]
nfuL oGqdf d]sflgsn KnDaj / clK6sn Kn]Dj]tsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] x'G5 . oGq 6«fO{k8 dfly k]rn] s;]/
/flvG5 . klxn] 6fO{k8 :6];gdf lkmhfO{G5 . 6«fO{k8 eg]sf] sf7sf] lqv'§L h:df kmnfdsf] ;fgfefux? klg
x'G5 . 6«fO{k8 jlnof] ;+u hldgdf /fv]/ To;dfly oGq /fvL 7Ls;+u s]lGb|t ul/G5 .
@_ :yflkt ug'{ ( setting up ) :-s]lGb|t ug'{ / ;dtn ug]{ sfo{nfO{ :ylkt ug'{ elgG5 . :6];g dfly 6«fO{k8
7Ls;+u lkm+hfO{ s/Lj s/Lj s]lGb|t u/L jlnof] ;++u /fv]kl5 lyof]8f]nfO{6 o; dfly /flvG5 . o;kl5 ;dtng
/ s]lGb|t 7Ls;+u ul/G5 .
#_ ;dtng ( levelling) :- 7Ls ;dtng ug{sf] nflu tn lbPsf] sfo{ ug'{k5{{ .
s_ n]en 6o"jsf] cS;L; ( level tube axis ) s'g} b'O{ j6f km"6 :s|' ( Foot screw) ;u+ ;dfgfGt/ x'g]
u/L lyof]8f]nfO{6nfO{ 3'dfpgf]; .
v_ cj oL b'O{ km"6 :qm'x? 3'dfO{ n]en jjn ( level bubble) s]Gb| ( centre) df Nofpg'; . b'O{ j/fj/
pN6f] lbzfdf 3'dfpg'; .
u_ lyof]nfO{6 ()) 3'dfO{ t]>f] km"6 :qm" rnfP/ k'gM n]en 6o"jsf] jjn s]Gb|df Nofpg'; . o;/L s]xL kN6
u/]kl6 n]en 6\o"jsf] jjn s]Gb|df cfpF5 . olb n]en s]Gb|df gcfPsf] v08df oGqdf n]ensf ldnfg (
Adjustment) 7Ls 5}g eGg] s'/f j'lemG5 . lyof]8f]nfO{6 !*)) jf pN6f] lbzfdf 3'dfpFbf jjn s]Gb|df
/x]g eGGf] b'j} :yfgjf6 cfwf cfwf uNtLx? ldnfg u/L jjn s]Gb|df Nofpg' k5{ . o;/L jjn s]Gb|df NofO{
;dtng ul/;s]kl5 s]lGb|t ( centering) 7Ls 5 ls 5}g hfFr ug'{ k5{ . s]lGb|t / ;dtng 7Ls eP kl5
lyof]8f]nfO{6 :yflkt ( setting) 7Ls eof] eGg] j'lemG5 .
$_ km]; ( face) lyof]8f]nfO{6sf] km]; eg]sf] 7f8f] j[t ( vertical circle) sf] l:ylt eGGf] j'lemG5 .
;j]{Ifssf] jfoFfkl§ 7f8f] j[t x'bfF km]; n]ˆ6 ( face left) / ;j]{Ifssf] bfofF kl§ 7f8f] j[t ( vertical
circle) x'Fbf /fO{6 km]; (Right face ) eGg] rng 5 . lyof]8f]nfO{6df n]ˆ6 / /fO{6 b'j] km];df ;j]{If0f
ubf{ sf]0fdf z'4tf cfpF5 . lsgeg] o;jf6 sf]lnd];g ( collimation ) uNtL cflb o;jf6 sd x'g hfG5
.
%_ kmf]s; ug]{ / kf/]NofS; x6fpg] ( focus and parallax) :- ljgf kmf]s; u/Lsg / kf/]Nofs;
gx6fO{sg /fd|f] ;j]{If0f slxn] klg x'Fb}g . o; sf/0f lyof]8f]nfO{6sf] 6]ln:sf]knfO{ s'g} j:t'df klxn] kmf]s;
ug]{ / cfO{ lk; df kf/]NofS; /fd|f] ;+u x6fpg] ug'{ k5{ 6]ln:sf]ksf] cAh]lS6e jf6 ag]sf] cfs[lt ( image)
qm; x]o/ ( cross hairs ) Kn]g ( Plane) df k¥of] eg] Kof/]NofS; xl6G5 . o;sf] nfuL 6f9f cfsfzdf
of ;]tf] sfuhdf kmf]s; u/L ldnfO{G5 . kf/]NofS; 5 5}g x]g{ 6]ln:sf]kdf s|; x]o/ j:t'sf] lzgsf] cfs[lt
ldnfO{ x]l/G5 . cfO{lk; ( eye piece) df cfvfF xNnfpbfF kf/]NofS; ePsf] eP qm; x]o/ / j:t'sf] lg;fgsf]
cfs{lt b'j} rN5 . Kof/]NofS; gePsf] eP b'j} Ps h:tf] eO{ b'j} rNb}|g .
dflysf kfFr}j6f ;dfof]hg ( adjustment ) sfo{ nfO{ lyof]8f]nfO{sf] c:yfoL ;dfof]hg jf If]qLo
;dfof]hg ( temerity adjustment) eGb5g\ .

xf]l/h]06nsf]0f sf] gfk ( Horizontal angle measurement )

s'g} b'O{ lbzf jLr xf]l/h]06n sf]0f gfKg' kbf{ /fd|/L :yfkgf ul/Psf] lyof]8f]nfO{6jf6 ;fdfGotof
klxn] b]j|] df]x8fdf b]j|]kl§ kg]{ j:t'sf] lbzfsf] k7g lnO{G5 / To;kl6 bflxg] kl§sf] j:t'sf] lbzfsf] k7g
lnO{G5 . bf];|f] k7gjf6 klxnf]nfO{ 36fpFbf xf]l/h]G6n sf]0f k|fKt x'G5 . bflxg] df]xbfdf ( Tight face) df
k7g lnbf eg] kxn] bflxg] kl§sf] k7g clg To;kl5 b]j|] kl§sf] k7g lnP/ klxnf] jf6 bf]>f]nfO{ 36fpg' kb{5
. xf]l/h]G6n sf]0fsf nflu s'g} j:t'nfO{ d'Vo b'/jLg jf6 cjnf]sg ubf{ pQm j:t'sf] cfs[ltnfO{ ljrdf
cfs[lt k6 ( Diaphragm ) sf] 7f8f] /]vfn] sf6\g' kb{5 . o:sf] dtna cjnf]sg ul/g] ljGb' b[li6 /]vfsf]
vertical plane df kg'{ kb{5 . b'O{ df]x8f ( two face) jf6 lnO{Psf] Pp6} lbzfsf] k7gx?df @
;dsf]0fsf] dfq km/s kg'{ kg]{ xf] / t/ ljleGg oflGqs q'l6x? tyf ;+rfng ;DaGwL q'l6x? ( errors of
manipulation ) n] ubf{ pQm cGt/ @ ;dsf]0f eGbf s]xL j9L jf s]lx sd x'G5 .
lyof]8f]nfO{6jf6 horizontal angle vf; u/L b'O{ k|sf/n] gfKg ;lsG5 .
!_ :jtGq ?kdf cyf{t k|To]s sf]0fsf] nfuL o;sf b'O{ jfx'x? (Arms) sf] lbzfsf] k7g lnP/
@_ lbzf ;fk]If ( Relative) u/L cyf{t s'g} Ps cfwf/ lbzf / gflkg' kg]{ lbzfx?sf] nfuL k7g lnP/ .

cleglt sf]0f dfkg ( inclination or vertical angle measurement)

lyof]8f]nfO{6df vertical sf]0fsf] nflu Pp6f vertical circle nfO{ sf]0f dfks sf] ?kdf k|of]u ul/G5 .
To:sf] s]Gb|df lyof]8f]nfO{6sf] cu| cIf / el6{sn cIf dWo] s'g} Ps nfO{ dflgG5 . lyof]8f]nfO{6sf] dflyNNf]
kftf /fd|/L ;dtng ul/Psf] cj:yfdf el6{sn ;s{nsf] forward axis horizontal ray df kb{5 .
To;sf/0f b'/ljg s'g} j:t'sf] lbzfdf ;f]em\ofO{Psf] jvt To:sf] cIfsf] horizontal level ;+u jf
vertical level ;+usf] slope qmd; pWjf{w/ sf]0f ( vertical angle) jf zenithal angle n] lbG5 .
lyof]8f]nfO{6 vertical circle ljleGGf lsl;dn] lgdf{0f ul/Psf] x'G5 .
!_ k'/} jf cfFlzs dfgfªsg ul/Psf]
@_ prfO{ level sf] bubble center df /xbf ;"rs ;dtn x'g] jf ;ds ;+ung ePsf] .
#_ horizontal /]vfsf] k7g ( og x'g] jf lz/f] ljGb' og eO horizontal /]vfsf] dfg 100g x'g] .
$_ dfgfª\sg l;+uf] j[t k|0ffnL df jf quadrant bearing df x'g] .
%_ k7gsf] ;"Ifdtf km/s x'g]
^_ k7gsf] nfuL cfGtl/s k|sfz ky Pp6} j]Un} x'g] O{Toflb .

Level Instrument

Levelling sf nfuL k|of]u ul/g] oGqnfO{ n]en cyf{t ;dnts level elgG5 . levelling sf] l;4fGt
cg';f/ o:sf] d'Vo sfd oGqnfO{ :yfkgf ul/Psf] 7fFpdf b[li6 /]vfsf] ( line of sight ) ;dtn lgwf{/0f
ug'{ xf] . o;df ;dtnsf] ?kdf Pp6f spirit level / ;fdfGt/0f prfOsf nflu s]lx b'/Ldf /x]sf] :6fkmdf
k7g ug{ Pp6f :t/Lo b'/ljg x'G5 . b"/ljgn] k/z'4 line of sight lgwf{l/t ub{5 . / To;} ;fy ;+nUg
;dtnssf] ;xfotfn] b"/jLgsf] cIf If}lth ;dtndf /xG5 . n]jnsf] b"/jLg / lyof]8f]nfO{6sf] b"/jLgsf]
;+/rgf p:t} g} x'G5 .

b'/ljg ( telescope) cfhsn gfkLsf ljleGg oGqx? Pln8]8,. n]en lyof]8f]nfO{6, 6]lsof]ld6/ cflbdf
b'/ljg cleGg c+usf] ?kdf /x]sf] x'G5 . b'/ljgsf] ;xfotfn] g} ;j]{Ifsn] 6f9f /x]sf] a:t' lj:t[lt jf ;+s]t
lrGx|sf] cfs[lt qm; jfo/df :ki6 Pj+ oyfy{ ?kdf k|fKt ub{5 .
b'/ljgdf ljleGGf k|sf/sf n]G;x?sf] k/:k/ l:ylt ldnfO{ k|sfzsf] cfjt{gsf lgodx?sf] pkof]u u/L oyf
;Sof] ;jf]{td glthf ( result ) k|fKt ug]{ Joj:yf lnPsf] x'G5 . gfkLsf nflu cfhsn lgdf{0f ul/Psf
b'/ljgx?df cfs[ltx?nfO{ cfs[ltk6 ( Diaphragm) df kfg{ cfO{kL / cJh]sl6j ljr Pp6f cltl/Qm n]G;
/fvL leq leq} kmf]s; ug{ ldNg] (internally focusing) jgfO{Psf] x'G5 . h'g ljGb'nfO{ cjnf]sg ul/g] xf]
To;sf] cfs[ltnfO{ 7Ls ;dfGt/0f tndf kfg{ cfs[ltk6df ljleGg cfsf/sf qm;jfP/ jf qm; x]o;{ ( cross
hairs) sf]l/Psf x'G5g .

;j} n]G;x? / cfs[ltk6nfO{ Pp6} cifdf kg]{ u/L Pp6f lktnsf] 9'ª\u|f] leq hl8Psf] x'G5 . cfs[ltk6 (
diaphragm) sf]l/Psf] qm; x]o/sf] 7f8f] /]vf vertical axis ;+u ;dfgfGt/ gePdf To;nfO{ ;dfof]hg (
Adjustment ) ug{ To;} ;fy hl8Psf] k]r v's'nf] u/L 3'dfpg ldN5 . o;/L jgfO{Psf] b'/jLdf cJh]s6Lj
jf6 l5/]sf] k|sfzsf ls/0fx? nfO{ kmf]sl;Ë n]G; pxL cIfdf (axis ) otf ptf ;f/L cfs[ltk6df
(Diaphragm ) kfl/G5 . o:sf nflu pSt n]G;nfO{ b'/jLgsf] 9'ªu|f] x'g5 , h;nfO[ Pp6f kmf]sl;Ë :qm" (
focussing screw) 4f/f oGqjt rnfpg ldN5 . csf]{ kl§ cfO{ kL;sf n]G; k|0ffnLsf] kmf]s; klg pxL (
Diaghragm) df kg]{ x'gfn] ;j]{Ifsn] qm; x]o;{df cfs[lt b]Vb5 . n]G;x?sf] cfGtl/s l:ylt / ltgLx?sf]
k|s[lt ldnfO cfs[lt :ki6, ;'N6f] / alw{t b]lvg] Joj:yf klg ldnfO{Psf] x'G5 . b"/jLgdf cfs[lt /fd|f] ;+u
kmf]s; gePdf :6fkmdf unt cªs kl9G5 . cfs[ltk6 ( diaphragm) df cfs[lt ( Image) 7Ls ;+u
gk/]df o:tf] x'G5 o;nfO{ cfs[ltsf] lj:yfkg ( parallax )eGb5g\ . lj:yfkg ( parallax) sf] q'l6 cfFvf
tn dfly ubf{ cfs[lt / qm; xo;{ k/:k/ rn]sf] b]lvG5 . Parallax q'l6 x6fpg klxn] cfO{lk;nfO{ qm;
x]o;{df /fd|/L kmf]s; ug'{ kb{5 clg b'/ljgsf] kmf]sl;Ë :qm" rnfO{ cfs[lt klg /fd|/L kmf]s; ug'{ k5{ / dfly
elgPem} hfFr]/ parallax sf] q'l6 gePdf dfq k9g lng'k5{ .
lrq

;dtn ( level) of] n]jn oGqsf] csf]{ dxTj k"0f{ cª\u xf] . ;j} b'/ljg o'Qm oGqx?df b'/ljgsf] cIf
;dtn ug{ ;dtns ( level) ;+nUg x'G5 . o;sf] jgf]6 jf/] dfly jofg ul/;s]sf]5 . jjn n]en 6\o'jsf]
7Ls jLrdf cyf{t bubble sf] b'O[ 5]p gnLsf] s]Gb|jf6 j/fj/ 6f9f ePdf ;dtn ePsf] j'lemG5 . s'g} s'g}
;dtn gnLdf lk|Hd / n]G;sf] ;xfotfn] ;dtn gx'Fbf jjn ljeflht ( split) b]lvg] klg jgfO{Psf]
x'G5 . gnLsf] leqL ;txsf] aqmtf ( curvature ) hlt w]/} eof] ;dtn lju|bf jjn Tolt l56f] rN5 .
Sensitivity of bubble nfO{ gnLsf] jqmtfsf] Jof;w{ jf gnLdf ljlelht PsfO{ c+;n] aqmtfsf] s]Gb|df
cf]u6\g] sf]0f sf] dfgdf cleJoQm ul/G5 . Ps c+zn] s]Gb| df @)Æsf] sf]0f jgfpg] ePdf To:tf]nfO{ @)Æ
jjn elgG5 . olb Ps c+z j/fj/ ld=ld eP –

Circumference = 2r
Radius is unknown.
Angle at center = 20 second
since 3600 = 2 radians
2
i radian
360
2
and 1"  radians
360 x60 x60
1
 radians lrq jgfpg jfsL 5 .
206265

20
Therefore 20"  radians
206265
circumference
in the example Radians 
angleinradians

 (2  20 / 20625 )mm
  2  206265 
 m  20.63m
 20  1000 
o;/L Sensitivity of bubble n] n]en gnLsf] slt 9NsfO{n] horizontal level jf6 d'Vo :kz{
/]vfsf] slt ljrng x'G5 . eGg] s'/fsf] hfgsf/L ldN5 . of] s'/f gnLdf c+z ljefhg / aqmtfdf lge{/ /xg]
s'/f dflysf] pbfx/0f jf6 k|i6 x'G5 ;1Tj (sensitivity ) / oGqsf] :t/df tfbfTDo x'g' h?/L 5 . jqmtfsf]
Jof;fw{ w]/} eP ;dtngsf] sfo{ 9Lnf] x'g] / sd eP b[li6 /]vfsf] ;dtntfdf c;/ kg]{ x'gfn] sfdsf] :t/
x]/L pko'Qm x'g] lx;fjn] w]/} lsl;dsf n]jn oGqx? jgfOPsf kfO{G5g .

;j} n]jnsf] d'Vo c+z b'/ljg / spirite level xf] t/ ljleGGf oGqx?df d'Vo cËx?sf cltl/Qm
ljleGg kl/is[tx? e]l6G5g\ . ;j} k|sf/ sf n]jnx?nfO{ lgDg lnlvt ltg ;d'xdf jfF8g ;lsG5 .

!_ 8KkLn]jn ( dumpy level) @_ l6lN6Ë n]jn ( tilting level) #_ c6f]d]l6s n]jn

( Automatic level )

!_ 8KkLn]jn ( dumpy level)

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o;sf d'Vo cËx? x'g M– ;dtn gnL, b'/jLg / n]elnË x]8 ( levelling head )

Levelling head df n]ennfO{ lqv'§Lsf] 6fpsf] dfly / :yfkg ug{ oGqsf] km]bdf lqe'hfsf/
(Trivet stage) j}7ssf] ?kdf cf]bfgsf] 6fpsf] h:tf] cfwf/ /x]sf] x'G5 . To;dfly 5]pg]/ oGq nfO{ ;dtn
ug]{ tLgj6f k]rjfn v'§fx? ( levelling screws) / v'§f dfly j:g] tribrach x'G5g\. ;dtn lz/ (
levelling head) sf] jLrdf Kjfn x'G5 / tnsf] cfwf/df lqv'§Lsf] 6fpsf] jf6 l5/fPsf] k]r o;df
s;]kl5 6«fO{ j|frsf] Kjfndf b'/ljgsf] ;+s" cfsf/sf] 7f8f] ( spindle) l7Ss ldN5 / b'/ljg o;}sf]
vertical axis df 3'D5 . o;df tribrach rflx d]rjfn v'§fx? rnfPdf otf ptf 9lNsg ;S5 t/ tnsf]
j}7s l:y/ /xG5 . s'g} n]jndf b'/jLgsf] dfgL jn ljol/Ë ( ball bearing ) df 3'D5 / o;nfO{ k]rs; (
clamping screw n] s:g] Joj:yf x'G5 . yf]/} dfq otfptf kmsf{pg ;Ifd ult k]r ( fine motion )
klg To;}df ;+nUg x'G5 . s'g} s'g} cfw'lgs oGqx?df 6]ln:sf]k lqjfx'df 3if{0f ;lxt ( by friction ) 3'Dg]
x'gfn] To:tf] k]rs; cfjZos kb}{g . ;dtn gnL b'/jLg dflysf] sf]N6f] kl§ jf d'lGt/ ;+nUg x'G5 . To:t}
s'g} n]jndf Horizontal circle klg hf]l8Psf] x'G5 . h:sf] d2tn] nDj lgwf{/0f ug{, spot level sf]
/]vfTds cª\sg ug{ ;/n x'G5 . To:sf] dfgfªsg s]jn l8u|L jf cfwf l8u|Lsf] cGt/df ul/Psf] x'G5 . 8DkL
n]jnsf] ljz]iftf s] xf] eg] of] s]jn vertical axis df 3'D5 / o;nfO{ h'g ;'s} lbzfdf kmsf{pbf klg s]jn
k]rjfn v'§fnfO{ 3'dfP/ ;dtn ug{ ;lsG5 . c? b'/ljg / ;dtn gnLsf] jgf]6 ;DaGwdf ;fwf/0f
hfgsf/L cuf8L g} u/fO{ ;lsPsf] x'G5 .
b'/ljgsf] cfO{lk; jf6 cjnf]sg ul//x]sf] j]nfdf ;dtn 7Ls 5 5}g egL yfxf kfpg 3'd]/ x]g'{ kg]{
l:yltjf6 jrg ;dtn gln;+u Pp6f P]gf klg hl8Psf] x'G5 . h;jf6 ;dtn ldn] gldn]sf] x]g{ ;lsG5 .
8DkL n]jnsf] Pp6f j}u'g s]xf] eg] o;nfO{ j]Unf j]Un} lbzfdf 3'dfpFbf ;dtnsf] jjnnfO{ 7Ls s]Gb|df kfg{
x/]s kN6 v'§fsf] k]r cln cln 3'dfO{ /xg' k5{ . o;/L k]rjfn v'§fnfO{ rnfpbf ;dfGt/0f prfO{df s]xL g
s]xL 36j9 t cjZo x'G5 . t/ o:sf] c;/ gu0o dfg] tf klg x/]s b[li6sf nflu v'§fsf] k]r 3'dfO{ /xg' kg]{
ePsf] n] cln emGem6 x'G5 .

l6N6Ë n]en ( tilting level) M– gfk jf6 g] of] oGqdf b[i6L /]vf nfO{ Horizontal level df ldnfpg
b'/ljgnfO{ s]xL tn dfly kmsf{pg ldNg] eGg] s'/f yfxf x'g5 . o:sf] ;dtng lz/ 8lDk n]en h:t} x'g5 s]
dfq x"G5 eg] o:sf] tribanch cln Go"g sensitivity ePsf] cltl/Qm ;dtns klg x'G5 . H:sf] d2tn]
;dtns lz/nfO{ :jtGq ?kdf ;dtng ug{ ;lsG5 / b'/ljgnfO{ Tribanch df Ps 5]pdf spring jLrdf
r"n / csf]{ kl§ em'sfpg] k]rsf cfwf/df c8]sf] x'G5 . o;/L b'/jLg ;+u /x]sf] d'Vo ;dtn gnLsf] d'Vo :kz
/]vfnfO{ b'/jLgsf] cIf ;+u ;dfgfGt/ ug{ em'sfpg] k]r ( tilting screw) rnfpg' k5{ . l6N6LË, n]jnnfO{
:yfkg ug{ klg ;lhnf] 5 . o;nfO{ lqv'§L dfly /fv]/ k]rjfnf v'§f 4f/f cfwf/sf] ;dtng l56f] ug{ ;lsG5
. To; kl5 x/]s b[i6Lsf nfuL d'Vo ;dtnssf] bubble s]Gb|df Nofpg em'sfpg] d]r dfq} rnfP k'U5 .
l6n6LË n]jnsf] ;dfGt/0f /]vfsf] hfFr / ;dfof]hg ( cheack & adjustment) 8DkL n]endf h:t} ug{
;lsG5 . o;df s'g} ljGb'jf6 :6fkmdf z'4 k7gsf] dfgflËt lrGx|nfO{ 9Nsfpg] k]r rnfO{ qm; x]o;{df kf/L
;dtnsf ;dfof]hg ug{ k]r 4f/f bubble nfO{ s]Gb|df Nofpg' k5{ .
lrq
c6f]d]l6s n]en M– n]jlnËsf] ;Dk"0f{ sfd ;dfGt/0f /]vfsf] vertical axis ;+usf] perpendicular df
lge{/ ub{5 . o;sf nflu dfly jofg ul/Psf n]jnx?df ;j]{Ifsn] x/]s b[li6 /]vfsf] nflu k6s} lkR5]
jjnnfO{ ;dtn gnLsf] dWuefudf /fVg' kb{5 . /fd|f] ;+u adjusted instrument df line of sight /
level lilne Ps} x'G5g\ . c6f]d]l6s n]ejndf of] b[li6 /]vf / vertical axis sf] nDjtf cfkm} ldNg] u/L
jgfO{{sf] x'G5 . b"/ljgsf] axis s'g} xb ;Dd 6]l9P klg n]G; jf k|LHdsf] Pp6f 5'§} PsfO{nfO{ cAh]lS6j /
cfO{ kL; ljr :jtGq ?kdf em'l08g] u/L /fv]/ To;jf6 s'g} c;/ gkg]{ u/fO{Psf] x'G5 . of] PsfO{nfO{
compensator eGb5g\ . lgdf{0f ug]{ sDkgL cg';f/ o;sf] jgf}6df km/s k/] klg h'g;'s}
compensator n] b"/jLg sf] axis ;fwf/0f tyf 15 ;Dd 9lNsP klg cJh]lS6esf] s]Gb| jf6 k;]sf]
k|sfzsf] If}lth ls/0fnfO{ qm;x]o/sf] s]Gb|
(center lt/ k'¥ofpg] sfd ub{5 .

lrq

E.D.M

Introduction: - ljB't r'DjsLo t/ªux? jf j}B't k|ljlwsf] pkof]ujf6 b'/LgfKg] x'gfn] o; t/LsfnfO{
ljB't r'DjsLo jf j}B't b'/Ldfkg ( electromagnetic or electronic distance measurement)
elgPsf] xf] / o:sf] ;+lIfKt gfd EDM ;j{q k|rnLt 5 . of] k|ljlwjf6 cfhsfn 00 ls= ld= ;Ddsf] b'/L
105 df 1 c+z sf] kl/z'4tfdf ;lhn} ;Lt k|fKt x'G5 . xfn jhf/df olt w]/} k|sf/ / 9fFrfdf o:tf oGqx?
kfO{G5g\ ls ltgsf] j]Unf j]Un] j0f{g ug'{ ;Dej 5}g . klxn] EDM oGqx? k|sf/ / 9fFrf ;Lldt lyP / b"/L
gfKg klg ljz]if t/Lsf / kmf/dx? (forms) k|of]u ug'{kg]{ x'GYof], t/ cfhsn ;j} h;f] oGqx?df ;f]em}
;ª\VofTds dfg b]vfpg] (Digital display) Joj:yf x'G5 / w]/] j6f keys rnfpg' klg kb}{g .
j}B't b"/Ldfkgdf Ps cj:yfgdf :yflkt Pp6f oGqjf6 ljB't r'Djlso ;Gb]z ( signal) k|;fl/t ul/G5 .
pQm ;+Gb]z csf]{ cj:yfgdf /flvPsf] Reflector 4f/f :qf]t lt/ kmsf{pg] jf xsf]{ oGqn] tTsfn k'g
>f]tlt/ k7fpg] sfd x'G5 . oGqn] pQm ;Gb]znfO{ pTklt :yfg b]lv nIf;Dd k'uL kms{gsf lglDt nfUg] ;do
cyf{t k|Tofudg ;donfO{ gfKb5 . o;jf6 ;Gb]znfO{ Ps :yfg b]lv csf]{ :yfg;Dd k'Ug nfUg] ;do cyf{t
kf/udg ;do ( transit time t) k|fKt x'G5 / k|sfz jf ljB't r'Djlso t/ª\usf] j]usf] kl/z'4 dfg c 1fg
/xg] x'bfb"/L D = ct
ljB't r'DjsLo ;+Gb]z sf ?kdf /]l8of] t/ª\ux? O{Gk|mf/]8 ( Infrared), b[Zo k|sfz, n];/ ( laser) cflb
k|of]u ul/G5 . lolgx?sf] cf¥cfˆgf] u'0f / ljz]iftf x'g] eP tf klg j]u rflx plQs} x'G5 . of] j]u z"Godf
nueu 299792.5 ls= ld=÷;] x'G5 . jf:tjdf j}B't b"/Ldfks oGqx?n] 38Lsf] ?kdf ;f]em} k|Tofudg
;do gfKg] xf]O{g . o;sf] j}slNks pkfosf ?kdf Pp6f t/ª\un] k|lt ;]s]08 slt rqm k"/f ub{5 . / vf;
b"/Lsf] cGt/df hDdf t/ª\u gfksf] ;ªVof slt x'G5 Tof] dfq yfxf kfpg ;s] b"/L gfKg sl7gfO{ x'Fb}g . olb
t/ª\usf] tLj|tf Ö f / hDdf rqm ;ª\Vof Ö n eP

n n
t D  c cyjf t/ª\u gfksf] cfwf/df D = n
f f

Jojxf/df t/ª\u ;|f]t b]lv nIf ;DDfk'uL kms{bf t/ª\u ( wave) ;+Vof l;+uf] ;+Vofsf] ?kdf gx'g] cyf{t
k|fj:yf cGt/ kg]{ x'G5 . To;sf/0f cft]hft] b"/L
2D = n ++ 
o; equation df 
sf] dfg t oGqn] gfKb5 t/ equation sf] csf]{ variable n sf] dfg eg] clglZrt /xG5 . ljleGGf
t/ªu gfkx?sf nflu k|fj:yf (phase) cGt/ gfKg] l;nl;nfdf o; lsl;dsf] clglZrttf ambiguity)
nfO{ x6fpg tLg t/Lsfx? 5g\ .

s_ dfks t/ª\u gfk ( measuring wave length) nfO{ 10:1 sf] cg'kftdf j9fpb} nuL b"/Lsf] :yn
dfg k|fKt u/L n sf] dg kQf nfufpg] .

v_ Equation 2D= n+  sf] nflu tLg j]Un} t/ k/:k/ ;DalGwt t/ª\u gfk jf tlj|tf k|of]u u/L
k|fKt x'g] ;dLs/0fx? xn u/]/ klg D sf] dfg k|fKt x'G5 .
u_ :jrflnt oGqsf] k|of]ujf6 cfhsn w]/} h;f] oGqx?df ljleGGg tLj|tf t/Ë gfksf nflu k|fj:yf
(phase) cGt/ sf] k7g lnO{/xg' gkg]{ / oGqn] g} :jrflnt ?kdf b"/Lsf] ;+ªu0fgf u/]/ ;f]em} ;+ª\VofTds
dfg b]vfpg] Joj:yf x'G5 .

TYPES OF EDM

a}B't b'/Ldfkg oGqx?sf] juL{s/0f ljleGg lsl;dn] ug{ ;lsG5 . oGqn] gfKg ;Sg] b"/Lsf] clwstd xbsf
cfwf/df j}B't b"/Ldfks oGqnfO{ lgDg cg';f/ ;d"lxs[t ug{ ;lsG5 . .
s_ nfdf] b"/L ( long range) dfks:- o; ;d"xsf oGqx? ( 100 lsld jf ;f] eGbf j9L b"/L gfKgsf nfuL
k|of]u ul/G5 . 6fk"x? ljrsf] b'/L lgsfNg] tyf hn kl/jxg / ;d'Gb|L cGj]if0f ;DaGwL gfkLsf nfuL o;
k|sf/sf oGqx?df nfdf] jf ;"Id /]l8of] t/Ëx?sf] k|of]u ul/G5 .
v_ dWod b'/L ( medium range) dfks :- Precise triangulation sf] sfd jf cGo geodetic
sfo{df cfjZos kg]{ cfwf/ b'/Lsf nflu s/Lj !) b]lv !)) lsld leqsf] nDjfO{ gfKg] oGqx? o; >]0fLdf
kb{5g\ . o; cGt/ut k|sfz, O{Gkmf/]8, dfO{qmf]s j]e, n];/ dWo] h'g;'s} lsl;dsf] t/Ë k|of]u u/]sf] kfO{G5 .
u_ 5f]6f] b"/L (short range) dfks M– O{lGhlgol/Ë ;DaGwL ;j} sfdsf] nfuL / gfkLdf % lsnf]ld6/
cf;kf; ;Ddsf] b"/L gfKg k|of]u ul/g] oGqx? o; >]0fLdf kb{5g\ . o; >]0fLsf w]/}h;f] oGqx?df k|sfz,
O{gk|mf/]8 jf n];/ t/ªu pkof]u ul/Psf] kfOG5 .
 o; k|sf/ EDM k|0ffnLnfO{ tLg >]0fLdf jul{s[t ul/P tfklg s'g} oGqsf] Ifdtf b"/Lsf] lj:t[t
>[vnfsf nflu pko'Qm x'g ;Sb5 . To;}n] j}B't b'/Ldfkg k|0ffnLnfO{ b'/L gfKg] sfddf k|of]u ul/g] ljB't
r'Dalso t/ªun] k|s[lt cg';f/ lgDg b'O{ ;d"xdf ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 .

!_ dfO{qmf] j]e k|0ffnL ( microwave system)

@_ O{n]S6«f] – clK6sn k|0ffnL ( Electro optical system ) o; k|0ffnL cGt/ut k|rlnt b'/L dfks
oGqx?nfO{ klg b'O{ efudf ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 .
 b[io k|sfz oGqx? (Visible light instrument)
 O{Gkmf/]8 oGqx? (Infrared instrument)
dfO{qmf]j]e k|0ffnL M– o; ;d"xsf b"/Ldfks oGqx?df # b]lv #% GH2 tLj|tfsf t/Ëx? k|of]u ul/G5g\ /
o:tf] tLj|tf !)) lsld ;Dd jf cem nfdf] b"/L gfKg pko'St x'G5 .

v_ O{n]S6«f] – clK6sn k|0ffnL M– k|sfz t/Ëx?s} pkof]u ul/g] x'gfn] o; ;d"xsf oGqdf ljls/0f (
radiation) nfO{ nIf tkm{ concetration u/L k7fpg Pp6f b"/ljg klg ;+nUg x'G5 . cfhsn vf; u/L
5f]6f] b'/Lsf nfuL O{Gk|mf/]8 oGq x? w]/} k|rlnt 5g\ h'g ;fgf, xn'sf :jrflnt tyf w]/} e/kbf{ x'G5g\ .

6]lsof]d]6«L (Tacheometry)

6]lsof]d]6«L eGg'g} Ps k|sf/sf] 3'dfpg' x'g] lyof]8f]nfO{6 xf] . h:sf] 6]ln:sf]kdf :6]l/of 8fokmd{ lrqdf b]vfP
h:t} x'G5g \ . :6]l8of 8fofkmfd{ eg]sf] b'O{j6f s|; x]o/ ( Cross hair) tn dfly / jLrjf6 /fv]sf x'G5 .
o; oGqdf s'g} tLg lsl;dsf] 6]ln:sf]kx? dWo] s'g} Ps k|sf/sf] /fv]sf] x'G5 . oL x'G5
s_ aflx/L kmf]s; ( external focusing)
v_ lelq kmf]s; ( internal focus /
u_ jflx/L kmf]s;df cgfn]l6s n]G; (Anallatic lense) /fv]sf] . 6]sLof]d]l6«s oGqdf x'g'kg]{ u'0fx? dWo]
s]xL tn lbO{G5 . s_ o;df cgfn]l6s n]G; ePsf] x'g'k5{ . v_ f/i = 100 jgfPsf] x'g'k5{ oxf f = kmf]sn
n]Gy ( focal length) / i = :6]l8of O{G6/;]ˆ6 ( stadia intercept xf] .

lrqM

lrq g+= !-s_ -v_ -u_ -3_

u_ 6]ln:sf]k / cfO{lk;jf6 6f9fsf] j:t' /fd|f] ;+u b]lvg] u/L jgfPsf] x'g'k5{ . gofF k|sf/sf] c6f]l/8szg
6]lsof]d]l6«s (Auto-reduction tachometry) of b"/L / pFrfO{sf] km/s lx;fjjf6 lgsfNg' gkg]{ u/L
8fO{kmd{df /fv]sf] jqm (curve) jf6 l;wf b'/L / pFrfO{ lbG5 . o;sf] nflu ;fwf/0f lx;fj !)) n] u'0fg
u/] k'U5 . dflyNnf] / tNnf] as| ( curve) x?sf] l/l8Ësf] km/snfO{ !))n] u'0fg u/L ;dtn b'/L / pFrfO{sf]
km/s lgsflnG5 . o; k|sf/sf] 6]lsof]d]l6«x? ljN8, hfO{;,s0f{ ljleGg sDklgx?n] jgfPsf ljleGg lsl;dsf
kfO{G5 . h;jf6 lyof]8f]nfO{6sf] ;fwf/0f sfd klg ug'{ x'g] u/L jgfPsf] x'G5 .
 oGqx?sf] htg / d/Ddt
Care and maintenance of instruments
!_ hlxn] klg oGqnfO{ efF8fdf /fVbf ;dtlno / cg'nDa RofDg]x? s:g'; / nfdf] 9'jfgL x'g] j]nf o;nfO{
dhj"t l;t s:gf];\ . ;w} 9'jfgLsf] nflu g/d u2f ePsf] efF8f] k|of]u ug'{ k5{ .
@_ hlxn] klg, cfb|{ / jbnL ( wet or misty) ePsf] j]nf oGqx?nfO{ Pp6f Gofgf] sf]7fdf nuL efF8f] leq
km]l/ /fv]/ jGb ug'{ k5{ .
#_ oGqsf clK6snx? xftx?n] / g/d sk8fn] klg k'5g' x'b}g, hj ;Dd Psbd h?/L x'b}g . oGqsf c?
efux? Ps 6'qmf g/d sk8fn] ;kmf ug]{ .
oGqdf em'l08/x]sf] y}ln leqsf] l;lnsfh]n bfgfx? sf] /+Ë hfRgf];\ . olb ltgLx? gLnf] 5}g t/ ;]tf] cyjf
u'nfkmL 5g eg] y}nf]jf6 bfgfx? x6fpg'xf];\ / ltgLx? Pp6f kmnfd] kftfdf /fvL / sdhf]/L cfuf] dfly
;dfTg' xf]; . slxn] sfxL bfgfx?nfO{ rnfpg'x];, tfls tLglx? gjnf];\ . s]xL ldg]6 ttfO{ ;s]kl5 bfgx?
n] km]l/ gLnf] /Ëdf kl/jt{g x'g] 5 . tj ltgLx?nfO{ y}nf]df /fVgf]; oGq ;+u hf]8gf]; . hj km]l/ vfgfx?
gLnf] x'G5g\ . ltgLx?n] oGqx?sf] 3/ leq sf] cfb|{tfsf] s]xL ( Humidity) efu ;f]Rg ;Sg]5 . oGqsf] 3/
jflx/ l;lnsfh]nnfO{ slxn] klg g5f]8gf];\ . ;w} oGqsf] 3/ dhj't ;+u jGb ug'{; ,

Theodolite jf6 Angle gfKbf tLg k|sf/n] sf]0fdf q'l6x? x'G5g\ .

!_ oflGqs q'l6x? M– forward, Trunnion, Vertical axis sf] mutually perpendicular df q'l6,
Vertical circle sf] Index x?sf] c;dfGtf Pj+ eccentric, not coincident, parallel axis &
diaphragm loos O{TofbL o; cGt/ut k5{ .
@_ k|fs[lts q'l6x? M– jftfj/0fsf] cj:yfdf km]/jbn eP/ klg sf]0fx? q'l6x'G5 . To;}n] k|lts"n kl/l:ytldf
ljz]if ;fjwfgL t/Lsf c+ufNg' k5{ of c;Dej cj:yfdf sfd :ylut ug'{ kb{5 .
#_ j}oltms q'6Lx? M – oL ;j]{Ifssf] sfo{ s'zntf;+u ;DalGwt x'G5g \ . oGqnfO{ hyfefjL ;~rfng ug{,
nIf ;ªs]t nfO{ cjnf]sg ubf{ imperfect of bisection, cross hair sf] k|of]udf q'6L, tube bubble
7Ls s]Gb|df gkfg{' cflb o; cGt/ut kb{5 .
o:tf] q'6L x6fpg ;e]{If0fdf lgDg t/Lsf ckgfpg' k5{ .
!_ – k|To]s lbzfsf] jfof+ / bfofF b'j} df]x8fdf k7g lng] .
–Horizontal angle gfKbf k|To]s measurement , set df leGGff leGg] ;dfg'kflts efu nufO{ leGgf
leGg} r.o df k9g] .
– dflyNnf] level / vertical index b'j}nfO{ ;fjwfgL k"j{s level ug]{ .

Temporary adjustments of a theodolite

The following five temporary adjustments are required.

1. Setting up
2. Centring
3. Levelling up
4. Focusing the eye piece
4. Focusing the objective
5. Using a theodolite as a level