Lesson 1: Functions and Relation

Topic/s:
1. Functions and Relations

2. Vertical Line Test

3. Representing real-life situations using functions

Materials:

Manila papers/ Cartolina, Pen

Learning Concepts/ Discussions:

 Relation is a rule that relates values from a set of values (called the domain) to a second set of values (called the
range).
 A relation is a set of ordered pairs (x,y).
 A function is a relation where each element in the domain is related to only one value in the range by some rule.
 A function is a set of ordered pairs (x,y) such that no two ordered pairs have the same x-value but different y-
values. Using functional notation, we can write f(x) = y, read as “f of x is equal to y.” In particular, if (1, 2) is an
ordered pair associated with the function f, then we say that f(2) = 1.

Sample Activities:
Example 1. Which of the following relations are functions?

• f ={(1,2),(2,2),(3,5),(4,5)}

• g ={(1,3),(1,4),(2,5),(2,6),(3,7)}

• h ={(1,3),(2,6),(3,9),...,(n,3n),...}

Solution.

The relations f and h are functions because no two ordered pairs have the same x-value but different y-values.
Meanwhile, g is not a function because (1,3) and (1,4) are ordered pairs with the same x-value but different y-values.

 Relations and functions can be represented by mapping diagrams where the elements of the domain are
mapped to the elements of the range using arrows. In this case, the relation or function is represented by the
set of all the connections represented by the arrows.

 A mapping diagram can be used to represent a relationship between input values and output values. A mapping
diagram represents a function if each input value is paired with only one output value.
Example 2

Solution :

Since each input value is paired with only one output value, the relationship given in the above mapping diagram is a
function.

Solution :

Since 2 is paired with more than one output value (both 20 and 40), the relationship given in the above mapping
diagram is not a function.

Solution :

Since each input value is paired with only one output value, the relationship given in the above mapping diagram is a
function.

The Vertical Line Test

A graph represents a function if and only if each vertical line intersects the graph at most once.

Example 3
Solution

Since each vertical line only touches the graph at one point, this relation can be classified as a function.

s:{(-3, 2) (-1, 6) (1,2)

Solution

Each input is paired with only one output. I know that you see an output of 2 twice, but each is paired with a different
input. The outputs can be the same, as long as the inputs are different. Let's look at the vertical line test.

Yes, this is a function - remember that the outputs can be duplicated as long as the inputs are different.

c:{(3,3) (-1,0) (3,-3)

Solution

Look at the ordered pairs - there are 2 ordered pairs with input of 3 and they have different ranges! Think about our
little function machine - you cannot put in a 3 and get out a 0, and then put in another 3 and get out a -3. Each time you
put in a 3, you should get the same answer.

Therefore, this relation is NOT a function. Let's look at the vertical line test.
Real – life situation using function
Example 4

1. Betty and Kris are best of friends. They decided to have a part time income. They buy beads and other materials in
Divisoria and make bracelets to sell to their other friends. Their starting capital is worth Php 1000 which can make
100 pieces of bracelets. If they sell it for Php 20 each, how much is their profit?

Solution

To represent the amount of profit (P), we used n for the number of pieces of bracelets made and a constant of
Php 1000 for the capital. The equation for this situation is represented by P = 20n -1000

Therefore, P= 20n -1000

= 20(100)- 1000

= 2000 – 1000

= Php 1000 is the profit

2. Contaminated water is subjected to a cleaning process. The concentration of pollutants is initially 10mg per liter of
water. If the cleaning process can reduce the pollutant by 5% each hour, define a function that can represent the
concentration of pollutants in the water in terms of the number of hours that the cleaning process has taken place.

Solution

After an hour, the concentration of pollutants is (10mg)(0.95). The concentration is C(t) = (10)( 0.95 ¿ ¿t

Therefore, after two hours the concentration of pollutants is:

C(t) = (10)(0.95 ¿ ¿2

= [(10mg)][(0.95)(0.95)

= (10mg)(0.9025)

= 9.025mg concentration of pollutants after 2 hours

Group Activities:
Create 4 groups in a class and answer the following questions below in manila paper or cartolina.

GROUP 1 GROUP 2

GROUP 3 GROUP 4
1. For which values of k is the set of order
pairs ={(2,4),(k,6),(4,k)} a function?

2. Which of the following statements

represents a function?
(a) Students to their current age.
(b) Countries to its capital.
(c) A store to its merchandise.

3. Squares of side x are cut by 2 from each

corner of an 8 in x 5 in rectangle, so that
its sides can be folded to make a box
with no top. Define a function in terms
of x that can represent the volume of
this box. Show the solution.
Individual Activity:

A. Explain briefly the following:

1. What is the difference between a relation and a function?

2. What is the difference between the input and the output of a function?

3. Why does the vertical line test tell us whether the graph of a relation represents a function?

B. Determine whether the relation represents a function . Write Function or Not Function.

1. {(−1,−1),(−2,−2),(−3,−3)}

2. {(3,4),(4,5),(5,6)}

3. {(2,5),(7,11),(15,8),(7,9)}

4. {(a,b), (c,d), (a,c)}

5. {(a,b),(b,c),(c,c)}

6. 7. 8.

9. 10.

C. Define a function that can represent the problems.

1. Thunder storms and lightning strike or happen during rainy season, If the time interval between the flash
and the thunder depends on the distance where the lightning struck, then the observe phenomenon is a
function illustrated in the table below:
Distance (in kilometers) 1 2 3 4 5
Time (in seconds) 3 6 9 12 15

2.A computer shop charges Php20 per hour for the first two hours and an additional Php10 per hour for each
succeeding hour. Represent your computer rental fee using the function R(t) where t is the number of hours you spent
on the computer.