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4 Intellectual Revolutions

The document discusses several major intellectual revolutions throughout history that changed paradigms and transformed societies: [1] Copernicus' heliocentric model which placed the Sun at the center of the solar system, contradicting the geocentric Ptolemaic model; [2] Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection, which proposed life evolved over time through natural processes; [3] Freud's psychoanalytic theory proposing personality is formed by conflicts between the id, ego and superego. These intellectual revolutions caused fundamental changes in beliefs and assumptions, despite initial controversy.

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Mari Cris Azul
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63 views

4 Intellectual Revolutions

The document discusses several major intellectual revolutions throughout history that changed paradigms and transformed societies: [1] Copernicus' heliocentric model which placed the Sun at the center of the solar system, contradicting the geocentric Ptolemaic model; [2] Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection, which proposed life evolved over time through natural processes; [3] Freud's psychoanalytic theory proposing personality is formed by conflicts between the id, ego and superego. These intellectual revolutions caused fundamental changes in beliefs and assumptions, despite initial controversy.

Uploaded by

Mari Cris Azul
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS

LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of the lesson the students should


be able to:
• Discuss the paradigm shifts through history
• Explain how the intellectual revolution
changed the way how humans see the world
• Describe the technological advancement
that happened in the information age
PARADIGM SHIFTS IN
HISTORY
WHAT IS A PARADIGM?
WHAT IS A PARADIGM?

• A typical example or pattern of something.


• A distinct set of concepts or thought
patterns, including theories, research
methods, postulates, and standards for
what constitutes legitimate contributions
to a field.
WHAT IS A PARADIGM SHIFT?
WHAT IS A PARADIGM SHIFT?

• A fundamental change in approach or


underlying assumptions.
• A concept identified by the American physicist and
philosopher Thomas Kuhn
• A fundamental change in the basic concepts and
experimental practices of a scientific discipline.
• Kuhn presented his notion of a paradigm shift in his
influential book "The Structure of Scientific
Revolutions (1962)."
WHY ARE PARADIGM SHIFTS IMPORTANT?

• Paradigm shift is another


expression for more significant
changes within belief systems.
• Within the philosophy of
science, this concept is
sometimes considered
important and is sometimes
given great attention within
education.
HISTORICAL EXAMPLES
OF PARADIGMS
SOCIETY AND ETHICS

• Slavery is acceptable to now slavery being


unacceptable
• Role of Children in Society - child labor was,
now is not acceptable
• Male Superiority - beating wives was, now is
not acceptable
SOCIETY AND ETHICS

• Reading and the control over information -


invention of the printing press (and other
major inventions) allowed for the elites
control over reading/writing to end.
• The Reformation - broke monopoly of the
Catholic Church and Christian's "relationship"
with God.
NATURAL SCIENCES

• Darwin’s theory of evolution


• Plate Tectonics - create a physical model of
the Earth's structure
• Albert Einstein’s space-time is not fixed or
objective --- subject to observer’s state of
motion relative to other object.
HUMAN SCIENCES

• Psychology: Sigmund
Freud --- we are not fully
in control of our behavior
--- a subconscious part
operate.
• Economics --- government
intervention in economy
is now accepted.
THE ARTS

• The Realist paradigm: the purpose of art is to


copy reality
• Shakespeare's impact on drama/theater
• Jazz & rock revolutionizing music
WHAT IS INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION?

• Refers to Greek speculation about the


"nature" in the period before Socrates
(roughly 600 to 400 BCE).
• ”Pre-Socratic" or "non-theological" or
"first philosophy" – more on physics
and logic
• Showed how society was transformed by
science and technology
QUESTIONS

• What created day and night?


• What heavenly bodies are like stars, moons
and planets are?
• What was actually out there in the outer
space?
INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION

• There had been instances when advancements


in science and technology changed people’s
perceptions and beliefs. The developments
during this period showed how society was
transformed by science and technology.
• Brilliant minds responded to the call of the
times and created things that could make life
easier for the people.
COPERNICAN REVOLUTION
CLAUDIUS PTOLEMY

• Famous Greek
philosopher and
astronomer.
• Stated that the planets,
the sun and the moon
move in circular motion
around the earth
• Existence of days and
nights
GEOCENTRISM/GEOCENTRIC MODEL

• A superseded
description of the
universe with earth
at the center.
• Under the Geocentric
model, the Sun, Moon,
stars, and planets all
orbited Earth.
NICHOLAS COPERNICUS
Revolutionary Astronomer

• Polish mathematician
and astronomer
• Developed his model of
a sun-centered universe
• Explained the daily and
yearly motion of the sun
and stars in the
universe
HELIOCENTRISM/HELIOCENTRIC MODEL

• The center of the solar


system is not the earth
but actually the sun
• Started the birth of
modern astronomy
• Scientific revolution
• Transformation of
society’s thoughts and
beliefs
DARWINIAN REVOLUTION
ONE OF THE MOST CONTROVERSIAL
INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS OF ITS TIME
CHARLES DARWIN

• An English naturalist, biologist


and geologist.
• All life is related and has
descended from a common
ancestor: the birds and the
bananas, the fishes and the
flowers -- all related.
• Published his book, On the
Origin of Species.
• Complex creatures evolve
from more simplistic
ancestors naturally over time.
THEORY OF E V O L U T I O N

• Populations pass through


a process of natural
selection in which only
the fittest would survive.
• O rganisms have the
ability to adapt to their
environment and would
gradually changed into
something that would
be more competitive to
survive – evolution.
FREUDIAN REVOLUTION
SIGMUND FREUD

• He was the founding


Father of Psychoanalysis,
a method for treating
mental illness and also a
theory which explains
human behavior.
FREUD’S THEORY

• Freud developed the


psychoanalytic theory of
personality development,
which argued that
personality is formed
through conflicts among
three fundamental
structures of the human
mind: the id, ego, and
superego.

Conflict within the mind: According to Freud, the job of the ego is to balance the
aggressive/pleasure-seeking drives of the id with the moral control of the superego.
QUESTIONS FOR REFLECTION

• Why do you think most intellectual ideas


are controversial?
• Why did the people accept these new
discoveries despite being contradictory to
what was widely accepted at that time?
• How do intellectual revolutions transform
societies?

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