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P A YLOAD USER’S GUIDE

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Overview
The goal of the Firefly Payload User’s Guide is to provide summary information for preliminary
mission planning for Payload Customers. The contents found herein are not intended to be
mission specific and are subject to change. Firefly welcomes detailed design data such as payload-
specific requirements and interfaces, and operational plans once a Launch Service Agreement is
in place.

Contact Firefly
Please contact Firefly Aerospace Launch Services with inquiries into the suitability of the launch
vehicle for your mission.

Firefly Aerospace Inc.

1320 Arrow Point Drive
Launch Suite 109
Cedar Park, TX 78613
Services
E-mail: [email protected]
Web: www.fireflyspace.com

Copies of this Firefly Payload User’s Guide may be obtained from the Firefly website at the link
above. Hard copies are also available upon request.

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Contents
1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 3
1.1 Firefly’s History ............................................................................................................................... 4

2 Vehicle Overview.................................................................................................................. 5
2.1 Alpha Architecture ......................................................................................................................... 6
2.2 Beta Architecture ......................................................................................................................... 12
2.3 Launch Services............................................................................................................................. 17
2.4 The Firefly Advantage ................................................................................................................... 19

3 Mission Management ......................................................................................................... 21

3.1 Mission Planning & Preparation................................................................................................... 21
3.2 Launch Campaign Timeline .......................................................................................................... 21
3.3 Payload Integration Operations ................................................................................................... 23

4 Ground and Launch Operations........................................................................................... 24

4.1 Launch Control Organization ........................................................................................................ 24
4.2 Payload Processing ....................................................................................................................... 24

5 Payload Accommodations & Requirements ......................................................................... 28

5.1 Payload Envelope .......................................................................................................................... 28
5.2 Payload Interfaces ........................................................................................................................ 30
5.3 Payload Environments .................................................................................................................. 32
5.4 Payload Requirements .................................................................................................................. 41
5.5 Secondary Payload Accommodations........................................................................................... 44
5.6 Evidence of Qualification & Acceptance ....................................................................................... 46

6 Facilities ............................................................................................................................. 48
6.1 Headquarters & Mission Control Center ..................................................................................... 48
6.2 Test Site ........................................................................................................................................ 48
6.3 Launch Site.................................................................................................................................... 49

7 Safety................................................................................................................................. 52
7.1 Safety Requirements..................................................................................................................... 52

Payload Questionnaire ............................................................................................................... 53

Supporting Documents ......................................................................................................................... 57
Acronyms .............................................................................................................................................. 58
List of Figures ........................................................................................................................................ 60
List of Tables ......................................................................................................................................... 60
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1 Introduction

Welcome to the Payload User’s Guide for the Firefly launch vehicles - we’re glad you’re here!

Firefly’s mission is to make space accessible by providing our customers with reliable, economical,
high- frequency launches for orbital services.

Our Alpha and Beta launch vehicles enable this vision. Come aboard.

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1.1 Firefly’s History

Firefly Aerospace Inc. (“Firefly”) was founded to provide economical, high-frequency access to
space for small payloads through the design, manufacture and operation of reliable launch
vehicles. The Firefly team addresses the market’s need for flexible access to space with a
“simplest, soonest” approach to technology selection.

Firefly’s engineering team is comprised of industry-proven leaders with experience in building

both commercial launch vehicles and successful technology firms. Augmenting and rounding out
this team are passionate young minds from the country’s top engineering schools. To reduce risk
and increase reliability, each vehicle is engineered with cross-industry design insights and
leverages high maturity design elements and commercial off the shelf (COTS) components.
Firefly’s manufacturing process is highly vertically integrated. Propulsion, structures and avionics
are designed, built and tested in-house. The technologies employed in our Alpha flagship vehicle
provide a clear pathway for future incremental improvements in vehicle capability.

Firefly’s facilities include a 20,000-square foot design campus in Cedar Park, Texas, just north of
Austin, which houses the corporate headquarters, engineering staff, prototyping facilities and
machine shop. The Firefly Briggs operations facility, a 200-acre test and production site, is a short
drive north from the design campus. It hosts extensive and growing test and manufacturing
capabilities. Briggs facilities house ground systems fabrication, a test control center, surface
finishing/processing, composites fabrication and assembly production. Briggs is also home to the
propulsion, structures and materials testing range, whose proximity to the design campus
facilitates rapid transitions from paper to proven designs. Rapid development testing is optimized
at low cost utilizing our in-house horizontal engine test, vertical stage test, and high-pressure
component stands.

Firefly’s first Alpha vehicle launch is scheduled for the third quarter of 2019. By the first quarter
of 2021, Firefly plans to launch two Alpha vehicles per month given planned production capacity.
The Firefly team is currently evaluating market demands to determine the first launch date of
Beta.

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2 Vehicle Overview
Firefly launch vehicles service the small-to-medium-sized satellite market. Alpha delivers 1,000 kg
(2,204 lbm) to Low Earth Orbit (LEO) and the larger Beta launch vehicle delivers up to 4,000 kg
(8,818 lbm) to LEO and smaller payloads to Geostationary Transfer Orbit (GTO). Firefly vehicles
draw on well-established, historically-successful rocket technology, such as LOX/RP-1, pump-fed,
regeneratively cooled engines.

In contrast, modern advances in aerospace composite materials enable rapid development of

strong, lightweight primary structures such as propellant tanks. Use of Commercial Off-the-Shelf
(COTS) components in avionics systems, such as the flight computer and communication system,
allows for high-reliability, low-cost, and streamlined development. Proximity to technology
centers in Austin, Texas facilitates support operations with all facets of design, testing, and
production performed locally.

Figure 1 highlights the Alpha and Beta vehicle characteristics. More details of Alpha architecture
are presented in Section 2.1; the Beta architecture is detailed in Section 2.2.

Figure 1: Firefly Vehicles Overview

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2.1 Alpha Architecture

Alpha is a two-stage launch vehicle capable of delivering 1,000 kg (2,204 lbm) of payload to 200
km (125 mile) Low-Earth Orbit. Firefly’s entry-to-market vehicle, Alpha provides low-cost launch
capabilities for the small satellite market. To learn more about Alpha, please see Table 1 and
Figure 2.

Table 1: Alpha Characteristics

CHARACTERISTICS STAGE ONE STAGE TWO

Height 29 m (95 ft) including fairing and stages

Diameter 1.8 m (5.9 ft)

Material Carbon composite

Propellants LOX/RP-1 LOX/RP-1

Propellant feed system Turbopump Turbopump

Engine name Reaver 1 Lightning 1

Quantity of engines 4 1

Thrust (stage total vac) 736 kN (165,459 lbf) 70 kN (15,737 lbf)

Engine designer Firefly Firefly

Engine manufacturer Firefly Firefly

Restart capability No Yes, 1 restart

Max level of throttling 20% 20%

Tank pressurization (No.) Heated helium (4) Heated helium (1)

Dry mass 2,895 kg (6,382 lbm) 910 kg (2,006 lbm)

Max Gross Lift-Off Weight 54,000 kg (119,050 lbm)

Payload mass 1,000 kg (LEO 28.5o, 200 km)

630 kg (SSO, 500 km)

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Payload
Payload Fairing

Payload Segment
1,000 kg LEO 28.5o, 200km
Carbon Composite Structure

5.0 m (16.4 ft)

Primary Payload
2.0 m (6.6 ft) Diameter
12.5 m3 (441.4 ft3) of Internal Volume
(Primary Payload)
Separation Plane

Payload Attach Fitting (PAF) Second Stage LOX Tank

Second Stage
1.0 m (3.3 ft) Payload Interface

6.0 m (19.7 ft)

Second Stage Fuel Tank

Second Stage Avionics Second Stage Helium Tank

Flight Computer
Multi-Band Path Array Antennae
GPS/IMU Navigation
Power Conditioning & Distribution Unit (PCDU) Second Stage Engine
Solenoid Drive Lightning 1
Data Acquisition Chassis (DAC) Qty Engines: 1
Telemetry Transmitter Propellant: LOX/RP-1
Lithium Polymer Batteries Thrust: 70 kN (15,737 lbf) (vac)
Autonomous Flight Termination System Isp: 322.0 seconds (vac)

First Stage LOX Tank

18.0 m (59.1 ft)

First Stage
Interstage
Stage Interface Structure
Houses Second Stage Engine
First Stage Helium Tanks
Pusher-Mechanism Stage Separation
Carbon Composite First Stage Fuel Tank

First Stage Engine

Reaver 1
First Stage Avionics Qty Engines: 4
Power Conditioning & Distribution Unit Propellant: LOX/RP-1
(PCDU) Thrust: 736 kN (165,459 lbf) (vac)
Solenoid Drive Isp: 295.6 seconds (vac)
Data Acquisition Chassis (DAC)
Lithium Polymer Batteries

Figure 2: Alpha Overview

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Figure 3 shows the definition of the axes for the Firefly Alpha vehicle. The X-axis is the roll axis for
the vehicle, and the vertical axis for any vertically mounted satellite. The axes definitions in
Figure 3 are used throughout this User’s Guide to specify payload environments, loads, and test
requirements.

Figure 3: Alpha Vehicle Coordinate Frame

2.1.1 First Stage

First stage propulsion features four independent LOX/RP-1 engines. These pump-fed LOX/RP-1
engines yield 736 kN (165,459 lbf) (vac) thrust. This stage incorporates a carbon composite
propellant tank with four helium pressurant tanks nested between the LOX and fuel tanks. Thrust
vector control is provided by gimballing each thrust chamber. Flight termination is ordnance-
based, with Autonomous Flight Termination Units located on Stage 2.

2.1.2 Alpha Second Stage

The second stage delivers the payload to orbit. It features a pump-fed, bell nozzle engine. Fueled
by LOX/RP-1, this stage provides 70 kN (15,737 lbf) (vac) thrust. The all-composite structure
includes a 2 m (6.6 ft) payload fairing baseline accommodation. A single helium tank provides
ullage pressurant, attitude control, roll control, and settling. The engine is gimbaled using
hydraulic actuators for thrust vector control.

2.1.3 Alpha Payload Fairing

The Firefly-developed payload fairing composite construction is 2 m (6.6 ft) in diameter by 5.0 m
(16.4 ft) in height.
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The fairing separates into two equal halves as shown in Figure 4. Figure 5 details the mechanical
separation design.

Figure 4: Open Alpha Clamshell Fairing Concept

Pyrotechnically Actuated
Ejection Pistons (6)

Passively Actuated
Hinges (1)
Frangible Bolts (2)

Figure 5: Baseline Alpha Fairing Separation Design

After the second stage burn, the second stage and payload are stabilized. Then the payload fairing
separates, exposing the payload. Finally, each satellite is deployed from the Payload Attach Fitting
(PAF). A typical direct inject flight profile is discussed in Figure 8 of Section 2.1.4

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2.1.4 Alpha Performance

This section details the performance capabilities of the Firefly Alpha vehicle. Alpha can
accommodate a wide range of payload requirements. Our team can provide performance trades
to meet our Customers’ needs. Figure 6 provides orbit delivery performance for inclinations
typical of a launch from the East Coast of the United States. Figure 7 provides orbit delivery
performance for inclinations typical of a launch from the West Coast of the United States.

Figure 6: Alpha Performance

East Coast Launch

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Figure 7: Alpha Performance

West Coast Launch

A representative flight profile of the Firefly Alpha launch vehicle is depicted in Figure 8. Most
missions follow a similar profile, although the times and altitudes for key events may vary slightly.

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Fairing Separation SECO Payload Deployment

t = 174 sec t = 486 sec t = after SECO
h = 114 km h = 500 km h = 500 km
v = 2.8 km/s v = 7.7 km/s v = 7.7 km/s
Stage 2 Ignition
t = 170 sec
h = 106 km
v = 2.8 km/s
MECO/Stage
Separation
t = 165 sec
h = 96 km Coast
v = 2.8 km/s Fairing
2nd stage jettison
jettison

1st stage
jettison
Liftoff
t = 0 sec
h = 0 km
v = 0 km/s

Figure 8: Example Alpha Direct Insert Flight Profile

As depicted above, payload deployment occurs approximately 500 seconds after liftoff. For multi-
manifested missions and those requiring higher orbits, the Alpha second stage first inserts into a
low elliptical transfer orbit, coasts to apogee, then initiates a second burn to circularize into the
final orbit.

2.2 Beta Architecture

The Firefly Beta is a two-stage launch vehicle capable of delivering 4,000 kg (8,818 lbm) of payload
to 200 km (125 mile) Low-Earth Orbit. The Beta vehicle can reach Geosynchronous Orbits.

The Beta vehicle also utilizes efficient technologies such as composite tanks and COTS components
(e.g. Avionics electronics) and builds on the Alpha architecture discussed in Section 2.1. To learn
more about the Beta vehicle, please see Table 2 and Figure 9.

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Table 2: Beta Characteristics

CHARACTERISTICS STAGE ONE STAGE TWO

Height 31 m (102 ft) including fairing and stages

Diameter 2.8 m (9.2 ft)

Material Carbon composite

Propellants LOX/RP-1 LOX/RP-1

Propellant feed system Turbopump Turbopump

Engine name Reaver 1 Lightning 2

Quantity of engines 12 1

Thrust (stage total vac) 2,208 kN (496,378 lbf) 163 kN (36,643 lbf)

Engine designer Firefly Firefly

Engine manufacturer Firefly Firefly

Restart capability No Yes, 1 restart

Max level of throttling 20% 20%

Tank pressurization (No.) Heated helium (4) Heated helium (1)

Dry mass 8,960 kg (19,753 lbm) 950 kg (2094 lbm)

Max Gross Lift-Off Weight 149,700 kg (330,032 lbm)

Payload mass 4,000 kg (LEO 28.5°, 200 km)

3,000 kg (SSO, 500 km)
400 kg (Geosynchronous Orbit, 28.5°)

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Payload Segment
Payload Fairing

6.5 m (21.3 ft)

Carbon Composite Structure
2.8 m (9.2 ft) Diameter Payload
22.6 m3 (798.1 ft3) of Internal Volume 4,000 kg LEO 28.5o, 200km
(Primary Payload) Primary Payload

Second Stage Engine

Second Stage
5.3 m (17.4 ft)
Lightning 2
Qty Engines: 1
Second Stage Avionics Propellant: LOX/RP-1
Flight Computer Thrust: 163 kN (36,643 lbf) (vac)
Multi-Band Path Array Antennae Isp: 324.0 seconds (vac)
GPS/IMU Navigation
Power Conditioning & Distribution Unit
(PCDU)
Solenoid Drive
Data Acquisition Chassis (DAC)
Telemetry Transmitter
Lithium Polymer Batteries
Autonomous Flight Termination System

Interstage

22.1 m (72.5 ft)

First Stage
Stage Interface Structure
Houses Second Stage Engine
Pusher-Mechanism Stage Separation
Carbon Composite

First Stage Engine

First Stage Avionics Reaver 1
Power Conditioning & Distribution Unit Qty Engines: 12
(PCDU) Propellant: LOX/RP-1
Solenoid Drive Thrust: 2,208 kN (496,378 lbf) (vac)
Data Acquisition Chassis (DAC) Isp: 295.6 seconds (vac)
Lithium Polymer Batteries

Figure 9: Beta Overview

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2.2.1 Beta Performance

The performance capabilities of the Firefly Beta vehicle are detailed in this section. Beta will
accommodate a wide range of payload requirements and our team can provide performance
trades to meet our Customers’ needs.

Figure 10 and Figure 11 provide the orbit delivery performance capabilities from LEO to
Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit (GTO) for inclinations typical of a launch from the East Coast of
the United States.

Figure 10: Beta Performance

East Coast Launch for lower altitudes

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Figure 11: Beta Performance

East Coast Launch for higher altitudes

Figure 12 provides orbit delivery performance for inclinations typical of a launch from the West
Coast of the United States, including Sun Synchronous Orbit insertions.

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Figure 12: Beta Performance, West Coast Launch

2.3 Launch Services

Firefly aims to offer the lowest price and best value launch service to its Customers. The basic
offering and price includes the standard services and provision in Table 3. Firefly also anticipates
requests for non-standard services during early mission planning and may accommodate the
services and provisions included below:

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Table 3: Launch services

STANDARD SERVICES NON-STANDARD SERVICES

• Payload access prior to fairing closure • Payload access after fairing closure
• Launch of the payload into the desired • Payload heating and/or dedicated
orbit thermal control during cruise phase (prior
to payload separation)
• Customer support from the Payload
Mission Manager, Ground support and • Additional planning meetings
Launch Operations resources and
• Additional Customer offices and payload
personnel needed to support Mission
checkout space
planning, integration and launch
• Increased cleanliness levels in payload
• ISO 8 (same as 100K) clean room
checkout areas
payload and PAF integration space
• Additional fueling services and provisions
• Payload processing, integration and
Additional launch documentation
encapsulation within the fairing
Hypergolic fueling of payload
• Testing of payload interfaces at the
• RF transmission after encapsulation and
launch site
before payload separation
• Environmental conditions per contract
• Separation system provided by Firefly
agreement and payload health and
monitoring requirements
• Provisions for safety interfaces and
protocols, pursuant to range
regulations
• Acquisition and maintenance of
mission- required licensing for launch
vehicle, including US FAA and State
Department
• Mission Simulation Test exercising
operational readiness, vehicle
resources and equipment and ground
system support
• Mission Dress Rehearsal for key launch
team members
• Post-flight launch services, including
delivery of the Post-Flight Data
Package, including payload separation
confirmation, payload environment
report and final orbit configuration
• Separation system provided by
Customer

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2.4 The Firefly Advantage

Firefly is enthusiastic to discuss how to accommodate your mission. Select advantages of Firefly’s
launch vehicles include:

Availability - Firefly launch vehicles are mass produced to the highest quality standards. Mass
production empowers industry change through regularly scheduled launches.

Reliability - Firefly launch vehicles are designed and built for reliability. Separation events are kept
to a minimum of three: stage, fairing, and payload separation. Each launch vehicle runs through
a regime of tests, starting at the component level, up to a full stage test prior to transportation to
the launch site. Specific design choices have been made to ensure uncompromised reliability
beginning at the architectural level, including, but not limited to those found in Table 4.

Table 4: Design choices for increased reliability

DESIGN CHOICE DESCRIPTION

Environmental Environmental qualification is performed on all Firefly- designed

Qualification avionics with SMC-S-016 (Space and Missile Systems Center
Standard – Test Requirements for Launch, Upper-Stage and Space
Vehicles) as a baseline

Parts, Materials and The Firefly-developed Parts, Materials and Processes Plan is used to
Processes Plan standardize and establish reliability for Firefly designed hardware;
The EEE parts baseline is Automotive Grade with extended
temperature ranges

Pump-Fed Engine Pump-fed engine enables tank design pressures for low operating
strain

Coupled Loads Analysis Coupled Loads Analysis with Vibroacoustic analysis ensures that the
Firefly launch environment will not exceed the vibration
requirements of the payload

Composite Materials Composite materials enable monolithic parts with fewer structural
joints, which leads to fewer failure points and leak paths

Commercial off the With space launch vehicle heritage, COTS hardware is employed for
Shelf (COTS) hardware many Avionics and Fluid System components, as well as prepreg
carbon fiber to ensure consistent quality and robust material for
Structures components

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DESIGN CHOICE DESCRIPTION

Autonomous Flight The Autonomous Flight Termination Unit (AFTU) is procured from a
Termination RCC-319-14/AFSPCMAN qualified manufacturer

Engine Material Engine Material Selection based on 50 years of US rocket heritage

Selection

2.4.1 Payload Insertion Accuracy

Precise pointing and orbit insertion are provided by an inertial navigation control module
consisting of an IMU and GPS receiver on the upper stage of each vehicle. For a second-stage
probability of command shutdown (PCS) of 99.7%, the following values represent the three-sigma
(3σ) dispersions for a low-earth orbit direct insertion. Continued analysis may yield tighter
tolerances as performance is refined.

• Perigee altitude: ± 5km Apogee altitude: ± 15 km Orbit inclination: ± 0.1o

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3 Mission Management
3.1 Mission Planning & Preparation
Firefly provides a single point of contact to guide every Customer through the entire mission
planning and execution process. This Firefly point of contact, the Payload Mission Manager,
remains the primary liaison for the entirety of the Firefly-Customer relationship. Customers can
expect transparency and open communication throughout the entire process, with regular status
reports.

One fit check meeting is foreseen during the mission preparation phase, typically to take place at
Firefly’s integration facilities at our Customers’ convenience, combined with a meeting to finalize
the payload to launch vehicle Interface Control Document (ICD). Activities and objectives of the
Fit Check include the following activities:

• Assemble a comprehensive mass and volume representative model of the entire payload
segment, including all payloads (in the event of multi-manifested launch configurations)
and separation systems and adapters,
• Validate the mechanical and electrical interfaces, and
• Where possible, validate the operation of all separation systems

3.2 Launch Campaign Timeline

Each Firefly mission follows a standard timeline, starting with the initial Customer contact and
finishing with the successful completion of the mission. Figure 13 depicts a typical timeline. All
timings and milestones are counted before (-) or after (+) the Launch Date. Insertion data is
provided as early as possible, with the final confirmation of launch performance and parameters
delivered no later than three hours after launch. Please note that all dates in the figure are
guidelines, and not firm constraints; more compact timelines may be possible depending on
Customer circumstances.

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Figure 13: Typical Launch Event Timing

Figure 14 depicts a notional launch timeline as the launch date nears, and Firefly welcomes the
opportunity to discuss adjustments for Customer needs. Additional or fewer days can be
supported for payload operations depending on Customer needs. The current schedule carries
two margin days post-payload mate to the launch vehicle.

The Mission Readiness Review (MRR) evaluates the status of the facilities, the launch vehicle,
ground support, and payload in route to mission success. This review is the final review of the
launch vehicle configuration and all hardware and software modifications needed to support
spacecraft mission requirement. It is conducted before shipment of launch vehicle hardware to
the launch site.

The Flight Readiness Review (FRR) ensures that safety systems and procedures are enabled and
readied for mission success. The FRR examines previously performed tests, demonstrations,
analyses, and audits that determine the overall system readiness for a safe and successful
flight/launch and for subsequent flight operations. It also ensures that all flight and ground
hardware, software, personnel and procedures are operationally ready. The Flight Safety Review
is incorporated into the FRR. The review shall include vehicle hazards, the status of any applicable
waivers and any other issues that contribute to flight risk.

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The Launch Readiness Review (LRR) is the final prelaunch assessment of the integrated launch
vehicle/payload system and launch-facility readiness for launch. It is the last critical review before
launch.

Figure 14: Notional Launch Campaign Timeline

An expected overall launch campaign duration is three weeks, with seven to ten days typically
assigned to payload checkout and miscellaneous autonomous payload operations. An additional
seven to ten days is typically required for payload to launch vehicle integration activities and final
launch vehicle preparation activities (including fairing closure, transport to launch pad, and
launcher erection). The Payload Mission Manager works with Ground Support to facilitate clear
communication and coordinate launch site activities. Firefly aims to exceed Customer
expectations during all phases of launch preparation.

3.3 Payload Integration Operations

Payloads interface with the launch vehicle by means of a structure called the Payload Attach
Fitting (PAF) encapsulated by the payload fairing in the vertical position. Once integrated, the
encapsulated payload is rotated to a horizontal orientation by means of a break-over fixture. The
payload segment is then mated to the launch vehicle in the horizontal position. The payload is
maintained in a horizontal, cantilevered position until the launch vehicle is rolled out to the pad
and raised to the vertical position for launch.

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4 Ground and Launch Operations

4.1 Launch Control Organization
Every Customer is provided a dedicated Payload Mission Manager, who reports directly to the
Launch Director at the Range. Figure 15 shows the expected launch control organization and
associated roles and is representative of the organization after the test flight phase is complete.

Figure 15: Launch Control Organization

4.2 Payload Processing

4.2.1 Payload Transport to Launch Site

The Firefly Payload Mission Manager works with Customers to coordinate transportation of
payloads from the pickup location (Customer facility, airport, railway station, etc.) to the Firefly
Payload Processing Facility (PPF). Please see Section 6.3.2 for PPF details. If accommodations are
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desired beyond the PPF, given advance discussion, Firefly can work with Customers to process the
payload elsewhere.

The payload arrives at the Firefly PPF and is lifted from the transportation carrier by fork truck or
overhead crane located within the airlock. The satellite shipping container is wiped down prior to
being relocated into the clean room area, which provides a minimum processing area of 500ft2.
The satellite is removed from the shipping container with an overhead crane and mated to the
PAF. Once the payload is fully assembled, checked out, and (if required) fueled, it is encapsulated
by the fairing.

4.2.2 Encapsulation
After the payload is mated to the PAF and checkouts are complete, all contamination-critical
hardware is inspected and, if necessary, cleaned prior to encapsulation. The payload is enclosed
by the fairing in the vertical position. Upon payload encapsulation, a continuous supply of clean
air is provided at a typical environment range as presented in Table 8. The air is supplied to the
encapsulated payload through the air-distribution access door. A deflector can be installed within
the fairing at the inlet to direct any airflow from sensitive payload components. The payload fairing
with enclosed payload is rotated to a horizontal orientation by means of a break-over fixture. The
PAF will be mated to the launch vehicle in the horizontal position. The payload will be in a
horizontal, cantilevered position until the launch vehicle is rolled to the pad and raised to the
vertical position. The air distribution access door is closed during the roll out to the launch pad
with no climate control provided until arrival at the pad.

4.2.3 Fueling
Gaseous helium and nitrogen fluid panels are available in the Payload Processing Facility and main
vehicle integration hangar. Nitrogen will be 99.99% pure per MIL-PRF-27401F, Grade B. Helium
will be 99.995% pure per MIL-PRF-27407D, Grade A. Higher purities can be provided upon request.

Hypergolic fueling can be completed as a non-standard option and Firefly welcomes the discussion
at initial mission planning meetings. Early missions that require fueling may take place at a third-
party facility and then be transported to the launch site.

4.2.4 Fluid Checkout Panels

Gaseous helium and nitrogen fluid panels are available in the Payload Processing Facility and main
vehicle integration hangar. Nitrogen is 99.99% pure per MIL-PRF-27401F. Grade B. Helium is
99.995% pure per MIL-PRF-27407D, Grade A. Higher purities can be provided upon request.

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4.2.5 Cleanliness of Facilities

The Horizontal Integration Facility is maintained as a visibly clean, climate-controlled space at all
times. As a standard service, the PPF clean room area will be certified and operated at ISO 8 (Class
100K FED-STD-209E) for payload encapsulation.

4.2.6 Customer Team Accommodation & Offices

Office type accommodation will be provided for Customer teams. This will typically consist of:

• office desks and chairs and

• a meeting area with a small meeting table and chairs.
• IT equipment is not provided as a standard service although adequate power and
network/internet connections will be provided. Additional Customer office
accommodations can be provided as desired.

4.2.7 Infrastructure
4.2.7.1 Power
The following Electrical Ground Support Equipment (EGSE) power sources are provided for
payloads at the Payload Processing Facility (PPF) and launch equipment building: 120V/240V
single phase, and 208V three phase, 60 Hz. 50 Hz accommodations May be made via frequency
converters; this requirement should be included within the ICD requirements and discussed
during initial meetings.

4.2.7.2 Internet
High-speed, broadband internet access (both Ethernet and Wi-Fi) is available to Customers both
in the offices provided and the payload processing cleanroom facilities. A single connection in
each office/ area will be provided. This is not part of the mission network and can only be used
generally – if local networks are required it is expected that the Customers bring their own
equipment to set up local networks.

4.2.8 Launch Vehicle Customer Access

Customer access to the launch vehicle is restricted to the combined payload/launch vehicle
processing operations and activities. Customers can view the launch vehicle during agreed upon
times, arranged in advance. Due to export compliance regulations, non-US Customers or

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personnel may view the launcher while it is in its processing and assembly facility only if the proper
government approvals are in place.

4.2.9 Launch Pad Access and Viewing

Pre-arranged, escorted viewing of and access to the launch pad is granted to Customers as agreed-
upon by all parties. Customers will be invited to view the launch from an official viewing point
which will be a safe distance from the launch pad. Non-US Customers will be allowed to view the
launch vehicle only during agreed-upon times, arranged in advance, and only with U.S.
Government authorization in compliance with the International Traffic in Arms Regulations
(ITAR) and the Export Administration Regulations (EAR).

4.2.10 Visitors & VIPs

It is understood, and expected, that Customers may invite VIPs and other visitors to view the
launch. Firefly endeavors to accommodate these individuals at the launch viewing sites.
Hospitality services may gladly be arranged as a non-standard service offering.

4.2.11 Post Launch

Firefly provides all Customers with preliminary and final vehicle orbit details at the time of payload
deployment. This will occur as soon as is feasible, following the final separation of all payloads.
Information on the overall achieved payload delivery, including separation times and any
anomalies seen, is be provided as soon as available. During launch, a video of the payload
deployment process is captured and made available to the Customer post-deployment for analysis
and marketing purposes.

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5 Payload Accommodations &

Requirements
5.1 Payload Envelope
The payload is protected by a fairing that shields it from aerodynamic buffeting and heating while
in the lower atmosphere. The fairing is a carbon fiber composite structure with nominal
dimensions shown in Figure 16 for the Alpha Vehicle, and Figure 17 for the Beta Vehicle. Two
payload accommodation scenarios are available:

• Single (Primary Only) payload, and

• Primary Payload with Secondary Payloads (including CubeSats)

Figure 16: Firefly Alpha Standard Fairing

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Figure 17: Firefly Beta Standard Fairing

Baseline accommodations for Secondary Payloads are presented in Section 5.5. Figure 18 depicts
a representative secondary payload configuration.

Figure 18: Secondary Payload Configuration

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5.2 Payload Interfaces

Firefly vehicles feature an adaptable, standardized attachment pattern, with multiple options for
electrical interfaces to accommodate typical small satellite interfacing requirements and
characteristics. in line with the overall Firefly approach, the emphasis is on interface simplicity and
robustness.

5.2.1 Mechanical Interfaces & Separation Systems

Standard Firefly services assume a customer-provided payload separation system that interfaces
directly to the Firefly-provided PAF. The PAF is designed to interface with a 38.81-inch standard
or clamp band separation system, using 60 evenly spaced fasteners. The most commonly-used
small satellite separation systems are all accommodated, including:

• Dassault ASAP 5
• Planetary Systems Lightband
• Ruag Clamp Band Separation Systems
• ISIPOD CubeSat Deployer

On Customer request, Firefly may provide a separation system as a non-standard service. the PAF
design can be modified to accommodate satellite separation systems of diameters ranging from
8 inches up to 38.81 inches. Requests for accommodation of any non-standard payload interface
should be discussed early in the mission planning process.

5.2.2 Electrical Interface

Firefly launch vehicles provide a set of standard payload electrical interfaces in addition to a set
of optional but prequalified interfaces. Other custom configurations can be accommodated yet
may require development NRE and qualification cost and schedule. Connector type and pinouts
for the payload are specified during the payload integration process.

All payload interfaces to the Alpha PAF must be electrically conductive with sheet resistance less
than 0.1  per unit area. This interface will be auto verified during payload integration. It is the
Customer’s responsibility to ensure this requirement is met prior to shipment of the payload to
the launch site.

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5.2.2.1 Standard Payload Configuration

On the ground, in the standard payload configuration, the second stage umbilical connection
provides the payload access to a current-limited 28V DC supply. This power supply is monitored
and controlled by Firefly as depicted in Figure 19. Upon launch, payloads are powered by their
own batteries.

Figure 19: Payload Wiring Diagram –Standard Configuration

Payload data is provided via a second-stage Category -5E umbilical pass-through to the Alpha
Ethernet Switch, providing the operator access to telemetry during pre-flight operations. This
configuration isolates the payload data from other vehicle systems. It should remain powered off
until payload deployment. Customers that require a powered payload during launch should
coordinate with Firefly early in the mission planning.

5.2.2.2 Optional Configurations

Given sufficient notice, two additional communications methods may be configured as additional
non-standard options which do not affect standard configuration features.

• 100Base-TX link – This data will be sent directly through Firefly’s communication system
and will not be processed by any vehicle computers except for bandwidth monitoring.
Customers should contact Firefly early to determine network compatibility and bandwidth

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limitations to ensure that Alpha is well-equipped to handle the format and size of the
desired data. Additional integration time might be required to ensure compatibility. This
switchover will be performed prior to launch for verification.

• RS-422 – This connection can be provided to the payload for simple signaling of events
including stage separation, fairing deployment and payload separation at no greater than
115200bps.

The Customer may request one or both of two forms of digital communication. A representative
optional payload configuration from the Alpha vehicle is depicted in Figure 20.

Figure 20: Payload Wiring Diagram –Optional Payload Configuration

5.3 Payload Environments

This section describes the mechanical, and both natural and induced environmental conditions
during a Firefly launch.

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5.3.1 Mechanical
5.3.1.1 Transportation and Handling Loads
Table 5 shows the maximum transportation and ground handling loads anticipated during payload
accommodations. The ground handling refers to transport down a standard highway, which is
currently not provided as a service to the Customer. A slow-moving dolly will be used for any
service to be provided to the Customer, which will have the same loading capacity as the Transport
Erector Rollout (TEL). The following values reflect the concept of operations that assume an
integrated launch vehicle is rolled to the pad horizontally.

Table 5: Typical Transportation & Handling Loads

EVENT AXIAL LOAD (X), G LATERAL LOAD (Y), G VERTICAL LOAD (Z), G

Slow-Moving Dolly, TEL

± 1.0 ± 0.75 ± 2.0
Rollout

Launch Site Ground

± 1.0 ± 0.75 ± 2.0
Handling

5.3.1.2 Flight Loads – Quasi-Static

Payloads experience a range of axial and lateral loads during flight. A detailed analysis can be
provided with each mission profile. A representative example of axial acceleration for a direct-
insertion mission is depicted in Figure 21. The Alpha vehicle assumes a 1,000kg to 200km orbit;
the Beta vehicle assumes 4,000kg to 200km orbit. Please note that accelerations are trajectory
dependent and will vary. A typical lateral/vertical load during flight is less than 0.1 g.

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Figure 21: Example Steady State Axial Acceleration

Alpha (left) and Beta (right)

5.3.1.3 Flight Loads - Random Vibration

During launch, payloads are subjected to a combination of engine vibrations, vehicle structural
modes, and aerodynamic buffeting. The intensity of these vibrations is highly dependent on
payload mass and the interface between the payload and the launch vehicle.

It is possible to represent random vibrations in the frequency domain as a power spectral density
(PSD) function. Results from PSD calculations are depicted in the form of a line graph, where the
overall GRMS value is obtained by integrating the area under the PSD curve. The GRMS value is
then equal to the square root of the area.

PSD levels as determined for Alpha by Firefly will be updated as further analysis is performed.
Figure 22 shows representative values for launch vehicles of similar size and classification.

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Figure 22: Payload Interface Random Vibration Test Levels [Ref 4]

The PSD values are dependent on mass, with the corner values and slopes of Figure 22
summarized in Table 6. The MIL-STD-1540E example values yield a root mean square acceleration
(GRMS) of 3.8.

Individual payloads may use values such as those listed in Table 6 to create a random vibration
response of PSD versus frequency, in-line with actual levels experienced during flight based on the
NASA General Environmental Verification Standard (GEVS) GSFC-7000A (See Reference 2).

Analysis will be performed to predict random vibrations of the vehicle, and the preliminary Alpha
environment is presented based on data from vehicles of similar size. The NASA GEVS levels are
designed to encompass most of the common launch vehicles used. For this reason, Firefly uses
NASA GEVS vibration testing levels when the launch vehicle environment is unknown. It is
expected that the results of Alpha analysis will be bound by the values in Figure 23.

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Table 6: Firefly Vehicle Random Vibration Maximum Predicted Values

FREQUENCY PSD LEVEL

(HZ)
MIL-STD-1540E GSFC-7000A (<50 LBS) ALPHA & BETA

20 0.002 0.013

20 - 100 +3 dB per octave slope See Figure 23

Alpha and Beta
100 –1000 0.01 0.08
vehicle random
Vibration Analysis
1000 –2000 -6 dB per octave slope See Figure 23
in work
2000 0.0025 0.013

GRMS 3.8 n/a

Figure 23: Bounding Random Vibration Test Levels [Ref 2,4]

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5.3.1.4 Flight Loads – Acoustic

Analysis of the vibroacoustic environment inside the Firefly vehicle payload fairing during flight is
ongoing. Acoustic protection is planned to provide Overall Sound Pressure Level (OASPL) at or
below 135dB.

5.3.1.5 Shock Loads

The maximum shock environment at the payload interface occurs during payload separation from
the second stage and is dependent on the PAF/Payload separation system configuration. Shock
levels at the payload separation interface due to other flight events – such as stage separation,
fairing separation, and engine ignition/shutdown – are not significant compared to the shock
caused by payload separation. Figure 24 illustrates the maximum expected shock environment.

Figure 24: Representative Expected Shock Levels

During Payload Separation [Ref 4]

Representative values corresponding to the Shock Response Spectrum (SRS) are presented in
Table 7.

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Table 7: Expected Shock Values

FREQUENCY SRS (G-PEAK)

10 Hz 20

10-1,000 Hz +3.99 dB/oct

1,000-10,000 Hz 100

5.3.2 Thermal & Atmospheric

5.3.2.1 Payload Conditioning
A nitrogen trickle (MIL-PRF-27401F, Type 1, Grade B purge) can be provided for specific bagged
sensors while inside the processing facility prior to and after encapsulation. After encapsulation,
a trickle purge line to a sensor bag can be accommodated through a strategically placed fairing
access panel opening. Both trickle purges are controlled by Customer supplied equipment. Source
nitrogen can be provided by facility systems or K-bottles. After roll-out, a continuous supply of
clean air is provided at a typical environment range as stated in the table below. After roll-out and
prior to the vertical position movement, the bag is removed from the sensor and the flight access
panel is installed on the fairing. A nitrogen purge can be provided through the payload air-
distribution umbilical ducting while at the launch pad. The air distribution umbilical is attached to
the fairing by means of locking mechanism that is pulled away by a lanyard at lift off. As the
umbilical is pulled away from the fairing the spring-loaded access door automatically closes.

Table 8: Payload Environmental Conditioning

LOCATION & FLOW

DURATION PHASE TEMP. RH% RATE CLEANLINESS HYDROCARBON

Firefly PPF Payload 75F ± 50% N/A Class 15ppm max

Processing; 10F ± 100,000
Non- 15%
23.89C
Encapsulated
±5.6C

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LOCATION & FLOW

DURATION PHASE TEMP. RH% RATE CLEANLINESS HYDROCARBON

Appx. Payload 75F ± 50% 120- Class 15ppm max

Duration Processing; 5F ± 200 10,000
Encapsulated 15%
1-2 Weeks 23.89C CFM
±
2.78C

Firefly HIF Integrated 75F ± 50% 120- Class 15ppm max

Operations; 10F ± 200 10,000
Appx.
Encapsulated 15%
Duration 3-4 23.89C CFM
Payload
Days
± 5.6C

Rollout from Pre-Launch N/A N/A N/A Class 15ppm max

HIF to Pad Operations; 10,000
Encapsulated
Appx.
Payload
Duration
<30
Minutes

LV on Pad Launch 75F ± (Cust 120- lass 10,000 15ppm max

Operations; 15F omer 200
Appx.
Encapsulated TBD)
Duration 1-2 23.89C CFM
Payload
Days ± 0% -
75%
8.3C

5.3.2.2 Fairing Thermal Environment

Upon payload encapsulation, air-conditioning is provided at a typical temperature range as stated
in Section 5.3.2.1, depending on mission requirements.

The Firefly vehicle fairings are made up of carbon composite with a hemispherical total emissivity
of 0.8. Acoustic foam can provide a relatively cool radiation environment by effectively shielding
the payload from ascent heating in blanketed areas. Analysis on the payload and fairing will detail
the radiative environment in which Firefly will shield the payload from hazardous heating.

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5.3.2.3 On Orbit Thermal Environment

As most Firefly missions are expected to be of short durations (for delivery into Low-Earth orbits),
active thermal control or heating of payloads is not foreseen. Active thermal control and payload
heating may be able to be accommodated as an optional service.

5.3.2.4 Fairing Internal Pressure

As the Firefly vehicle ascends through the atmosphere, the fairing will be vented through one-way
vents at the bottom of the fairing. The maximum expected pressure decay rate inside the fairing
compartment is -0.24 psi/second. The internal pressure and depressurization rates are illustrated
as functions of time in Figure 25.

Figure 25: Example of Fairing Internal Pressure Profile [Reference 4]

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5.3.3 Payload Environment – RF & EMC

5.3.3.1 Radio Frequency Environment
The Firefly vehicle RF system characteristics are detailed in Table 9. All payloads are expected to
pass testing to MIL-STD-461 for radiated emissions and susceptibility. For payloads that are
connected to the vehicle avionics system, all connections must pass conducted emissions and
susceptibility testing per MIL-STD-461.

The Firefly vehicle RF system is particularly sensitive to payload RF emissions in the L-band GPS
frequencies. It is recommended that payloads are powered off during launch to reduce the risk of
damage caused by RF interference.

Additionally, Customers must ensure that any payload component or material constituents that
are sensitive to RF transmissions are compatible with the electromagnetic environment provided
in Table 9.

Table 9: Firefly Vehicle RF System Characteristics

FUNCTION STAGE 2 TLM GPS

Role Transmit Receive

Band S-Band L-Band

Frequency 2.2-2.4 GHz L1: 1575.42 MHz

L2: 1227.60 MHz

5.4 Payload Requirements

5.4.1 Primary Payload Customer Requirements

The primary payload requirements for the customer are outlined in Table 10.

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Table 10: Firefly Primary Payload Customer Requirements

ID TITLE DESCRIPTION

1 Resonances The Primary Payload Customer shall provide evidence of the 1st lateral
and First resonant frequency being above 6 Hz at Max Q [Ref 2]. Please refer to the
Natural Firefly vehicle axis definitions as shown in Section 2.1. Firefly will complete a
Frequency Coupled Loads Analysis (CLA) as early as possible to identify any issues
associated with dynamic coupling. The threshold given in this requirement is
a representative value of a similar vehicle and will be re-evaluated upon
completion of the CLA.
The Primary Payload Customer shall provide evidence of the 1st axial
resonant frequency being above 25 Hz at Max Q. Please refer to the Firefly
vehicle axis definitions as shown in Figure 3 of Section 2.1.

2 Quasi-static The Primary Payload Customer shall provide evidence that the payload is
and/ or Sine robust and will not suffer mechanical failure under the loadings specified in
Vibration Section 5.3.1.2, with positive margin.
Loading

3 Random The Primary Payload Customer shall provide evidence that the payload is
Vibration robust and will not suffer mechanical failure under the loadings specified in
Table 6, with +3 dB margin. Test duration shall be 2 minutes, per Reference
2.

4 Acoustic Should the Primary Payload Customer choose to design and qualify/accept
Vibration their design against the acoustic load environment (as may be expected for
larger satellites), the Customer shall provide evidence that the payload is
robust and will not suffer mechanical failure under the loadings specified in
Section 5.3.1.4, with positive margin.

5 Notching Reduction of the vibration input amplitude at certain resonance frequencies

(i.e. notching) may be possible for the Primary Payload Customer but cannot
be guaranteed. Any notching requirements or preferences should be
communicated to Firefly as early as possible in the mission planning process.

6 Mass The required position of the payload’s Center of Gravity (CoG), relative to
Properties the plane of separation, is defined below.
This assumes that the Primary Payload Customer is mounted centrally, i.e.
with its vertical axis aligned with the launch vehicle roll (X) axis.
Offset of CoG from Y & Z axis: < 2 in (50mm)

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ID TITLE DESCRIPTION

7 Grounding, It is assumed that all payloads will be powered off during launch (in line with
EMC and RF the Firefly baseline launch offering), and therefore will not be emitting any
Transmissions signals or radio frequency noise during the launch phase. Payloads that
request to be powered on during launch will be required to provide
evidence of a payload level EMC test which shows EM compatibility with the
Firefly vehicle assuring that any payload operations during launch cannot
interfere with Firefly’s Avionics & Flight Systems. All payloads (including
those which will be powered off) are required to show compliance to the
Firefly EMC specification to ensure that post-separation operations of the
launch vehicle upper stage are not compromised by the payload(s).
All payload interfaces to the Alpha PAF must be electrically conductive to
less than 0.1  per unit area. This interface will be auto verified during
payload integration. It is the Customer’s responsibility to ensure this
requirement is met prior to shipment of the payload to the launch site.

8 Primary For Firefly to carry out its mission design, analysis, and verification for the
Payload Data Primary Payload Customer, the following numerical/computer models and
Package reports for the Primary Payload will be required, in addition to the general
requirements of the Payload Data Package found in Table 10:
• A computer aided design (CAD) model, in STEP (*.stp or *.step) or Parasolid
(*.x_t) or Inventor format: The CAD model supplied should include accurate
representations of the external characteristics and features of the payload,
including all appendages, and the separation system.
• A Finite Element (FE) model of the payload, in ANSYS Workbench Project
Archive (*.wbpz), Femap Neutral (*.neu, version 11.1 or older) or NASTRAN
input (*.nas or *.bdf) format: The FE model should accurately represent the
payload’s stiffness and mass properties, contain all relevant
material/connection property definitions, and should ideally be simplified.
• Mass properties report: The report shall include total mass, center of mass
location in body coordinates, and moment of inertia properties about the
center of mass.
• Analysis and Test report: The report shall include information regarding the
first six modes of the payload, and evidence that the payload has been
analyzed and/or tested to withstand the quasi-static and random vibration
loads stated in Section 5.3.1.2 in each of the three orthogonal body axes.
The report shall also include compliance evidence for atmospheric, thermal,
and EMI/EMC requirements.

9 Mass A mass representative model of the Primary payload will be required for the
Simulators fit check. This mass simulator should ideally be mass and volume
representative and should have a representative launch vehicle interfaces.

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5.5 Secondary Payload Accommodations

With the approval of the Primary Payload Customer, Secondary Payloads may also be
accommodated on the Firefly vehicle. For Customers with 3U CubeSats, a CubeSat Deployment
Canister will be sent to the Customer for convenient loading and shipment back to the Firefly
facility. Customers may also complete this portion of the integration process at the Firefly facility
in a shared-use Secondary Payload clean room (ISO 8 / Class 100K FED-STD-209E). To maximize
Secondary Payload capacity, 1U and 2U CubeSats from multiple Customers may be integrated into
a single 3U CubeSat Deployment Canister.

Customers with CubeSat payloads will have the opportunity to manually check battery voltage and
charge if needed prior to integration with the CubeSat dispenser. By default, charging or other
diagnostic checks will not be available once the dispenser is mated to the vehicle. Customers who
opt to integrate their CubeSat with the dispenser at their own facility and ship the integrated
assembly to Firefly will not have the opportunity to check battery state before the dispenser is
mated to the vehicle.

Please contact Firefly early in the mission planning process if your Secondary Payload requires
data or power accommodations similar to those mentioned in Section 5.2.2.1 or Section 5.2.2.2

5.5.1 Secondary Payload Customer Requirements

Requirements for Secondary Payloads may vary slightly from those for Primary Payloads. In
general, all Secondary Payloads shall comply with, and provide evidence for, all requirements
stated in the CubeSat Design Specification document. For individual CubeSats, Firefly will provide
the dispenser, and Customers planning to supply their own deployment canisters are requested
to contact Firefly as early as possible in the mission planning process.

Table 11: Alpha RF System Characteristics

ID TITLE DESCRIPTION

1 Resonances and First Secondary Payload Customers shall provide evidence of the 1st
Natural Frequency resonant frequency being above 100 Hz.

2 Quasi-static and/or Secondary Payloads shall withstand structural integrity under

Sine Vibration the loading of ±10g with positive margin.
Loading

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ID TITLE DESCRIPTION

3 Random Vibration Secondary Payload Customers shall provide evidence that the
payload is robust and will not suffer mechanical failure under
the loadings specified in Table 6, with +3 dB margin. Test
duration shall be 2 minutes, per Reference 2.

4 Notching Reduction of the vibration input amplitude at certain resonance

frequencies (i.e. notching) will not be possible for Secondary
Customers.

5 Mass Properties Secondary Payloads shall adhere to the following mass limits.
Larger CubeSat masses may be evaluated on a mission by
mission basis.
1U CubeSats shall not exceed a mass of 1.33 kg 3U CubeSats
shall not exceed a mass of 4.0 kg 6U CubeSats shall not exceed a
mass of 12.0 kg

6 Center of Gravity There are no strict requirements for CoG positioning on the
(CoG) Secondary Payloads, as they are expected to be arranged as a
whole within the payload space by Firefly to achieve optimal
mass distribution. Measured mass properties of all payloads
must be communicated to Firefly.

7 Grounding, EMC and It is assumed that all payloads will be powered off during launch
RF Transmissions (in line with the Firefly baseline launch offering), and therefore
will not be emitting any signals or radio frequency noise during
the launch phase. Secondary Payloads cannot be powered on
during launch. Secondary Payloads are required to follow the
same grounding and EMC compliance as Primary Payloads.

8 Secondary Payload The Secondary Payload Data Package is the same as the
Data Package requested Primary Payload Data Package, sans Finite Element
Analysis.

9 Mass Simulators A mass representative model of each payload shall be provided

by each Customer. For Secondary Payload Customers, this
model will be retained until after launch, and will be returned by
Firefly within 3 months of launch. Firefly reserves the right to
launch mass simulators of Secondary Payloads if delivery of
flight model payloads is delayed for periods in excess of those
compatible with Primary Payload timelines.

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5.6 Evidence of Qualification & Acceptance

The following Payload Data Package is requested by Firefly to comprehensively understand the
Customer payload and interface; The package includes, but may not be limited to the following
items:

Table 12: Requested Payload Data Package

ITEM DESCRIPTION

Payload Questionnaire The Payload Questionnaire is soon to be provided on the Firefly

website with the purpose of introducing the objectives and
requirements of the Customer.

Payload Flight Mode Data outputs from qualification model mechanical tests or payload
flight models to inform Firefly of the specific path of the payload
once deployed, which may affect the trajectory and launch window
of the vehicle.

RF Data Sheet Test results of RF transmissions are requested so that Firefly may
prepare ground support for specific frequencies and expected
durations.

EMC Data Sheet Response traces and results from an EMC test must be provided,
showing that payload emissions are within acceptable ranges.
Electromagnetic compatibility test results ensure that the provided
payload or its elements do not generate interference that can
adversely affects its own subsystems and components, or other
payloads, or the safety and operation of the launch vehicle and
launch site.

Payload Model CAD and a finite element model are required for Coupled Loads
Analysis (CLA) so Firefly can assess payload dynamics. Requirements,
tools, and formats can be provided by Firefly.

Mass Properties The following must be provided as part of a report or in the form of
raw data:
• Measurement/test data from mass properties measurements of
the flight model payload or
• Output data from a sufficiently representative simulation or CAD/
FE model of the payload

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ITEM DESCRIPTION

Media Package When appropriate and desired, Firefly intends to help socialize the
launch of specific payloads through the use of Payload Customer
logos, insignias, graphics, video files, solid models and drawings. The
earlier this package, or components of this package arrive, the more
comprehensive the branding effort may be. In the case of mission-
specific insignias to be positioned on the launch vehicle, Firefly
requests the proposed design submission no later than 4 months
before the launch date.

Safety Package The following shall be provided as part of a report or in the form of
raw data:
• Relevant certificates and certifications relating to the safety
requirements
• Any exemptions or associated justifications

Representative volume Representative volume and mass dummy of payload including the
expected mechanical and electrical interfaces.

Loads Compatibility Demonstrated (test) evidence of compatibility with the loads and
environments generated by the Firefly vehicle.

Comm. Compatibility Demonstrated (test) evidence of compatibility with the Firefly

vehicle’s electrical and communications systems.

Mechanical Documentary evidence of compatibility of mechanical and electrical

Compatibility interfaces.

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6 Facilities
6.1 Headquarters & Mission Control Center
The Mission Control Center (MCC) is located at Firefly headquarters in Cedar Park, TX. The MCC
seats up to fifteen personnel and include GUI displays and voice and data communication systems,
allowing personnel to view ground systems data and monitor telemetry from the LV prior to and
after launch. It is the engineering backroom on launch day.

A separate viewing area for the Customer can also be provided. The data and communication to
this area is limited to a payload graphical user interface (GUI) and the countdown net.

6.2 Test Site

Both propulsion and structural tests are conducted at the 200-acre Firefly Test Facility located just
north of Headquarters. With full utilities, the site includes two operational test stands for engine
and component testing and integrated stage testing. Conveniently located less than an hour from
downtown Austin, the site is fully staffed and incorporates several facilities including a 10,000
square foot Test Control and Fabrication building, a 2,500 square foot surface finish shop and a
30,000 square foot production shop.

Figure 26: Lightning Heatsink in Testing at Firefly’s Test Facility

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6.3 Launch Site

Firefly is currently securing a site at Vandenberg Air Force Base (VAFB) to support the initial test
flights of Alpha and a substantial number of future Customers. Documentation submission to Air
Force Space Command and VAFB 30th Space Wing is complete. Vandenberg Air Force Base (VAFB)
is Firefly’s primary planned domestic launch site. This operational launch site services multiple
inclinations, with typical orbits being Polar (90°) and SSO up to 2,000 km (104.89°). The Alpha
launch vehicle is compatible with mission infrastructure and operations at launch sites defined by
the Firefly Concept of Operations (ConOps). A conceptualized layout of the infrastructure is
depicted in Figure 27.

In the future, Firefly may offer additional launch sites and will soon begin the process to secure a
site on the east coast with potential locations being KSC, CCAFS or the Mid-Atlantic Regional
Spaceport (MARS). Once an east coast location is determined, Firefly can establish a site within 24
months or less to include approvals and necessary construction.

Figure 27: Firefly Launch Site Concept

6.3.1 Horizontal Integration Facility

An on-site Horizontal Integration Facility (HIF) will be utilized for processing and integration of
Firefly vehicles. The HIF will be climate controlled and provide 120/240V single phase 60Hz, 208V

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three phrase 60Hz, and 240/480V three phase 60Hz electrical power for processing. The HIF will
consist of a five thousand square foot open high bay with an eave height of twenty-five feet. This
eave height allows for the removal of Alpha components from their shipping fixtures located on
flatbed transportation trailers with deck heights up to 58 inches. Two bridge cranes in the high
bay will support shipping and processing efforts. Within the HIF will be space for engineering work
stations and consumable storage. The high bay and ancillary rooms will be operated as visibly
clean, air conditioned, humidity-controlled work spaces maintained at a temperature of
75o F ± 10o F (23.89 o C ± 5.55 o C) and a relative humidity between 30% and 75%.

The HIF provides short-term storage of Firefly launch vehicle assemblies prior to shipping to a
storage site. Several vehicles may be stored at each site, with the details of the storage yet to be
defined. The ultimate intent is to maintain an inventory of Firefly vehicles to support near-term
flight rates with possible market surges and commercial missions.

Figure 28: Typical Horizontal Integration Facility Layout

with the Alpha vehicle

6.3.2 Payload Processing Facility

A Payload Processing Facility (PPF) provides the environment and tools for processing and
encapsulation. The PPF will be climate controlled. Cleanliness will be maintained as required for
the specific payload. 120/240V single phase 60Hz, 208V three phrase 60Hz, and 240/480V three
phase 60Hz power will be available for processing. 230V 50Hz power can be made available in a
few key locations within the PPF. The PPF will consist of a high bay that has 500 ft2 of processing
space, and a 325 ft2 airlock, as well as a 175 ft2 garment room.

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The high bay will be an ISO 8 cleanroom (Class 100K). Climate will be maintained to a temperature
of 75F ± 10F (23.89C ± 5.6C) and a relative humidity of 50% ± 15%. Ancillary rooms will be visibly
clean, air conditioned, humidity-controlled work space. Additional payloads will be processed in
modular soft- walled ISO 8 cleanrooms (Class 100K) within the Alpha processing area.

6.3.3 Launch Control Center

A Launch Control Center (LCC) will be located at the launch site. This may be a mobile solution or
integrated within an existing facility. Personnel at this location will serve as Primary controllers.
The LCC will setup to twelve personnel and include GUIs and voice communication. LCC will allow
personnel to control ground and LV manual systems and continually monitor data from the LV prior
to and after launch.

Additional facilities near the launch site may include:

• A separate viewing area for additional payload team members which will provide data and
communication (limited to a payload GUI and the countdown net),
• approximately 3,000 square feet of office space for Engineering support,
• a GSE shop area, and
• storage space.

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7 Safety
7.1 Safety Requirements
Customers must meet the requirements in AFSPCMAN 91-710, Range Safety User Requirements
(see Reference 3) when designing flight and ground systems. AFSPCMAN 91-710 contains
requirements for mechanical, electrical, fluid system, ordnance and RF design along with
requirements for ground handling and lifting hardware. Firefly is happy to assist Customers in
determining whether their current designs meet such requirements.

Table 13: Payload Safety Requirements

ID ITEM DESCRIPTION

1 Payload Batteries Payload batteries must not be allowed to overcharge

excessively to the point where an explosion risk arises.

2 Pressure Vessels Payloads containing pressure vessels shall comply with the
safety standards specified in ATR-2005(5128)-1, Operational
Guidelines for Spaceflight Pressure Vessels.

3 Pyrotechnic and The standard baseline launch services assume that no

Explosive Devices pyrotechnic devices are present on the payload(s).
Customers planning to include pyrotechnic devices should
contact Firefly as early as possible in the mission planning
process.

4 Ground Support All ground support equipment (GSE) shall be safety tested
Equipment with test reports available for review upon request. Electrical
GSE should include safety measures which allow payload
power to be cut in case of emergency, and to prevent
overcharging of payload batteries. Lifting fixtures should be
clearly marked with proof load limits. Propulsion system GSE
should include vent valves that will automatically activate to
prevent over pressurization.

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Payload Questionnaire
A completed Payload Questionnaire informs Firefly of Customer requirements which feed into
preliminary feasibility and compatibility assessments. If you are considering using Firefly for your
mission needs, please complete and return the requested information to Firefly approximately 18
months prior to your desired launch date.

Alternatively, this questionnaire will soon be available on our website, www.fireflyspace.com.

With your dedicated, single point of contact, Firefly ensures a streamlined and secured process
from initial contact through end of mission. We look forward to working with you

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Payload Questionnaire

PAYLOAD INFORMATION

Payload Name/Acronym

POINTS OF CONTACT

Name

Email

Phone

Payload Contractor / Sponsor

Payload Description

Primary Objectives

Maximum Expected Payload Mass [kg]

Payload Height [cm]

Payload Max Diameter [cm]

Desired Launch Date [mm/dd/yy]

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PAYLOAD INTERFACE

Post-encapsulation access needed? Yes No

Describe desired door location with

respect to the payload

If additional information is available, please continue to populate the following with your mission
specific data:

PAYLOAD TRAJECTORY PARAMETERS

Desired Orbit Apogee [km]

Desired Orbit Perigee [km]

Desired Right Ascension of

Ascending Node (RAAN) [deg]

Desired Orbit Inclination [deg]

Payload Contractor / Sponsor

Packaged Configuration Tolerance

Center of Gravity [cm] X ±

Y ±

Z ±

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PAYLOAD ENVIRONMENT

THERMAL AND HUMIDITY

Pre-launch Temperature Range [Co]

Pre-launch Vapor in Air [grains/lb of dry air]

CONTAMINATION CONTROL

Desired Cleanroom and Fairing Air [Class]

Desired Fairing Air Cleanliness [Class]

DYNAMIC ENVIRONMENT

Max Allowable Acoustic Sound Pressure level

[dB/OASPL]

Maximum Allowable Sine Vibration [GRMS]

Maximum Allowable Shock [g]

Maximum Lateral Acceleration [g]

Maximum Axial Acceleration [g]

Fundamental Lateral Frequency [Hz]

Fundamental Axial Frequency [Hz]

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Supporting Documents
1. NASA Langley Research Center. NASA-SP-8077, Transportation and Handling Loads.

http: //ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=197200052422.

2. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. GSFC-STD-7000A, General Environmental

Verification Standard.

https://standards.nasa.gov/standard/gsfc/gsfc-std-70003.

3. United States Air Force Space Command. AFSPCMAN 91-710, Range Safety User
Requirements.

http://static.e-publishing.af.mil/production/1/afspc/publication/afspcman91-
710v3/afspcman91-710v3.pdf4

4. Test Requirements for Launch, Upper-Stage, and Space Vehicles. MIL-STD-1540E/TR-

2004(583)

http://everyspec.com/USAF/TORs/download.php?spec=TR2004-8583-1A.026768.pdf

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Acronyms
AFSPCMAN Air Force Space Command Manual
AFTS Autonomous Flight Termination System
AFTU Autonomous Flight Termination Unit
C&DH Command and Data Handling
CAD Computer Aided Design
CFM Cubic Feet per Minute
CLA Coupled Loads Analysis
COTS Commercial-Off-The-Shelf
EEE Electrical, Electronic and Electromechanical
EGSE Electrical Ground Support Equipment
EIRP Effective Isotropic Radiated Power
EPS Electric Power System
ESPA EELV Secondary Payload Adapter
FAA Federal Aviation Administration
FED-STD Federal Standard
FF Firefly
FRR Flight Readiness Review
FPS Frames Per Second GLOW Gross Lift-Off Weight
GN&C Guidance Navigation and Control
GPS Global Positioning System
GRMS Root Mean Square Acceleration
GSE Ground Support Equipment
GUI Graphical User Interface
HIF Horizontal Integration Facility
ICD Interface Control Document
ISO International Organization for Standardization
Isp Specific Impulse
ITAR International Traffic in Arms Regulations
LEO Low-Earth Orbit
LRR Launch Readiness Review

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LOCC Launch Operations Command Control

LOX Liquid Oxygen
LV Launch Vehicle
MCC Mission Control
MCTU Message Transfer and Control Unit
MECO Main Engine Cut-off
MIL-STD Military Standard
MRR Mission Readiness Review
NRE Non-Recurring Expense
OASPL Overall Sound Pressure Level
OBC Onboard Computer
PAF Payload Attach Fitting
PPF Payload Processing Facility
PSD Power Spectral Density
QPSK Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
RCC Range Commander Council
RF Radio Frequency
RP-1 Rocket Propellant
SECO Second Engine Cut-off
SMC Space and Missile Systems Center
SRS Shock Response Spectrum
SSO Sun-Synchronous Orbit
TBC To be Confirmed
TBD To be Determined
TLM Transmission Line Matrix
TRL Technology Readiness Level
VAFB Vandenberg Air Force Base

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List of Figures
Figure 1: Firefly Vehicles Overview .............................................................................................................. 5
Figure 2: Alpha Overview ............................................................................................................................. 7
Figure 3: Alpha Vehicle Coordinate Frame .................................................................................................. 8
Figure 4: Open Alpha Clamshell Fairing Concept ......................................................................................... 9
Figure 5: Baseline Alpha Fairing Separation Design ..................................................................................... 9
Figure 6: Alpha Performance East Coast Launch ....................................................................................... 10
Figure 7: Alpha Performance West Coast Launch...................................................................................... 11
Figure 8: Example Alpha Direct Insert Flight Profile .................................................................................. 12
Figure 9: Beta Overview ............................................................................................................................. 14
Figure 10: Beta Performance East Coast Launch for lower altitudes ........................................................ 15
Figure 11: Beta Performance East Coast Launch for higher altitudes ....................................................... 16
Figure 12: Beta Performance, West Coast Launch..................................................................................... 17
Figure 13: Typical Launch Event Timing ..................................................................................................... 22
Figure 14: Notional Launch Campaign Timeline ........................................................................................ 23
Figure 15: Launch Control Organization .................................................................................................... 24
Figure 16: Firefly Alpha Standard Fairing ................................................................................................... 28
Figure 17: Firefly Beta Standard Fairing ..................................................................................................... 29
Figure 18: Secondary Payload Configuration ............................................................................................. 29
Figure 19: Payload Wiring Diagram –Standard Configuration ................................................................... 31
Figure 20: Payload Wiring Diagram –Optional Payload Configuration ...................................................... 32
Figure 21: Example Steady State Axial Acceleration Alpha (left) and Beta (right).................................... 34
Figure 22: Payload Interface Random Vibration Test Levels [Ref 4] .......................................................... 35
Figure 23: Bounding Random Vibration Test Levels [Ref 2,4].................................................................... 36
Figure 24: Representative Expected Shock Levels During Payload Separation [Ref 4]............................. 37
Figure 25: Example of Fairing Internal Pressure Profile [Reference 4] ...................................................... 40
Figure 26: Lightning Heatsink in Testing at Firefly’s Test Facility............................................................... 48
Figure 27: Firefly Launch Site Concept ....................................................................................................... 49
Figure 28: Typical Horizontal Integration Facility Layout with the Alpha vehicle ...................................... 50

List of Tables
Table 1: Alpha Characteristics ...................................................................................................................... 6
Table 2: Beta Characteristics ...................................................................................................................... 13
Table 3: Launch services ............................................................................................................................ 18
Table 4: Design choices for increased reliability ........................................................................................ 19
Table 5: Typical Transportation & Handling Loads .................................................................................... 33
Table 6: Firefly Vehicle Random Vibration Maximum Predicted Values ................................................... 36
Table 7: Expected Shock Values ................................................................................................................. 38
Table 8: Payload Environmental Conditioning ........................................................................................... 38
Table 9: Firefly Vehicle RF System Characteristics ..................................................................................... 41
Table 10: Firefly Primary Payload Customer Requirements ...................................................................... 42
Table 11: Alpha RF System Characteristics ................................................................................................ 44
Table 12: Requested Payload Data Package .............................................................................................. 46
Table 13: Payload Safety Requirements .................................................................................................... 52

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