© wre’ Appendix E — Pipe Shapes and Materials Appendix E - Pipe Shapes and Materials NASSCO's Pipeline Assessment and Certification Program Imperial Edition, v7.0.4wrc Appendix E — Pipe Shapes and Materials Introduction Pipes and culverts come in many different shapes and sizes and are selected for use for various reasons by the design engineer. The specific reason a shape was chosen is beyond the scope of this training, but itis important that the pipe shapes presented herein can be properly identified when encountered in the field. This appendix should be helpful in proper pipe and culvert shape identification. ‘The camera location for round pipes should be set up so that the axis of the camera is in line with the central axis of the pipe. In pipes other than round, it is important to position the camera to minimize distortion. The approximate center of the pipe can be determined by measuring the inside of the pipe at its greatest width (span) and at its greatest height (rise), and placing the camera at 14 of the height in the pipe and % of the width. For egg-shaped or arched pipes, the center of the camera should be aligned with the center of the upper circle (normally two thirds of the vertical dimension). Improper positioning of the camera may lead to distortion. Shapes Code ‘Shape(s) ‘Arched (A) Barrel (B) (e.g. beer barrel shape) NASSCO's Pipeline Assessment and Certification Program E14 Imperial Edition, v7.0.4A wrc endix E — Pipe Shapes and Materials Code Shape(s) Circular (C) Egg shaped (E) Horseshoe (H) (ie. inverted U with curved sidewalls) Oval (0) (elliptical) Rectangular (R) NASSCO's Pipeline Assessment and Certification Program E2 Imperial Edition, v7.0.4wre Appendix E - Pipe Shapes and Materials Code Shape(s) Square (S) Trapezoidal (T) U-shaped with flat top (U) (straight walls) Other (Z) i (state in Comments — Field 39) " NASSCO's Pipeline Assessment and Certification Program E3 Imperial Edition, v7.0.4Appendix E — Pipe Shapes and Materials Pipe Materials wrc Most pipe materials can be easily identified. The following table includes pictures for all PACP pipe materials and lining materials, their codes and descriptions related to proper identification and failure mechanisms. In addition to this table, it is recommended to contact the pipe owner about design/construction drawings and any other useful documentation they may have in their possession that could aid in identifying the pipe material. Options ‘Asbestos Cement (AC) Can look similar to concrete pipe (CP); however, the primary difference is in joint length. AC pipe is comprised of asbestos fibers and cement, while concrete pipe is comprised of aggregate and cement. Also see Transite pipe. Joint lengths are generally 10 or 13 feet. Brick (BR) Usually constructed of 2.5 x 5.5-inch bricks, and in two or more courses (layers). Joint coding is not applicable to brick sewers. NASSCO’s Pipeline Assessment and Certification Program Imperial Edition, v7.0.4 E4Cast Iron (CAS) Also known as Gray Cast Iron or Gray Iron, the pipe can be characterized by a gray wall surface. Cast iron pipe with signs of surface damage can show corrosion attached to the wall. Cast iron pipe can be cement lined, or cement lined with a bituminous coating. Generally all iron pipe installed before the 1950's was CAS. Joint lengths are generally 5 or 10 feet. NASSCO's Pipeline Assessment and Certification Program E-5 Imperial Edition, v7.0.4Appendix E — Pipe Shapes and Materials Corrugated Metal Pipe (CMP) The top picture is a typical corrugated metal pipe with corrosion below the normal flow line. The bottom picture is aluminized corrugated metal pipe. Aluminized pipe can have smaller and fewer corrugations. This pipe is normally used in storm sewer applications including roadway crossing culverts. The pipe can be manufactured as circular and elliptical shapes. Standard pipe lengths are 20 feet. Conerete Pipe (CP) (non-reinforced) Generally less than 12 inches in diameter, though there are exceptions. Joint lengths are generally 8 feet or less Note the Truly Continuous Surface Damage structural observation for this example. NASSCO's Pipeline Assessment and Certification Program E6 Imperial Edition, v7.0.4Concrete Segments (CSB) (bolted) Used in large diameter pipes or tunnels. Notice the bolts in the picture to the right. Concrete Segments (CSU) (unbolted) Used in large diameter pipes or tunnels. NASSCO's Pipeline Assessment and Certification Program E7 Imperial Edition, v7.0.4Appendix E — Pipe Shapes and Materials Clay Tile (CT) (not vitrified clay pipe) Clay tile shows a curved surface and may or may not be held together with mortar. Thinner and larger surface area than brick, CT is generally used as a protective liner for concrete pipe. Ductile Iron Pipe (DIP) Ductile iron pipe can be cement lined and/or can be epoxy or ceramic coated to protect against corrosion from domestic sanitary sewer service. Where Cast Iron is generally gray in color, ductile iron pipe is black. DIP is generally the iron pipe installed from the mid- 1950's to present day. DIP joint lengths are generally 18 or 20 feet. NASSCO’s Pipeline Assessment and Certification Program E-8 Imperial Edition, v7.0.4Appendix E — Pipe Shapes and Materials Fiberglass Reinforced Pipe (FRP) Can exhibit a shiny wall surface. The fibers are generally visible in the pipe wall. Lighter weight pipe used in older systems, common name of Flextran in the 1970's, no longer manufactured. Pitch Fiber (OB) (Orangeburg, tar-impregnated cardboard) Typically a small diameter pipe with black interior color. Joint lengths are generally 8 feet. Older pipe tends to take on an oval shape, prone to failure. " NASSCO's Pipeline Assessment and Certification Program E-9 Imperial Edition, v7.0.44 Appendix E Options Pre-stressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe (PCCP) Similar in appearance to RCP. PCCP is often used in diameters from 10 to 144 inches and joint lengths from 16 to 35, feet, depending on its use. Primarily used as pressure pipe. Includes AWWA C301 & C303 class pipe. Degra-dation of the pipe is loss of mortar that exposes the thin-walled cylinder but no reinforcement mesh or cage. Polymer Concrete Pipe (PCP) Also known as polymer mortar pipe, like glass reinforced pipe (GRC), it generally is manufactured as a corrosion resistant pipe with varying joint lengths up to 20 feet. Unlike GRC, there is no reflective sheen. Sometimes PCP has a colorant that makes its color darker than conventional concrete pipe. Polyethylene (PE) Black or dark in color. Can be corrugated or smooth walled. Commonly used in slip lining and pipe bursting applications. May see ridges at joints from fusing the segments together. ‘Comes in various lengths. Generally smooth walled PE (high density) is provided in 20 to 40 foot lengths and may be installed as a liner within a host pe. NASSCO's Pipeline Assessment and Certification Program E40 Imperial Edition, v7.0.4Appendix E — Pipe Shapes and Materials Options Picture(s) Polypropylene (PP) Generally gray in color. Can be corrugated or smooth walled. This pipe is an alternative material to PE and CMP. Plastic / Steel Composite (PSC) Spiral wound pipe, typically black in color. NASSCO's Pipeline Assessment and Certification Program Imperial Edition, v7.0.4 E11Polyvinyl Chloride (PVG) Smooth walled plastic pipe Generally green or white in color. Green is more common in sewer mains and white is more common as a lateral or interior pipe in a building. White can be solid PVC or have a foam inner wall coated with PVC on the inside and the outside. Rubber gaskets may be visible at joints in green and primer which is commonly purple in color can be visible at joints for white PVC. Reinforced Concrete Pipe (RCP) Generally 12 inches or larger (up to 144”) in diameter. Conerete pipe less than 12 inches is commonly non- reinforced (CP). Joint lengths vary but are generally 8 to 13 feet. As this pipe degrades the inner wall of mortar is removed to ‘expose projecting stone and the reinforcement mesh or cage. NASSCO's Pipeline Assessment and Certification Program E-12 Imperial Edition, v7.0.4wrc Appendix E — Pipe Shapes and Materials Picture(s} Options: Reinforced Plastic Pipe (RPM) | (Truss pipe) A semi-rigid wall design made by inner and outer wallls braced by a truss-type structure. Diameters vary between 8 to 15 inches in diameter. Truss voids are filled with a cementitious grout. Pipe may show waviness. Steel Pipe (SP) Generally black interior in color with smooth wall and welded joints. Steel pipe typically has 40-foot long segments. The picture shows a steel water main pipe after being cleaned. ‘Segmented Block (SB) Can be made of plastic, granite, or concrete. Used in coordination with brick and concrete in older sewers. Usually serves as a channel lining from 4 to 7 o'clock. NASSCO's Pipeline Assessment and Certification Program E13 Imperial Edition, v7.0.4ppendix E — Pipe Shapes and Materials Transite Pipe Brand name for asbestos cement pipe. Transite pipe previously coded as TTE, now coded as AC. Vitrified Clay Pipe (VCP) Mostly brick-red in color. Joint lengths typically vary from 2 to 6 et. fer Joints in older VCP are soaked coakum or poured lead joints. This pipe is not affected by domestic wastewater in the way that concrete and metal pipes are susceptible to corrosion. NASSCO's Pipeline Assessment and Certification Program E14 Imperial Edition, v7.0.4Appendix E ~ Pipe Shapes and Materials Options Wood (WD) Can be segmented (as shown) or carved out ofa single piece of wood. Steel or iron bands may be visible if corroded or damaged. Not known (XXX) Request design or construction drawings from the owner. Other (2Zz) (Give details in The picture shows a granite cobblestone sewer. Where there is a mixture of materials around the pipe's circumference (e.g. brick invert, concrete crown), the code ZZZ is used. ~ NASSCO's Pipeline Assessment and Certification Program E15 Imperial Edition, v7.0.4wrc Appendix E — Pipe Shapes and Materials Lining Materials A lining system can be defined as any material that is applied to or inserted into the original pipeline such as Cured-In-Place Pipe, PVC or HDPE folded or spirally wound pipe, spray-on composite materials both cementitious and polymer, including grouted- in-place liners. Liners use the existing pipeline as a form or pathway to install new pipe. Some are close fitting but not bonded to the host pipe, some are mechanically bonded to the host pipe, and some require a grout to fill he annular space between the liner and the host pipe. Identification of Cured-In-Place (CIP) liners or Fold and Form or Deform/Reform (FF) requires ‘some understanding of how the liners are made and installed. Cured-In-Place Pipe (CIP) Cured-In-Place liners have been described as wet out tubes that are placed into a pipe by inversion or pullin. The liner is then expanded to fit against the host pipe and “cured” or hardened. CIP will form to fit abnormalities of the host pipe such as taps or broken pipe. Services in CIP lined pipe can be opened by excavation or from inside the pipe using a robotic cutter. A longitudinal seam or manufacturer's name may be visible and the resin is dyed in most CIP. Cured-in-Place liners do not typically have joints. NASSCO's Pipeline Assessment and Certification Program E-16 Imperial Edition, v7.0.4Shapes and Materials Options Fold and Form or Deform/ Reform (FF) FF liners are a plastic material that are reduced in cross-section after producing a round extruded pipe, then re-rounded once installed inside the host pipe. FF liners do not conform to the abnormalities of the host pipe as. closely as CIP liner; however, in most circumstances, host pipe joints may be seen on the pipe wall at regular intervals. Laterals can be excavated or reinstated robotically from the inside. Folded liners are typically smoother on the inside and may be identified by their consistent color and by their endpoints. For polyethylene liners, a relaxation period is recommended prior to reinstating connections or finishing the manhole connections. Glass Reinforced Cement (GRC) 20-foot standard lengths in pipe sizes greater than 18 inches in diameter are anticipated for this type pipe. Notice the reflective sheen. NASSCO's Pipeline Assessment and Certification Program E47 _ Imperial Edition, v7.0.4‘Spiral Wound (SW) Spiral wound liners typically have a spiral joint system throughout the length of the installed liner. Installation material includes strips of plastic material that is wound and interlocked as the pipe is fabricated in the field ‘Though not required in all applications, spiral wound liners are typically applied in conjunction with grouting to create a seal at any connection and to provide a higher strength to support loading Continuous Slip Liner (SC) Long sections of either welded or restrained jointed pipe. Sections are assembled in the field and pulled through an excavated pit into the host pipe. NASSCO's Pipeline Assessment and Certification Program E18 Imperial Edition, v7.0.4wrc Appendix E ~ Pipe Shapes and Materials Options I Picture(s) ‘Sectional Slip Liner (SE) Short sections of pipe, smaller in diameter than the host pipe, and usually less than 4 feet in length. The pipe sections are inserted thru an existing manhole opening and both pushed and pulled into the host pipe. Joints are typically rubber gasket push or screw-on type. ‘Segmented Panel (SN) Panels joined together to form a complete section. ‘Small sections are manufactured in panel form and assembled and glued together in the host pipeline. NASSCO's Pipeline Assessment and Certification Program E19 — Imperial Edition, v7.0.4Appendix E — Pipe Shapes and Materials ‘Options 4 wrc Picture(s) Segmented Slip Liner (SP) Complete circular sections of liner pipe. Sections of pipe smaller in diameter than the host pipe and usually 20 feet in length. Occasionally shorter 10-foot length sections may be installed. The pipe sections are inserted from an excavated pit and pushed into the host pipe. Joints are typically rubber push-on Grout-In-Place Liner (GP) Generally installed in larger diameter pipe, often 36 inches or larger. Typically used to rehabilitate less common pipe shapes. NASSCO's Pipeline Assessment and Certification Program Imperial Edition, v7.0.4 E-204 wrc Appendix E — Pipe Shapes and Materials Options Picture(s) Formed-In-Place Liner (FP) Another name for Fold & Form and Cured-in-Place Pipe. ‘Spray Liner (SL) Spray liners can be many different materials: epoxy, polyurea, cementitious, etc. Wide range of pipe diameters typically dependent on application system being utilized. Spray liners generally have a very smooth and uniform appearance, colors may vary. Can be applied as a structural solution but also commonly applied as a protective coating. Other (ZZ) Concrete lining or pipe bursting, for example The code ZZ is only intended to be used for special situations. NASSCO's Pipeline Assessment and Certification Program E21 ~ Imperial Edition, v7.0.4wrc Appendix E - Pipe Shapes and Materials Coating Materials Coating materials may not be easily identified. Polymer coatings including epoxy, polyurethane and polyurea are typically spray applied to the host pipe and may peel off over time in ether small sections or in large sheets. Coal tar may be spray, brush or trowel applied and is usually a dark or black color. The coating may peel from the host pipe over time. Cement mortar coating can be spray applied or spin cast to a minimum recommended thickness and may peel off in sections over time. Options Picture(s) Epoxy (EP) Can be applied to a wide range of pipe diameters and designed to specific thickness depending on requirements. Can be used in wastewater and potable water lines depending on system, and can also be found in oil and gas pipelines. Polyurethane (PO) Similar to epoxy; polyurethane coatings can be applied to a wide range of pipe diameters and designed to specific thickness depending on requirements. Can be used in wastewater and potable water lines depending on system and can also be found in oil and gas pipelines. As shown in the picture, polyurethane can have a shiny appearance on the surface NASSCO’s Pipeline Assessment and Certification Program E22 imperial Edition, v7.0.4Appendix E - Pipe Shapes and Materials ‘Options Polyurea (PU) Similar to polyurethane and epoxy, polyurea coatings can be applied to a wide range of pipe diameters and designed to specific thickness depending on requirements. Can be used in wastewater and potable water lines, depending on system and can also be found in oil and gas pipelines. The picture displayed shows a polyurea protective coating ina corrugated pipe. Coal Tar (CT) Typically used to protect corrugated pipe in storm water applications. Coal tar is black in color and can be applied using a variety of methods. Cement Mortar (CM) Commonly used as a protective coating in ductile iron and steel pipe for water distribution. NASSCO's Pipeline Assessment and Certification Program £-23 Imperial Edition, v7.0.44 wre Appendix E - Pipe Shapes and Materials iS icture(s) Option: Other (2Z) NASSCO's Pipeline Assessment and Certification Program E24 Imperial Edition, v7.0.4