Governo da Cidade da Matola

Serviço de Educação, Juventude e Tecnologia da Cidade da Matola

Nkobe Secondary School

English Language handout, Term II, 2021, Grade 12

Name__________________________________________Stream_______ Number
_________

Reported speech

What is reported speech?

Reported speech is when you tell somebody else what you or a person said before.

Reported speech also referred to as ‘indirect speech’ it is used to report something someone has
said.

Example 1: (present simple)

Direct speech: ‘I’m feeling ill’. Paul said
Indirect speech: Paul said that he was feeling ill.
Direct speech: Tommy: ‘I am at home’.
Indirect speech: Tommy said he was at home.

Example 2 (Past simple)

Direct speech: ‘Tina bought a new bag’. I said
Indirect speech: I said that Tina had bought a new bag.

Example 3 (present perfect)

Direct speech: ‘She has arrived’. He said
Indirect speech: He said that she had arrived.

Example 4 (future)
Direct speech: ‘I will travel tomorrow’. Janet said
Indirect speech: Janet said that she would travel the following day.

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 Note: When you report something someone has said the verb tense has to go back as
shown in the table below:

Direct Speech Reported Speech

Simple Present Simple Past
He said: "I am happy" He said that he was happy
Present continuous Past continuous
He said: "I'm looking for my keys" He said that he was looking for his keys
Simple Past Past Perfect Simple
He said: "I visited New York last year" He said that he had visited New York the previous year.

Present Perfect Past Perfect

He said: " I've lived here for a long time " He said that he had lived there for a long time
Past Perfect Past Perfect
He said: "They had finished the work when I He said that they had finished the work when he had
arrived" arrived"
Past Progressive Past Perfect Progressive
He said: "I was playing football when the He said that he had been playing football when the
accident occurred" accident had occurred
Present Perfect Progressive Past Perfect Progressive
He said:"I have been playing football for two He said that he had been playing football for two hours
hours."
Past Perfect Progressive Past Perfect Progressive
He said: "I had been reading a newspaper when He said that he had been reading a newspaper when the
the light went off" light had gone off
Future Simple (will+verb) Conditional (would+verb)
He said: "I will open the door." He said that he would open the door.
Conditional (would+verb) Conditional (would+verb)
He said: "I would buy Mercedes if I were rich" He said that he would buy Mercedes if he had been rich"

Modal Direct speech Reported speech

can "I can do it." He said he could do it.

may "May I go out?" He wanted to know if

he might go out.

must "She must apply He said that

for the job." she must/had to apply
for the job.

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will "They will call He told her that
you." they would call her.
Direct
Reported Speech
Speech
Time Expressions
Today that day
Now Then
yesterday the day before
… days … days before
ago
last week the week before
next year the following year
tomorrow the next day / the
following day
Place
Here There
Demonstratives
This That
These Those

Exercises

Rewrite the following sentences using reported speech.

1. “I’m living in London.” Steve Said
________________________________________________________________________
2. “I have seen Ana recently”. Paul Said
________________________________________________________________________
3. “I saw Helen at a party yesterday.” Bob Said
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
4. “The teacher is coming.” we said
________________________________________________________________________
5. “I will tell Peter this funny story”. Steve Said

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 ________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
6. “Mother loves you.” Marta said
________________________________________________________________________
7. “I hate jokes.” Jane said
________________________________________________________________________
8. “He has been driving all the day.” Aida said
________________________________________________________________________
9. “I don’t know what Joe is doing.” Jack said
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
10. “I will phone you tomorrow”. James said
________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________

11. “We went out last night”

She told me ______________________________________________________________

12. “I’m coming!”

She said _____________________________________________________________________

13. “I can help you tomorrow” Joseph said.

______________________________________________________________________________

1.1. Reporting questions

When we report a question, we do not invert the order of subject and auxiliary or verbs as
we do when using the interrogative form in direct speech. Another difference is that we
do not use the auxiliaries DO/DOES or DID and we don’t use a question mark.
Examples:
Nelson: What is your name? Nelson asked me what my name was.
Nelson: Where do you live? Nelson asked me where I lived.
In yes/ no questions IF or WHEATHER can be used to introduce the question.
Nelson: Are you married? Nelson asked if I was married.
Nelson: did you go to school today? Nelson asked whether I had gone to school that day.
Exercises
Report the following questions. One (1) has been done.
1. Are you going to the? She asked me whether I was going to the fair.
2. “Have you got your entire luggage?” She asked me

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 _____________________________________________________________________
3. Do you know the way to the station? Uncle asked
_____________________________________________________________________
4. What’s your address? Emily asked
_____________________________________________________________________
5. Will you have to stay at home? Tania asked
_____________________________________________________________________
6. What are you looking for? James asked
_____________________________________________________________________
7. Has Paul arrived? Mum asked
_____________________________________________________________________
8. Where did Jim find the box? He asked
_____________________________________________________________________
9. Where is my umbrella? She asked
_____________________________________________________________________
10. How are you? Martin asked
_____________________________________________________________________

2. Quantifiers

Quantifiers are words that are used to state quantity or amount of something without stating the
actual number.

Quantifiers answer the questions ‘’ How many? And “How much?” There are three main
types of quantifiers. Quantifiers that are used with countable nouns, quantifiers that are used
with uncountable nouns, and quantifiers that are used with either countable or uncountable
nouns.

2.1 Quantifiers used with countable nouns

- Many e.g. I have many apples.
- Few e.g. I bought few books. I would like to buy more.
- A few e.g. we brought a few hand outs. I brought enough hand outs for this class.

2.2 Quantifiers used with uncountable nouns

- Much e.g. I don’t have much money.

- Little e.g. I know little English. I am going to have a problem getting around England.
- A little e.g. I know a little English, at least enough to get England.
-

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 2.3 Quantifiers used with countable and uncountable nouns

- Enough e.g. I bought enough books because I had enough money.

- Plenty e.g. I have a plenty of time.
- A lot of e.g. I ate a lot of fish. I cut a lot of trees.

Note:
Few/ little – means that is not enough of something.
A few / a little – means that there is not a lot of something, but there is enough.

Fill in the gaps with one of the following quantifiers: much, many, a lot of, most a little, little,
a few, few.

1. I’ve unfortunately had _______________________ headaches already because of stress.

2. Our yard looks awful this summer. There are too______________________ weeds.
3. I didn’t use ______________________ fertilizer last spring, and that has made a
difference.
4. I’m afraid it’s rained __________________________ times this summer which is why
the grass is brown.
5. ______________________ of the advice I have ever received from so-called “experts”
has been useless.
6. They said that just _________________ help could make a big difference.
7. ______________________ People know as much about computers as Tomas.
8. It does us ______________________ good when the banking system collapses.

3. Past Continuous

Form: Subject +was/were+ present participle(ING form) of the main verb.

e.g.

Affirmative: you were studying when mum called you.

Negative: you weren’t studying when mum called you.

Questions: were you studying when mum called you?

Use:

It expresses an event or a state which was in progress at a past time; it had started but had not
finished at that time.
We use past continuous to show that an ongoing past action was happening at a specific moment
of interruption or that two ongoing actions were happening at the same time in the past.

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 e.g. The children were doing their homework when I got home
“I was waiting for the bus when he arrived”
Exercises
Make the positive or negative past continuous
1. You ________________________________________(study) when it started raining.
2. Julie _________________________________________(sleep) at three o’clock.
3. Luke _____________________________________(read) when we had a power cut.
4. Bill ___________________________________(work) when I passed by his
brother’s.
5. They _____________________________________(paint) a car by that time.
6. John _________________________________(play) tennis when the robbers arrived.

4. Should and should not

We use should and shouldn’t to give advice or to talk about what we think is right or
wrong.
You should means: I think it is a good idea for you. You shouldn’t mean I think it is a
bad idea for you.
e.g. you look tired. You should rest.
Malinda works very hard. She should receive a reward.
I shouldn’t have told her the truth.

Complete the following sentences with should or shouldn’t.

1. You __________________________________ be cruel with children.
2. I don’t think you __________________________ drink beer like that.
3. You__________________________ do more exercises if you want to lose weight.
4. We _____________________________ urinate in public places.
5. They ___________________________ increase the amount of sugar they take.
6. Where ______________________________ I park my car.
7. Young boys ___________________________ spend so much of their free time
watching TV.
8. Students ___________________________ share school materials.
9. Teenagers ____________________________ smoke cigarettes.
10. Your eyes look red , you ______________________________ see a Doctor.

4. 1. Adjectives – comparative degree

When we compare two things we use an adjective and than.

With short adjectives we add –er to the adjective.

e.g. my house is bigger than yours.

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 She is taller than me

We use more with long adjectives (three syllables or more)

e.g. Precious is more beautiful than Palmira.

What is the comparative of the following adjectives?

Adjective Comparative
Hot
Pretty
Exciting
Clean
Interesting
Big
expensive

4. Adjectives (describing words)

4.2. Adjectives – superlative degree

The superlative is used to compare more than two things or people. With adjectives of
one syllable we add – est with long adjectives (three syllables or more, we use the most
before the adjective.

e.g. This is the biggest house in the street.

Tania is the most beautiful girl in our class.

Patricia is the youngest girl in the class.

What is the superlative of the following adjectives?

Adjective Comparative
Hot
Pretty
Exciting
Clean
Interesting
Big
expensive

Exercises

Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the words in brackets (comparative or superlatives).

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 1. My bag is __________________________(big) than Paul’s bag.

2. This armchair is __________________________( confortable) than that one over there.

3. This is the __________________________________( interesting) book I have ever
read.

4. A holiday by the sea is ________________________(good) than a holiday the mountain.

5. My suitcase is _________________________________________(large) than yours.

6. She thinks that Chinese is _______________________________( difficult) than English.

7. Who is the _______________________(rich) man on earth?

8. This flower is ____________________________(beautiful) than that one.

9. Maradona was the _________________________(famous) football player of the world.

10. It is strange but often a coke is ___________________________(expensive) than a beer.

5. Future forms - will or going to

Will
 We use will when we are making a decision at the moment of speaking.
E.g. Do you prefer milk or coffee?
I will drink milk.
 When we want to talk about future facts or things we believe to be true about future we
use will.
E.g. The sun will rise tomorrow.
 We use will when we make promises.
E.g. I will help you tomorrow.

Going to
 We use going to after the decisions has been made.
E.g. There is no milk here.
I am going to go and get some after this TV program.
 We use going to to make predictions based on something we can see or hear now.
E.g. The conservatives are going to win the elections. They already have most of the votes

Exercises

A. Choose the best and correct option to fill in each gap.

1. Where are you going on holiday? I don’t know yet, maybe _____________ to India.

A) I will go B) I am going

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2. Are you watching the game? Its 5 / 2, they ____________________ win the match.

A) Will B) are going to

3. I think you ______________ like the movie.

A) Will B) are going to

4) I can’t join you at the party, I ___________________ away for two weeks.

A) Will be B) am going to be

5. Have you heard? Jean is pregnant, she __________________ have a baby.

A) is going to B) will

6. This exercise looks really hard, I ____________________ help you.

A) Will B) am going to

7. Don’t forget that we ___________________ out with Sue and Peter tonight?

A) are going B) Will go

8. Look at that beautiful sky! It must certainly _____________ rain today.

A) Won’t B) isn’t going to

9. How is he, Doctor? Don’t worry he ___________________ get better.

A) Will B) is going to

10. The bridge is not so safe. Yes, one day it_________________ break down.

A) Will B) is going to

B Write sentences of your own using will (two sentences) and going to (two sentences).

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

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Reading

Read the texts carefully and then circle the best answer

Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following document.

Why does the earth have a variety of seasons and climates? The answer is of course,
‘weather’. The weather on our planet is caused mainly bythe sun, the air round the earth (which
is called the earth`s atmosphere), and water. These three things combine to give us various kinds
of weather. However, it is the heat of the sun which influences the weather more than anything
else.

Air which is heated by the sun is lighter than cold air and therefore it rises above the cold air. As
the warm air rises, the drops of moisture in it come together.

These tiny drops of water usually start to form round pieces ofdust and, as they rise, they meet
colder air and condense. This condensation continues until the rain drops are heavier than
the air itself. Then they fall to the ground as rain. The clouds we see in the sky are really
only a collection of raindrops which have come together in such numbers that you can see
them.

A simple experiment will show you how this kind of weather works. Place a glass in the
sun, upside down, on the grass. You should see these different stages

of weather:

1. After a few minutes moisture begins to form on the inside of theglass. The outside remains
completely dry.

2. More and more moisture forms. It runs down the glass like rain. What

happened?

The heat from the sun makes the air inside the glass hotter and hotter; moisture in the grass and
soil evaporates; as the moisture rises, it hits the sides of the glass which are cooler than the air;
the drops of moisture themselvescool down; they condense and join together and finally they
fall like rain down the sides of the glass.

1. What is the text mainly about? It is about…

A earth’s atmosphere. C round pieces of dust.

B location of the earth. D weather on our planet.

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2. Which of these sentences is NOT true?

A Cold air is lighter than hot air C The sun influences the weather

B Hot air is lighter than cold air D Warm air rises

3. The clouds we see in the sky are made up of…

A a series of raindrops. C raindrops and rainfall.

B earths atmosphere. D round pieces of dust.

4. The condensation occurs when the…

A drops fall to the ground as rain. C raindrops are heavier than the air.

B pieces of dust meet cold air. D sun is lighter than the air.

5. The weather usually changes because of the…

A air round the earth. C grass and the soil.

B clouds in the sky. D heat of the sun.

Questions 6 to 10 are about the following document.

Nowadays people are more aware that wildlife all over the world is in danger.

Many species of animals are threatened, and could easily become extinct, if we do not make
effort to protect them. There are many reasons for this. In some cases, animals are hunted for
their fur or for other valuable parts of their bodies. Some birds, such as parrots, are caught
alive and sold as pets. For many animals and birds, the problem is that their habitat is
disappearing. More land is used for farms, houses or industry, and there are fewer open spaces
than there once were. Farmers use powerful chemicals to help the crops grow better, but these
chemicals pollute the environment and harm wildlife. The most successful animals on earth –
human beings – will soon be the only ones left unless, we can solve this problem.

6. What must be done to avoid the extinction of many species of animals?

A More land should be used for farming C People must take care of animals

B People must keep on hunting D Some birds must be sold

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7. If animals become extinct, it means they are…

A living forever. C being substituted.

B being reduced. D multiplying annually.

8. The main objective of the text is to…

A highlight the effects of human activity to the environment.

B list the main groups of wild animals.

C promote modern farming in rural areas.

D show how animals live peacefully.

9. What is the advantage of using chemicals in farming?

A Chemicals harm wildlife C They help to protect animals

B Crops grow well and fast D They pollute the environment

10. The underlined word refers to…

A animals and birds. C endangered animals.

B domestic animals. D human beings.

The English Team wishes you a best work!

Prevent yourself from Covid-19
Wash your hands regularly- Life is one!

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