IIT JEE MAIN SYLLABUS

PHYSIC
**PHYSICS AND MEASUREMENT
Physics, technology and society, S I Units, fundamental and derived units,
least count, accuracy and precision of measuring instruments, Errors in
measurement, Dimensions of Physics quantities, dimensional analysis
and its applications.

*KINEMATICS
The frame of reference, motion in a straight line, Position- time graph,
speed and velocity; Uniform and non-uniform motion, average speed and
instantaneous velocity, uniformly accelerated motion, velocity-time,
position-time graph, relations for uniformly accelerated motion, Scalars
and Vectors, Vector. Addition and subtraction, zero vector, scalar and
vector products, Unit Vector, Resolution of a Vector. Relative Velocity,
Motion in a plane, Projectile Motion, Uniform Circular Motion.

*LAWS OF MOTION
Force and inertia, Newton’s First law of motion; Momentum, Newton’s
Second Law of motion, Impulses; Newton’s Third Law of motion. Law of
conservation of linear momentum and its applications. Equilibrium of
concurrent forces. Static and Kinetic friction, laws of friction, rolling friction.
Dynamics of uniform circular motion: centripetal force and its applications.

**WORK, ENERGY AND POWER

Work done by a content force and a variable force; kinetic and potential
energies, work-energy theorem, power. The potential energy of spring
conservation of mechanical energy, conservative and neoconservative
forces; Elastic and inelastic collisions in one and two dimensions.
*ROTATIONAL MOTION
Centre of the mass of a two-particle system, Centre of the mass of a rigid
body; Basic concepts of rotational motion; a moment of a force; torque,
angular momentum, conservation of angular momentum and its
applications; the moment of inertia, the radius of gyration. Values of
moments of inertia for simple geometrical objects, parallel and
perpendicular axes theorems and their applications. Rigid body rotation
equations of rotational motion.

**GRAVITATION
The universal law of gravitation. Acceleration due to gravity and its
variation with altitude and depth. Kepler’s law of planetary motion.
Gravitational potential energy; gravitational potential. Escape velocity,
Orbital velocity of a satellite. Geo stationary satellites.

PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS

Elastic behaviour, Stress-strain relationship, Hooke's Law. Young's
modulus, bulk modulus, modulus of rigidity. Pressure due to a fluid
column; Pascal's law and its applications. Viscosity. Stokes' law. terminal
velocity, streamline and turbulent flow. Reynolds number. Bernoulli's
principle and its applications. Surface energy and surface tension, angle
of contact, application of surface tension - drops, bubbles and capillary
rise. Heat, temperature, thermal expansion; specific heat capacity,
calorimetry; change of state, latent heat. Heat transfer-conduction,
convection and radiation. Newton's law of cooling.

**THERMODYNAMICS
Thermal equilibrium, zeroth law of thermodynamics, the concept of
temperature. Heat, work and internal energy. The first law of
thermodynamics. The second law of thermodynamics: reversible and
irreversible processes. Carnot engine and its efficiency.

**KINETIC THEORY OF GASES

Equation of state of a perfect gas, work done on compressing a gas,
Kinetic theory of gases - assumptions, the concept of pressure. Kinetic
energy and temperature: RMS speed of gas molecules: Degrees of
freedom. Law of equipartition of energy, applications to specific heat
capacities of gases; Mean free path. Avogadro's number.

OSCILLATIONS AND WAVES

Periodic motion - period, frequency, displacement as a function of time.
Periodic functions. Simple harmonic motion (S.H.M.) and its equation;
phase: oscillations of a spring -restoring force and force constant: energy
in S.H.M. - Kinetic and potential energies; Simple pendulum - derivation
of expression for its time period: Free, forced and damped oscillations,
resonance. Wave motion. Longitudinal and transverse waves, speed of a
wave. Displacement relation for a progressive wave. Principle of
superposition of waves, a reflection of waves. Standing waves in strings
and organ pipes, fundamental mode and harmonics. Beats. Doppler Effect
in sound.

*ELECTROSTATICS
Electric charges: Conservation of charge. Coulomb's law-forces between two
point charges, forces between multiple charges: superposition principle and
continuous charge distribution. Electric field: Electric field due to a point charge,
Electric field lines. Electric dipole, Electric field due to a dipole. Torque on a
dipole in a uniform electric field. Electric flux. Gauss's law and its applications to
find field due to infinitely long uniformly charged straight wire, uniformly
charged infinite plane sheet and uniformly charged thin spherical shell. Electric
potential and its calculation for a point charge, electric dipole and system of
charges; Equipotential surfaces, Electrical potential energy of a system of two
point charges in an electrostatic field. Conductors and insulators. Dielectrics and
electric polarization, capacitor, the combination of capacitors in series and
parallel, capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with and without dielectric
medium between the plates. Energy stored in a capacitor.

**CURRENT ELECTRICITY
Electric current. Drift velocity. Ohm's law. Electrical resistance. Resistances of
different materials. V-l characteristics of Ohmic and non-ohmic conductors.
Electrical energy and power. Electrical resistivity. Colour code for resistors;
Series and parallel combinations of resistors; Temperature dependence of
resistance. Electric Cell and its Internal resistance, potential difference and emf
of a cell, a combination of cells in series and parallel. Kirchhoff’s laws and their
applications. Wheatstone bridge. Metre Bridge. Potentiometer - principle and
its applications.

**MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF CURRENT AND

MAGNETISM
Biot - Savart law and its application to current carrying circular loop.
Ampere's law and its applications to infinitely long current carrying straight
wire and solenoid. Force on a moving charge in uniform magnetic and
electric fields. Cyclotron. Force on a current-carrying conductor in a
uniform magnetic field. The force between two parallel current carrying
conductorsdefinition of ampere. Torque experienced by a current loop in
a uniform magnetic field: Moving coil galvanometer, its current sensitivity
and conversion to ammeter and voltmeter. Current loop as a magnetic
dipole and its magnetic dipole moment. Bar magnet as an equivalent
solenoid, magnetic field lines; Earth's magnetic field and magnetic
elements. Para-, dia- and ferromagnetic substances. Magnetic
susceptibility and permeability. Hysteresis. Electromagnets and
permanent magnets.

*ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION AND

ALTERNATING CURRENTS
Electromagnetic induction: Faraday's law. Induced emf and current:
Lenz’s Law, Eddy currents. Self and mutual inductance. Alternating
currents, peak and RMS value of alternating current/ voltage: reactance
and impedance: LCR series circuit, resonance: Quality factor, power in
AC circuits, wattless current. AC generator and transformer.

**ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
Electromagnetic waves and their characteristics, Transverse nature of
electromagnetic waves, Electromagnetic spectrum (radio waves, microwaves,
infrared, visible, ultraviolet. X-rays. Gamma rays), Applications of e.m. waves.
*OPTICS
Reflection and refraction of light at plane and spherical surfaces, mirror
formula. Total internal reflection and its applications. Deviation and
Dispersion of light by a; prism; Lens Formula. Magnification. Power of a
Lens. Combination of thin lenses in contact. Microscope and Astronomical
Telescope (reflecting and refracting ) and their magnifying powers.
Wave optics: wavefront and Huygens' principle. Laws of reflection and
refraction using Huygens principle. Interference, Young's double-slit
experiment and expression for fringe width, coherent sources and
sustained interference of light. Diffraction due to a single slit, width of
central maximum. Resolving power of microscopes and astronomical
telescopes. Polarization, plane-polarized light: Brewster's law, uses of
plane-polarized light and Polaroid

**DUAL NATURE OF MATTER AND

RADIATION
Dual nature of radiation. Photoelectric effect. Hertz and Lenard's observations;
Einstein's photoelectric equation: particle nature of light. Matter waves-wave
nature of particle, de Broglie relation. Davisson Germer experiment.

*ATOMS AND NUCLEI

Alpha-particle scattering experiment; Rutherford's model of atom; Bohr model,
energy levels, hydrogen spectrum. Composition and size of nucleus, atomic
masses, isotopes, isobars: isotones. Radioactivity- alpha. beta and gamma
particles/rays and their properties; radioactive decay law. Mass-energy relation,
mass defect; binding energy per nucleon and its variation with mass number,
nuclear fission and fusion.

ELECTRONIC DEVICES
Semiconductors; semiconductor diode: 1- V characteristics in forward and
reverse bias; diode as a rectifier; I-V characteristics of LED. the photodiode, solar
cell and Zener diode; Zener diode as a voltage regulator. Junction transistor,
transistor action, characteristics of a transistor: transistor as an amplifier
(common emitter configuration) and oscillator. Logic gates (OR. AND. NOT.
NAND and NOR). Transistor as a switch.

COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
Propagation of electromagnetic waves in the atmosphere; Sky and space wave
propagation. Need for modulation. Amplitude and Frequency Modulation,
Bandwidth of signals. the bandwidth of Transmission medium, Basic Elements
of a Communication System (Block Diagram only).

EXPERIMENTAL SKILLS
Familiarity with the basic approach and observations of the experiments and activities:

1. Vernier callipers-its use to measure the internal and external diameter and depth of a vessel.

2. Screw gauge-its use to determine thickness/ diameter of thin sheet/wire.

3. Simple Pendulum-dissipation of energy by plotting a graph between the square of amplitude and
time.

4. Metre Scale - the mass of a given object by principle of moments.

5. Young's modulus of elasticity of the material of a metallic wire. 6. Surf ace tension of water by
capillary rise and effect of detergents,

7. Co-efficient of Viscosity of a given viscous liquid by measuring terminal velocity of a given spherical
body,

8. Plotting a cooling curve for the relationship between the temperature of a hot body and time.

9. Speed of sound in air at room temperature using a resonance tube, 10. Specific heat capacity of a
given (i) solid and (ii) liquid by method of mixtures.

11. The resistivity of the material of a given wire using metre bridge.

12. The resistance of a given wire using Ohm's law.

13. Potentiometeri. Comparison of emf of two primary cells. ii. Determination of internal resistance
of a cell.

14. Resistance and figure of merit of a galvanometer by half deflection method.

15. The focal length of; (i) Convex mirror (ii) Concave mirror, and (ii) Convex lens, using the parallax
method.

16. The plot of the angle of deviation vs angle of incidence for a triangular prism.

17. Refractive index of a glass slab using a travelling microscope.

18. Characteristic curves of a p-n junction diode in forward and reverse bias.

19. Characteristic curves of a Zener diode and finding reverse break down voltage.
20. Characteristic curves of a transistor and finding current gain and voltage gain.

21. Identification of Diode. LED, Transistor. IC. Resistor. A capacitor from a mixed collection of such
items.

22. Using a multimeter to: (i) Identify the base of a transistor (ii) Distinguish between NPN and PNP
type transistor (iii) See the unidirectional of current in case of a diode and an LED. (iv) Check the
correctness or otherwise of a given electronic component (diode, transistor or IC)

MATH
*SETS, RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS:
Sets and their representation: Union, intersection and complement of sets
and their algebraic properties; Power set; Relation, Type of relations,
equivalence relations, functions; one-one, into and onto functions, the
composition of functions.

**COMPLEX NUMBERS AND QUADRATIC

EQUATIONS:
Complex numbers as ordered pairs of reals, Representation of complex
numbers in the form a + ib and their representation in a plane, Argand diagram,
algebra of complex number, modulus and argument (or amplitude) of a complex
number, square root of a complex number, triangle inequality, Quadratic
equations in real and complex number system and their solutions Relations
between roots and coefficient, nature of roots, the formation of quadratic
equations with given roots.

**MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS:

Matrices, algebra of matrices, type of matrices, determinants and matrices of
order two and three, properties of determinants, evaluation of determinants,
area of triangles using determinants, Adjoint and evaluation of inverse of a
square matrix using determinants and elementary transformations, Test of
consistency and solution of simultaneous linear equations in two or three
variables using determinants and matrices.
PERMUTATIONS AND COMBINATIONS:
The fundamental principle of counting, permutation as an arrangement and
combination as section, Meaning of P (n,r) and C (n,r), simple applications.

MATHEMATICAL INDUCTIONS:
Principle of Mathematical Induction and its simple applications.

*BINOMIAL THEOREM AND ITS SIMPLE

APPLICATIONS:
Binomial theorem for a positive integral index, general term and middle term,
properties of Binomial coefficients and simple applications.

**SEQUENCE AND SERIES:

Arithmetic and Geometric progressions, insertion of arithmetic, geometric
means between two given numbers, Relation between A.M and G.M sum up to
n terms of special series; Sn, Sn2, Sn3. Arithmetico-Geometric progression.

**LIMIT,CONTINUITYAND
DIFFERENTIABILITY:
Real – valued functions, algebra of functions, polynomials, rational,
trigonometric, logarithmic and exponential functions, inverse function. Graphs
of simple functions. Limits, continuity and differentiability. Differentiation of the
sum, difference, product and quotient of two functions. Differentiation of
trigonometric, inverse trigonometric, logarithmic, exponential, composite and
implicit functions; derivatives of order up to two, Rolle’s and Lagrange's Mean
value Theorems, Applications of derivatives: Rate of change of quantities,
monotonicIncreasing and decreasing functions, Maxima and minima of
functions of one variable, tangents and normal.
*CO-ORDINATE GEOMETRY
Cartesian system of rectangular coordinates in a plane, distance formula,
sections formula, locus and its equation, translation of axes, the slope of a line,
parallel and perpendicular lines, intercepts of a line on the co-ordinate axis.

**Straight line
Various forms of equations of a line, intersection of lines, angles between two
lines, conditions for concurrence of three lines, the distance of a point form a
line, equations of internal and external by sectors of angles between two lines
coordinate of the centroid, orthocentre and circumcentre of a triangle, equation
of the family of lines passing through the point of intersection of two lines.
Circle, conic sections A standard form of equations of a circle, the general form
of the equation of a circle, its radius and central, equation of a circle when the
endpoints of a diameter are given, points of intersection of a line and a circle
with the centre at the origin and condition for a line to be tangent to a circle,
equation of the tangent, sections of conics, equations of conic sections
(parabola, ellipse and hyperbola) in standard forms, condition for Y = mx +c to
be a tangent and point (s) of tangency.

**THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY Coordinates of a

point in space, the distance between two points, section formula, directions
ratios and direction cosines, the angle between two intersecting lines. Skew
lines, the shortest distance between them and its equation. Equations of a line
and a plane in different forms, the intersection of a line and a plane, coplanar
lines.

*VECTOR ALGEBRA
Vectors and scalars, the addition of vectors, components of a vector in two
dimensions and three-dimensional space, scalar and vector products, scalar and
vector triple product

STATISTICS AND **PROBABILITY

Measures of discretion; calculation of mean, median, mode of grouped and
ungrouped data calculation of standard deviation, variance and mean deviation
for grouped and ungrouped data. Probability: Probability of an event, addition
and multiplication theorems of probability, Baye's theorem, probability
distribution of a random variate, Bernoulli trials and binomial distribution .
**TRIGONOMETRY Trigonometrical identities and equations,
trigonometrical functions, inverse trigonometrical functions and their
properties, heights and distance.

MATHEMATICAL REASONING
Statement logical operations and, or, implies, implied by, if and only if,
understanding of tautology, contradiction, converse and contrapositive.

CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY SECTION –
A PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY
**SOME BASIC CONCEPTS IN CHEMISTRY
Matter and its nature, Dalton's atomic theory: Concept of atom, molecule,
element and compound: Physical quantities and their measurements in
Chemistry, precision and accuracy, significant figures. S.I.Units, dimensional
analysis: Laws of chemical combination; Atomic and molecular masses, mole
concept, molar mass, percentage composition, empirical and molecular
formulae: Chemical equations and stoichiometry.

**STATES OF MATTER
Classification of matter into solid, liquid and gaseous states. Gaseous State:
Measurable properties of gases: Gas laws - Boyle's law, Charle’s law. Graham's
law of diffusion. Avogadro's law, Dalton's law of partial pressure; Concept of
Absolute scale of temperature; Ideal gas equation; Kinetic theory of gases (only
postulates); Concept of average, root mean square and most probable
velocities; Real gases, deviation from Ideal behaviour, compressibility factor and
van der Waals equation.

Liquid State: Properties of liquids - vapour pressure, viscosity and surface

tension and effect of temperature on them (qualitative treatment only). Solid
State: Classification of solids: molecular, ionic, covalent and metallic solids,
amorphous and crystalline solids (elementary idea); Bragg's Law and its
applications: Unit cell and lattices, packing in solids (fcc, bcc and hcp lattices),
voids, calculations involving unit cell parameters, an imperfection in solids;
Electrical and magnetic properties.

**ATOMIC STRUCTURE
Thomson and Rutherford atomic models and their limitations; Nature of
electromagnetic radiation, photoelectric effect; Spectrum of the hydrogen
atom. Bohr model of a hydrogen atom - its postulates, derivation of the relations
for the energy of the electron and radii of the different orbits, limitations of
Bohr's model; Dual nature of matter, de Broglie's relationship. Heisenberg
uncertainty principle. Elementary ideas of quantum mechanics, quantum
mechanics, the quantum mechanical model of the atom, its important features.
Concept of atomic orbitals as one-electron wave functions: Variation of  and
2 with r for 1s and 2s orbitals; various quantum numbers (principal, angular
momentum and magnetic quantum numbers) and their significance; shapes of
s, p and d - orbitals, electron spin and spin quantum number: Rules for filling
electrons in orbitals – Aufbau principle. Pauli's exclusion principle and Hund's
rule, electronic configuration of elements, extra stability of half-filled and
completely filled orbitals.

**CHEMICAL BONDING AND MOLECULAR

STRUCTURE
Kossel - Lewis approach to chemical bond formation, the concept of ionic and
covalent bonds. Ionic Bonding: Formation of ionic bonds, factors affecting the
formation of ionic bonds; calculation of lattice enthalpy. Covalent Bonding:
Concept of electronegativity. Fajan’s rule, dipole moment: Valence Shell
Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR ) theory and shapes of simple molecules.
Quantum mechanical approach to covalent bonding: Valence bond theory - its
important features, the concept of hybridization involving s, p and d orbitals;
Resonance. Molecular Orbital Theory - Its important features. LCAOs, types of
molecular orbitals (bonding, antibonding), sigma and pi-bonds, molecular
orbital electronic configurations of homonuclear diatomic molecules, the
concept of bond order, bond length and bond energy. Elementary idea of
metallic bonding. Hydrogen bonding and its applications.

**CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS
Fundamentals of thermodynamics: System and surroundings, extensive and
intensive properties, state functions, types of processes. The first law of
thermodynamics - Concept of work, heat internal energy and enthalpy, heat
capacity, molar heat capacity; Hess’s law of constant heat summation;
Enthalpies of bond dissociation, combustion, formation, atomization,
sublimation, phase transition, hydration, ionization and solution. The second
law of thermodynamics - Spontaneity of processes; S of the universe and G
of the system as criteria for spontaneity. G (Standard Gibbs energy change)
and equilibrium constant.

*SOLUTIONS
Different methods for expressing the concentration of solution - molality,
molarity, mole fraction, percentage (by volume and mass both), the vapour
pressure of solutions and Raoult's Law - Ideal and non-ideal solutions, vapour
pressure - composition, plots for ideal and non-ideal solutions; Colligative
properties of dilute solutions - a relative lowering of vapour pressure,
depression of freezing point, the elevation of boiling point and osmotic pressure;
Determination of molecular mass using colligative properties; Abnormal value
of molar mass, van’t Hoff factor and its significance.

*EQUILIBRIUM Meaning of equilibrium, the concept of dynamic

equilibrium. Equilibria involving physical processes: Solid-liquid, liquid - gas and
solid-gas equilibria, Henry's law. General characteristics of equilibrium involving
physical processes. Equilibrium involving chemical processes: Law of chemical
equilibrium, equilibrium constants (Kp and Kc) and their significance, the
significance of G and G in chemical equilibrium, factors affecting equilibrium
concentration, pressure, temperature, the effect of catalyst; Le Chatelier’s
principle.

Ionic equilibrium:
Weak and strong electrolytes, ionization of electrolytes, various concepts of
acids and bases (Arrhenius. Bronsted - Lowry and Lewis) and their ionization,
acid-base equilibria (including multistage ionization) and ionization constants,
ionization of water. pH scale, common ion effect, hydrolysis of salts and pH of
their solutions, the solubility of sparingly soluble salts and solubility products,
buffer solutions.

REDOX REACTIONS AND

**ELECTROCHEMISTRY
Electronic concepts of oxidation and reduction, redox reactions, oxidation
number, rules for assigning oxidation number, balancing of redox reactions.
Electrolytic and metallic conduction, conductance in electrolytic solutions,
molar conductivities and their variation with concentration: Kohlrausch’s law
and its applications. Electrochemical cells - Electrolytic and Galvanic cells,
different types of electrodes, electrode potentials including standard electrode
potential, half - cell and cell reactions, emf of a Galvanic cell and its
measurement: Nernst equation and its applications; Relationship between cell
potential and Gibbs' energy change: Dry cell and lead accumulator; Fuel cells.
**CHEMICAL KINETICS
Rate of a chemical reaction, factors affecting the rate of reactions:
concentration, temperature, pressure and catalyst; elementary and complex
reactions, order and molecularity of reactions, rate law, rate constant and its
units, differential and integral forms of zero and first-order reactions, their
characteristics and half-lives, the effect of temperature on the rate of reactions,
Arrhenius theory, activation energy and its calculation, collision theory of
bimolecular gaseous reactions (no derivation).

*SURFACE CHEMISTRY
Adsorption- Physisorption and chemisorption and their characteristics, factors
affecting adsorption of gases on solids - Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption
isotherms, adsorption from solutions. Catalysis - Homogeneous and
heterogeneous, activity and selectivity of solid catalysts, enzyme catalysis and
its mechanism. Colloidal state- distinction among true solutions, colloids and
suspensions, classification of colloids - lyophilic. lyophobic; multimolecular.
macromolecular and associated colloids (micelles), preparation and properties
of colloids - Tyndall effect. Brownian movement, electrophoresis, dialysis,
coagulation and flocculation: Emulsions and their characteristics.

SECTION-B
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS AND
*PERIODICITY IN PROPERTIES
Modem periodic law and present form of the periodic table, s, p. d and f block
elements, periodic trends in properties of elements atomic and ionic radii,
ionization enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, valence, oxidation states and
chemical reactivity.
GENERAL PRINCIPLES AND PROCESSES OF
ISOLATION OF METALS
Modes of occurrence of elements in nature, minerals, ores; Steps involved in the
extraction of metals - concentration, reduction (chemical and electrolytic
methods) and refining with special reference to the extraction of Al. Cu, Zn and
Fe; Thermodynamic and electrochemical principles involved in the extraction of
metals.

HYDROGEN Position of hydrogen in periodic table, isotopes,

preparation, properties and uses of hydrogen; Physical and chemical properties
of water and heavy water; Structure, preparation, reactions and uses of
hydrogen peroxide; Classification of hydrides - ionic, covalent and interstitial;
Hydrogen as a fuel.

**S -BLOCK ELEMENTS (ALKALI AND

ALKALINE EARTH METALS)
Group -1 and 2 Elements General introduction, electronic configuration and
general trends in physical and chemical properties of elements, anomalous
properties of the first element of each group, diagonal relationships.
Preparation and properties of some important compounds - sodium carbonate
and sodium hydroxide and sodium hydrogen carbonate; Industrial uses of lime,
limestone. Plaster of Paris and cement: Biological significance of Na, K. Mg and
Ca.

**P- BLOCK ELEMENTS

Group -13 to Group 18 Elements General Introduction: Electronic configuration
and general trends in physical and chemical properties of elements across the
periods and down the groups; unique behaviour of the first element in each
group. Groupwise study of the p - block elements Group -13 Preparation,
properties and uses of boron and aluminium; Structure, properties and uses of
borax, boric acid, diborane, boron trifluoride, aluminium chloride and alums.
Group -14 The tendency for catenation; Structure, properties and uses of
Allotropes and oxides of carbon, silicon tetrachloride, silicates, zeolites and
silicones. Group -15 Properties and uses of nitrogen and phosphorus; Allotrophic
forms of phosphorus; Preparation, properties, structure and uses of ammonia,
nitric acid, phosphine and phosphorus halides, (PCl3. PCl5); Structures of oxides
and oxoacids of nitrogen and phosphorus. Group -16 Preparation, properties,
structures and uses of ozone: Allotropic forms of sulphur; Preparation,
properties, structures and uses of sulphuric acid (including its industrial
preparation); Structures of oxoacids of sulphur. Group-17 Preparation,
properties and uses of hydrochloric acid; Trends in the acidic nature of hydrogen
halides; Structures of Interhalogen compounds and oxides and oxoacids of
halogens. Group-18 Occurrence and uses of noble gases; Structures of fluorides
and oxides of xenon.

*d - and f- BLOCK ELEMENTS

Transition Elements General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence
and characteristics, general trends in properties of the first-row transition
elements - physical properties, ionization enthalpy, oxidation states, atomic
radii, colour, catalytic behaviour, magnetic properties, complex formation,
interstitial compounds, alloy formation; Preparation, properties and uses of
K2Cr2O7, and KMnO4. Inner Transition Elements Lanthanoids - Electronic
configuration, oxidation states and lanthanoid contraction. Actinoids -
Electronic configuration and oxidation states.

**CO-ORDINATION COMPOUNDS
Introduction to co-ordination compounds. Werner's theory; ligands, co-
ordination number, denticity. chelation; IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear
co-- ordination compounds, isomerism; Bonding-Valence bond approach and
basic ideas of Crystal field theory, colour and magnetic properties; Importance
of co-- ordination compounds (in qualitative analysis, extraction of metals and
in biological systems).

*ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY
Environmental pollution - Atmospheric, water and soil. Atmospheric pollution -
Tropospheric and Stratospheric Tropospheric pollutants - Gaseous pollutants:
Oxides of carbon, nitrogen and sulphur, hydrocarbons; their sources, harmful
effects and prevention; Greenhouse effect and Global warming: Acid rain;
Particulate pollutants: Smoke, dust, smog, fumes, mist; their sources, harmful
effects and prevention. Stratospheric pollution- Formation and breakdown of
ozone, depletion of the ozone layer - its mechanism and effects. Water Pollution
- Major pollutants such as. pathogens, organic wastes and chemical pollutants;
their harmful effects and prevention. Soil pollution - Major pollutants such as;
Pesticides (insecticides. herbicides and fungicides), their harmful effects and
prevention. Strategies to control environmental pollution.

SECTION-C
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
PURIFICATION AND CHARACTERISATION OF
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
Purification - Crystallization, sublimation, distillation, differential extraction and
chromatography - principles and their applications. Qualitative analysis -
Detection of nitrogen, sulphur, phosphorus and halogens. Quantitative analysis
(basic principles only) - Estimation of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, halogens,
sulphur, phosphorus. Calculations of empirical formulae and molecular
formulae: Numerical problems in organic quantitative analysis,

**SOME BASIC PRINCIPLES OF ORGANIC

CHEMISTRY
Tetravalency of carbon: Shapes of simple molecules - hybridization (s and p):
Classification of organic compounds based on functional groups: and those
containing halogens, oxygen, nitrogen and sulphur; Homologous series:
Isomerism - structural and stereoisomerism. Nomenclature (Trivial and IUPAC)
Covalent bond fission - Homolytic and heterolytic: free radicals, carbocations
and carbanions; stability of carbocations and free radicals, electrophiles and
nucleophiles. Electronic displacement in a covalent bond - Inductive effect,
electromeric effect, resonance and hyperconjugation. Common types of organic
reactionsSubstitution, addition, elimination and rearrangement.
*HYDROCARBONS
Classification, isomerism, IUPAC nomenclature, general methods of
preparation, properties and reactions. Alkanes - Conformations: Sawhorse and
Newman projections (of ethane): Mechanism of halogenation of alkanes.
Alkenes - Geometrical isomerism: Mechanism of electrophilic addition: addition
of hydrogen, halogens, water, hydrogen halides (Markownikoffs and peroxide
effect): Ozonolysis and polymerization. Alkynes - Acidic character: Addition of
hydrogen, halogens, water and hydrogen halides: Polymerization. Aromatic
hydrocarbons - Nomenclature, benzene - structure and aromaticity: Mechanism
of electrophilic substitution: halogenation, nitration. Friedel - Craft's alkylation
and acylation, directive influence of the functional group in mono-substituted
benzene.

*ORGANIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING

HALOGENS
General methods of preparation, properties and reactions; Nature of C-X bond;
Mechanisms of substitution reactions. Uses; Environmental effects of
chloroform, iodoform freons and DDT.

**ORGANIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING

OXYGEN
General methods of preparation, properties, reactions and uses. ALCOHOLS,
PHENOLS AND ETHERS Alcohols: Identification of primary, secondary and
tertiary alcohols: mechanism of dehydration. Phenols: Acidic nature,
electrophilic substitution reactions: halogenation. nitration and sulphonation.
Reimer - Tiemann reaction. Ethers: Structure.Aldehyde and Ketones: Nature of
carbonyl group; Nucleophilic addition to >C=O group, relative reactivities of
aldehydes and ketones; Important reactions such as - Nucleophilic addition
reactions (addition of HCN. NH3, and its derivatives), Grignard reagent;
oxidation: reduction (Wolf Kishner and Clemmensen); the acidity of -hydrogen.
aldol condensation, Cannizzaro reaction. Haloform reaction, Chemical tests to
distinguish between aldehydes and Ketones. Carboxylic Acids Acidic strength
and factors affecting it,
*ORGANIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING
NITROGEN
General methods of preparation. Properties, reactions and uses. Amines:
Nomenclature, classification structure, basic character and identification of
primary, secondary and tertiary amines and their basic character. Diazonium
Salts: Importance in synthetic organic chemistry.

POLYMERS General introduction and classification of polymers, general

methods of polymerization, - Addition and condensation, copolymerization.
Natural and synthetic, rubber and vulcanization, some important polymers with
emphasis on their monomers and uses – polythene, nylon, polyester and
bakelite.

**BIOMOLECULES General introduction and importance of

biomolecules. CARBOHYDRATES - Classification; aldoses and ketoses:
monosaccharides (glucose and fructose) and constituent monosaccharides of
oligosaccharides (sucrose, lactose and maltose).
PROTEINS - Elementary Idea of -amino acids, peptide bond, polypeptides.
Proteins: primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure (qualitative idea
only), denaturation of proteins, enzymes. VITAMINS – Classification and
functions. NUCLEIC ACIDS – Chemical constitution of DNA and RNA. Biological
functions of nucleic acids.

CHEMISTRY IN EVERYDAY LIFE

Chemicals in Medicines - Analgesics, tranquillizers, antiseptics, disinfectants,
antimicrobials, anti-fertility drugs, antibiotics, antacids. Anti-histamines - their
meaning and common examples. Chemicals in food - Preservatives, artificial
sweetening agents - common examples. Cleansing Agents - Soaps and
detergents, cleansing action

PRINCIPLES RELATED TO PRACTICAL

CHEMISTRY
Detection of extra elements (Nitrogen, Sulphur, halogens) in organic compounds; Detection of the
following functional groups; hydroxyl (alcoholic and phenolic), carbonyl (aldehyde and ketones)
carboxyl and amino groups in organic compounds.

• The chemistry involved in the preparation of the following: Inorganic compounds; Mohr’s salt,
potash alum. Organic compounds: Acetanilide, p-nitro acetanilide, aniline yellow, iodoform.

• The chemistry involved in the titrimetric exercises – Acids, bases and the use of indicators, oxalic-
acid vs KMnO4, Mohr’s salt vs KMnO4

• Chemical principles involved in the qualitative salt analysts: Cations – Pb2+, Cu2+, Al3+, Fe3+, Zn2+,
Ni2+ , Ca2+, Ba2+, Mg2+ , NH4 +Anions- CO3 2−, S 2- ,SO4 2−, NO3- , NO2- , Cl- , Br- , I- ( Insoluble
salts excluded). Chemical principles involved in the following experiments:

1. Enthalpy of solution of CuSO4

2. Enthalpy of neutralization of strong acid and strong base.

3. Preparation of lyophilic and lyophobic sols.

4. Kinetic study of the reaction of iodide ion with hydrogen peroxide at room temperature.