Psychology CLEP Cheat Sheet

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Willhelm Wundt Struct​​ur​a​lists

-Struc​t​ur​​alist -Wilhelm Wundt, Edward Titchener

-Known as the “father of experi​​mental psycho​​logy” -Wanted to discover form of mental experi​​ence. Intr​o​sp​​e​ct​ion
-Founder of the first psychology laboratory in Leipzig, Germany in reporting own conscious thoughts and feelings
1879 -Uses the method of intros​​pe​ction to identify the basic elements or
“struc​​tures” of psycho​​lo​gical experience
William James
Brain Organi​zation
-Funct​i​on​​alist
-Consc​ience and behavior helped people and animals adjust to the
enviro​​n​ment.
-Father of modern Psychology

Research Methods

-inde​​p​e​ndent variable - cause

-expe​​r​i​m​ental group - exposed to cause
-control group - not exposed to cause
-depe​​ndent variable - effect (measures how subjects behave)
-blind study - subjects don't know if they get drug or placebo
-doub​​l​e​-​blind study - subjects & resear​​chers don't know who gets -Cerebral cortex (outer cover) - motor, cognitive, sensory processes
drug/p​​l​acebo
-corr​​e​l​ation coeffi​​cient - describes strength of relati​​o​nship -Frontal Lobes - coordi​​nating movement in higher level thinking
(planning & predicting conseq​​uences
of behaviors)

- Wernicke's area = language compre​​he​nsion

- Broca's area = speech production

-Parietal lobes - top of head, behind frontal lobes = touch, hands/feet

-Temporal lobes - above parietal, sides of ears = hearing

-Occipital lobes - base of skull in back = vision (ocular)

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Brain Power Psycho​dynamic Approach

-all human functi​​oning is based upon the intera​​ction of drives and

forces within the person
-Exa​m​ple...Nail biting may be caused by an anxiety inducing
childhood event.

Sleep Disorders

-Insomnia - recurring difficulty falling asleep.

-Narco​lepsy - sudden and uncont​rol​lable attacks of sleep during
waking hours.
-Sleep Apnea - stop breathing during sleep which wakes them long
enough to breathe. This can occur 100's of times a night

Gestalt

A motor homunc​ulus represents a map of brain areas dedicated to -theory of mind of the Berlin School of experi​​mental psycho​​logy.
motor processing for different anatomical divisions of the body. -Gestalt psychology tries to understand the laws of our ability to
acquire and maintain meaningful
A sensory homunc​ulus represents a map of brain areas dedicated percep​​tions in an apparently chaotic world.
to sensory processing for different anatomical divisions of the body. -Roots in theories by Hume, Goethe, Kant.
-Max Werthe​​imer's unique contri​​bution was to insist that the "​​ge​s​t​al​​t"
Biological Approach is percep​​tually primary, defining
the parts it was composed from, rather than being a secondary
-believes us to be as a conseq​​uence of our genetics and physiology
quality that emerges from those parts.
-only approach that examines thoughts, feelings, and behaviors from
a biological (physical) point of view
-all thoughts, feeling & behavior ultimately have a biological cause

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Perceptual Set Humanistic Approach (cont)

-A predis​pos​ition to perceive things in a certain way. -People basically good, focus on positive aspects of develo​​pment.
-We often tend to notice only certain aspects of an object or situation
while ignoring other details. Natura​listic Observ​ation
-Crying baby girl - weak & scared
-Natur​alistic observ​ation is a research method in which people or
-Crying baby boy - strong and mad
other subjects are observed in their natural setting.
-Expect the mail man and hear noises but he is not there.
-Psych​olo​gists and other social scientists use natura​listic observ​‐
ation to study specific social or cultural settings that couldn't be
Freud - Defense Mechanisms
invest​igated in other ways, such as prisons, bars, and hospitals.
-reg​r​e​ss​​ion returning to earlier way of behaving (adult throwing
temper tantrum) Theories of Emotions
-rat​i​o​na​​liz​​at​ion attempts to justify irrational behavior with rational
arguments
-pro​j​e​ct​​ion attrib​​uting charac​​te​r​i​stics you don't like in yourself to
other people
-rea​ction format​ion involve doing opposite of what you really want to
do
-Sub​l​i​ma​​tion channeling of impulses or energies regarded as
unacce​​pt​able, especially sexual desires, toward activities regarded
as more socially accept​​able, often creative activities
-dis​p​l​ac​​ement anger is directed elsewhere not necess​​arily socially
acceptably (kick the dog instead of your boss)

Humanistic Approach

-People aren't merely machines with determined behaviors.

-People are motivated by desire for optimal growth and develo​​pment
self​-​ac​​tua​​li​z​a​tion.
-All have unique desire​​s/​s​k​il​​ls/​​needs. Must be able to express them.

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Theories of Emotion Theories of Emotion (cont)

Jame​s-Lange Theory -A thought must come before any emotion or physio​logical arousal.
-Stimu​lating events trigger a physical reaction. In other words, you must first think about your situation before you
-You are walking down a dark alley late at night. You hear footsteps can experience an emotion. the stimulus leads to a personal
behind you and you begin to tremble, your heart beats faster, and meaning derived from cognition, leading to both arousal and the
your breathing deepens. Due to these physio​logical changes your emotion.
body prepares for a fearful situation. You then experience fear. -The sound of a gunshot, for example, is interp​reted as something
Cann​on-Bard Theory potent​ially dangerous and leads to both physio​logical responses, like
-Stimu​lating events trigger feelings and physical reactions that occur a rapid heart rate and trembling, and the subjective experience of
at the same time. fear.
-You are walking down a dark alley late at night. You hear footsteps -You are walking down a dark alley late at night. You hear footsteps
behind you and you begin to tremble, your heart beats faster, and behind you and you begin to tremble, your heart beats faster, and
your breathing deepens. At the same time as these physio​logical your breathing deepens. Upon noticing this arousal you realize that is
changes occur you also experience the emotion of fear. comes from the fact that you are walking down a dark alley by
Scha​cht​er-​Singer (Two-F​actor) Theory yourself. This behavior is dangerous and therefore you feel the
-Two factors are needed to experience emotion. First, enviro​nmental emotion of fear.
stimuli elicits a physio​logical response. Second, we cognit​ively
appraise this physio​logical activity, and try to give it the correct label. Eye
-You are walking down a dark alley late at night.You hear footsteps
behind you and you begin to tremble, your heart beats faster, and
your breathing deepens. Upon noticing this arousal you realize that is
comes from the fact that you are walking down a dark alley by
yourself. This behavior is dangerous and therefore you feel the
emotion of fear.
Lazarus' Cognit​ive​-Me​dia​tional Theory
How the Eye Works

-two photor​​ec​e​ptors in retina, rods & cones - change physical light

energy into neural messages (trans​​du​c​tion)
-The rods more numerous, (120 million), & more sensitive than
cones. But they're not sensitive to color.

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How the Eye Works (cont) Cognitive Approach

-The 6 to 7 million cones provide eye's color sensit​​ivity. They're more -The mind actively processes inform​ation from our senses (touch,
concen​​trated in the central yellow spot (mac​ula). In the center of that taste etc.).
region is the "​​fovea centra​lis ", a 0.3 mm diameter rod-free area with -Between stimulus and response are complex mental processes,
very thin, densely packed cones. which can be studied scient​ifi​cally.
-Humans can be seen as data processing systems.
Parts of the Eye -The workings of a computer and the human mind are alike – they
encode and store inform​ation, and they have outputs.
-iris - controls pupil size and amount of light
-optic nerve - eye signals to brain
Jean Piaget
-retina - light sensitive inner eye surface
-lens - between pupil and retina, focuses light Stages of Cognitive Develo​​pm​ent
-Senso​rimotor stage: birth to 2 years
Stages of Memory -can't differ​​en​tiate self from enviro​​nment
-Preop​era​tional stage: ages 2 to 7
-table world, language, symbols, fantas​​y/​r​e​ality, object perman​​ence,
no logical reasoning, lack conser​​va​tion, egocentric
-Concrete operat​ional stage: ages 7 to 11
-logic rules, concrete, cause/​​ef​fect, role taking
-Formal operat​ional stage: ages 12 and up
-logic of science, abstract thinking, metaphors

Enco​ding
Convert so it can be stored.
three ways inform​ation can be encoded:
-Visual (picture)
-Acoustic (sound)
-Semantic (meaning)

Stor​age
-where it’s stored
-how long it lasts for
-how much can be stored
-what kind of inform​ation is held
-short term (STM)
-long term (LTM)

Retr​ieval
-STM is stored and retrieved sequen​tially
-LTM is stored and retrieved by associ​ation

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Noam Chomsky Types of Studies (cont)

Video: http://youtu.be/JiTz2i4VHFw -Clinical

-separate groups (exper​imental and control)
Language develo​pment - children have language acquis​ition device -
-exper​imental receives treatment and control does not (placebo)
universal built in mental system that steers us toward interp​reting
and using language in particular ways.
Motivation

Young-​​He​l​m​holte Theory Arousal Theory A theory of motivation suggesting that people are
motivated to maintain an optimal level of alertness and physical and
Video: http://youtu.be/9hBfnXACsOI&feature
mental activa​​tion.
Theory of Color Vision - the sensation of any color can be achieved
Instinct Theory all organisms are born with innate biological
by the superp​​os​ition of pure red, green and blue colors
tendencies to help them survive. All behaviors are driven by instincts
(goal-​​di​r​ected and innate patterns of behavior that are not the result
Types of Studies
of learning or experi​​ence). (babies root)
-Corre​lat​ional Drive Reduction Theory phys​io​​lo​​gical need creates an aroused
-seeks to figure out if two or more variables are related and in what tension state (drive) motivating fulfil​​lment of the need -- homeos​​tasis
way. Theory X type X indivi​​duals are inherently lazy and unhappy with
-Is smoking associated with Alzhei​mer's disease? their jobs. Therefore, an author​​it​arian management style is required
-Descr​iptive to ensure fulfil​​lment of the indivi​​duals' object​​ives.
-do not test specific relati​onships between variables, non-ex​per​‐ Theory Y managers assume employees can be ambitious, self-m​​ot​i​‐
imental vated and exercise self-c​​on​trol. Employees enjoy their mental and
-survey physical work duties and for them, work is as natural as play
-Natur​alistic
-observes and records behavior in its natural setting while interf​ering
as little as possible with the subjects or behavior
-Quasi​-Ex​per​iment
-subjects are assigned to groups based on non-random criteria

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Drive Edward Thorndike

Video: http://youtu.be/fanm--WyQJo

Thorndike studied instru​​mental condit​​io​ning, which involves an

increase in the probab​​ility of a response occurring as a result of a
Drive - disrupts homeos​​tasis positive outcome. This type of learning would come to be called
operant condit​​ioning by B.F. Skinner.
Instinct - complex behavior, unlearned, same throughout species
(baby smiles when eating sweets) Law of Effect behavior changes because of conseq​​uences

drive reduction theory - physio​​lo​gical need creates an aroused Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
tension state (drive) motivating fulfil​​lment of the need -- homeos​​tasis

Interval Reinfo​​rc​ement

Recipr​​ocity Norm

reinfo​​rc​e​ments after a response at end of a given time period Video: http://youtu.be/ofxxvc1KPa8

We feel obligated to help those who have helped us.

variable interval schedule time between reinfo​​rc​e​ments changes
The kin-se​​le​ction hypothesis is one explan​​ation.
fixed interval schedule occur on the same day each week

ratio schedu​les partial reinfo​​rc​ement schedules (reinf​​or​c​ement

delivered based on the number of correct respon​​ses).

fixed ratio schedule correct number of responses required remains

the same

variable ratio schedule number of required responses changes

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SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY - Aggression & Altruism THERAPY - Biological Medical Approach (cont)

Aggr​ess​ion Barbit​​urates (tranq​​ui​l​izer) (opiate)

frus​t​ra​​tio​​n-​a​g​gr​​ession hypoth​​esis aggression is always product of Opiates - opium, decreases nervous system, addictive, side effects
frustr​​ation and frustr​​ation leads to aggression (wrong, sometimes
frustr​​ation= cry) PERSON​​ALITY - Humanistic
more testos​​terone = more aggression
aggr​e​ssive cues - guns, knives, black clothing = higher levels of
aggression among provoked people = weapons effect
Altr​​uism
Kitty Genovese - raped and murdered 1964 in front of 38 witnesses
who did not help (bys​t​ander effect)
soci​a​l-​​exc​​hange theory = maximize rewards minimize costs
(minimax princi​​ple)
Encourage helping behavior: social respon​​si​b​ility norm help people
People basically good
who need it & reci​p​rocity norm help people who help us. kin selection
hypoth​​esis helping family leads to our genes passed on
Carl Rogers "Self Theory​​" - person centered
true self - talents, thoughts, desires, feelings
THERAPY - Biological Medical Approach
self concept - what we think we are like
Rely on drugs or surgery. Alter the way brain functions ideal self - what we think we would like to be
Depression - low serotonin neurot​​ra​n​s​mitter
Anti-d​​ep​r​e​ssants (Prozac, Pail, Zoloft) prevent re-uptake of serotonin self actual​​iz​ation - accept who you are
(SSRI) result in elevated mood conditions of worth - hinder self actual​​iz​ation
Anti-a​​nxiety drugs (Librium, Valium) reduce arousal, depress activity
in CNS Self Esteem literature
Anti-p​​sy​c​h​otics (Cloza​​pine, Thorazine) treat symptoms of schizo​​ph​r​‐
enia. block operation of neurot​​ra​n​s​mitter dopamine Maslow rejected standard tests and measured self concept through
therapy and questi​​on​a​ires.

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Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Develo​pment Consci​ousness

Consci​ousness is a state of being aware and reflecting on the

enviro​nment around us, not simply reacting to it

Circadian Rhythm

The internal process that regulates the sleep-wake cycle and repeats
on each rotation of the Earth roughly every 24 hours.

3 stages of moral develo​​pment Brain

1. Pre-moral a. Obedience v.s. develo​​pment

2. Conven​​t​ional c. good boy, girl-boys and girls are good so they are
seen as being a good person. d. law and social order start

3. Post-c​​o​n​v​e​nt​​ional e. Social Contract f. universal ethical principle

Functi​onalism
-Brainstem (Medulla) - breathing & heartbeat
-Funct​i​o​na​​lists focus on the purpose of behavior
-An example of functi​​on​alism is describing an apple. An apple is -Reticular formation - arousal, sleep, filters stimuli
provides vitamins to keep you healthy. -Cereb​ellum - voluntary movement
-How mental experi​​ences were adaptive & functional for people.
-Believed consci​​o​u​sness and behavior in general, helped people​​/​a​n​‐ -Limbic System (Hippo HAT)
imals adjust to enviro​​n​m​ents. - HIPPOc​​ampus - memory
-William James, John Dewey, Harvey Carr, John Angell - Hypoth​​alamus - hunger, thirst, sexual behavior
- pituitary gland - hormones

- Amygdala - fear, anger

- Thalamus - touch, taste, sight, hear

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Associ​ative Learning Classical Condit​ioning

-Subject links together certain events, behavior, stimuli in process of -Pavlov

condit​​io​ning. -Learning through associ​ation
-Ring the bell dog salivates
-Clas​​sical Condit​​io​n​ing
Observ​ational Learning
-Operant Condit​​io​n​ing
-The process of learning by watching the behaviors of others.
-The targeted behavior is watched, memorized, and then mimicked.
-Obse​​rva​​tional Learning
-Also known as shaping and modeling, observ​ational learning is
most common in children as they imitate behaviors of adults.
Behavi​orist

-learned responses to predic​​table patterns of enviro​​n​m​ental stimuli Freud

-Pavlov (classical condit​​i​o​ning)
-1886 specia​​lized in nervous disorders (talking cure)
-Skinner (operant condit​​i​o​ning)
-ID - pleasure principle (immediate gratif​​ic​a​tion, impulsive) (devil)
-study animals to apply to humans
-EGO - reality principle (mediates between id & superego) (self)
-SUPEREGO - morality principle (social part, get along with others)
Operant Condit​​ioning
(angel)
-Phobia - cause when you want something you can't have

Freud - Psycho​sexual Stages

-B.F. Skinner

-A method of learning that employs rewards and punish​ments for

behavior. -Freud proposed that person​ality develo​pment in childhood takes
place during five psycho​sexual stages.
-Oral (Birth​-1yr)
-Anal (1-3yr)
-Phallic (3-6yr)
-Latency (6yr-p​ubu​erty)
-Genital (puberty adult)

-Oedipus Complex
-Phallic Stage
-children experience an uncons​cious feeling of desire for their
opposi​te-sex parent and jealousy and envy toward their same-sex
parent.

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Sensation & Perception Thalamus

-Sensation -Functions as a sensory relay station

-Bottom up (vision, hearing, smell) receive and relay outside inform​​‐ -see, hear, taste and touch
ation to the brain
-Perce​ption Amygdala
-Top Down brain interprets & organizes that inform​​ation
-Sometimes called the aggression center.
-If you stimulate the amygdala, you can produce feelings of anger
Signal Detection Theory
and violence, fear and anxiety.
-The ability to notice stimulus varies with psycho​​lo​gical factors -If you damage your amygdala, it can cause a mellowing effect. That
including motiva​​tion, past experi​​ence, expect​​ations is why benzod​​ia​z​epine is used to
-Assumes that there is “noise” in any system. control anxiety attack.
-If we have an old car, we may hear clunks even when the car is -Kluve​r​-Bucy syndrome is where there is a bilateral (both) destru​​‐
operating effect​ively, ction of the amygdala that can cause
-The signal is what you are trying to detect. hypero​​rality (put things in your mouth alot), hypers​​ex​u​a​lity, disinh​​‐
ibited behavior (ignore social
Limbic System conven​​tions, do dangerous reckless things).

-Sometimes called the "​​em​o​t​ional brain" because it plays a primary

Hippoc​ampus
role in range of emotions,
including pain, pleasure, docility, affection and anger. -Its main function is to form long term memories.
-The limbic system is made up of the hypoth​​al​amus, thalamus, -Converts short term memory to long term memory.
amygdala and hippoc​​ampus. -Thinking back on memories can evoke all kinds of
-Picture a HIPPOp​​otamus wearing a HAT. emotions.
(HIPPO​​ca​mpus, Hypoth​​al​amus, Amygdala and Thalamus)

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Hypoth​alamus (hypo - below) Neurons (cont)

-Plays a role in regulating the autonomic nervous system (ANS) that -The resting membrane potential of a neuron is about -70 mV
relates to emotions. (mV=mi​​ll​i​volt)
-Controls the endocrine system, by triggering the release of
hormones into your bloods​​tream. Sleep
epinep​​hrine (adren​​aline) and norepi​​ne​p​hrine (norad​​re​n​a​line).
When awake the brain produces alpha waves which are relatively
-Controls the 'flight or fight' vs. 'rest and digest' responses.
slow
Stage 1
John B Watson
breathing slows with irregular, erratic brain waves. alpha waves
-Behav​i​orist cease and are replaced with theta waves
-Estab​l​ished the psycho​​l​o​gical school of behavi​​orism Stage 2
-Conducted research on animal behavior, child rearing, and advert​​‐ deeper relaxa​​ti​o​n​/o​​cca​​sional bursts of rhythmic waves "​​sleep spindl​​‐
ising es​" and K-comp​​lexes
Stage 3
Neurons large slow delta waves. transition to Stage 4
Stage 4
-Afferent neurons are sensory neurons that carry nerve impulses
stronger more consistent delta waves. These last 2 stages are
from sensory stimuli towards the
referred to as slow-wave sleep
central nervous system and brain.
REM
-Efferent neurons are motor neurons that carry neural impulses away
Sleep dreams
from the central nervous system and towards muscles to cause
movement.
Dreams Theories
-Inter​n​e​urons do not have motor or sensory functions; they just act to
pass on inform​​ation. Freud
-Glia - neu​ronal glue that holds neurons together and provide -dreams manifest content of latent desires. Disguising the wish
nutrients. dreamer avoids anxiety.
-Neuro​t​r​an​​smi​​tters are chemical substances made by the neuron Acti​​vation Synthesis Theory
specif​​ically to transmit a message. -dreams don’t actually mean anything
-Neuro​t​r​an​​smi​​tters are chemical messengers that transmit a signal
from a neuron across the synapse
to a target cell, which can be a different neuron, myocyte, or gland
cell.

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Dreams Theories (cont) Perception (cont)

-merely electrical brain impulses that pull random thoughts and -Monocular cues (one eye)
imagery from our memories -Linear perspe​​cti​ve
Thre​​at​-​S​im​​ulation Theory -par​allel lines appear to converge
-dreams simulate potential threat​​ening events in order to prepare us -Motion parall​ax
for actual life threat​​ening situat​​ions. -​refers to apparent movement of stable objects as we move.
Info​​rm​​ation proces​​sing -Perce​ptual sets
-way to consol​​idate inform​​ation, sort thru day's events -predi​s​p​os​​itions to perceive one thing and not another will affect the
Cont​​in​u​a​l-​​Act​​iv​ation Theory way reality is viewed
--During REM sleep, the uncons​​cious part of the brain is busy
processing procedural memory. Sensation
Phys​​io​l​o​gical Functi​​ons
Psycho​​ph​i​sic​s - the relati​onships between physical stimuli and
-dreams stimulate the brain which may help build neural connec​​tions
mental phenomena
Manifest content is the actual content, or storyline, of a dream.
Absolute Threshold - the intensity needed for stimulus to be detected
Latent content refers to the hidden meaning of a dream.
50% of the time it is presented
Just Noticeable Difference (JND) or the difference threshold -
Perception
minimum stimul​​ation required for detection.
-Gestalt (German for "a whole" or "​​fo​r​m​") Psycho​​lo​gists were among Weber's Law - Difference is harder to detect in more intense stimuli.
the first to study how the brain Sensory adaptation - prolonged exposure to an unchanging stimulus
makes things from fragments of sensat​​ions. causes nerves to fire less and detection dimini​​shes.
-Depth percep​​tion
-both eyes work together to gather Binocular cues, which use the
space between the eyes (retinal
disparity) and how much the eyes turn inwards, towards the nose
(conve​​rg​ence) to roughly estimate
distance.

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 Psychology CLEP Cheat Sheet
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Theories of Intell​igence Sensory Memory

Video: http://youtu.be/-hMhpB8ikR8

Weber's Law

Video: http://youtu.be/oWpRKJPCI7M

Reinfo​rcement
implicit (proce​​dural) - being aware of how to do something without
Something that feels good is reinfo​​rc​ement (not punish​​ment)
consci​​ously know how
Positive reinfo​​rc​e​ment - stimulus
a) presented
explicit (decla​​ra​tive) - being aware of what you know
b) desirable
= feels good
iconic - brief photog​​raphic memory of an image
(earn $1.00 for every magazine sold = sell more magazines)
negative reinfo​​rc​e​ment - stimulus
echoic - brief memory of an auditory stimulus
a) REMOVED
b) desirable
flash​bulb - vivid memories of emotio​​nally charged events
= feels good
(take aspirin to remove headache)
Frustr​​ation Aggression Hypothesis
interval schedule - odds of reinfo​​rc​ement go up with passage of time
ratio schedule - odds of reinfo​​rc​ement go up depending on how Video: http://youtu.be/oe8PJ8rVV0M
many responses are made Frustr​​ation produces a readiness for aggression if triggered
variable ratio - number of responses needed vary from one win to the
next Yerkes​​-D​odson Law

Video: http://youtu.be/8CA6Di3ix0k

moderate levels of arousal lead to optimal perfor​​mance

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Rorschach Sensory Adaptation & Habitu​​ation

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Sensory Adapta​​tion - neural receptors reduce sensit​​ivity to cont​‐

inual stimulus (ie - adapt hot/cold water after brief time, eyes adjust
dark room (cones 10 min, rods 30), smell own house)

Habi​​tu​a​t​ion - decreased response to stimulus after repeated

Ink Blot tests. Schizo​​ph​r​enics were found to answer questions about
behavior, used to elicit stronger response (alcohol 1st drink vs
ink blot cards very differ​​ently than most people.
alcoholic taking a drink, favorite food, living near train track)

Helping Behaviors
sens​​it​i​z​at​​ion repeated intense stimulus increases response to
weaker

Psycho​​lo​gical Disorders

Anxi​ety - dread, fear, terror

- Genera​​lized - persistent but don't know source, sweaty palms,
shake, nail bite
Social Exchange Theory human relati​​on​ships are formed by the use
- Panic - sudden onset episodes
of a subjective cost-b​​enefit analysis and the comparison of altern​​‐
- OCD - thoughts & behavior
atives
Mood - depres​​sion, mania or both
- Major - 2 weeks of sadness, hopeless, discou​​ra​g​ement
Social Respon​​si​b​ility norm obligation to act for the benefit of society
- Bipolar
at large
Diss​o​ci​​ative - fragmented person​​ality
- Amnesia - can't remember personal info
Byst​ander effect in a crowd, no one helps
- Fugue - leaves work, confused, assumes new identity
- Identity Disorder (multiple person​​ality)
Whorfian Hypothesis
Schi​z​op​​hre​nia - halluc​​in​a​t​ions, delusions
Video: http://vimeo.com/42744105

a theory in lingui​​stics: one's language determines one's conception

of the world

The strong version says that language determines thought, and that
linguistic categories limit and determine cognitive catego​​ries,
whereas the weak version says only that linguistic categories and
usage influence thought and certain kinds of non-li​​ng​u​istic behavior.

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Psycho​​lo​gical Disorders (cont) Psycho​​lo​gical Disorders

- Paranoid - believe famous, delusions of grandeur or persec​​ution Video: http://youtu.be/wuhJ-GkRRQc

- Disorg​​anized - disorg​​anized speech, inappr​​op​riate behavior
Medi​cal - caused by biological reasons (injury, genetics, drugs)
- Catatonic - odd motor activity, echopr​​axia, echolalia
Soma​t​of​orm - physical symptoms can't be explained medically
Psyc​h​oa​​nal​​ytic - childhood conflicts, uncons​​cious, misdir​​ected anger
- Conversion - impaired motor/​​se​nsory function
- Hypoch​​ondria
Cogn​itive - patterns of thinking are abnormal, success because of
Pers​o​na​lity - behavior incons​​istent to culture
others (luck, generous), fail because of self (stupid, no talent)
- Paranoid - suspic​​ious, distru​​stful (not delusi​​onal)
- Antisocial - impulsive, no conscience
Lear​n​/B​​eha​​vior - problem behavior is the problem, some type of
- Borderline - relati​​on​s​h​ip​​/self image problems
classical condit​​ioning or reinfo​​rc​ement has occurred for behavior to
- Narcis​​sistic - needs admiration
continue

Erikson's 8 Stages of Develo​​pment

1. Nurturing = trust vs mistrust (baby-1yr)

2. Autonomy vs shame doubt (toddler-2 yr)
3. initiative vs guilt (preschool 3-5 yrs)
4. indust​​rious vs inferior (6-12 yrs)
5. identity vs role confusion (12-18)
6. intimacy vs isolation (18-40)
7. genera​​tivity vs stagnation (40-65)
8. integrity vs despair (65 & up)

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