BASIC CAL: ALL ABOUT

DERIVATIVES (Volume IV)

CONTENTS:

• The 8 Limits of a Function

o GENERAL KNOWLEDGE
o THE FORMULAS
• Basic Concepts of Derivatives
• Techniques of differentiation
• Higher - Order Derivatives of Functions and
Chain Rule
• CHAPTER REVIEW

ALEXAVIER ALAGAO
LYCEUM OF THE PHILIPPINES UNIVERSITY – BATANGAS
 Limit Explained KEYPOINTS

Limit of a Function = is the

A limit is the value that a function (or sequence) "approaches" as the intended height of the
input (or index) "approaches" some value.[1] Limits are essential function
to calculus and mathematical analysis, and are used to REMEMBER:
define continuity, derivatives, and integrals. The limit of a function is a
fundamental concept in calculus and analysis concerning the behavior of The limit of a constant as x
that function near a particular input. In formulas, a limit of a function approaches to any constant is
always equal to the given
is usually written as: constant.
In the limit theorem of a
function, there are 8 limit
functions. These are:

1. The Limit of a Constant

And is read as “the limit of f of 𝑥 as 𝑥 approaches 𝑐 equals 𝐿". The Theorem
fact that a function 𝑓 approaches the limit 𝐿 as 𝑥 approaches 𝑐 is 2. The Limit of a Function 𝑋 or
sometimes denoted by a right arrow (→), as in:
Limit of the Identity Function

3. The Limit of a Constant and

a Function 𝑓(𝑥)

4. The Limit of the Sum and

The types of limits and their formula: Difference of Two Functions

5. Limit of the Product of Two

1. The Limit of a Constant 2. The Limit of a Function 𝑋 or Limit Functions
Theorem of the Identity Function
6. Limit of the Quotient of
: 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝑥 = 𝑎 Two Functions
: 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝑐 =𝑐 𝑥→𝑎
𝒙→𝑎 7. Limit of the Power of
lim 𝑥 Functions
lim − 1/5 𝑥→81
𝑥→4
8. Limit of the nth Root of
lim −81 = – 81 Functions
lim −1/5 = – 1/5 𝑥→81
𝑥→4
 3. TheLimit of a Constant 4. TheLimit of the Sum
and a Function 𝑓(𝑥) and Difference of Two
lim1 −24𝑥
:𝑥→𝐥𝐢𝐦 3𝑥
Functions
𝑥→−2
8
: lim 𝑥 + 5
𝑥→−2
𝑙𝑖𝑚1 −24𝑥 = −24 𝑙𝑖𝑚1 𝑥
𝑥→ 𝑥→
8 8
lim 𝑥 + 5 = lim 𝑥 +
𝑥→−2 𝑥→−2
1 lim 5
= −24 lim1 8 𝑥→−2
𝑥→
8
= −2 + 5
1
= −24 (8) = −3
lim 𝑥 + 5= 3
𝑙𝑖𝑚1 −24𝑥= −3 𝑥→−2
𝑥→
8

5. Limit of the Product of Two 6. Limit of the Quotient of Two Functions

Functions 𝑓(𝑥) lim 𝑓(𝑥)
: lim 𝑔(𝑥)
= 𝑥→𝑎
lim 𝑔(𝑥)
, 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑔(𝑥) ≠ 0.
𝑥→𝑎
: lim [𝑓 (𝑥) ∙ 𝑔(𝑥)] = lim 𝑓(𝑥) ∙ lim 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑥→𝑎
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎
lim (4𝑥)(6) 𝑥
𝑥→1
lim
lim √𝑥 𝑥→12 6
lim (4𝑥)(6)
𝑥→8 = 4 lim 𝑥 ∙ lim 6
𝑥→1 𝑥→1 𝑥→1
lim 𝑥
𝑥 𝑥→12
lim =
lim 4𝑥lim
= √ =1 lim
6 𝑥
√∙𝑥→8 𝑥→12 6 lim 6
𝑥→8 𝑥→1 𝑥→12

= 4(1)(6) lim 12
= √ lim 8 𝑥→12
𝑥→8 lim 6
𝑙𝑖𝑚(4𝑥)(6) = 24 𝑥→12
𝑥→1

= √8 = √4(2) 12
𝑙𝑖𝑚 =2
𝑥→12 6
𝑙𝑖𝑚 √𝑥 = 2√2
𝑥→8
 7. Limit of the Power of Functions
: lim [𝑓 (𝑥 )]𝑛 = [lim 𝑓(𝑥)]𝑛
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎

lim 4𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 + 4
𝑥→2

lim 4 𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 + 4 = lim 4(2)2 + lim 8(2) + lim 4

𝑥→2 𝑥→2 𝑥→2 𝑥→2

= lim 16 +lim 16 + 4
𝑥→2 𝑥→2

= 16 + 16 + 4

lim 4 𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 + 4 = 36
𝑥→2

8. Limit of the nth Root of Functions

𝑛
: lim√𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑛√ lim 𝑓(𝑥 ), 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 lim 𝑓 (𝑥 ) >
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎
0 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛

3 2𝑥
lim √
𝑥→4 𝑥 + 4

3 2 (4)
= 𝑙𝑖𝑚 √
𝑥→4 4 + 4

8 3
= 𝑙𝑖𝑚 √
𝑥→4 8
3
𝑙𝑖𝑚 √8 = 1
𝑥→4
 KEYPOINTS

The Derivative of a
Function Derivative Explained
It is one of the basic
concepts of mathematics. We first explain the terms dependent and independent variables.
Together with the integral, The slope of the tangent line to a curve measures the instantaneous
derivative occupies a central
rate of change of a curve. We can calculate it by finding the limit
place in calculus. It mainly
of the difference quotient or the difference quotient with increment
deals with the rate of
h. The derivative of a function f(x) at a value a is found using either
change of a dependent
of the definitions for the slope of the tangent line. Velocity is the
variable with respect to one
rate of change of position. As such, the velocity v(t) at time t is the
or more independent
derivative of the position s(t) at time t
variables.
REMEMBER:
Let 𝑓 be a function. The
Derivative Function
derivative function, denoted
by 𝑓′, is the function whose
domain consists of those
values of 𝑥 such that the
following limit exists:
 TYPES OF DIFFERENTIATION

1. CONSTANT RULE: 4. SUM & DIFFERENCE RULES

If 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐶, where C is a constant, If 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑢(𝑥) ± 𝑣(𝑥) ,
then 𝑦′ = 0.
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑢 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒
a. Find the derivative of 𝑓(𝑥) = 1 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛
𝑓(𝑥) = 0 𝑦′ = 𝑢′(𝑥) ± 𝑣′(𝑥)
b. Find the derivative of 1,000,000 a. Find the derivative of
𝑓(𝑥) = 0 𝑦 = 9𝑥 4 + 2𝑥 3 − 5
any number with no variable is always equal
𝑦’ = (9 ∗ 4)𝑥 4−1 + (2 ∗ 3)𝑥 3−1 − 5
to 0*
𝑦 ′ = 36𝑥 3 + 6𝑥 3−1 − 5
2. POWER RULE
5. PRODUCT RULE
If 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 (𝑛) , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑎
𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 If 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑢(𝑥) ∙ 𝑣(𝑥),

𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑢 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒

𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑦′ = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1 . 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛

a. Find the derivative of 𝑦 = 𝑥 9 𝑦′ = 𝑢(𝑥) ∙ 𝑣′(𝑥) + 𝑣(𝑥) ∙ 𝑢′(𝑥)

a. Find the derivative of
𝑦 ′ = 9𝑥 9−1
𝑦 ′ = 9𝑥 8 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 (2𝑥 2 − 3)

b. Find the derivative of 𝑦 = 𝑥 6 𝑓 ′(𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 (2𝑥 2 − 3) + (2𝑥 2 − 3)(3𝑥 2 )

𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = (3𝑥 2 )(4𝑥) + (2𝑥 2 − 3)(6𝑥)
𝑦 ′ = (6)𝑥 6−1 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = 12𝑥 3 + 12𝑥 3 − 18𝑥
𝑦 ′ = 6𝑥 5 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 24𝑥 3 − 18𝑥

3. CONSTANT MULTIPLE RULE 6. QUOTIENT RULE

If y = 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐶 ∙ 𝑢(𝑥), 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑢(𝑥) 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑢(𝑥)
If 𝑦 = 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = ,
𝑣(𝑥)
𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑦 ′ = 𝐶 ∗
𝑢(𝑥). 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑢 𝑎𝑛d 𝑣 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒
𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛
a. Find the derivative of y = 3x6
′
𝑣 (𝑥 ) ∙ 𝑢 𝑥 − 𝑢 (𝑥 ) ∙ 𝑣 ′ (𝑥 )
𝑦 =
𝑦 ′ = (6 ∗ 3)𝑥 6−1 (𝑣(𝑥))
2

𝑦 ′ = 18𝑥 5
 𝑥2
a. Find the derivative of 𝑓(𝑥 ) =
𝑥 3 +1
2𝑥
𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) =
(2)𝑥 3−1 + 1
2𝑥
𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = 2
2𝑥 + 1

Higher Order Derivatives & Chain Rule

Higher order of derivatives talks about the degree of how many times the composite is
differentiated while the Chain Rule is basically the process of the certain degree of derivative is
solved. This varies to the number or value of the exponent. Let’s start this section with the
following function.
𝑓 (𝑥) = 5𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 10𝑥 − 5
By this point we should be able to differentiate this function without any problems. Doing this
we get,
𝑓′(𝑥) = 15𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 10
Now, this is a function and so it can be differentiated. Here is the notation that we’ll use for that,
as well as the derivative.
𝑓′′(𝑥) = (𝑓′(𝑥))′ = 30𝑥 − 6
This is called the second derivative and f′(x)f′(x) is now called the first derivative.
Again, this is a function, so we can differentiate it again. This will be called the third derivative.
Here is that derivative as well as the notation for the third derivative.
𝑓′′′(𝑥) = (𝑓′′(𝑥))′ = 30
Continuing, we can differentiate again. This is called, oddly enough, the fourth derivative.
We’re also going to be changing notation at this point. We can keep adding on primes, but that
will get cumbersome after a while.
𝑓(4)(𝑥) = (𝑓′′′(𝑥))′ = 0
This process can continue but notice that we will get zero for all derivatives after this point. This
set of derivatives leads us to the following fact about the differentiation of polynomials.
 CHAPTER REVIEW
FIND THE LIMIT OF THE FOLLOWING:
Worksheet I.
1. The Limit of a Constant Theorem

lim − 9 lim 1/5 lim 5 lim − 1 lim 13

𝑥→2 𝑥→4 𝑥→7 𝑥→9 𝑥→6

2. The Limit of a Function 𝑋 or Limit of the Identity Function

lim 𝑥 = lim 𝑥 = lim 𝑥 = lim 𝑥 = lim 𝑥 =

𝑥→1 𝑥→9 𝑥→8 𝑥→11 𝑥→19

3. The Limit of a Constant and a Function 𝑓(𝑥)

lim1 30𝑥 =
𝑥→5

lim1 −30𝑥 =
𝑥→5

lim1 −24𝑥 =
𝑥→8

lim1 10𝑥 =
𝑥→2

lim1 24𝑥 =
𝑥→3

4. The Limit of the Sum and Difference of Two Functions

lim 𝑥 + 77 = lim 𝑥 + 4 = lim 𝑥 + 420 = lim 𝑥 + 369 =

𝑥→−75 𝑥→3 𝑥→69 𝑥→741
 Worksheet II.
I. Given f(x) = 9x2 + 36x + 4, evaluate the following:
1. f (8)
2. f (5)
3. f (2)
4. f (-1)
5.f (-2)
𝑥 – 2𝑥 +5
II. Given f(x) = , evaluate the following:
𝑥 3 −4
1. f (0)
2. f (-1)
3. f (-2)
4. f (-3)
5. f (-4)
6.f (4)
7. f (3)
8. f (1)
9. f (2)
10. f (20)
 Worksheet III.

I. FIND THE DERIVATIVES

1. 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 2
2. 5𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 + 22
3. 2𝑥
4. 2345𝑥 2 + 6789𝑥 3
5. 3𝑥 9
6. 2𝑥 7−5
7. 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 + 5, find f’ (−1).
4
8. 𝑥 – 𝑥 2

9. Find the Second-Degree Derivative of 25𝑥 5 + 20𝑥 4 + 15𝑥 3 + 10𝑥

10. Find the Third-Degree Derivative of 420x6 + 69x5 + 5x3