Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education

Region VI- Western Visayas

Schools Division of Passi City

Passi National High School

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Dorillo Street, Passi City, Iloilo

Factors Influencing High Rates

of Vehicular Accidents in

Passi City

A Research Paper

By:

Calibar, Kylle Andrei

Mallorca, Nathaniel A

Mediavilla Kennon

Parreño, Daniel

Salutin, Justin A.

Troso, Kervin T.

Hilario, Ma. Alia P.

Research Teacher

January 24, 2021

Abstract

This research paper focused on factors influencing high rate of vehicular accidents in Passi City,

Philippines. The purpose is to create awareness on how occurrence of accidents among riders

can be brought to a minimal level through the use of information. The total number of four

hundred eighty five vehicle riders in Passi City was considered for the study; the same numbers

were returned and found valid for analysis. The findings from this research work showed that

demographic information has significant influence on the causes of road accidents among vehicle

riders in Passi City. Among factors that significantly contributing to increasing rate of vehicular

accidents are wrong overtaking, bad roads, alcoholic intake and animal crossing. It was

discovered that vehicle riders do not comply with Road Safety Highway Codes. The paper

therefore provides valuable information on causes of accidents especially among riders in Passi

City and how those causal factors can be managed. Barangay Imbang Grande and Gines Viejo

are pinned as accidents prone barangay in Passi City based on the findings of this study.

Dedication

We dedicate this dissertation work to the vehicle riders in Passi city. A special thanks and feeling

of gratitude to the respondents in this research, which their safety, security, and knowledge

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makes us to unfold our eyes and see the road problems. I also dedicate this dissertation to my

family and friends who supported us throughout the process. I will always appreciate all they

have done. We dedicate this work and give special thanks to the BFP Passi City which makes up

the background of this study.

Acknowledgement

We wish to thank the BFP Passi City who were more than generous to share the records of

vehicular accidents in Passi City and their precious time spent.

We would like to acknowledge and thank our school and our teacher for allowing us to conduct

our research and providing enough time requested.

Finally, we would like to thank the IZZA PESONET for making our print materials possible, and

yet not too costly.

Table of Contents

PRELIMINARY PAGE

TITLE PAGE ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ I

Page 3 of 52
ABSTRACT -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- II

DEDICATION -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

III

TABLE OF CONTENTS ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- IV

LIST OF TABLES ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ V

LIST OF FIGURES---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- VI

BIBLIOGRAPHY-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------VII

CHAPTER ONE: THE PROBLEM

Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………. 11

Introductory Paragraph…………………………………………………………………….11

Further Discussion Introducing the Issue/Interest…………………………………….. …...11

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Central idea- The Research Gap…………………………………………………………….12

Concluding paragraph………………………………………………………………………14

Background of the Study ……………………………………………………………………14

Figure 1. Vehicular Accidents Responded ………………………………………… ……….15

Theoretical Framework ……………………………………………………………………...17

Objective 1……………………………………………………………….……………………17

Objective 2……………………………………………….…………………………………..18

Statement of the Problem / Scope and Delimitation of the Study …………………………...19

Conceptual Framework ………………………………………………………………………19

Specific research questions …………………………………………………………………..20

Hypothesis…………………………………………………………………………………….20

Definition of Terms …………………………………………………………………………21

CHAPTER TWO: RRL

Page 5 of 52
Review of Related Literature…………………..…………………………………………..22

Introduction of Literature Review…………………………………………………………..22

Related Studies ……………………………………………………………………………..24

Foreign Studies……………………………………………………………………………..24

Local Studies …………………………………………………………..…………………..26

Synthesis ……………………………………………………………..…………………….27

CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY

Research Method/ Methodology/ Data Gathering Procedure ……………….………………..30

Respondents…………………………………………………..……………………………….31

Population(s) ………………………………………………………………………………….31

Sampling Errors………………………………………………………….…………………….31

Construction and Validation of the Questionnaire …………………………………………….32

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CHAPTER FOUR:

Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data …………………………………………33

Statistical Techniques for Bivariate Analysis……………………………………………….47

CHAPTER FIVE:

Summary of the Findings…………………………………………………………………..48

Conclusion………………………………………………………………………..…………50

Recommendations……………………………………………………………..……………50

Bibliography…………………………………………………………………………………51

LIST OF TABLES

Page

Table 1. Respondents Distribution by Age…………………………………………………… 33

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Table 2. Sex of the Respondents……………………………………………………………… 33

Table 3. Distribution of the respondents by their level of education………. ……….……….. 34

Table 4. Distribution of the respondents by their civil status marital status …………...…….. 35

Table 5. Distribution of the respondents by their years of riding…………………...………… 36

Table 6. Distribution of the respondents if whether they received formal training or

non………………………………………………………………………..…………………… 37

Table 7. Distribution of the respondents if what type of vehicle they ride during the

accident…………………………………………………………………………………..……. 37

Table 8. Distribution of the respondents if what is/are the factor/s of their accidents.

……………………………………………………………………………………… 39

Table 9. Distribution of the respondents if they taken alcohol before

accident…………………………………………………………………………….………… 40

Table 10. Distribution of the respondents if what types alcohol they are taken before accidents.

…………………………………………………………………………………….. 41

Table 11. Distribution of the respondents if the vehicle riders comply with road safety

highway………………………………………………………………………………………41

Table 12. Distribution of the respondents by possession of driver’s license……..

…………………………………………………………………………………43

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Table 13. Distribution of the respondents by driving speed before

accident………………………………………………………………………………………44

Table 14. Distribution of the respondents by if wearing helmet during

accident……………………………………………………………………………………45

Table 15. Distribution of the respondents by reason why respondents do not wear

helmet……………………………………………………………………………………..45

Table 16. Distribution of the respondents by place of accident.

…………………………………………………………………………………..46

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 LIST OF FIGURES

Page

Figure 1: Number of vehicular accidents responded.………………………………………… 15

Figure 2: Framework 1 of the study. .…………………………………………..…………… 17

Figure 3: Framework 2 of the study..………………………………………………………….. 18

Figure 4. Paradigm of the study……………………………………………………………….. 19

Figure 5: Determining a sample size using Slovin’s Formula…………………..…………… 31

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 Chapter I

Introduction

Introductory Paragraph

Everyday, road accidents were happening in the different places or barangay of Passi

City, according to the Local Government Unit (LGU) of Passi City. A lot of underlying

principles of road safety are either not well understood or put into effective practices by various

stakeholders or City Disaster Risk Reduction Management Council (CDRRMC), Passi City.

This study,

“Factors Influencing High Rates of Vehicular Accidents in Passi City” is aimed at addressing

the gap such that there would be a significant reduction in road accidents, dramatic

improvement in the management and control of road accidents, the apprehension and

prosecution of road traffic offender among commercial motorcycle and other vehicle in Passi

City. This research may continue to interest and have more research in the future to sufficiently

control, prevent, and manage road accidents not just in Passi City but also in the entire world. If

the factors influencing road accidents will be identified in this study, it may help the riders and

commuters today to prevent the possibility of involving in accidents.

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Further Discussion Introducing the Issue/Interest

The accident is everywhere. There is no specific time and for it to occur. Most of the

passihons are using vehicles nowadays. The motorcycle is one of the most well-known means of

transportation in the said city. Vehicular accidents are caused by a lot of factors. Some of it is

due to alcohol, mechanical errors, the environment, or lack of knowledge of the riders. Drivers

of any age are experiencing accidents it’s either fatal or wounded. Some of them are

experiencing great trauma or loss of their body parts. Some of them are now unemployed

because of what happened to them due to accidents. Riders take for granted the ability of their

automobile to handle minor road hazards such as potholes or railroad tracks, these minor road

hazards are major problems for motorcycles because these hazards may require sudden changes

of lane position and direction. Some motorcyclist doesn’t obey traffic rules and regulations

because they have the mentality that they are ‘’the road kings’’. Some of the accidents more

likely occur in the rainy season which makes the road slippery. Watery potholes and deformed

roads are the reason for motorcycle incidents It can occur on everyone but it can be manage if it

will be addressed.

Central idea- The Research Gap

Abstract of existing research related to the topic. Factors Influencing High Rate of

Commercial Motorcycle Accidents in Oyo State, Nigeria. This research paper focused on

factors influencing the high rate of commercial motorcycle accidents in Oyo State, Nigeria. The

purpose is to create awareness on how the occurrence of accidents among commercial

motorcyclists can be brought to a minimal level through the use of information. The total

number of four hundred and fifty commercial motorcycle riders was considered for the study;

the same numbers were returned and found valid for analysis. The findings from this research

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work showed that demographic information has a significant influence on the causes of road

accidents among commercial motorcycle riders in Nigeria. Among factors that significantly

contribute to the increasing rate of commercial motorcycle accidents are over speeding, wrong

overtaking, bad roads, sudden mechanical defects, alcoholic intake, etc. It was discovered that

commercial motorcycle riders do not comply with Road Safety Highway Codes. The paper,

therefore, provides valuable information on causes of accidents especially among commercial

motorcyclists in Nigeria, and how those causal factors can be managed.

Roads are among the most commonplace where accidents happen. These accidents not

only happen because of the high numbers of different running vehicles but also because of

human errors or what we call is the human factors. Given also that Passi City is already prone to

this kind of situation. As reported by the ( Passi Bfp) at least 1 to 2 accidents are reported and

posted. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), there are 1.35M lives taken due to

road accidents in 2018. And statistics in the Philippines is recorded that 12,000 Filipinos die on

the road every year. Among the highest contribution to these losses, every day is the motorcycle

related accidents. Motorcycle accidents are now the ninth killer in the Philippines as reported by

the Land Transportation Office (LTO). Many factors contribute to this situation. According to

(safe Expedia .com) Human factors are responsible for a large number of accidents that occur in

a workplace. The following human factors are common causes of accidents. Memory lapses

(including forgetting a step in the work process or a safety measure), impaired judgment or

reduced reasoning power, inattention or distraction, delayed or false sensation of the sensory

organs, lack of competence and experience, skill level inadequate for the task performed,

personality or attitude, and lastly, poor risk perception due to poor knowledge and experience.

Added to this, the (jhtransport.gov) stated that over speeding and drunken driving is another

human behavior that can result in fatal accidents. This chosen study has not been explored

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before by Passinhon or a student researcher because until now, there has been a high road

accident in

Passi City. This is needed to be studied to fill the gap of today’s problem that has not been

answered.

Concluding paragraph

The research paper focused on factors influencing the high rate of vehicular accidents in

Passi City will reveal the factors that increase the high rate of accidents among riders. This will

show actions or practices of the riders that lead them to experience accidents. This will provides

valuable information on the causation of accidents among riders. This will probably lessen the

number of accidents since it is one of the most relevant issues the said City is facing right now.

The result of this study could greatly help the people of Passi City especially the riders. This

will drive the local government unit of Passi City to come up with intermediate action to

manage this problem. It will be an eye-opener for the riders to take precautionary measures to

avoid accidents. The result of this study could contribute to developing knowledge of the future

researcher. It will serve as reference for future studies related in this field.

Background of the Study

1. Passi city has the high rate of vehicular accidents compared to other nearby

municipalities combined. One is being the City is located at the center of Panay

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 which is considered as crossroads between other nearby towns and provinces and a

strategic location for businesses

2. In previous years, road concreting projects on the national highway and barangay

roads are the common causes of road accidents due to lack of visible signages,

whether daytime or night time and improper placement or installation of signages.

Presently, approximately 60% of our responses are attributed to driving under the

influence of alcohol. Also to be considered, is the lack of education of drivers

themselves on traffic rules and road safety. Lastly, is insufficient lightings of the

national highway and barangay roads is considered as other contributing factor.

3. Strong enforcement of laws and traffic and road safety such as but not limited to

curfew, road safety seminars, proper installation of traffic signages, strong

implementation of sanctions on traffic violations and apprehension on violators.

4. Based on available data, the following barangay which have high rates of

vehicular/road accidents are barangays: Punong, Man-it, Talongonan, Imbang

Grande, Gines Viejo, Agdahon Quinagaringan Pequeño and Aglalana.

5. VEHICULAR ACCIDENTS RESPONDED

Year Total No
Figure 1: Number of

vehicular accidents 2018 59

responded. 2019 92

2020 77

2021 192
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Total 420
As of 2021:

366 (days in a year) – 192 (accident recoded in 2021) = 174 (days without accident responded)

366 ÷ 2 = 183

In average, Passi City BFP responded 1 accident in every 2 to 3 days interval. To distinguish

between low rates from high rates, low rates is below 167 cases per year while high rates is at or

above 167 cases per year. Passi City is clearly in a rate of high accidents.

Reference: Passi City BFP

The above data are the cases of vehicular accidents from January 2018 to December 2021.

The table reveals that accidents continue to increase from 2018 – 2019 and decreases at 2020,

then jump up at 2021.

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Theoretical Framework

a. Objective 1- To determine the elements that contribute to the increasing cases of

vehicular accidents in Passi City.

Figure 2: Framework 1 of the study. The relationship between socio-demographic of a person and

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environmental factors to the high rates of vehicle or accidents in Passi City.

b. Objective 2- To create awareness how occurrence of accidents among vehicles

can be brought to a minimal level through the use of information.

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 Figure 3: Framework 2 of the study. The relationship of a right and formal knowledge of a riders,

implementation of traffic rules and regulations, and well stated road signs and well-structured

growth

is stablish means to reduce the color accidents in Passi city.

Conceptual Framework

Figure 3: Paradigm of the Study. ChapterIII process.

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Statement of the Problem / Scope and Delimitation of the Study

This study on Factors Influencing High Rates of Vehicular Accidents in Passi City will utilize a

descriptive approach in gathering data. This research will be focusing on determining the

element that contributes to the increasing cases of vehicular related accidents in Passi City. It

will also pinpoint accident prone area in the said locality. The subject of this investigation will be

the selected 385 vehicle riders that have been experienced accident in Passi City. The timeline of

this study will be one month.

Specific research questions

1. Why there is a high rates of vehicle accidents in Passi City?

2. What are the factors influencing vehicle accidents?

3. How to reduce the high rates of vehicular accidents in Passi City?

Hypothesis

Non directional, null hypothesis:

Ho: Socio-demographic of a person does not affect the high rates of vehicle accidents in Passi

City.

Non Directional, Alternative Hypothesis:

H1: Socio-demographic of a person affect the high rates of a killer accidents in Passi City.

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Significant of the Study

This study attempts to contribute to the body of knowledge on road safety. It is hoped that it

will inspire and facilitate increased cooperation, innovation and commitment to preventing road

vehicular in Passi City and around the world. Road vehicular accidents are not predictable but

therefore preventable. In order to combat the problem, though, there needs to be close

coordination and collaboration, using a holistic and integrated approach, across many sectors and

many disciplines. While there are many interventions that can save lives and limbs, political will

and commitment are essential and without them little can be achieved. The time to act is now.

Road users everywhere deserve better and safer road travel.

Definition of Terms

Factors are the variables in the research that researchers control during an experiment in order to

determine their effect on the response variable. Factors are those reasons that causes road vehicle

accidents.

Influence is a certain things or factors or conditions lead to alteration (positive/negative) in the

existing study.

High Rates refers to the measure of the frequency of vehicle accidents that exceed to the level of

low interval of time. High rates can be implement if the frequency is at or above 167 cases.

Vehicle a thing used for transporting people or goods, especially on land, such as a car, truck, or

cart. The most common means of transportation in Passi City are tricycle, and jeepney, and

others are motorcycle, truck, car, and bicycle.

Accident an unfortunate incident that happens unexpectedly and unintentionally, typically

resulting in damage or injury. Accident in this research is specifically a road vehicle accidents.

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 Chapter II

Review of Related Literature

1. Introduction of Literature Review

Road safety is a very important and never be neglected thing. The high rates of vehicular

accidents and road traffic injuries became a huge problem in the whole country. This also

includes orderly and management of the roads, providing a safer vehicles, and a complete

response to accidents. For some reasons, vehicular accidents occurs with the help of this

elements such as speeding, driving while under the influence of alcohol or other drugs, unsafe

roads (potholes, thin roads, blackspots etc.),driver’s experience of particular road conditions,

distractions in the car while driving (talking on the mobile phone),emotional state whilst

driving and tiredness. According to the latest WHO data published in 2018 Road Traffic

Accidents

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Deaths in Philippines reached 10,624 or 1.74% of total deaths. The age adjusted Death Rate is

11.40 per 100,000 of population ranks Philippines #118 in the world. Here in Passi City, in the

latest posts of Passi BFP Facebook page there are at least 10 accidents happen in a week

( according only to the recorded accidents, some of the accidents has not been recorded or

posted) and most of this accidents are motorcycle accidents. But in some instances, it could be

minimize by using Road Signs. Road signs or Traffic signs provide valuable information to

drivers and other road users. They represent rules that are in place to keep you safe, and help to

communicate messages to drivers and pedestrians that can maintain order and reduce accidents.

That is why neglecting this signs are very dangerous.

The Vehicular accidents this day or what we call is the Road Traffic Injuries (RTIs)

contributes a negative impact in the society, public health, and the general welfare of the

people.

This RTIs today became a huge contributor in the most high reasons or causes of deaths in the

Philippines, and according to The Foundation of Traffic Safety Drivers ages 16-17 continue to

have the highest rates of crash involvement, injuries to themselves and others and deaths of

others in crashes in which they are involved. At this state the Vehicular accidents or the RTIs

will much more to be the TOP most cause of deaths in the country on 2030 unless action is

not been taken.

Many variables were significantly associated with road traffic accidents, including vehicle

factors, traffic environment, and user demographics. The dependent variables in this study is the

high rates of vehicular accidents in Passi City. In contrast, the study’s independent variables

would focus on the factors that influence vehicle factors, traffic environment, and user

demographics. A sub factor of road traffic accidents will be gather based on the different studies

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about a road traffic accident. The gathered sub factor will be sorted out based on what they

influence. The vehicle factor is used to sort the entire sub factor involved in the vehicle used,

age of the vehicle, and vehicle types. The traffic environment is used to sort all the factors

involved in the environment, such as traffic condition, time of the accident, road characteristic,

and road lane characteristic. The user demographics are used to sort all involved factors from

the vehicle’s driver; age, driving experience, gender. This entire possible factor will be used to

identify the significance of each that could improve the current accident report form in the

Philippines.

The purpose of this literature review is to evaluate all the relevant factors presented

in different studies relevant to the main goal of this study and to raise an awareness how

to mitigate the increasing cases of vehicle accidents in Passi City. This is to fill the gap in

our research problem from other related studies conducted foreign and locally.

2. Related Studies

a. Foreign Studies

According to Taiwo (2007), most drivers take for granted the ability of their automobile

to handle minor road hazards such as pot holes or rail road tracks, these minor road hazard are

major problems for motorcycles because these hazards may require sudden changes of lane

position and direction. „Accidents due to motorcycles riding especially in developing countries

like Nigeria increase every year due to the fact that the motorcyclists do not follow the traffic

rules and they in their mentality believe they are „the king on the roads‟ (FRSC, 2007). FRSC

(2007) further stated that motorcycle crashes are more likely to occur on certain times

especially raining seasons in Nigeria is a season for motorcycle accidents because of the filled

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pot holes with water and the slippery surfaces of the roads. The same body has identified road

defects as causal factor of motorcycle accident in Nigeria, as a result of the various pot holes

and wobbles motions on deformed roads, the motorcyclists‟ loose control of their motorcycles

and collision with oncoming vehicles may occur. Often factors responsible as identified by

FRSC (2007) include brake failure; control of the motorcycle is lost when the brake fails and

thereby resulted in an accident. Akinlade (2000) while looking at the same subject matter, from

the public health point of view noted that road traffic accidents have been recognized as an

important health problems in both developed and developing countries. He observed that road

traffic accident have been increasing in developing countries like Nigeria and Tanzania while

there has been a reduction in developed countries like Australia (Ogbeide, et al, 1994).

Accidents happen due to the combination of several factors and are often not caused by a single

cause. Risk increasing factors is more appropriate to explain why accidents occur (Third

African road safety congress, 1997). According to Angelica Batrakova (2015), road safety can

be understood as the result of the safe interaction of participants of traffic themselves and the

environment. It is well-established that driving under the influence of alcohol increases the risk

of accident involvement (Borkenstein et al., 1964). Safety is a significant concern of

transportation planners and engineers in their transportation infrastructure design and its use

(Button, K., 2014). Another critical issue concern is the impact of economic conditions and

their change on traffic safety performance (Bougueroua & Carnis, 2016).

The critical factors affecting accident severity were featured in various reports. Kristle

Young et al., (2007) reviewed the aspects on in-vehicle driver distraction, focusing on mobile

phone use in particular, stated that this device has received the greatest attention in the driver

distraction literature. The paper also discussed the effect of in-vehicle devices on driving

performance. Haigney et al., (2000) studied the possible effects of mobile phone usage

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on driving performance. The relative influences of using hand-held and hands-free mobile

phone on driving performance were studied with thirty participants using stimulators and

reported. The results disclosed decrease in mean speed and the standard of the participants

during conversation on the mobile phone. The research suggested that drivers are often involved

in a range of compensatory approach in an attempt to maintain an acceptable level of driving

performance while interacting with in-vehicle devices. Recor. The result of a population based

study on injuries conducted by Moshiro et al., (2001) revealed that between 1992 and 1998

transport related accidents were the leading cause of injury in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Over

37,000 people die in road crashes each year as per the Annual United States, road Crash

Statistics. In 2012, there were 195,723 reported casualties on the roads of Great Britain,

including 1,754 fatalities and 23,039 serious casualties. The Ministry of Interior and the Ministry

of Transportation issued a joint report noting that 100,000 crashes had occurred between 2008

and 2012, taking 33,000 lives, injuring 150,000, and destroying 125,000 vehicles. In

Washington, D.C. the average likely occurrence of an accident is a startling every 4.8 years more

than twice as often as the national average of 10 years.

Motorcycle injuries constitute a major but neglected emerging public health problem in

developing countries (Rafindadi, 2000; Peden et al., 2002). They are among the leading causes

of disability and deaths, the main victims being motorcyclists, passengers and pedestrians in the

young reproductive age group (Solagberu et al., 2006). Injuries related to motorcycle contribute

significantly to the number of road traffic injuries seen. In Malaysia, a study reported that

motorcyclists constituted about 55-57% of total number of road accidents and 60% of traffic

fatalities (Abdul, 2003). Also, a study in a private hospital in Port Harcourt, Nigeria

documented that 47.3% of RTAs seen were motorcycle accidents (Ekere and Ibeanusi, 2003).

Although the risk of being involved in a road accident is over eight times as great for a

Page 26 of 52
motorcycle as for a car, a motorcyclist is 24 times as likely to be killed or seriously injured per

kilometer travelled than a car driver (The ROSPA Guide to road safety projects, 2005).

The objective of this recent study is to determine the elements that contribute to the increasing

cases of Vehicular accidents in Passi city, and; to create awareness how occurrence of

accidents among vehicles can be brought to a minimal level through the use of information.

b. Local Studies

Accidents happen due to the combination of several factors and are often not caused by

a single cause. Risk increasing factors is more appropriate to explain why accidents occur

(Third African road safety congress, 1997). In the Philippines, which has approximately 103

million population, motor vehicle traffic is predominant in major islands due to its archipelagic

nature, significant cities, and economic activities (Villoria, O. & Diaz, C., 2000).

The objectives of the this study are: to assess the factors that affect road traffic accidents in the

city of Makati, to determine the significant relationships among identified factors and the

interplay between significant factors, to propose strategies to minimize or eliminate road traffic

accidents that will benefit the City of Makati, and to propose methods/forms to enhance the data

collection of RTAs in the City of Makati (Rodriguez, R., Villamaria, JT., and Noroña, M., 2021).

Previous studies presented only considered single factors on accident occurrence or injury

severity. On the other hand, it can be possible that different factors as well as their

interactions are also considered.

The objective of this recent study is to determine the elements that contribute to the increasing

cases of Vehicular accidents in Passi city, and; to create awareness how occurrence of

accidents among vehicles can be brought to a minimal level through the use of information.

This recent study is related to the local related literature because its both objectives is to

Page 27 of 52
identify the factors and mitigate the effects. It’s location is in one country and it’s respondents

are with one nationality. They share the same variables and methodology.

3. Synthesis

The general purpose of this study was, to determine the elements that contribute to the

increasing cases of vehicular accidents in Passi City; and to create awareness how occurrence of

accidents among vehicles can be brought to a minimal level through the use of information.

The findings from this study would promote a better understanding of the effects of human,

vehicle, and environmental factors on road traffic injuries, which could improve

transportation systems, road infrastructure design, and education programs to prevent road

traffic injuries.

Moreover, this study’s established conceptual framework was also developed to serve as logic

in this research study, aiming to develop an improved LGU-based road traffic accident report

that will benefit the City of Passi.

A thorough review of the literature revealed that over speeding, wrong overtaking and bad

roads accounted for the higher percentage of factors that increase the high rate of accidents

among commercial motorcycle riders (Ogunmodede, T., Gboyega, A., Ebijuwa, A., Oyetola, S.,

Akinola, J., 2012). According to the literature evidence base, there is an higher chance to a

vehicle or rider to get involved in vehicular accidents if this factor is present and observed. We

conclude that based on current evidence ,that the presence of this factors could results to a

higher rate of vehicular accidents. Kristel Young et al.,(2007) and Haigney et al., (2000)

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reveals that using Mobile phones while driving is one factors that contributes to a higher rates

accident.

The driver’s age, gender, vehicle age, road character, road lane character, traffic condition, type

of vehicles, driving experience, and time of accidents confirm the importance of factors to

investigate (Rodriguez, R., Villamaria, JT., and Noroña, M., 2021). Age, weather and junction

type has significant relationship in road accidents (Flores, GM., Gotohio, MT., Paras, NG., and

Seva R., 2021).

According to the overall review of the literature, incidence of road accidents can be reduced by

formal knowledge of a riders, implementation of traffic rules and regulations, and well stated

the road signs and well constructed road establishments.

In the current literature review ,a major limitation discovered is the related secondary data is

sometimes not available or accessing available data is difficult/impossible.

Furthermore , motorcycles are more prone to accidents as they expose the driver and

passenger/s to twice as much risk than in four-wheel vehicles. Although there have been laws

implemented on Traffic Laws Regulations, specifically on motorcycles, accidents have been

declared as one of the leading causes of death in the Philippines (Flores, GM., Gotohio, MT.,

Paras, NG., and Seva R., 2021).

This research attempts to contribute to the body of Knowledge on road safety. It is hoped that it

will Inspire and facilitate increased cooperation, innovation and commitment to preventing road

traffic crashes around the world. Road accidents are predictable and therefore preventable. In

order to combat the problem, though, there needs to be close coordination and collaboration,

using a holistic and integrated approach, across many sectors and many disciplines. While there

are many interventions that can save lives and limbs, political will and commitment are

Page 29 of 52
essential and without them little can be achieved. The time to act is now. Road users

everywhere deserve better and safer road travel.

Ogunmodede, T., Gboyega, A., Ebijuwa, A., Oyetola, S., Akinola, J., (2012) recommended to

Identify a lead agency in government to guide the national road traffic safety effort in order

that results can be more easily compared and strengthened.

Chapter III

Research Method/ Methodology/ Data Gathering Procedure

The instrument used for this study was questionnaire, which was designed to obtain

information on demographic characteristics of the respondents and on causes of road accident

in Passi City. Supposed to be, the total number of three hundred eighty five vehicle riders in

Passi City, were sampled for the study, but due to the risk of COVID 19,only 5 randomly

selected participants will be utilized in this study.

Page 30 of 52
The findings were presented in descriptive form using frequencies, percentages, tables, mean

and standard deviations.

The sequence of presentations was presented with the bio-data of the respondents and the

research question.

This study uses Post-Test Only or After Survey or One-Shot Surgery, where data are collected

only once.

The goal of this study is to identify the factors influencing high rates of vehicular accidents

in Passi city. To execute this , the researchers will conduct a one-time survey to answer the

questions specified to this study.

This study will use simple random sampling. We plan to use this method or technique

because we will give every individuals a same chance to be selected. This was used to avoid

bias and give trustworthy result.

The randomly selected respondents of 5 will answer the questionnaire to achieve the desired

result.

Respondents

The participants of this study will be the selected vehicle riders who have been vehicular

accidents in the vicinity of Passi City. The estimated number of participants in this study is

400 population size. This is the estimated vehicle riders or owners recorded which experienced

vehicular accidents in Passi City. Due to the risk of COVID 19 in our health, from 385

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extracted respondents, only 5 randomly selected respondents will be utilized to avoid getting

involved in a crowd.

The desired sample size have been determined after the estimated number of participants

was known and solved using Slovin’s Formula. Researchers use 99% of confidence level

and a margin of error of 0.01. Below is the solution.

Figure 5: Determining a sample size using Slovin’s Formula.

Sampling Errors

Due to the spreading and ever increasing cases of COVID-19 in the Philippines, the expected

high percentage of sampling errors is evident in this research. In fact, it more likely to not

accurately capture all the characteristics of the population. This research can be done easier and

faster but less comprehensive information is expected from resulted respondents. The result

could be less valid and reliable and the errors in the collection of data are not minimized. This

could potentially ruin the accuracy of the data.

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Construction and Validation of the Questionnaire

A Survey form or Questionnaire containing; a. Part I. Personal Information of a person and its

vehicle, b. Part II. Factors/ Elements of Accidents and Researchable questions.

The answers of all selected respondents were documented.

CHAPTER IV

Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data

Table 1. Respondents Distribution by Age

Age F %

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 Young (13-30 years old) 2 40.0

Old (31 years old and 3 60.0

above)

Total 5 100.0

Table 1 shows the distribution of the respondents of the study which were the 5 randomly

selected respondents in Passi city which experienced vehicular accident in the said city.

When the respondents were classified according to age , there were 2 or 40.0% young

participants and 3 or 60.0% old participants.

This shows that 60.0% of Passi city vehicle riders are old riders ages 31 years old and above.

Table 2. Sex of the Respondents

Sex F %

Male 4 80.0

Female 1 20.0

Total 5 100.0

Table 2 shows the distribution of the respondents of the study which were the 5 randomly

selected respondents in Passi city which experienced vehicular accident in the said city.

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When the respondents were classified according to sex, there were 4 or 80.0% male participants

and 1 or 20.0% female participant.

The result reveals that vehicle riders who have been experienced vehicular accidents are

dominated by male when compared with female riders.

Table 3. Distribution of the respondents by their level of education

Level of education F %

Elementary 1 20.0

Secondary 2 40.0

Tertiary/ College 1 20.0

Graduate or postgraduate 1 20.0

Total 5 100.0

Table 3 shows the distribution of the respondents of the study which were the 5 randomly

selected respondents in Passi city which experienced vehicular accident in the said city.

When the respondents were classified according to level of education, it was discovered that

most of the riders didn’t attend higher education. 1 or 20.0% of the respondents only attended

elementary education, 2 or 40.0% of the respondents attended secondary education, only 1 or

20.0% of the respondents attended tertiary or college level, and only 1 or 20.0% respondents

graduated or finished its education.

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This may account for why majority of these vehicle riders are prone to accidents because it

would be\difficult for them to interprets or decode road signs on the roads.

Table 4. Distribution of the respondents by their civil status

Marital status F %

Single 2 40.0

Married 3 60.0

Widowed 0 0

Separated 0 0

Total 5 100.0

Table 4 shows the distribution of the respondents of the study which were the 5 randomly

selected respondents in Passi city which experienced vehicular accident in the said city.

When the respondents were classified according to their Marital status , 2 or 40.0% of the

respondents are single, 3 or 60.0% of the respondents are married, while there is no widowed

and Separated in the respondents.

One can infer from the result that extra caution are expected to be maintained among the Passi

city vehicle riders since they are married and ought to have been responsible.

Table 5. Distribution of the respondents by their years of riding

Years of riding F %

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 <1 year 1 20.0

2 years 0 0

2-3 years 1 20.0

3-4 years 0 0

5 < years 3 60.0

Total 5 100.0

Table 5 shows the distribution of the respondents of the study which were the 5 randomly

selected respondents in Passi city which experienced vehicular accident in the said city.

When the respondents were classified according to the years of their riding, the table revealed

that 1 or 20% respondents has < 1 year of riding, 1 or 20% of the respondents has 2-3 years of

riding experience, 3 or 60% of the respondents has 5< years of riding experience, and none of

the respondents has 2 years and 3-4 years of riding experience.

It is clear from the table that majority of the riders has 5 years or more experience in riding.

Table 6. Distribution of the respondents if whether they received formal training or non.

Received formal training? F %

Yes 1 20.0

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 No 4 80.0

Total 5 100.0

Table 6 shows the distribution of the respondents of the study which were the 5 randomly

selected respondents in Passi city which experienced vehicular accident in the said city.

When the respondents were classified according to whether they received formal training or

non , the table revealed that 1 or 20% of the respondents received formal training, and 4 or 80%

of the respondents didn’t received formal training.

One can say from the result that majority of person involved in the accident didn’t received

formal training and lack of knowledge about safety code.

Table 7. Distribution of the respondents if what type of vehicle they ride during the accident

Types of vehicle involved F %

during accident

Bicycle 0 0

Motorcycle 5 100.0

Car 0 0

Van 0 0

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 Bus 0 0

Truck 0 0

Others 0 0

Total 5 100.0

Table 7 shows the distribution of the respondents of the study which were the 5 randomly

selected respondents in Passi city which experienced vehicular accident in the said city.

When the respondents were classified according to the type of vehicle involved during accident,

the table revealed that all of the respondents are riding in a motorcycle during their accident. 5

or 100.0% accumulate motorcycle as the number 1 involved in accidents.

The result signify that 2 wheeler vehicle is most prone to accidents.

Table 8. Distribution of the respondents if what is/are the factor/s of their accidents.

Factors/ Elements of F %

Accidents

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 Over speeding 0 0

Wrong overtaking 1 20.0

Bad roads 1 20.0

Mechanical defect 0 0

Alcoholic intake 2 40.0

Tire defect 0 0

Misinformation 0 0

Oil spillage in the roads 0 0

Animal crossing 1 20.0

Overloading 0 0

Heavy rain 0 0

Wrong maneuvering 0 0

Dangerous checkpoints 0 0

Poor knowledge of traffic 0 0

code

Smoke emission of other 0 0

vehicle

Others 0 0

Total 5 100.0

Table 8 shows the distribution of the respondents of the study which were the 5 randomly

selected respondents in Passi city which experienced vehicular accident in the said city.

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When the respondents were classified according to the elements/ factors of their accidents, the

table revealed that 1 or 20.0% respondent accident are wrong overtaking, bad roads and

animal crossing, while 2 or 40.0% of the respondent accident are caused by alcoholic intake.

Table 9. Distribution of the respondents if they taken alcohol before accident

Taken alcohol before F %

accident?

Yes 2 40.0

No 3 60.0

Total 5 100.0

Table 9 shows the distribution of the respondents of the study which were the 5 randomly

selected respondents in Passi city which experienced vehicular accident in the said city.

When the respondents were classified according to whether they taken alcohol before their

accidents, the table revealed that 2 or 40.0% of the respondents taken alcohol before accidents,

and 3 or 60.0% of the respondents aren’t taken alcohol before accidents.

Table 10. Distribution of the respondents if what types alcohol they are taken before accidents.

Types of alcohol F %

Beer 2 100.0

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 Others O 0

Total 2 100.0

Table 10 When the respondents were classified according to the type of alcohol they are taken,

the table revealed that Beer recorded more accident than others.

Table 11. Distribution of the respondents if the vehicle riders comply with road safety highway

codes

Compliance with road

safety highway codes

(F/%) (F/%) (F/%)

I carry more than one 0 4 80.0% 1 20.0%

passenger at times
0

I check my motorcycle 1 20.0% 4 80.0% 0

every day before riding

I have my trafficators, 0 5 100.0% 0

mirrors , horn , rear light

I use safety equipments 0 5 100.0% 0

like helmet while riding

I drink alcohol only in 1 20.0% 2 40.0% 2 40.0%

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 the night

I drink alcohol during 0 4 80.0% 1 20.0%

the day 0

I always ride with my 3 60.0% 2 40.0% 0

driver's license
0

Total 5 26 4

% 14.3% 74.3% 11.4%

Table 11 shows the distribution of the respondents of the study which were the 5 randomly

selected respondents in Passi city which experienced vehicular accident in the said city.

The table above shows the extent with which vehicle riders comply with the rules and regulations

contained in the Passi City highway codes. None of the respondents carry more than one

passenger always, 4 or 80.0% of the respondents sometimes carry more than one passenger at a

times, and 1 or 20.0% of the respondents carry more than one passenger at times. 1 or 20.0% of

the respondents said that they are checking their motorcycle before riding, 4 or 80.0% of the

respondents said that they are sometimes checking their motorcycle before riding, and none of

the respondents said that they never check their motorcycle before riding. None of the

respondents said that that they have their trafficators, mirrors, horn, rear light functioning well,

always and never. 5 or 100.0% of the respondents said that they sometimes have trafficators,

mirrors, horn, rear light functioning well. 5 or 100.0% of the respondents are sometimes use

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safety equipments like helmet while riding. 2 or 40.0% and 2 or 40.0% of the respondents said

that they sometimes and never drink alcohol only in the night, while 1 or 20.0% of the

respondents said that they only drink alcohol in the night. 4 or 80.0% of the respondents said

that they sometimes drink alcohol during the day, and 1 or 20.0% of the respondents said that

they never drink alcohol during the day. 3 or 60.0% of the respondents said that they always ride

with their driver’s license, while 2 or 40.0% of the respondents said that they sometimes ride

with their driver’s.

Table 12. Distribution of the respondents by possession of driver’s license

Possession of driver’s F %

license?

Yes 4 80.0

No 1 20.0

Total 5 100.0

Table 12 shows the distribution of the respondents of the study which were the 5 randomly

selected respondents in Passi city which experienced vehicular accident in the said city.

The above table revealed that majority of the respondents possess a driving licence. 4 or 80.0%

respondents possess a driving license, while 1 or 20.0% respondents doesn’t possess driver’s

license.

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Table 13. Distribution of the respondents by driving speed before accident

Driving speed before accident F %

40 km/h – 60 km/h 1 20.0

50 km/h – 80 km/h 4 80.0

60 km/h – 90 km/h 0 0

90km/h – 100km/h 0 0

Don’t use Speedometer 0 0

Total 5 100.0

Table 13 shows the distribution of the respondents of the study which were the 5 randomly

selected respondents in Passi city which experienced vehicular accident in the said city.

The above table revealed that majority of the respondents have a driving speed of 50km/h –

80km/h before their accident. 4 or 80.0% of the respondents have 50km/h – 80km/h, while 1 or

20.0% of respondents have 40 km/h – 60 km/h.

The above table is an assessment of the driving speed of the vehicle riders, if we are to go with

the regulation on the safety speed prescribed for motorcycle riders, over speeding is a major

factor responsible for the high rate of accidents among motorcycle riders in in Passi City.

Table 14. Distribution of the respondents by if wearing helmet during accident

Wearing helmet? F %

Yes 1 20.0

No 4 80.0

Total 5 100.0

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Table 14 shows the distribution of the respondents of the study which were the 5 randomly

selected respondents in Passi city which experienced vehicular accident in the said city.

The above table revealed that 4 or 80.0% of the respondents don’t wear helmet during their

accident, while 1 or 20.0% of the respondents is wearing helmet during it’s accident.

Table 15. Distribution of the respondents by reason why respondents do not wear helmet

Reasons F %

It is too costly 0 0

It is not convenient 0 0

Majority of Passi City 0 0

riders doesn’t use it

I know I will not have 4 100.0

accident

Total 4 100.0

Table 15 shows the distribution of the respondents of the study which were the 5 randomly

selected respondents in Passi city which experienced vehicular accident in the said city and 4 put

of 5 respondents don’t wear helmet.

Table above revealed why most commercial motorcycle riders do not have safety helmet. 4 or

100.0% respondents remarked that that the reason why they fail to possess a crash helmet

despite danger/threat to life by it non utilization when accident occurred was that they know they

will not have accident.

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Table 16. Distribution of the respondents by place of accident.

Place of accidents F %

Imbang Grande, Passi City 2 40

Ansig, Gines Viejo, Passi 2 40

City

Apga, Passi City 1 20

Total 5 100

Table 16 shows the distribution of the respondents of the study which reveal the barangay in

Passi City with the most recorded vehicular accidents based on the survey.

The table above revealed the barangay with the most accident involve based on 5 randomly

selected respondents. Imbang Grande and Gines Viejo, Passi City are tied with 2 out of 5 each

respondents and Apga, Passi City with only 1 out of 5 respondents.

Statistical Techniques for Bivariate Analysis

The findings for this study will present in descriptive form using frequencies, percentages,

tables, mean and standard deviations.

The results of the logistic regression will be summarize in Table. Computing the t-test

parameter and the Chi-Square for each variable. The maximum likelihood test will be use to test

the goodness of fit.

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Frequencies will be generated and the Chi-square test will use to compare different proportions

and test associations.

CHAPTER V

Summary of the Findings

This section summarizes the main research findings of the study. The primary research question is:

Why there is a high rates of vehicle accidents in Passi City?

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The study sought to provide answers to this basic question by answering the following sub-

questions:

What are the factors influencing vehicle accidents? How to reduce the high rates of vehicular

accidents in Passi City? What barangay is/are most involved with accidents?

This study focuses on factors influencing high rate of vehicular accidents among vehicle riders in

Passi City, as noted from the analysis of findings, the study found that majority of motorcycle riders

in the study area are within 31 years old and above, these categories of people are in their late

adolescence and early adulthood. Years and are characterized by high driving risky behaviors,

always in a hurry and aggressive, this finding was in support of earlier findings of Ogunmodede, T.,

Gboyega, A., Ebijuwa, A., Oyetola, S., Akinola J.,(2012), that age of motorcycle riders was a

determinant factor responsible for the causes of accidents among the vehicle riders,

The finding of this study corroborate the existing finding of Ogunmodede, T., Gboyega, A.,

Ebijuwa, A., Oyetola, S., Akinola, J., (2012) that vehicle riders are more dominated by male than

their female counterparts. The level of formal education of the respondents reveals that commercial

motorcyclist does not have formal education or that they are dropped out of school at the early stage,

this may account for high level of ignorance among them as most of the riders cannot interpret road

traffic regulations or signs. It was in support of finding of Ogunmodede, T., Gboyega, A., Ebijuwa,

A., Oyetola, S., Akinola, J. (2012)

The study reveals that though the respondents understudied claimed to have undergone informal

training before commences the vehicle riding.

Factor influencing the rate of vehicular accidents have been found to include: wrong overtaking, bad

roads, animal crossing, and alcoholic intake. This assertion agreed with the previous studies of

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(Ogunmodede, T., Gboyega, A., Ebijuwa, A., Oyetola, S., Akinola, J., 2012) respectively. Other

factors as found in the study responsible for the high rate of accidents

Motorcycle riders do not ride with their driver‟s license and they do not put on their safety helmets

for protection in case of accident. This could account for the severity of crash when commercial

motorcyclists are involved in accidents (Mayrose, 2008).

Although, this study found that the motorcyclist check their motorcycle before ridings , some of

them do not have functional trafficators lights, side mirrors, horns and brake lights which in turn has

a negative effect on the occurrence of accidents among vehicle riders. The Highway codes

maintained that alcoholic intake be avoided when driving/riding, it was also found that some of these

riders still rode under the influence of alcohol. Non possession of driver’s license and overspreading

also characterized the behavior of the riders studied. This agreed with the study of Ogunmodede, T.,

Gboyega, A., Ebijuwa, A., Oyetola, S., Akinola, J., (2012). The commercial motorcyclist do not

know the actual speed limit they are expected to maintained while riding.

Their responses reflected that they seems to know the speed limit, but the kilometer per hour (km/hr)

with which they drove shows that they do not know, 80% drove above 50km/hr which was the

normal speed limit that they are expected to maintained.

Conclusion

Based on the findings of the study, the following conclusions are drawn. The study reveals that

alcoholic intake, wrong overtaking, bad and animal crossing, accounted for the higher percentage of

factors that increase the high rate of vehicular accidents among Passi City riders. The study shows

Page 50 of 52
that the vehicle riders do not comply with road safety highway codes. This is because they carries

two or more passengers at a time, do not use safety equipments like helmet, and does not ride with

their driver’s license, all which is forbidden in the safety highway codes, many of them take

alcoholic drink before driving, while some cannot decode the rules and regulations guiding driving

on our roads

Recommendations

Based on the findings of this study, the following recommendations are made;

1. Adult literacy should be provided by the government for those who can not read or write so

that riders in Passi City can be part of the benefactors of such exercise and thereby know

how to read and write..

2. Funds should be made available by the government for the creation of road safety awareness

using different media of communication as a form of National orientation.

3. Road situation in Passi City, Philippines should be improved as bad roads need to be

repaired.

4. There should be strict penalties against anybody caught riding vehicle under the influence of

alcoholic drinks and alcoholic joints should be closed by the government.

5. Helmet must be made compulsory for the riders to prevent head injuries, if accident occurs.

6. Lastly, the Philippine government should provide employment opportunities for our teeming

youth as this will go a long way in the reduction of number of youth who as a result of

unemployment took to vehicle riding.

Page 51 of 52
BIBLIOGRAPHY

Factors Influencing High Rate of Commercial Motorcycle Accidents in Nigeria;

Ogunmodede, Thomas. Ayinla; Adio Gboyega; Oyetola, Solomon Olusegun; Ebijuwa,

Adefunke Sarah; Akinola, John Olugbenga

https://www.academia.edu/download/55081937/accident.pdf

Prevalence and pattern of road traffic accidents among commercial motorcyclists in a city

in Southern; Nigeria Ofonime Effiong Johnson

https://1drv.ms/w/s!AixBrDFN5SKIggs6U7AABrlvcSBl

Analysis of Factors Affecting Road Traffic Accidents in the City of Makati Philippines;

Rodiel L. Rodriguez, Jan Tricia B. Villamaria, and Marvin I. Noroña

https://1drv.ms/w/s!AixBrDFN5SKIgg3f4mICVOhqCsRG

Analysis Motorcycle Accidents Based on Environmental and Personal Factors;

Glaiza Marie T. Flores, Maria Patricia T. Gotohio, and Noel Gabriel C.Paras, Rosemary

R. Seva, Department of Industrial Engineering De La Salle University, Manila,

Philippines

https://1drv.ms/w/s!AixBrDFN5SKIghGddCuMeVjhkPsz

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