CHAPTER

2
Past Time

PRETEST: What do I already know?

Choose the correct answer for each sentence.
1. Our cousins with us last month. (Chart 2-1)
a. was stay b. staying c. stayed
2. Did you last weekend? (Chart 2-1)
a. work b. worked c. working
3. I hungry all day yesterday. (Charts 2-2 and 2-3)
a. felt b. feel c. fell
4. on time for school yesterday? (Charts 2-2 and 2-3)
a. Did you be b. Were you c. Are you
5. I dinner last night. (Charts 2-2 and 2-3)
a. no eat b. didn’t eat c. didn’t ate
6. My two roommates last week. (Charts 2-2 and 2-3)
a. were sick b. sick c. was sick
7. A car suddenly in the middle of the road. (Chart 2-5)
a. stoped b. stopped c. stopping
8. During the movie, the person next to me the whole time. (Chart 2-6)
a. was whispered b. whisper c. was whispering
9. While I dinner, I heard the news about the president. (Chart 2-7)
a. was cooking b. cook c. was cooked
10. me a grade, my teacher read my essay. (Chart 2-8)
a. After she gave b. Before she gave c. When she gave
11. Richard late for class a lot, but now he comes on time. (Chart 2-9)
a. is used to b. used to c. used to be

EXERCISE 1 Warm-up. (Chart 2-1)

Check (✓ ) the statements that are true for you. Share your answers with a partner.
1. I cooked dinner last night.
2. I invited my friends to join me for dinner.
3. I didn’t wash the dinner dishes.
 2-1 The Simple Past: Regular Verbs
(a) Mary walked downtown yesterday. The SIMPLE PAST is used to talk about activities or
(b) I stayed home last weekend. situations that began and ended in the past (e.g.,
yesterday, last night, two days ago, in 2015).

(c) Bob played tennis yesterday evening. The simple past tense of most regular verbs is formed
(d) Our plane landed on time last night. by adding -ed to a verb, as in (a)–(d).*

Simple Past: Regular Verb Forms

STATEMENT NEGATIVE QUESTION SHORT ANSWER

I I Did I I
You You Did you you
He He Did he he
She walked. She did not walk. Did she walk? Yes, she did.
(didn’t)
It It Did it No, it did not.
We We Did we we (didn’t).
They They Did they they

*Some verbs ending in -y add -ied, for example: studied, worried. See Chart 2-5. For information about pronouncing
-ed endings, see Appendix A-5.

EXERCISE 2 Looking at grammar. (Chart 2-1)

Create your own chart by writing the negative and question forms of the words in italics .

At the Computer
NEGATIVE QUESTION

1. He searched a website. He didn’t search Did he search

2. They streamed a movie.
3. She created a password.
4. I deleted a file.
5. He clicked on a page.
6. She uploaded a video.
7. Her computer crashed.
8. It downloaded a virus.

EXERCISE 3 Game. (Chart 2-1)

Work with a partner or in small groups. All of the sentences contain incorrect information. Make
true statements by making a negative statement and then a true statement. You can use the internet.
The first team to have correct answers wins.
1. Edison invented the radio. Edison didn’t invent the radio. Edison invented the telephone.
¶¸ Edison didn’t invent the radio. Marconi invented the radio.

2. Steve Jobs started a clothing company.

 3. Princess Diana died in a boating accident.

4. Apollo 1 landed on the moon.

5. Malala Yousafzai received the Nobel Peace Prize at the age of 20.

6. The Titanic crashed into a boat.

an icebe

EXERCISE 4 Warm-up. (Charts 2-2 and 2-3)

Check (✓ ) the statements that are true for you.
1. I slept for eight hours last night. 3. I was busy yesterday.
2. I came to school on time. 4. I had fun last weekend.

2-2 Expressing Past Time: The Simple Past, Irregular Verbs

(a) I ate breakfast this morning. Some verbs have irregular past forms, as in (a) and (b).
(b) Sue took a taxi to the airport yesterday. See Chart 2-3.

(c) I was sick yesterday. The simple past forms of be are was and were.
(d) They were at home last night.

Irregular Verb Forms

STATEMENT NEGATIVE QUESTION SHORT ANSWER

I I Did I I
You You Did you you
He He Did he he
She left. She did not leave. Did she leave? Yes, she did.
(didn’t)
It It Did it No, it did not.
We We Did we we (didn’t).
They They Did they they

Be Verb Forms
STATEMENT NEGATIVE QUESTION SHORT ANSWER

I was I Was I
He was He was not nice. Was he Yes, I, he, she, it was.
nice. nice?
She was She (wasn’t) Was she No, I, he, she, it was not.
It was It Was it (wasn’t).

You were You Were you

We were nice. We were not nice. Were we nice? Yes, you, we, they were.
(weren’t) No, you, we, they were not.
They were They Were they (weren’t).
2-3 Common Irregular Verbs: A Reference List
SIMPLE FORM SIMPLE PAST SIMPLE FORM SIMPLE PAST SIMPLE FORM SIMPLE PAST

be was, were forgive forgave say said

beat beat freeze froze see saw
become became get got sell sold
begin began give gave send sent
bend bent go went set set
bite bit grow grew shake shook
blow blew hang hung shoot shot
break broke have had shut shut
bring brought hear heard sing sang
build built hide hid sink sank
burn burned/burnt hit hit sit sat
buy bought hold held sleep slept
catch caught hurt hurt slide slid
choose chose keep kept speak spoke
come came know knew spend spent
cost cost leave left spread spread
cut cut lend lent stand stood
dig dug let let steal stole
do did lie lay stick stuck
draw drew light lit/lighted swim swam
dream dreamed/dreamt lose lost take took
drink drank make made teach taught
drive drove mean meant tear tore
eat ate meet met tell told
fall fell pay paid think thought
feed fed put put throw threw
feel felt quit quit understand understood
fight fought read read upset upset
find found ride rode wake woke/waked
fit fit ring ring wear wore
fly flew rise rose win won
forget forgot run ran write wrote
EXERCISE 5 Grammar and vocabulary. (Charts 2-2 and 2-3)
Complete each sentence with the correct form of the verb in parentheses. Write the words in green
under the correct photos.

At the Grocery Store

1. Daniel and Lara ( go) to the grocery store yesterday.
2. They (walk ) down the meat aisle, the produce aisle, and the dairy aisle.
3. Daniel ( push) the shopping cart.
4. Their baby (sleep) in her car seat.
5. Lara (hold ) a shopping basket.
6. They (see) many products on the shelves.
7. Lara (read ) the nutritional information on the packages.
8. They ( find ) some good bargains.
9. Lara ( pay) the cashier at the checkout counter.
10. She ( put) the receipt in her wallet.

1. 2. 3.

4. 5. 6.
EXERCISE 6 Let’s talk: pairwork. (Charts 2-2 and 2-3)
Make true statements for you. Write the affirmative or negative past tense form of the verb. Then
tell a partner some of the things that are true for you.

1. I (make) made / didn’t make a delicious dinner last night.

2. I (speak) English with a native English speaker yesterday.
3. I (think) about my family this morning.
4. I (drink) coffee or tea this morning.
5. I (ride) the bus to school today.
6. I (send ) a text message this morning.
7. I ( forget) a website password recently.
8. I (buy) an airline ticket last year.
9. I (swim) in a swimming pool last weekend.
10. I (win) a sports competition when I was in school.

EXERCISE 7 Let’s talk. (Charts 2-2 and 2-3)

Answer the questions. Work in pairs, small groups, or as a class.

1. What time does school begin every day? What time did your class begin today?
2. What does your teacher often tell you to do? What did he/she tell you to do today?
3. What time do you leave your home every day? What time did you leave today?
4. What do you sometimes eat for dinner? What did you eat last night?
5. What do you frequently buy at the store? What did you buy yesterday?
6. Do you get sick very often? When did you last get sick?
7. Do you take public transportation very often? When did you last take public transportation?
What did it cost? How much did you pay?

EXERCISE 8 Let’s talk: pairwork. (Charts 2-1 → 2-3)

Work with a partner. Ask and answer the questions with Yes and a complete sentence. You can look
at your book before you speak. When you speak, look at your partner.

A Broken Arm
Imagine that you came to class today with a big cast on
your arm. You slipped on some ice yesterday and fell down.
Example: P±¸¹²´¸ A: Did you have a bad day yesterday?
P±¸¹²´¸ B: Yes, I had a bad day yesterday.
 PARTNER A PARTNER B
1. Did you fall down? 6. Did you speak with a nurse?
2. Did you hurt yourself when you fell down? 7. Did you see a doctor?
3. Did you break your arm? 8. Did the doctor put a cast on your arm?
4. Did you go to the ER (emergency room)? 9. Did you get a prescription for the pain?
5. Did you wait in the waiting room for a long 10. Did you pay a lot of money?
time?

EXERCISE 9 Looking at grammar. (Charts 2-2 and 2-3)

Complete the sentences with a simple past form of a verb in the box.

bite break dream eat feel fly go shake steal

Oh, no!
1. Someone my ID. Who took it?
2. I just an earthquake. The house .
3. My sister fell on a hike and her ankle.
4. We on a small airplane over the mountains, and the
ride was bumpy.
5. I about a wolf last night. It me
for dinner.
6. The dog our mail carrier. She
to an urgent care for stitches.

EXERCISE 10 Looking at grammar. (Charts 2-1 → 2-3)

Read the facts about each person. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the given verbs.

S³¹º±¹³¶² 1: Whirlwind Wendy is energetic and does everything very quickly. Here are her typical
morning activities:
wakes up at 4:00 ±.¼. makes soup for dinner
cleans her apartment brings her elderly mother a meal
rides her bike five miles answers email messages
gets vegetables from her garden fixes herself lunch
watches a cooking show on TV

Yesterday,Wendy …
1. woke up at 4:00 ±.¼.
2. didn’t clean her car.
3. her bike ten miles.
4. vegetables from her garden.
 5. a comedy show on TV.
6. soup for dinner.
7. her elderly mother a meal.
8. email messages.
9. herself a snack.

S³¹º±¹³¶² 2: Sluggish Sam doesn’t get much done in a day.

Here are his typical activities:
sleeps for 12 hours comes home
wakes up at noon lies on the couch
takes two hours to eat breakfast thinks about his busy life
goes fishing begins dinner at 8:00
falls asleep on his boat finishes dinner at 11:00

Yesterday, Sam …
1. slept for 12 hours.
2. didn’t wake up at 5:00 ±.¼.
3. two hours to eat breakfast.
4. hiking.
5. asleep on his boat.
6. home.
7. on his bed.
8. about his busy life.
9. dinner at 5:00.
10. dinner at 11:00.

EXERCISE 11 Looking at grammar. (Chart 2-3)

Complete the sentences. Use the simple past of any irregular verb that makes sense. More than one
answer may be possible.

My Roommates

1. Lita walked to her job today. Rebecca drove her car. Jada
her bike. Yoko the bus.

2. Jada had a choice between a job in finance or a job in management. She

the one in management.

3. Rebecca doesn’t have any money right now. She it all last month.
 4. Rebecca’s parents her a check, but she didn’t get it. She’s flat broke.*

5. Jada wears interesting clothes. She a tuxedo to her brother’s

wedding last week.

6. Last night around midnight, Jada some toast. She burned it, and
the smoke alarm went off. It everyone up.

7. Yoko’s dog several holes in the backyard. The grass looks terrible.

8. Lita grew up near the equator. She is enjoying the long summer days here. The sun
around 5:00 this morning. It at 9:00 last night.

9. Lita kindergarten for two years, but now she’s teaching 2nd grade.

10. Yoko received a painting for her birthday. She it in our living room.

EXERCISE 12 Let’s talk: pairwork. (Charts 2-1 → 2-3)

With a partner, take turns asking each other to perform an action. Partner A tells Partner B to do
something. Then A will ask B a question in the past tense.
Example: Open your book.
P±¸¹²´¸ A: Open your book.
P±¸¹²´¸ B: ( opens his/her book)
P±¸¹²´¸ A: What did you do?
P±¸¹²´¸ B: I opened my book.
1. Shut your book. 7. Draw a bird.
2. Stand up. 8. Read a sentence from your grammar book.
3. Hide your pen. 9. Wave “good-bye.”
4. Turn to page 10 in your book. 10. Point to the board.
5. Put your book under your desk. 11. Spell the past tense of speak .
6. Write your name on a piece of paper. 12. Repeat this question: “Which came first:
Change roles. the chicken or the egg?”

EXERCISE 13 Looking at grammar. (Charts 2-1 → 2-3)

Complete the conversations with the correct form of the words in parentheses.

Travel Questions
1. A: ( your plane, arrive) Did your plane arrive on time yesterday?
B: Yes, it did . It ( get ) in at exactly 6:05.

2. A: ( you, sleep) on the flight?

B: Yes, . I (sleep ) for four hours.

* flat broke = completely out of money

 3. A: ( you, take ) a tour of Paris during your trip?
B: No, . I (miss) the tour because
I (oversleep) .
A: Why did you oversleep?
B: I (hear, not) my alarm.

4. A: ( you, eat) at a fancy restaurant?

B: No, we . We ( have, not) enough money.
We (buy) food in grocery stores or small cafés.

5. A: ( you, visit) the Louvre Museum?

B: Yes, we . We ( see) the Mona Lisa.
A: (Da Vinci, paint) the Mona Lisa?
B: Yes, . He also ( paint) many other pictures.

EXERCISE 14 Let’s talk: pairwork. (Charts 2-1 → 2-3)

Work with a partner. Complete the conversation. Then practice with your partner and perform it
for the class. You can look at your book before you speak. When you speak, look at your partner.

Small Talk
A: Hi, how’s it going?
B: Good. How was your weekend?
A: .I .
How about you? What did you do?
B: I .
A: That sounds .
B: It was.

EXERCISE 15 Let’s talk: pairwork. (Charts 2-1 → 2-3)

Choose one of the company names in the box. Find out about the name on the internet. Talk to a
student who has a different company name. Follow the model. Explain vocabulary if necessary.

Al-Jazeera® Amazon® CNN® Ikea ® Samsung®

Alibaba® Boeing® Google® LEGO® Skype®

Example: A: What company did you choose? (Adobe®)

B: I chose Adobe.
A: Where did the name Adobe come from?
B: John Warnock was a co-founder of the company. He lived in Silicon Valley. The
Adobe Creek ran behind his house. Warnock named the company after the creek.
A creek is a small river. Here is a photo of a creek.
EXERCISE 16 Reading and grammar. (Charts 2-1 → 2-3)
Read the paragraph, and rewrite it in the past tense. Begin your new paragraph with Yesterday
morning.
The Daily News
Every morning, David checks his Twitter feed. He
wants to get the latest sports news. He also looks at the
national news and reads several stories. His wife, Milana,
checks her favorite newspapers online. She looks only at
the headlines. She doesn’t have a lot of time. She finishes
articles later in the day. Both David and Milana know a lot
about the day’s events.

EXERCISE 17 Warm-up: listening. (Chart 2-4)

Listen to each pair of verbs. Decide if the verb endings have the same sound or a different sound.

Example: You will hear: plays played

You will choose: same different

1. same different
2. same different
3. same different
4. same different

2-4 Recognizing Verb Endings and Questions with Did

( a ) I agreed with you. The -ed ending can be hard to hear. It can blend with the next word.
( b ) I agree with you. For the third person simple present, you will hear an -s on the verb.
( c ) She agrees with you.
( d ) We worked today.
( e ) We work today.
( f ) He works today.

( g ) I was in a hurry. The “t” in an “n’t” contraction can also be hard to hear. The “t”
( h ) I wasn’t in a hurry. sound is not released, and you may hear just the “n.”
( i ) They were on time.
( j ) They weren’t on time.

( k ) Did she → Dih-she Note the pronunciation for questions beginning with did. The “d”
( l ) Did we → Dih-we may be dropped, as in (k)–(m). Or, the sounds may change, as in
(m) Did they → Dih-they (n)–(p)

( n ) Did you At this stage of your learning, it is more important to focus on

→ Did-ja OR Did-ya
( o ) Did I hearing the differences rather than pronouncing these words.
→ Dih-di OR Di
( p ) Did he → Dih-de OR De
EXERCISE 18 Listening. (Chart 2-4)
Listen to each sentence. Choose the correct completion(s).

In the Classroom
Example: You will hear: We worked in small groups …
You will choose: a. right now b. yesterday c. on our project

1. a. clearly b. every day c. yesterday

2. a. right now b. last week c. to the class
3. a. almost every day b. yesterday c. before every test
4. a. now b. earlier today c. with a quiz
5. a. with native speakers b. every day c. yesterday
6. a. in biology b. now c. every day
7. a. last week b. last month c. about fish
8. a. every week b. last week c. once a week

EXERCISE 19 Listening. (Chart 2-4)

Part I. Listen to the reduced pronunciations with did.
1. Did you → Did-ja Did you forget something?
Did-ya Did you forget something?
2. Did I → Dih-di Did I forget something?
Di Did I forget something?
3. Did he → Dih-de Did he forget something?
De Did he forget something?
4. Did she → Dih-she Did she forget something?
5. Did we → Dih-we Did we forget something?
6. Did they → Dih-they Did they forget something?

Part II. You will hear questions. Complete each answer with the pronoun and the non-reduced
form of the verb you hear.

1. Yes, he did . He cut it with a knife.

2. Yes, she . She it all yesterday.
3. Yes, I . I them yesterday.
4. Yes, they . They it.
5. Yes, you . You it.
6. Yes, she . She them.
 7. Yes, he . He it to him.
8. Yes, I . I them.
9. Yes, he . He it.
10. Yes, you . You her.

EXERCISE 20 Listening. (Chart 2-4)

Do you know these words?
Part I. The differences between was/ wasn’t and were /weren’t
can be hard to hear in spoken English. The “t” in the negative - nervous
contraction is often dropped, and you may only hear an /n/ - excited
sound. Listen to these examples. - ceremony
1. It was a big wedding. It wasn’t a big wedding. - reception
2. We were early. We weren’t early.
Part II. Listen to these sentences about a wedding.
Circle the words you hear.

At a Wedding
1. was wasn’t 6. was wasn’t
2. was wasn’t 7. was wasn’t
3. were weren’t 8. was wasn’t
4. were weren’t 9. were weren’t
5. was wasn’t 10. were weren’t the groom and bride

EXERCISE 21 Warm-up. (Chart 2-5)

Do you know the spelling rules for these verbs?

Part I. Write the -ing form of each verb under the correct heading.

die give hit try

Drop final -e. Double final consonant. Change -ie to -y . Just add -ing.
Add -ing . Add -ing. Add -ing.

Part II. Write the -ed form of each verb under the correct heading.

enjoy tie stop study

Double final consonant. Change -y to -i. Just add -ed. Just add -d .
Add -ed. Add -ed.
 2-5 Spelling of -ing and -ed Forms
End of Double the Simple
Verb Consonant? Form -ing -ed
-e NO (a) smile smiling smiled -ing form: Drop the -e, add -ing.
hope hoping hoped -ed form: Just add -d.

Two NO (b) help helping helped If the verb ends in two consonants, just
Consonants learn learning learned add -ing or -ed.

Two Vowels NO (c) rain raining rained If the verb ends in two vowels + a
+ One heat heating heated consonant, just add -ing or -ed.
Consonant

One Vowel YES ONE-SYLLABLE VERBS If the verb has one syllable and ends in
+ One one vowel + one consonant, double the
Consonant (d) stop stopping stopped consonant to make the -ing or -ed form.*
plan planning planned

NO TWO-SYLLABLE VERBS If the first syllable of a two-syllable

verb is stressed, do not double the
(e) vısit visiting visited consonant.
offer offering offered

YES ( f ) prefer preferring preferred If the second syllable of a two-syllable

admıt admitting admitted verb is stressed, double the consonant.

-y NO (g) play playing played If the verb ends in a vowel + -y, keep
enjoy enjoying enjoyed the -y. Do not change the -y to -i.

(h) worry worrying worried If the verb ends in a consonant + -y,

study studying studied keep the -y for the -ing form, but change
the -y to -i to make the -ed form.

-ie ( i ) die dying died -ing form: Change the -ie to -y and
tie tying tied add -ing.
-ed form: Just add -d.

*EÅÆ´Á¹³¶²½: Do not double “w” or “x”: snow, snowing, snowed, fix, fixing, fixed.

EXERCISE 22 Looking at spelling. (Chart 2-5)

Write the -ing and -ed forms of these verbs.
-ING -ED
1. wait
2. clean
3. plant

4. plan
 -ING -ED
5. hope

6. hop
7. play
8. study
9. cry
10. die
11. sleep slept (no -ed)

12. run ran (no -ed)

EXERCISE 23 Spelling and grammar. (Chart 2-5)

Part I. Write the correct forms.

1. begin + ing 6. lie + ing

2. close + ing 7. listen + ing
3. hurry + ed 8. open + ing

4. enjoy + ed 9. shop + ing

5. happen + ed 10. try + ed

Part II. Complete the sentences with the correct verb from Part I. Some are present and some
are past.

At the Mall
1. We are for clothes today.

2. We to the mall. We wanted to be there early for the sales.

3. You look upset. What ?

4. This is the wrong size. I on a medium and bought a large.

5. Oh, no. The elevator door is stuck. It isn’t .

6. Shhh. The movie is .

7. I’m to an announcement. It’s 9:50. The mall is

at 10:00 Á.¼.

8. The dressing rooms are messy. Clothes are on the floor.

9. I our shopping trip. It was fun.

EXERCISE 24 Reading and grammar. (Charts 2-1 → 2-5) Do you know these words?
Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in parentheses. - lemonade
- positive
- partner with
FROM LEMONS TO LEMONADE - app
- stock
There is a common saying in English: “When life gives you lemons, make
lemonade.” Do you understand the meaning? Lemons are sour, but
lemonade is sweet. If something bad happens to you, try to make a good
situation out of it.

In 2009, software engineer Brian Acton (have)

1
a bad experience. He (need ) a job. He (apply)
2
at Twitter and Facebook. But the two famous
3
companies (want, not ) to hire him, and both (say)
4
“no.” Acton was disappointed, but he (stay)
5
positive. He (write) after the interview: “It (be)
6 7
a great opportunity to connect with some fantastic people. Looking
8
forward to life’s next adventure.”

That same year, Acton partnered with Jan Koum, a former co-worker, and together they (build )
WhatsApp®, a social network messaging app. Five years later, in 2014,
9
Facebook (buy) WhatsApp for $19 billion in stock and cash. Some
10
people (call ) it a multi-billion dollar mistake, but not for Acton and
11
Koum. The company that said “no” to Acton made him an instant billionaire.

Do you know someone who made lemonade from lemons? Who? What did he or she do?

EXERCISE 25 Listening and speaking. (Charts 2-1 → 2-5)

Part I. Listen to the conversation between two friends about their weekend and answer
the questions.
1. One person had a good weekend. Why?

2. His friend didn’t have a good weekend. Why not?

Part II . Complete the conversation with your partner. Use past tense verbs. Practice saying it
until you can do it without looking at your book. Then change roles and create a new conversation.
Practice it until you don’t need your book. Perform one of the conversations for the class.

A: Did you have a good weekend?

B: Yeah, I .
A: Really? That sounds like fun!
B: It great! I .
How about you? How was your weekend?
A: I .
B: Did you have a good time?
A: Yes. / No. / Not really. .

EXERCISE 26 Warm-up. (Chart 2-6)

Check (✓ ) all the activities you were doing at midnight last night.

1. I was sleeping. 4. I was checking social media.

2. I was eating. 5. I was watching a movie.
3. I was texting. 6. I was having good dreams.

2-6 The Past Progressive

PAST PROGRESSIVE (a) I sat down at the dinner table at The PAST PROGRESSIVE expresses an
6:00 P .M . yesterday. I finished my activity that was in progress (was
meal at 6:30 P.M . occurring, was happening) at a
I was eating dinner between 6:00 particular time in the past, as in
and 6:30. (a)–(c).

(b) I was sleeping at 9:00 last night. In (b), sleeping began before 9:00,
was in progress at that time, and
(c) During dinner, Sam was checking probably continued.
social media.
In (c), the simple past is also
correct: During dinner, Sam checked
social media. (Meaning: He didn’t
continually check it.) Use of the
progressive emphasizes that the
activity is continuing in the past.

(d) — Where is Jon this week? Compare the present progressive, as

— He is traveling on business. in (d), with the past progressive, as
(e) — Jon didn’t come to the party in (e).
last week. I wonder why.
— He was traveling on business.
 Forms of the Past Progressive
STATEMENT I, She, He, It was working.
You, We, They were working.

NEGATIVE I, She, He, It was not (wasn’t) working.

You, We, They were not (weren’t) working.

QUESTION Was I, she, he, it working?

Were you, we, they working?

SHORT ANSWER Yes, I, she, he, it was.

No, I, she, he, it wasn’t.
Yes, you, we, they were.
No, you, we, they weren’t.

EXERCISE 27 Looking at grammar. (Chart 2-6)

Complete the sentences with a form of the verb in italics .

1. Our teacher is helping us get ready for the final exam. Yesterday at this time, he
was helping us get ready for the final exam.

2. Many students are studying in the library today. Yesterday, many students
in the library.

3. The registration office is accepting schedule changes this week. Last week the registration office
schedule changes.

4. I am texting my friends right now. Yesterday at this time, I

my friends.

5. My roommates are working together on a project this afternoon. They

together yesterday afternoon too.

EXERCISE 28 Let’s talk: pairwork. (Chart 2-6)

Work with a partner. Take turns asking and answering the questions. Share some of your partner’s
answers with the class.

1. Were you eating breakfast at 8:00 ±.¼. today?

2. Were you sleeping at 11:00 Á.¼. yesterday?
3. What were you doing at 3:00 Á.¼. yesterday?
4. What were you doing between 8:00 Á.¼. and 9:00 Á.¼. last night?
5. Where were you studying six months ago?
6. Where were you living one year ago?
EXERCISE 29 Vocabulary and grammar. (Chart 2-6)
Complete the sentences with a verb in the box.

clear off ✓ heat up put rinse set serve sweep

Dinnertime

1. What were you doing at 6:00 last night?

I was heating up cold soup in the microwave.

2. What were you doing at 6:10?

I the table with spoons and napkins.

3. What were you doing at 6:15?

I dinner to my family.

4. What were you doing at 6:45?

I the table.

5. What were you doing at 6:50?

I the dishes and them in the dishwasher.

6. What were you doing at 7:00?

I the floor.

EXERCISE 30 Vocabulary, reading, and grammar. (Chart 2-6)

Part I. Write the words under the correct photos.

an outdoor faucet a dripping faucet a leaking pipe a kitchen faucet

1. 2. 3. 4.

Part II. Read the passage.

An Expensive Surprise
The Santis had a problem. They opened their water bill and were in for an expensive surprise.
Their bill was much more than usual. Instead of $100 for the month, their bill was $1,100. They
checked inside their house for problems. Their bathroom sinks weren’t leaking. The kitchen faucet
wasn’t dripping. The toilets weren’t leaking. The pipes weren’t broken. Then they checked outside.
A water faucet was running slightly. But no one used the outdoor faucet. Then they found the
answer. Their dog knew how to turn it on. The weather was unusually hot that summer. While the
Santis were staying indoors with air-conditioning, he was turning on cold water to cool off. The
story was funny, but the ending was not. The Santis were responsible for the entire bill. But they
were glad to know they had a very smart dog.
Part III. Complete the sentences about the reading. Some verbs are negative.
1. The sinks inside the house (cause) weren’t causing problems.
2. The bathroom sinks (drip) .
3. The toilets (work) .
4. Indoor faucets (run) .
5. The outdoor faucet (run) .
6. Their dog (use) the faucet.
7. He (turn) on hot water.
8. He (cool ) off with cold water.

EXERCISE 31 Looking at grammar. (Charts 1-1 and 2-6)

Underline the progressive verbs in the following conversations. Which are present and which are
past? Discuss the way they are used. What are the similarities between the two tenses?
1. A: Where are Jan and Mark? Are they on vacation?
B: Yes, they’re traveling in Kenya for a few weeks.

2. A: I invited Jan and Mark to my birthday party, but they didn’t come.
B: Why not?
A: They were on vacation. They were traveling in Kenya.

3. A: What was I talking about when the phone interrupted me? I forget!
B: You were describing the website you found on the internet yesterday.

4. A: I missed the beginning of the news report. What’s the announcer talking about?
B: She’s describing damage from the rainstorms in Pakistan.

EXERCISE 32 Warm-up. (Chart 2-7)

Underline the verbs in each sentence. Which action is longer? Which
one is shorter?

1. I was driving when the earthquake hit.

2. The road cracked open while I was driving.
3. While the ground was shaking, my car was moving from side
to side.
2-7 Simple Past vs. Past Progressive
SIMPLE PAST (a) Maria walked downtown The simple past is used to talk about
yesterday. an activity or situation that began and
(b) I slept for eight hours last night. ended at a particular time in the past
(e.g., yesterday, last night, two days
ago, in 2014), as in (a) and (b).

PAST PROGRESSIVE (c) During the flight, the person next The past progressive is used to
to me was snoring loudly. emphasize the duration of an activity in
progress in the past.
In (c): The person was snoring from the
beginning of the flight until the end.

(d) Maria was walking downtown The past progressive is used to talk
yesterday when she saw an old about an activity in progress (that
friend from high school. was occurring, was happening) when
(e) I was sleeping when a loud noise another action occurred.
woke me up. In (d): First: Maria was walking.
Then: She saw an old friend.
In (e): First: I was sleeping.
Then: A loud noise woke me up.

( f ) You were working when I was In ( f ) and (g): When two actions are
sleeping. in progress at the same time, the past
(g) While I was doing my homework, progressive can be used in both parts
my roommate was watching of the sentence.
a movie.

(h) When the phone rang, I was sleeping. when = at that time
( i ) The phone rang while I was sleeping. while = during that time
Examples (h) and ( i ) have the same meaning.

EXERCISE 33 Looking at grammar. (Chart 2-7)

Read the sentences in the box and answer the questions that follow.

a. Liza was looking at the limousine. The movie star was waving at her.
b. Liza was looking at the limousine. The movie star waved at her.
c. Liza looked at the limousine. The movie star was waving at her.
d. Liza looked at the limousine. The movie star waved at her.

1. Which sentences have one longer action and one shorter action?
and
2. Which sentence has two longer actions?
3. Which sentence has two short actions?
 4. In Sentence b, what happened first?
5. In Sentence c, what happened first?
6. In Sentence d, what happened first?

EXERCISE 34 Looking at grammar. (Chart 2-7)

Complete the sentences with the simple past or past progressive form of the verbs in parentheses.

1. At 6:00 Á.¼. Robert sat down at the table and began to eat. At 6:05, Robert (eat)
was eating dinner.

2. While Robert (eat) dinner, Ann (come)

through the door.

3. In other words, when Ann (come) through the door, Robert

(eat) dinner.

4. Robert went to bed at 10:30. At 11:00, Robert (sleep ) .

5. While Robert (sleep ) , his cell phone (ring ) .

6. In other words, when his cell phone (ring) , Robert (sleep)

.

7. Robert left his house at 8:00 ±.¼. and (begin) to walk to class.

8. While he (walk) to class, he ( see) Mr. Ito.

9. When Robert (see) Mr. Ito, he (stand )

in his driveway. He (hold) a broom.

10. Mr. Ito (wave) once to Robert when he ( see) him.

EXERCISE 35 Looking at grammar. (Chart 2-7)
Complete the sentences, orally or in writing, using the information in the chart. Use the simple past
for the shorter activity and the past progressive for the longer one.

±Æ¹³¾³¹Ç ³² Á¸¶À¸´½½ ¿´¹Ä »±¾³» µ³µÇ

sit in a café order a salad pay a few bills spill coffee on her lap
stand in an elevator send a text message run into an old friend drop her glasses
dive in the ocean swim past a shark see a dolphin find a shipwreck

1. While Beth was sitting in a café, she ordered a salad.

2. David paid a few bills while he was sitting in a café.

3. Lily coffee on her lap while she in a café.
4. While Beth in an elevator, she a text
message to a friend.
5. David an old friend while he in an
elevator.
6. Lily her glasses while she in an elevator.
7. Beth past a shark while she
in the ocean.
8. While David in the ocean,
he a dolphin.
9. While Lily in the ocean,
she a shipwreck.
a shipwreck

EXERCISE 36 Let’s talk: pairwork. (Charts 2-6 and 2-7)

Work with a partner. Take turns asking and answering the questions. You can look at your book
before you speak. When you speak, look at your partner.

PARTNER A PARTNER B
1. What were you doing at 11:00 last night? 1. What were you doing at 5:00 this morning?
2. What were you doing when the sun came 2. What were you doing when the sun set last
up this morning? night?
3. What were other students doing when you 3. What were you doing when this class
walked into the classroom? began?
4. What were you thinking about when you 4. What were you thinking about when you
got ready for school this morning? came to school today?
5. What were you thinking when you first 5. What were you thinking when you started
spoke English? this exercise?
EXERCISE 37 Reading and speaking. (Charts 2-6 and 2-7)
Your teacher will assign story A to half the class and story B to the other half of the class. Read
your story several times so that you know it without looking at your book. Then tell your story to three
students who have the other story. Take four minutes to tell the first person your story. Then take
three minutes to tell your story to the second student. Finally, take two minutes to tell your story to
the third student. The last time you speak, you should feel more comfortable than the first time.

Story A Do you know

these words?
- float
- rock
- leaf
The Ant and the Bird - hunter
- scream

A
n ant was very thirsty and went to a river to drink.
While he was drinking, he fell into the water. A bird
was sitting in a tree and saw the ant float down the
river. The ant tried to swim to safety but was unsuccessful.
The bird flew to the ant and put a leaf close to
him. The ant climbed onto the leaf and floated
to the shore. While the ant was resting, a hunter
came to the river. He had a rock and planned
to kill the bird. The ant knew this and bit the
hunter in the foot. The hunter screamed, and
while he was screaming, the bird flew to safety.
Moral of the story: Kind acts lead to more kind acts.

Story B Do you know

these words?
- snore
- net
- accidentally
The Lion and the Mouse - angrily
- roar
- escape

A
mouse was running through the forest. - hunter
- hole
He ran past a big lion. The lion was
sleeping and snoring loudly. The mouse
accidentally stepped on the lion’s nose. The lion woke up and
looked at the mouse angrily. “Please don’t hurt me,” the
mouse cried. “Maybe I can help you one day.” The lion laughed and put the
mouse down.
A week later, a hunter’s net caught the lion. The lion
roared and tried to escape. While he was trying to escape,
the mouse came to help him. He cut a hole in the net with
his teeth. Soon the lion was free.
Moral of the story: Kindness brings more kindness.
 EXERCISE 38 Looking at grammar. (Charts 2-6 and 2-7)
Read each pair of sentences and answer the question orally. Explain your answer.
1. a. Julia was eating breakfast. She heard the breaking news* report.
b. Sara heard the breaking news report. She ate breakfast.
Qº´½¹³¶²: Who heard the news report during breakfast?
2. a. Carlo was fishing at the lake. A fish was jumping out of the water.
b. James was fishing at the lake. A fish jumped out of the water.
Qº´½¹³¶²: Who saw a fish jump just one time?
3. a. When the sun came out, Paul walked home.
b. When the sun came out, Vicky was walking home.
Qº´½¹³¶²: Who walked home after the sun came out?
4. a. Joe looked at an email during class.
b. Sam was looking at an email during class.
Qº´½¹³¶²: Who probably spent more time looking at an email?
5. a. Pierre shouted and left the room.
b. Olaf was shouting when he left the room.
Qº´½¹³¶²: Who left after he shouted?
6. a. Erika was walking her dog, Hank. Hank was barking.
b. Kate was walking her dog, Belle. Belle barked.
Qº´½¹³¶²: Which dog barked more?

EXERCISE 39 Looking at grammar. (Chapter 1 and Charts 2-1 → 2-7)

Complete the sentences. Use the simple present, present progressive, simple past, or past
progressive form of the verbs in parentheses.
Part I.
Right now Toshi and Oscar (sit ) are sitting in the library. Toshi (do)
1
his homework, but Oscar ( study, not) .
2 3
He (stare) out the window. Toshi (want) to know
4 5
what Oscar ( look) at.
6
T¶½Ä³: Oscar, what ( you, look) at?
7
O½Æ±¸: I (watch) the skateboarder. Look at that guy over there.
8
He (turn) around in circles on his back wheels. He’s amazing!
9

*breaking news = a special news report on the TV or radio

T¶½Ä³: It (be) easier than it (look) .
10 11
I can teach you some skateboarding basics if you’d like.

O½Æ±¸: Great! Thanks!

Part II.

Yesterday Toshi and Oscar (sit ) were sitting in the library.

12
Toshi (do) his homework, but Oscar (study, not)
13
. He (stare) out the
14 15
window. Toshi (want) to know what Oscar (look)
16
at. Oscar ( point) to the skateboarder. He (say )
17 18
that he was amazing. Toshi (offer) to teach him some
19 20
skateboarding basics.

EXERCISE 40 Grammar and listening. (Chapter 1 and Charts 2-1 → 2-7)

Choose the correct completions. You can check your answers by listening to the audio.

Jennifer’s Problem
Jennifer work / works for an insurance company. When people need / are needing help
1 2
with their car insurance, they call / are calling her. Right now it is 9:05 ±.¼., and Jennifer
3
works / is working at her desk.
4
She came / was coming to work on time this morning. Yesterday Jennifer was / is late
5 6
to work because she had / was having a car accident. While she is driving / was driving to
7 8
work, her cell phone ring / rang. She reached / was reaching for it.
9 10
While she is reaching / was reaching for her phone, Jennifer lost / was losing
11 12
control of the car. It hit / was hitting a telephone pole.
13
Jennifer is / was OK now, but her car isn’t / doesn’t. She feel / feels very
14 15 16
embarrassed. She made / was making a bad decision, especially since it is illegal
17
to talk on a cell phone and drive at the same time in her city.
EXERCISE 41 Listening. (Charts 2-1 → 2-7)
Listen to each conversation. Then listen again and complete the sentences with the words you hear.

At a Checkout Stand in a Grocery Store

1. C±½Ä³´¸: Hi. what you needed?

Cº½¹¶¼´¸: Almost everything. I for sticky rice, but I
it.
C±½Ä³´¸: on aisle 10, in the Asian food section.

2. C±½Ä³´¸: This is the express lane. Ten items only. It like you have more
than ten. count them?
Cº½¹¶¼´¸: I I ten. Oh, I I have
more. Sorry.
C±½Ä³´¸: The checkout stand next to me is open.

3. C±½Ä³´¸: any coupons you wanted to use?

Cº½¹¶¼´¸: I a couple in my purse, but I can’t find them now.
C±½Ä³´¸: What they for? I might have some extras here.
Cº½¹¶¼´¸: One for eggs, and the other for
ice cream.
C±½Ä³´¸: I think I have those.

EXERCISE 42 Warm-up. (Chart 2-8)

Check (✓ ) the sentences that have this meaning:
First action: We gathered our bags.
Second action: The train arrived at the station.
1. We gathered our bags before the train arrived at the station.
2. Before the train arrived at the station, we gathered our bags.
3. After we gathered our bags, the train arrived at the station.
4. As soon as the train arrived at the station, we gathered our bags.
5. We didn’t gather our bags until the train arrived at the station.
 2-8 Expressing Past Time: Using Time Clauses
TIME CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE After I finished my work = a time clause*
(a) I went to bed = a main clause
After I finished my work , I went to bed.
Examples (a) and (b) have the same meaning.
MAIN CLAUSE TIME CLAUSE A time clause can
(b)
I went to bed after I finished my work. (1) come in front of a main clause, as in (a).
(2) follow a main clause, as in (b).

(c) I went to bed after I finished my work. These words introduce time clauses:

,
(d) Before I went to bed I finished my work. after
before
(e) I stayed up until I finished my work. until
+ subject and verb = a time clause
as soon as
,
( f ) As soon as I finished my work I went to bed. while
(g) The phone rang while I was watching TV. when

,
(h) When the phone rang I was watching TV. In ( e ): until = to that time and then no longer**
In ( f ): as soon as = immediately after

PUNCTUATION: Put a comma at the end of a time clause when

the time clause comes first in a sentence (comes in front of
the main clause):
time clause + comma + main clause
main clause + no comma + time clause

,
( i ) When the phone rang I answered it. In a sentence with a time clause introduced by when, both
the time clause verb and the main verb can be simple past.
In this case, the action in the when-clause happened first.
In ( i ): First: The phone rang.
Then: I answered it.

*A clause is a structure that has a subject and a verb.

**Until can also be used to say that something does ²¶¹ happen before a particular time: I didn’t go to bed until I finished
my work.

EXERCISE 43 Looking at grammar. (Chart 2-8)

Check (✓ ) all the clauses. Remember: A clause must have a subject and a complete verb.

1. applying for a visa

2. while the woman was applying for a visa
3. the man took passport photos
4. when the man took passport photos
5. as soon as he finished
6. he needed to finish
7. after she sent her application
8. sending her application
EXERCISE 44 Looking at grammar. (Chart 2-8)
Write “1” before the action that started first. Write “2” before the action that started second.

Taking a Taxi
1. After the taxi dropped me off, I remembered my coat in the backseat.
a. The taxi dropped me off.
b. I remembered my coat in the backseat.

2. I remembered my coat in the backseat after the taxi dropped me off.

a. I remembered my coat in the backseat.
b. The taxi dropped me off.

3. I double-checked the address before I got out of the taxi.

a. I double-checked the address.
b. I got out of the taxi.

4. Before I paid the driver, I asked for a receipt.

a. I paid the driver.
b. I asked for a receipt.

5. After I tipped the driver, he helped me with my luggage.

a. The driver helped me with my luggage.
b. I tipped the driver.

6. I tipped the driver after he helped me with my luggage.

a. I tipped the driver.
b. The driver helped me with my luggage.

EXERCISE 45 Grammar and speaking. (Chart 2-8)

Part I. Combine each set of sentences into one sentence by using a time clause. Discuss correct
punctuation.

My Day
1. First: I cleaned up the kitchen.
Then: I left my apartment this morning.

Before I left my apartment this morning, I cleaned up the kitchen.

I cleaned up the kitchen before I left my apartment this morning.

2. First: It began to rain.

Then: I took out my umbrella.
When
when
 3. First: I worked all day.
Then: I went home.
After
after

4. First: I heard the doorbell.

Then: I opened the door.
As soon as
as soon as

5. First: I chatted with my neighbor.

Then: I needed to go to bed.
Until
until

6. At the same time: My neighbor was talking.

I was thinking about my job.
While
while

Part II. Work with a partner. One partner says the two sentences + the time word. The other
partner, with book closed, combines the sentences. Take turns.

EXERCISE 46 Looking at grammar. (Charts 2-1 → 2-8)

Complete the sentences. Use the simple past or the past progressive form of the verbs in
parentheses.

First Aid
1. I (cut) my thumb while I (use)
a knife. It hurt and I
( yell ) “Ouch.” My girlfriend
bandages, tape, gauze, tablets, scissors
(bring) the first-aid kit.
She (take) out a bandage because my thumb ( bleed )
. She (clean) it, but the bandage (be)
too small, so she (wrap) my thumb with gauze and tape.

2. A bee (sting) Mr. Romeo on the leg when he ( plant )

flowers. He is slightly allergic to bees. His wife ( give)
him some medicine to help with the allergic reaction.
 3. While my son (work) at a construction site, he ( fall )
off a ladder and (break) his ankle. He (lie)
on the ground when some co-workers ( find )
him. They (call ) 911. They ( put) ice on his ankle
and (keep) him warm until the medics (arrive )_______________ .

EXERCISE 47 Warm-up. (Chart 2-9)

Part I. Think about your experiences when you were a beginning learner of English. Check (✓ )
the statements that are true for you.
When I was a beginning learner of English, …
1. I felt nervous when someone asked me a question.
2. I checked my dictionary frequently.
3. I asked people to speak very, very slowly.
4. I translated sentences into my language a lot.

Part II. Look at the sentences you checked. Are some of these statements no longer true? If the
answer is “yes,” you can express your ideas with used to. Check (✓ ) the statements that are true
for you.
1. I used to feel nervous when someone asked me a question.
2. I used to check my dictionary frequently.
3. I used to ask people to speak very, very slowly.
4. I used to translate sentences into my language a lot.

2-9 Expressing Past Habit: Used To

(a) I used to live with my parents. Now I live in my Used to expresses a past situation or habit that no
own apartment. longer exists at present.
(b) Ann used to be afraid of dogs, but now she likes FORM: used to + the simple form of a verb
dogs.
(c) Al used to smoke, but he doesn’t anymore.

(d) Did you use to live in Paris? QUESTION FORM: did + subject + use to*

(e) I didn’t use to drink coffee at breakfast, but NEGATIVE FORM: didn’t use to
now I always have coffee in the morning. Never can also be used to express a negative idea
( f ) I never used to drink coffee at breakfast, but with used to, as in ( f ).
now I always have coffee in the morning.

*Both forms use to and used to are possible in questions and negatives: Did you used to live in Paris? I didn’t used to
drink coffee. English language authorities do not agree on which is preferable.
EXERCISE 48 Looking at grammar. (Chart 2-9)
Make sentences with a similar meaning by using used to. Some of the sentences are negative, and
some of them are questions.
1. When I was a child, I was shy. Now I’m not shy.
I used to be shy, but now I’m not.

2. When I was young, I thought that people over 40 were old.

I that people over 40 were old. Now I’m 40, and I don’t feel old!

3. Now you live in this city. Where did you live before you came here?
Where ?

4. Did you work for the phone company at some time in the past?
for the phone company?

5. When I was younger, I slept through the night. I never woke up in the middle of the night.
Now I wake up a lot.
I through the night, but now I don’t.
I in the middle of the night, but now I do.

6. When I was a child, I watched cartoons on TV. I don’t watch cartoons anymore. Now I stream
movies.
I cartoons on TV, but I don’t anymore.
I movies, but now I do.

7. How about you?

What on TV when you were little?

EXERCISE 49 Let’s talk: interview. (Chart 2-9)

Walk around the classroom. Make a question with used to for each item. When you find a person
who says “yes,” write down his/her name and go on to the next question. Share a few of your
answers with the class.

Childhood Fun
Find someone who used to …
1. play in the mud. → Did you use to play in the mud?
2. play with dolls or toy soldiers.
3. believe in monsters.
4. catch frogs or snakes.
5. play jokes on the teacher at school.
6. watch cartoons.
7. swing on a rope swing.

a rope swing
EXERCISE 50 Check your knowledge. (Chapter 2 Review)
Correct the errors in verb tense usage.
live
1. Alex used to living in Cairo.

2. Did you be sick last week?

3. Rico catched a cold after he plaied outside for several hours.

4. My grandma lose her keys at the mall last week.

5. Junko used to worked for an investment company.

6. We didn’t no have fun when we went to the party.

7. Was your plane arrived on time last night?

8. While my mom shopping, someone took her credit cards.

9. All the students checking their phones during the class break.

10. My family used to going to the beach every weekend, but now we don’t.

EXERCISE 51 Reading and writing. (Chapter 2) Do you know these words?

Part I. Read the passage. Underline the time words.
- journey - take a nap
- fame - publisher
- unexpected
J. K. ROWLING - rejection letter
- single mother - wealth
y

J. K. Rowling used to be an English language teacher before

she became famous as the author of the Harry Potter series.
From 1991 to 1994, she spent time in Portugal. While she was living there, she taught English.
She was also working on her first Harry Potter book. Her journey from teacher to worldwide
fame is an unexpected story.
After Rowling taught in Portugal, she went back to Scotland. By then she was a single mother
with a young daughter. She didn’t have much money, but she didn’t want to return to teaching
until she completed her book. Rowling did a lot of writing in a café. Her apartment was cold,
and she enjoyed drinking coffee. While her daughter was taking naps beside her, Rowling
worked on her book. She wrote quickly, and when her daughter was three,
Rowling finished Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone.*
Many publishers were not interested in her book. She doesn’t remember
how many rejection letters she got — maybe twelve. Finally, a small
publishing company, Bloomsbury, accepted it. Shortly after its publication,
the book began to sell quickly, and Rowling soon became famous. Now
there are several Harry Potter books, and Rowling is one of the wealthiest
and most successful women in the world.

*In the United States and India, this title was changed to Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone.
Part II. Choose a famous person you are interested in. Find information about the person’s life.
Make a list of important or interesting events. Then write one or more paragraphs to share this
information. Use appropriate time words and expressions to help your readers follow your ideas,
and edit your verbs carefully.

WRITING TIP
When you are writing about the past, it is helpful to use time words to connect some of your
sentences:
Before When Soon Finally
After While By then Shortly after
Now
Time words and expressions make it easier for the reader to follow your ideas. Look at what
happens to the beginning of the second paragraph in the passage without time words:
Rowling taught in Portugal. She went back to Scotland. She was a single mother
with a young daughter.
It is difficult for the reader to understand exactly what happened and when. Also, the writing
is “choppy” — it is not clear how the ideas connect to each other.

Part III. Edit your writing. Check for the following:

1. correct use of the simple past (a finished event)
2. correct use of the past progressive (a past event in progress)
3. use of some time words to connect ideas
4. correct spelling (use a dictionary or spell-check)

For digital resources, go to the Pearson Practice English app. You can download the app from the
Pearson English Portal.