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Steel Fundamentals - Training Manual

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179 views

Steel Fundamentals - Training Manual

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Tekla Structural Designer

Steel Design Fundamentals

Training manual

Copyright © 1992 - 2017 Trimble Solutions Corporation. All rights reserved.

Disclaimer ii (136)

Disclaimer
This Software Manual has been developed for use with the referenced Software. Use of the Software, and use of this
Software Manual are governed by a License Agreement. Among other provisions, the License Agreement sets certain
warranties for the Software and this Manual, disclaims other warranties, limits recoverable damages, defines
permitted uses of the Software, and determines whether you are an authorized user of the Software. All information
set forth in this manual is provided with the warranty set forth in the License Agreement. Please refer to the License
Agreement for important obligations and applicable limitations and restrictions on your rights. Trimble does not
guarantee that the text is free of technical inaccuracies or typographical errors. Trimble reserves the right to make
changes and additions to this manual due to changes in the software or otherwise.

In addition, this Software Manual is protected by copyright law and by international treaties. Unauthorized
reproduction, display, modification, or distribution of this Manual, or any portion of it, may result in severe civil and
criminal penalties, and will be prosecuted to the full extent permitted by law.

Tekla, Tekla Structures, Tekla BIMsight, BIMsight, Tekla Civil, Tedds, Solve, Fastrak and Orion are either registered
trademarks or trademarks of Trimble Solutions Corporation in the European Union, the United States, and/or other
countries. More about Trimble Solutions trademarks: http://www.tekla.com/tekla- trademarks. Trimble is a
registered trademark or trademark of Trimble Navigation Limited in the European Union, in the United States and/or
other countries. More about Trimble trademarks: http://www.trimble.com/trademarks.aspx. Other product and
company names mentioned in this Manual are or may be trademarks of their respective owners. By referring to a
third-party product or brand, Trimble does not intend to suggest an affiliation with or endorsement by such third
party and disclaims any such affiliation or endorsement, except where otherwise expressly stated.

Portions of this software:

D-Cubed 2D DCM © 2010 Siemens Industry Software Limited. All rights reserved.
EPM toolkit © 1995-2004 EPM Technology a.s., Oslo, Norway. All rights reserved.
Open CASCADE Technology © 2001-2014 Open CASCADE SA. All rights reserved.
FLY SDK - CAD SDK © 2012 VisualIntegrity™. All rights reserved.
Teigha © 2003-2014 Open Design Alliance. All rights reserved.
PolyBoolean C++ Library © 2001-2012 Complex A5 Co. Ltd. All rights reserved.
FlexNet Copyright © 2014 Flexera Software LLC. All Rights Reserved.
This product contains proprietary and confidential technology, information and creative
works owned by Flexera Software LLC and its licensors, if any. Any use, copying, publication, distribution, display,
modification, or transmission of such technology in whole or in part in any form or by any means without the prior
express written permission of Flexera Software LLC is strictly prohibited. Except where expressly provided by Flexera
Software LLC in writing, possession of this technology shall not be construed to confer any license or rights under any
Flexera Software LLC intellectual property rights, whether by estoppel, implication, or
otherwise.

To see all the third-party licenses, go to Tekla Structures, click Help --> About and click the Third-party licenses
button.

The elements of the software described in this Manual are protected by several patents and possibly pending patent
applications in the United Stated and/or other countries. For more information go to page
http://www.tekla.com/tekla-patents.

Training manual Tekla Structural Designer

Table of Contents
Typographical conventions..................................................................................................................8
Note boxes..........................................................................................................................................8
Information about training ..................................................................................................................8

Session 1 – Selection techniques, Properties window and Property Sets............................................ 9

1 Selection techniques, Properties window and Property Sets ................................................. 10

1.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 10

1.2 Session Aim .......................................................................................................................................... 10

1.3 Time to Complete ................................................................................................................................. 10

1.4 Selection Techniques ............................................................................................................................ 10

1.4.1 How do I select an individual entity? ................................................................................................... 11
1.4.2 How do I add further individual entities to the current selection? ....................................................... 11
1.4.3 How do I deselect a single entity from the current selection?.............................................................. 11
1.4.4 How do I select multiple entities? ....................................................................................................... 11
How do I select multiple entities by dragging a box? ......................................................................... 11
How do I select multiple entities by drawing a line? .......................................................................... 12
How do I deselect all entities? ........................................................................................................... 12
1.4.5 Selecting entities via the Structure tree............................................................................................... 13

1.5 Properties Window .............................................................................................................................. 14

1.5.1 How do I edit the properties of a single entity? ................................................................................... 14
1.5.2 How do I edit the properties of multiple entities? ............................................................................... 15

1.6 Property Sets........................................................................................................................................ 17

1.6.1 How do I save properties to a named property set? ............................................................................ 17
How do I create a property set prior to creating an entity in the model? ........................................... 17
How do I create a property set based on an existing entity in the model? ......................................... 18
1.6.2 How do I recall a previously saved property set? ................................................................................. 18
To create a new entity ...................................................................................................................... 18
To apply to an existing entity ............................................................................................................ 19
1.6.3 How do I manage property sets? ......................................................................................................... 20

1.7 Trainee Task ......................................................................................................................................... 21

1.8 What have we learned?........................................................................................................................ 28

Session 2 – Model Validation ............................................................................................................ 29

2 Model Validation .................................................................................................................... 30

2.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 30

Training manual Tekla Structural Designer

2.2 Session Aim .......................................................................................................................................... 30

2.3 Time to Complete ................................................................................................................................. 30

2.4 How do I run model validation? ............................................................................................................ 30

2.5 What are Validation Errors and Warnings? ........................................................................................... 31

2.6 How do I locate Validation Errors? ........................................................................................................ 31

2.6.1 Working with the Status Tree of the Project Workspace...................................................................... 31

2.7 Common Validation Errors ................................................................................................................... 32

2.7.1 “Panel is not surrounded by load carrying members” .......................................................................... 32
RI (Roof Item).................................................................................................................................... 32
SI (Slab Item)..................................................................................................................................... 33
2.7.2 Member Collision................................................................................................................................ 35
2.7.3 Member intersection .......................................................................................................................... 36
2.7.4 ”Slab overlap” ..................................................................................................................................... 39

2.8 What have we learned?........................................................................................................................ 41

Session 3 – Design Process – Part 1 ................................................................................................... 42

3 Design Process ........................................................................................................................ 43

3.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 43

3.2 Session Aim .......................................................................................................................................... 43

3.3 Time to Complete ................................................................................................................................. 43

3.4 Combination Classes ............................................................................................................................ 44

3.5 Properties ............................................................................................................................................ 44

3.5.1 Gravity only ........................................................................................................................................ 45
3.5.2 Autodesign ......................................................................................................................................... 46

3.6 Design Options ..................................................................................................................................... 48

3.6.1 Design Options - Analysis .................................................................................................................... 48
What is geometric (P-delta) non-linearity? ........................................................................................ 49
First-order (Elastic) analysis............................................................................................................... 49
Second-order (P-delta) analysis ......................................................................................................... 50
Table of analysis options and non-linearity considered...................................................................... 50
3.6.2 Design Options - Design Forces ........................................................................................................... 51
3.6.3 Design Options – Autodesign .............................................................................................................. 52

3.7 Show Process Window ......................................................................................................................... 53

3.8 Design (Gravity).................................................................................................................................... 54

3.8.1 How do I run Design Steel (Gravity)? ................................................................................................... 54

Training manual Tekla Structural Designer

3.9 Structural, Solver, Results and Review View ......................................................................................... 55

3.9.1 Changing the View Type ...................................................................................................................... 55
How do I change the View Type from the Status Bar? ....................................................................... 55
How do I change the View Type from the active view tab? ................................................................ 56

3.10 Check the Status tree ........................................................................................................................... 57

3.11 Check the Loading Summary................................................................................................................. 58

3.12 Review View overview.......................................................................................................................... 59

3.12.1 Design/Slab Design ............................................................................................................................. 60
Status ............................................................................................................................................... 60
Ratio ................................................................................................................................................. 61
3.12.2 Show\Alter State................................................................................................................................. 62
Auto\Check Design............................................................................................................................ 62
Diaphragm On\Off ............................................................................................................................ 63
Restrained\Unrestrained................................................................................................................... 64
Fixed\Pinned..................................................................................................................................... 65
BIM Status ........................................................................................................................................ 66
Steel ................................................................................................................................................. 66
Copy Properties ................................................................................................................................ 67

3.13 Analysis and Design Status ................................................................................................................... 68

3.14 Review individual members .................................................................................................................. 69

3.14.1 Right click context menu overview ...................................................................................................... 69
Edit Member ..................................................................................................................................... 70
Open Load Analysis View .................................................................................................................. 71
Open Member View .......................................................................................................................... 72
Show Member Loading ..................................................................................................................... 72
Check Member.................................................................................................................................. 73
Design Member ................................................................................................................................ 73
Report for Member ........................................................................................................................... 74
Save a Screenshot ............................................................................................................................. 74
3.14.2 How to Check Member/Design Member/Edit... ................................................................................... 75
Scenario 1 – Check Member/Edit Member/Check Member ............................................................... 75
Scenario 2 – Check Member/Design Member.................................................................................... 77

3.15 Using the Review View ......................................................................................................................... 78

3.15.1 Review view – Steel and Copy Properties Commands .......................................................................... 79
3.15.2 Review view – Auto\Check design ....................................................................................................... 81
3.15.3 Re-run Steel Design (Gravity) .............................................................................................................. 82

Session 3 - Design Process – Part 2 ................................................................................................................... 83

3.16 Design Steel (Static) .............................................................................................................................. 83

3.16.1 How do I run Design Steel (Static)?...................................................................................................... 83
3.16.2 Using the Review view again ............................................................................................................... 85

Training manual Tekla Structural Designer

3.17 Second Order Effects – Brief Discussion ................................................................................................ 87

3.18 Using the Results view to review forces and displacements .................................................................. 90
3.18.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 90
3.18.2 Project Workspace - Status tree .......................................................................................................... 90
3.18.3 The Results view ................................................................................................................................. 93

3.19 Tabular data ......................................................................................................................................... 97

3.19.1 Design Tabular data ............................................................................................................................ 97
3.19.2 Analysis Tabular data .......................................................................................................................... 98
3.19.3 What have we learned? ...................................................................................................................... 99

Session 4 – Wind Modeler ............................................................................................................... 100

4 Wind Modeler ....................................................................................................................... 101

4.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 101

4.2 Session Aim ........................................................................................................................................ 101

4.3 Time to Complete ............................................................................................................................... 101

4.4 Scope ................................................................................................................................................. 102

4.5 How do I use the Wind Modeler? ....................................................................................................... 103

4.6 Applying Wall and Roof Panels ........................................................................................................... 104

4.6.1 Modeling Wall Panels........................................................................................................................ 105
How do I create a wall panel? ......................................................................................................... 105
How do I edit the properties of a wall panel? .................................................................................. 107
How do I reverse a wall panel?........................................................................................................ 108
4.6.2 Modeling Roof Panels ....................................................................................................................... 110
How do I create a roof panel? ......................................................................................................... 110
How do I edit the properties of a roof panel? .................................................................................. 111
Defining the Roof Panel type ........................................................................................................... 112

4.7 The Wind Wizard ................................................................................................................................ 114

4.7.1 Running the Wind Wizard ................................................................................................................. 114
Method Page .................................................................................................................................. 114
All Heights Building Geometry Page ................................................................................................ 115
Basic Wind Data Page...................................................................................................................... 116
Results ............................................................................................................................................ 117

4.8 Project Workspace – Wind Tree ......................................................................................................... 119

4.9 Wind Directional View ........................................................................................................................ 120

4.10 Wind Zones ........................................................................................................................................ 121

4.10.1 Wall Zones ........................................................................................................................................ 121

Training manual Tekla Structural Designer

4.10.2 Roof Zones ........................................................................................................................................ 123

Changing the Roof type designation. ............................................................................................... 124
Updating Zones ............................................................................................................................... 124

4.11 Wind Load Cases ................................................................................................................................ 126

4.11.1 How do I define Wind load cases? ..................................................................................................... 126

4.12 Wind Load Decomposition ................................................................................................................. 129

4.13 Wind Load Combinations.................................................................................................................... 132

4.14 Wind Loading Summary...................................................................................................................... 132

4.15 Delete Wind Model ............................................................................................................................ 133

5 Changing the Design code ..................................................................................................... 135

5.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 135

5.2 Session Aim ........................................................................................................................................ 135

5.3 Time to Complete ............................................................................................................................... 135

5.4 Head Code.......................................................................................................................................... 135

5.5 How do I configure the default Design Codes to be applied to new projects? ..................................... 136

5.6 How do I change Design Codes in an existing project? ........................................................................ 136

5.7 Model changes ................................................................................................................................... 136

5.8 What have we learned?...................................................................................................................... 136

Training manual Tekla Structural Designer

Conventions used in this guide

Typographical conventions

The following typographical conventions are used in this guide:

Header Usage
Bold Any text that you see in the user interface appears in bold. This
font is used, for example, for window and dialog box titles, box
and button names, and list items.
Italic bold New terms are in italic bold when they appear in the current
context for the first time.

Note boxes

The following types of note boxes are used in this guide:

A tip might introduce a shortcut, or suggest alternative ways of doing

things.

A note draws attention to details that you might easily overlook. It

can also point you to other information in this guide that you might
find useful.

You should always read very important notes and warnings, like
this one. They will help you avoid making serious mistakes, or
wasting your time.

Information about training

Some of the pictures and videos in this training package are from older versions of the program. Any
information shown is still relevant and the same for newer versions.

Training manual Tekla Structural Designer

© Trimble Solutions Corporation | November 7, 2017 Steel Design Fundamentals
1 Selection techniques, Properties window and Property Sets 9 (136)

LESSON
1

Session 1 – Selection techniques, Properties window and Property Sets

Training manual Tekla Structural Designer

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1 Selection techniques, Properties window and Property Sets 10 (136)

1 Selection techniques, Properties window and Property Sets

1.1 Introduction
In this section, you will quickly revisit the various selection techniques as they are fundamental to your
ability to alter the properties of elements.

1.2 Session Aim

The aim of this topic is to:
• Revisit the different selection techniques.
• Revisit the Properties window and its interaction with selected elements.
• Create, save, apply and manage Property Sets.

1.3 Time to Complete

We recommend that you set aside 30 minutes to run through this session.

1.4 Selection Techniques

Step 1 Open the example model file 1_Selection_Properties_Sets_Start.tsmd

• When no command is operational you are automatically in Select mode.

• Press Escape or double right mouse click to exit a command if the yellow command bar is active.

• Press Escape or double right mouse click to clear a selection when in select mode.

To perform an operation (edit, delete, etc.) on an entity or group of entities they must first be selected.

Entities can only be selected/deselected if they are visible in the View you are working in.

If planar objects (slabs, roofs, area loads etc.) lie over the start point for performing your selection, you
may want to use Scene Content to switch off the display, (assuming you don’t want to have them
considered in your selection).

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1.4.1 How do I select an individual entity?

• Move the cursor over the required entity in a 2D or 3D View.

– If the entity is the only one at that location it will become highlighted (it will also be the one
listed in the Select Entity tooltip).
– If several entities exist at the same location they will all be listed in the Select Entity tooltip,
with only the first one being highlighted. If this is not the required entity, use the tab key or
the up/down cursor keys to scroll through the list.
• When the required entity is highlighted, you can either press the Enter key or left click to select it.

The selected entity’s properties are displayed in the Properties Window.

Step 2 Try selecting different single entities.

1.4.2 How do I add further individual entities to the current selection?

• Hold the Ctrl key while clicking on each subsequent entity.

The selected entity’s properties are added to those already displayed in the Properties Window.

Step 3 Try adding further single entities to your selection.

1.4.3 How do I deselect a single entity from the current selection?

• Hold the Ctrl key whilst clicking on the entity you want to deselect.

The entity’s properties are removed from the Properties Window.

Step 4 Try removing single entities from your existing selection.

1.4.4 How do I select multiple entities?

There are three methods available which will be discussed below.

How do I select multiple entities by dragging a box?

If you only want to select entities which are totally encompassed by the box:

• Move the cursor to the left corner of an imaginary box which will encompass the entities that you
want to select.
• Click and hold the left mouse button.
• Drag to the diametrically opposite corner of the box (you will see a purple rectangle on the screen
which follows your mouse movements).
• Release the mouse button.

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Hold the Ctrl key to add to an existing selection.

If you drag a box to encompass a stack of a column the entire column will be included in the selection.

Step 5 Try selecting multiple entities by dragging a box left to right.

If you want to select those entities which are totally encompassed by the box and which cross box’s
perimeter, then:

• Move the cursor to the right corner of an imaginary box which will encompass the entities that
you want to select.
• Click and hold the left mouse button.
• Drag to the diametrically opposite corner of the box (you will see a green rectangle on the screen
which follows your mouse movements and helps you to check the area you are selecting).
• Release the mouse button.

Hold the Ctrl key to add to an existing selection.

Step 6 Try selecting multiple entities by dragging a box right to left.

How do I select multiple entities by drawing a line?

To select those entities which cross a line:

• Move the cursor to the start of an imaginary line which will cross the entities that you want to
select.
• Hold the Shift key and click and hold the left mouse button.
• Drag to the opposite end of an imaginary line (you will see a dotted black line on the screen which
follows your mouse movements and helps you to check the area you are selecting).
• Release the mouse button and then the Shift key.

Hold the Ctrl key to add to an existing selection.

Step 7 Try selecting multiple entities by holding the Shift key and dragging a line.

How do I deselect all entities?

• Double right click or press the Esc key will deselect all currently selected entities.

The information displayed in the Properties Window is also cleared.

Step 8 Try deselecting all entities.

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1.4.5 Selecting entities via the Structure tree

Only individual entities or groups of similar entities can be selected from the Structure Tree, it is not
possible to select multiple members in this way.

• Expand the Members branch of the Structure tree and then the appropriate sub-branches until the
member references are displayed.
• Click either a single entity from the list (to select just this entity) or the folder (to select all).

Right-click the required member’s reference or folder and then pick ‘Select in visible views’ from the
context menu to highlight in the View.

Step 9 Select a single entity from the Structure tree and review the Properties window.
Step 10 Right click the selected entity in the Structure tree and choose Select in visible views to
highlight the selected entity in the view
Step 11 Select a member folder and review the Properties window.

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1.5 Properties Window

When a new entity is created, it adopts the properties shown in the Properties Window. You should
therefore ensure the properties are correct before you place the entity.

When an existing entity is selected its properties are displayed in the Properties Window where they
can be edited.

1.5.1 How do I edit the properties of a single entity?

• Select the entities as detailed in the Section 1.4.1 How do I select an individual entity?
• Change the properties as required using the Properties Window.

Individual properties can also be edited via the Property Dialog, by right clicking an entity in the View
and choosing Edit from the context menu.

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Step 12 Right click a roof beam in the model and select Edit from the context menu to bring up the
Properties dialog. Review the information.

1.5.2 How do I edit the properties of multiple entities?

• Select the entities as detailed in the Section 1.4.4 How do I select multiple entities?
• If multiple entities of different types are selected, then property information is displayed
separately for each type. A dropdown menu at the top of the Properties Window is used for
moving between types.

• Change the properties as required using the Properties Window.

The Properties Window will show a blank where a property (Reference format, Alignment, Offset,
Report etc.) is not identical for all the selected entities.

• If you change a blanked property, the new setting is applied to all the selected entities.
• If a blank property is unchanged, the respective settings for the selected entities are maintained.

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Step 13 Select the roof eaves beams (highlighted in the screenshot below) using any of the
techniques learned in steps 2 to 8. Review the Properties window to confirm 4 entities are
selected.

Step 14 Change the characteristic to a Brace (1), turn off Autodesign (2) and assign the Section as a
HSS 3.500x0.203 (3) section. The View is updated to reflect the changes.

Step 15 Undo the previous changes.

Pressing Undo once undoes the last property change i.e. Section. Thus, you will need to press undo
multiple times to revert to the characteristic Beam!

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1.6 Property Sets

In a typical model, you may want to apply the same properties to similar members at several different
locations. To do this efficiently, once properties have been set up for a member you can save them
away to a named Property Set for subsequent application.

1.6.1 How do I save properties to a named property set?

Property sets can be created before you place an entity in the model or can be created from an
existing entity that is already in the model.

How do I create a property set prior to creating an entity in the model?

Properties can only be saved to a property set from the Properties Window when there are no items
selected - this ensures that unique entries exist for each of the properties in the set.

• Click the item you want to save a property set for from the Model or Load tab i.e. the Steel Beam
command.
• The drop list at the top of the Properties Window should read ‘<unsaved set>’.
• Specify the properties as required, then click the Save... button.

• Enter a name for the saved set.

Step 16 Try saving a property set called Infill Beam for a steel beam prior to creating it in the model
using the method above. Remember to change some of the properties prior to saving it!

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How do I create a property set based on an existing entity in the model?

Properties for an existing entity in the model can be saved as a property

set by:

• Right click on the entity you wish to save the properties for
• Select Create property set… from the context menu
• Enter a unique property set name

Step 17 Try creating a property set called Edge Beam from an existing edge beam entity in the model
using the method above.

1.6.2 How do I recall a previously saved property set?

To create a new entity

Provided you have previously saved a property set, you can recall it again later from the Properties
Window - but only when it is applicable to the current command.

For example, assume different steel beam properties have previously been assigned to the main,
secondary and edge beams in a structure, each being saved to a set for re-use. You subsequently want
to re-use the edge beam properties.

To recall the edge beam property set:

• Click the Steel Beam command on the Model ribbon.

Properties previously defined and applicable to steel beams only are displayed in the Properties
Window.

• Click the drop list at the top of the Properties Window - only the previously saved steel beam
property sets are displayed.
• Choose the ‘Infill Beam’ property set.

Step 18 Try recalling the Infill Beam property set you created in step 15 using the method above
ready to create a new steel beam in the model.

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To apply to an existing entity

• Select the entities as detailed in the Section 1.4 Selection Techniques.

• If multiple entities of different types are selected, then property information is displayed
separately for each type. A dropdown menu at the top of the Properties Window is used for
moving between types. Select the type to work with.

• Click Apply…

• Select the property set you wish to assign to the selected entities and click OK to apply the change.

Step 19 Try selecting a few edge beams in the model and clicking Apply… and apply the Edge Beam
property set to all the selected beams.

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1.6.3 How do I manage property sets?

Property sets can be managed from the Home tab of the Ribbon, Project group using the Manage
Property Sets command.

The different property set types such as line elements are listed. Click the + icon to expand the list to
show the sub-items.

• To delete a property set, ensure the property set is checked and click the Delete button.

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1.7 Trainee Task

Using the techniques in the previous section, you will open a model file that is also used for the design
session. However, this model file has incorrect design properties, for example, all entities are fully
restrained with pinned beams and you will therefore need to use the various selection techniques in
conjunction with the Properties window to amend the properties of entities for design in the later
session.

Step 1 Open the model file 2_Trainee_Task_Start.tsmd if not already open.

Step 2 Select the two highlighted beams in the screenshot below, remember to hold the CTRL key
down to add to an existing selection. In the Properties window check the number of entities
you are working on (1), turn off Autodesign (2) and assign a section W 12x30 (3).

• The Autodesign option will be discussed later.

Step 3 To clear the selection press the Escape key or double right click when finished.

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Step 4 Select the two highlighted columns in the screenshot below, remember to hold the CTRL key
to add to an existing selection.
In the Properties window check the number of entities you are working on displays 2 steel
columns (1), turn off Autodesign (2) and assign a section W 14x26 (3).

• The Autodesign option will be discussed later.

Step 5 To clear the selection press the Escape key or double right click when finished.

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Step 6 Select all the braces using the Structure tree (1), Members branch (2) as the screenshot
below.
Right click the branch and Select in Visible views to show the selected entities in the active
view.
In the Properties window check the number of entities you are working on (3), ensure the
Design section order is SQ HSS (you will need to create one), turn off Autodesign (4), assign a
section HSS 5x5x0.25 and change grade to A 500B-46 (5).

• The Autodesign option will be discussed later in the design session.

Step 7 To clear the selection press the Escape key or double right click when finished.

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The steel bracing will resist lateral movement in the Y direction. In the X direction you need to assign a
moment frame.

In this step, you will alter the properties of one of the beams forming a moment-resisting frame, create
a Property Set of this beam and then apply the saved property set to the other moment frame beams.

Step 8 Select the beam highlighted in the screenshot below.

In the Properties window check the number you are working on (1) and under the Releases
section set the fixity at both ends of the beam to Moment (2). In TSD, an end fixity of
“moment” provides load paths for shear in minor axis, moment and shear in the major axis,
and torsion.

Training manual Tekla Structural Designer

© Trimble Solutions Corporation | November 7, 2017 Steel Design Fundamentals
1 Selection techniques, Properties window and Property Sets 25 (136)

Step 9 Right click on the beam in the view to bring up the context menu and select Create Property
Set.
Provide an identifiable name i.e. Moment Beam and click OK.

This saves a property set comprising all the property details of this beam for re-call and re-use later.

Step 10 To clear the selection press the Escape key or double right click when finished.

Training manual Tekla Structural Designer

© Trimble Solutions Corporation | November 7, 2017 Steel Design Fundamentals
1 Selection techniques, Properties window and Property Sets 26 (136)

Step 11 Select the other beams forming the moment-resisting frames per the screenshot below.
In the Properties window check the quantity of beams selected for editing (1) and click Apply
(2) to bring up the Select property set dialog.
Select the Moment Beam property set you wish to apply to the selection and click OK to
apply the changes.

Training manual Tekla Structural Designer

© Trimble Solutions Corporation | November 7, 2017 Steel Design Fundamentals
1 Selection techniques, Properties window and Property Sets 27 (136)

Step 12 Select all the beams above the eaves level and the two beams on the 2 nd floor to the side of
the opening as the screenshot below.

One way to do this is to use the Scene content window to turn off the panels (Roof, Wall and
Slab) and the columns braces and trusses.

You can then drag a box to encompass all the items above the eaves level, hold down CTRL
and add the two remaining beams on the 2nd floor level to the selection.

In the Properties window check the number you are working on (1) and change the restraint
to No (2) to assign the beam as unrestrained.

In the Design session, you will look at an alternative way of defining entities as retrained/unrestrained
using the Review View - Show/Alter State group.

Step 13 To clear the selection press the Escape key or double right click when finished.

Training manual Tekla Structural Designer

© Trimble Solutions Corporation | November 7, 2017 Steel Design Fundamentals
1 Selection techniques, Properties window and Property Sets 28 (136)

Step 14 Select all the beams on the 1st and 2nd floor except for those labelled a through f as the
screenshot below.

One way to do this is to use the Scene content window to turn off the panels (Roof, Wall and
Slab) and the columns braces and trusses.

You can then drag a box to encompass all the items on the 1st and 2nd floor level, hold down
CTRL and deselect the beams labelled a-f.

In the Properties window check the type and number you are working on (1) and check the
Gravity only option (2) to assign the beam to be designed for gravity only combinations.

In the Design session, you will look at the gravity only option.

Step 15 To clear the selection press the Escape key or double right click when finished.
Step 16 Save the model file as Selection_Properties_Sets_TraineeTaskCompleted.tsmd

1.8 What have we learned?

Having run through this session you should now understand how selection and the properties window
work hand in hand. How to select individual and multiple entities, make edits in the properties window
and create, apply and delete property sets.

Training manual Tekla Structural Designer

LESSON
2

Session 2 – Model Validation

Training manual Tekla Structural Designer

2 Model Validation

2.1 Introduction

The purpose of Validation is to identify errors that will cause the solver to fail before the model is
submitted for analysis.

2.2 Session Aim

The aim of this topic is to:

• Learn how to undertake a manual Validation of the model.
• Understand what Validation Error and Warnings are.
• Understand how to locate modelling validation errors in the model using the Status tree and
Views.
• Rectify common validation errors.

2.3 Time to Complete

We recommend that you set aside 30 minutes to run through this session.

2.4 How do I run model validation?

Validation is automatically performed as part of an analysis or design. You can however, run a manual
validation at any time from either the Model or Load tab of the ribbon, or from the validate icon on
the quick access toolbar.
The actual validation checks that are performed can be set within Model Settings accessible from the
Project tab on the Home ribbon.

Step 1 Open the example model file Model_Validation_Start.tsmd

Step 2 Review Model Settings accessible from the Project tab on the Home ribbon to see the
validation checks that are included in a validation check.
Step 3 Click Validate on either the Model or Load ribbon, or from the icon on the quick access
toolbar.

The validation checks are performed on the model and if any issues exist these are displayed as Errors
or Warning messages within the Status tree of the Project Workspace.

Training manual Tekla Structural Designer

2.5 What are Validation Errors and Warnings?

The results of model validation are broken down into two distinct types; Errors and Warnings.

Error Messages must be rectified. You are unable to complete an analysis or design without
resolving.
Warning Messages are for your information and usually relate to a design assumption. Review the
message and act if required or ignore if the assumption is just.

The model file that you opened in Step 1 has several common model validation errors. The aim is to
work through each error message and understand how to rectify these common model validation
errors.

2.6 How do I locate Validation Errors?

2.6.1 Working with the Status Tree of the Project Workspace

The Status Tree is used to review the validation status for the model and analysis. The analysis model
validation is performed automatically as part of the analysis process so we will not look at analysis
validation in this session.

Step 1 Open the Status tree (1) of the Project Workspace and expand the Validation Model branch
by clicking on the “+” icon to display the model validation errors.
All model validation errors are listed under the Model sub-branch
Step 2 Ensure the Structure 3D View is active (2).
Step 3 Double left-click the Error or Warning message you wish to investigate (3). All model
validation errors are listed under the Model sub-branch

Step 4 Provided the item is visible in the active view it will be highlighted ready for investigation.
Step 5 Use Scene Content to make the View clearer if necessary.

Investigate the highlighted item in the View to determine the issue in conjunction with the validation
message.

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2.7 Common Validation Errors

2.7.1 “Panel is not surrounded by load carrying members”

RI (Roof Item)

Step 1 Follow Steps 1 to 5 in the previous section 2.6 How do I locate Validation Errors? to locate
the “Panel is not surrounded by load carrying members” in the active view.
Step 2 Review the elements supporting the panel. The panel must be bounded by beam members.

Step 3 To resolve, change the supporting element from a brace to a beam element.
Step 4 Validate again to see if the issue has been resolved.

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SI (Slab Item)

Step 3 To resolve, select the panel and hover over the corner of the panel and using the Select
Entity tooltip select the Node on SI.

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Step 4 Move the mouse over the beam and column intersection and use the Select Entity tooltip to
highlight the required location. Use tab or enter to select and move the panel node to the
new location.

Step 5 Repeat Step 3 and 4 on the other node of the panel to align the panel edge with the beam.
Step 6 Validate again to see if the issue has been resolved.

Both panels have been resolved because the 1st and 2nd levels are duplicate levels. Change something
on one level and the change also occurs on the other level.

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2.7.2 Member Collision

Step 1 Follow Steps 1 to 5 in the previous section 2.6 How do I locate Validation Errors? to locate
the “Member Collision” in the active view.

Step 2 Note there are two entities that collide with each other. Select the entity that is not required,
in this case the brace and Delete.
Step 3 Validate again to see if the issue has been resolved

Training manual Tekla Structural Designer

2.7.3 Member intersection

Step 1 Follow Steps 1 to 5 in the previous section 2.6 How do I locate Validation Errors? to locate
the entities with the “Member intersection” in the active view.

Step 2 Use the Scene content to turn off panels (roof panels, wall panels and slab items) – if you
have not already done so. Also turn off trusses and for Members turn the geometry of the
solid shape off to display just the wireframe outline. You can also switch to a 2D floor view
and resolve the issue in that scene view.

Training manual Tekla Structural Designer

Step 3 Zoom in to where the entities meet. Note that one entity crosses the other. One entity
should support the other.

Step 4 Select the node at the end of the entity and move to the intersection on the supporting
entity. Use the Select Entity tooltip to select the location to move the node to.

Training manual Tekla Structural Designer

Step 5 Validate again to see if the issue has been resolved.

Both level member collisions have been resolved because the 1st and 2nd levels are duplicate levels.
Change something on one level and the change also occurs on the other level.

Step 6 In Scene Content check the options to display Member geometry, slabs and the trusses
again.

Training manual Tekla Structural Designer

2.7.4 ”Slab overlap”

Step 1 Follow Steps 1 to 5 in the previous section 2.6 How do I locate Validation Errors? to locate
the entities with the “Slab overlap” in the active view.

You will need to have slabs on in Scene Content to be able to identify them in the active view.

Step 2 Switch to a 2D view of level 2 and review the slab boundary edges where the two slabs
intersect.

Step 3 Select the Node on SI 2.

Training manual Tekla Structural Designer

Step 4 Move it to the intersection of the two beam entities using the Pick Point tooltip.

Step 5 Validate again to see if the issue has been resolved

Training manual Tekla Structural Designer

Both level slab overlap collisions have been resolved because the 1st and 2nd levels are duplicate
levels. A change on one level occurs on the other level.

2.8 What have we learned?

Having run through this session you should now understand what model validation is, what errors and
warnings are, and how to locate modelling validation errors in the view.

You should also be able to rectify common validation errors.

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LESSON
3

Session 3 – Design Process – Part 1

Training manual Tekla Structural Designer

3 Design Process

3.1 Introduction
In this session, you will take a detailed look at the design process, gaining an understanding of gravity
and lateral combination classes, Gravity only and Autodesign properties, Design (Gravity), Design
review, individual member results, Design (Static) command and the Results view. This session is
broken up into 2 parts and should be watched sequentially.

3.2 Session Aim

The aim of this session is to:

• Understand the Combination Class Gravity and Lateral settings.

• Understand the Design Properties Gravity only and Autodesign settings.
• Review the Design Options.
• Undertake a Design (Gravity).
• Understand the different Views – Structure, Solver, Design, Wind and Review Views.
• Work in the Design Review to show and alter the state of the model.
• Interrogate and review the individual member design results.
• Undertake a Design (Static)
• Brief introduction to second-order effects
• Appreciate the importance of investigating possible issues reported in the Project Workspace –
Status tree prior to accepting design results.
• Review the analysis results using the Results view.

3.3 Time to Complete

We recommend that you set aside 75 minutes to run through both sessions.

Training manual Tekla Structural Designer

3.4 Combination Classes

Step 1 Open the example model file Design_Start.tsmd

In a typical model, there can be many different combinations. These could be classified as construction
stage, gravity, lateral, seismic or vibration mass.

• Combinations can be created based on ASD and/or LRFD methods. The design will only be
performed for the combination that matches the design method selected in the Model Settings.
• A gravity combination is a combination that contains only gravity loads, whereas a lateral
combination is one that includes lateral effects such as equivalent horizontal forces (for lack of fit),
wind loading or seismic forces.

Combinations are classified in this manner to streamline the subsequent member design process.

Step 2 Review the combination classes via the Combination command on the Load ribbon.

3.5 Properties

The properties to be assigned to a new entity such as a column, beam or brace are displayed in the
Properties window prior to creating the entity. These properties can also be reviewed and amended
via the Properties window.

Two important design properties that streamline each individual member design process are the
Gravity only and Autodesign options.

Training manual Tekla Structural Designer

3.5.1 Gravity only

The Gravity only option has two settings;

• Checked - designed for gravity combinations only.

• Unchecked - designed for gravity and lateral combinations.

Two examples are provided below to understand why this setting might be checked.

Non-composite or composite beams within a rigid floor diaphragm are generally only designed for
gravity loading - since the rigid floor diaphragm deals with any lateral load, distributing it directly to the
vertical stability system. By classifying the beam as gravity only, it will only ever be subjected to gravity
combinations, speeding up the Autodesign or check design process (as appropriate) and reducing the
amount of report output.

Columns that are not part of the vertical stability system (braced bays) and thus not being considered
to resist lateral load could be set as gravity only. These columns would only ever be subjected to
gravity combinations, speeding up the Autodesign or check design process (as appropriate) and
reducing the amount of report output.

Step 3 Select some of the entities and review the Gravity only status. Note that the 1st and 2nd floor
beams are all checked (designed for gravity only combinations) except for SB 2/B/2-2/C/2
and SB 2/C/2-2/C/3 to the perimeter of the void and the beams forming the moment frame.
All other entities are unchecked (i.e. to be designed for gravity and lateral combinations).

Training manual Tekla Structural Designer

3.5.2 Autodesign

The Autodesign option specifies how you want the entity to be designed. The option has two settings;

• Unchecked - the specified section will be checked during the design process for the section you
have specified.
• Checked - sections from the design section order will be considered during the design process to
auto size the entity.

Design Section Order - Specifies the order file from which the designed sections will be selected. i.e. a
design order file comprising MM-W-ALL with increasing capacity. This order file can be amended so
that only the sections you want to consider are included in the list

Training manual Tekla Structural Designer

Step 3 Select some of the entities and review the Autodesign status.
Note that the steel truss, braces, beams SB 1/A/1-1/B/1 and SB 2/A/1-2/B/1 and columns SC
B/3 and SC B/4 are “unchecked”, so the specified sections will be checked.
All other entities have the Autodesign option “checked” and will therefore be sized based on
the designated order file (UKC for columns and UKB for beams).

Training manual Tekla Structural Designer

3.6 Design Options

Tekla Structural Designer combines both the analysis and design into a single process via the Design
ribbon. In the Steel Design Fundamentals course, you are primarily concerned with the design of steel.
You will therefore concentrate on the Analysis and Design Steel group.

Analysis is still available via the Analyze ribbon and you will review the analysis results later via the
Review view.

Prior to undertaking a design, you need to review the Design Options which control how the design
process will run.

Step 5 Click the Options command on the Design ribbon.

Step 6 Review the various folders down the left side of the dialog. These are discussed below.

3.6.1 Design Options - Analysis

The Analysis options on this page allow you to choose whether a first or second order 3D Building
Analysis is performed when any of the Design (Static) or Design (Gravity) commands are run.

The software will also automatically change the analysis type to the non-linear equivalent, if material non-linearity in
the case of tension or compression only elements, non-linear spring supports or non-linear axial or torsional springs is
found.

Training manual Tekla Structural Designer

What is geometric (P-delta) non-linearity?

In first-order analysis the stiffness of the structure is assumed to be constant and unaffected by
changes in the geometry of the structure when it is loaded. The internal forces (and displacements) are
evaluated in relation to the undeformed structure.

This is the standard assumption of linear–elastic first order analysis.

In the case of first order linear-elastic analysis, the deformations (and internal forces) are proportional
to the applied loads, and the principle of superposition of effects can be used to simplify the analysis.

In second-order analysis, the effective stiffness of the structure is changed by the action of the loads
upon it. The principles of superposition do not apply, as effects of actions interact.

Second-order effects, often called geometric or P-delta effects, are commonly illustrated by
considering the additional displacement, forces and moments which arise from the application of
actions on a deflecting structure.

A second-order analysis considers these geometric (P-delta) second order effects.

First-order (Elastic) analysis.

Runs a linear static analysis. Suitable where geometric (P-delta) secondary effects are negligible and
can be ignored.

Note that if the model contains any material non-linearity such as tension or compression only
elements, non-linear spring supports or non-linear axial or torsional springs then the design will
automatically run the appropriate non-linear analysis – in this case ’First-order non-linear’ to consider
material non-linearity.

• First-order (Linear-Elastic) – Geometric non-linearity No, Material non-linearity No.

• First-order (Non-linear) – Geometric non-linearity No, Material non-linearity Yes.

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Second-order (P-delta) analysis

This is a true second-order method and runs a second-order linear analysis which automatically takes
account of geometric (P-delta) secondary effects as part of the analysis.

As with all true second order approaches it will only provide an analysis for a structure that does not
collapse under the design loading. Hence care is required when using this approach to ensure a stable
model.

Note that if the model contains any material non-linearity such as tension or compression only
elements, non-linear spring supports or non-linear axial or torsional springs then the design will
automatically run the appropriate non-linear analysis – in this case Second-order non-linear’ to
consider material non-linearity.

• Second-order (linear) – Geometric non-linearity Yes, Material non-linearity No.

• Second-order (Non-linear) – Geometric non-linearity Yes, Material non-linearity Yes.

Table of analysis options and non-linearity considered

Analysis Type Non-Linearity

Geometric Material
First-order linear (elastic) No No
First-order non-linear No Yes
First-order Vibration No No
Second-order linear Yes No
Second-order non-linear Yes Yes
Second-order buckling Yes No

Training manual Tekla Structural Designer

3.6.2 Design Options - Design Forces

Design forces are a result of the 3D Building Analysis are a function of model stiffness, frame action,
displacement and the arrangement of members.

Any design forces smaller than the values defined here are ignored in the design calculations.

Some forces greater than the values set above will be ignored by the individual member design, since
they cannot be handled by the element type. The element will be flagged as a warning (a yellow
triangle) to note this and the member design results will detail this.

Training manual Tekla Structural Designer

3.6.3 Design Options – Autodesign

This option controls what happens to individual steel and concrete member Autodesign settings at the
end of the design process. See 3.5.2 Autodesign

The first two options determine if the individual members Autodesign setting are cleared or not as
follows:

Always The Autodesign setting is automatically cleared at the end of the design process - putting
every member into check mode.
Never The Autodesign setting (either checked, or unchecked) is always retained at the end of the
design process.

The third option When check status is at worst makes the change from Autodesign, conditional upon
the design status (following a design) as follows:

Pass The Autodesign setting is only automatically cleared at the end of the design process for
members with design status: Pass
Warning The Autodesign setting is only automatically cleared at the end of the design process for
members with design status: Pass, or Warning
Fail The Autodesign setting is only automatically cleared at the end of the design process for
members with design status: Pass, Warning, or Fail
Invalid The Autodesign setting is only automatically cleared at the end of the design process for
members with design status: Pass, Warning, Fail or Invalid
Beyond The Autodesign setting is only automatically cleared at the end of the design process for
Scope members with design status: Pass, Warning, Fail, Invalid or Beyond Scope.

The most practical use of the When check is at worst status would be to set it to Pass and start with all
members in Autodesign mode. At the end of the first design run passing members would be set to
Check mode, allowing you to focus on the remaining members still in Autodesign mode.

Training manual Tekla Structural Designer

3.7 Show Process Window

When you design the model, each step of the process is logged and displayed in the Process Window.

The Process window is therefore a useful window to display while a design is in progress.

• To display the Process Window, click the Show Process button to the far left of the status bar.

Once a Design command has been pressed i.e. Design Steel (Gravity) or Design Steel (Static), the
process window will log the progress of the analysis/design.

Step 7 Click the Show Process button in preparation for the next step.

Training manual Tekla Structural Designer

3.8 Design (Gravity)

Design Steel (Gravity) is used for rapid design of most steel members for gravity combinations.

The processes can be summarized as follows:

• A first-order analysis is run - excluding pattern loading - to establish a set of design forces for the
steel members. Each steel member with the member property ’gravity only - checked’ is then
either checked, or designed - according to its Autodesign setting - for gravity combinations only.
• 'Other' steel members with the member property ’gravity only – unchecked’ and set to auto-
design are designed for gravity combinations, to give them a reasonable start size prior to
consideration of the lateral load combinations.
• On completion of the gravity sizing process all steel members follow the Design Options –
Autodesign rules and are either set to check-design mode (Reset Autodesign...Always) or retain
the Autodesign setting (Reset Autodesign...Never or When check status is at Worst) dependent
upon the option set.

3.8.1 How do I run Design Steel (Gravity)?

At the end of the analysis-design process the active view switches to a Review View and the ribbon
switches from Design to Review - ready for reviewing the design graphically.

The Structure tree of the Project workspace also changes to the Status tree.

Step 8 Click the Design Steel (Gravity) command.

Training manual Tekla Structural Designer

3.9 Structural, Solver, Results and Review View

Views display the model (or a part of it), either in 2D or 3D. Different view types are available for:
• Physical modelling of the structure geometry and loading, (Structural View)
• Displaying the analysis model, (Solver View)
• Displaying analysis results, (Results View)
• Displaying the wind zone and load data (Wind View), which becomes available after running the
wind wizard
• Graphically interrogating the model properties/status, (Review View)

There are also separate Load Analysis Views for displaying the force and moment diagrams for individual members.

3.9.1 Changing the View Type

An existing view can be switched to another type, either from the Status Bar, or by right-clicking on the
view tab.

How do I change the View Type from the Status Bar?

The different view types are shown on buttons in the Status Bar at the bottom right of the screen.

One of these buttons will already be selected, indicating the active view type.

• Click one of the unselected buttons to change the active view to display that View type.

Switching to the appropriate view will automatically make the respective tab active in the ribbon i.e.
Results view turns on the results tab and the Review view turns on the Review tab.

Training manual Tekla Structural Designer

How do I change the View Type from the active view tab?

An open view can be made active by left clicking its View tab. Once a view has been made active its
type can be changed by right clicking the tab and then selecting one of the other view type options
from the right-click menu.

Step 9 Try switching between the different View types via the status bar icons and the active view
tab context menu.

Training manual Tekla Structural Designer

3.10 Check the Status tree

Always review the Status tree of the Project Workspace prior to accepting results in the Review view as
this will indicate if you have any issues that need addressing.

Step 10 Review the Status tree for any issues

If there are no issues reported - as you have here, then you can proceed. Otherwise you would need to
investigate the issues raised here prior to looking at the design results.

You will look in more detail at the status tree later in 3.18 Using the Results view and section 3.18.2
Project Workspace - Status tree when you will open a model that has instabilities.

Training manual Tekla Structural Designer

3.11 Check the Loading Summary

Before preceding you should check that the total applied loads on the structure equal the total
reactions.

The Loading tree within the Project Workspace is used to organize the loadcases and combinations
into a hierarchical structure. It also provides a summary of each loadcase that can be used to cross
check against the load applied.

Does the total applied loads on the structure = the total reactions?

Step 11 Review the Loadcases and Combinations in the Loading tree to ensure there is no lost load.

Training manual Tekla Structural Designer

3.12 Review View overview

Having checked the Project Workspace - Status and Loading tree you can then move onto the Review
view.

The Review View displays a color-coded version of the model so that the design status and various
other parameters can be graphically interrogated and/or modified. It opens automatically at the end of
a Design process, but it can also be accessed at any time from the Review View button in the Status Bar
or via the context menu of the active tab as detailed in 3.9.1 Changing the View Type.

While in this view, clicking ‘Tabular Data’ on the ribbon opens a Review Data view where various view
type such as Sway Results, Design Summaries and Material Lists can be displayed in spreadsheets.
Simply select the options to report from the Review data ribbon.

Step 12 Switch to the Review View (if you have not already) to display the Review Ribbon to
familiarize yourself with the following commands.

The various ribbon group commands are summarized in sections 5.12.1.

Training manual Tekla Structural Designer

3.12.1 Design/Slab Design

The Design and Slab Design group commands use color codes to graphically display the design status of
each member or slab panel.

Status

The Design and Slab Design Status buttons use color codes to graphically display the design status of
each member or slab panel.

The key displays Pass, Fail, Warning, Error, Beyond Scope or Unknown status of the entities.

Step 13 Review your results after the Steel Design (Gravity) process – i.e. only carrying out a design
on active combinations with respective Classes set as Gravity.
You can see the following:
One of the columns set with Autodesign unchecked i.e. check design only - Fail.
Two perimeter beams fail design.
Two roof braces have warnings

Training manual Tekla Structural Designer

Ratio

The Design and Slab Design Ratio buttons use color codes to graphically display the design ratio of
each member or slab panel. The ‘N/A’ color code is assigned to those members that are either beyond
scope or have yet to be designed or checked.

Training manual Tekla Structural Designer

3.12.2 Show\Alter State

The Show\Alter State group allows quick review and editing of the model.

Auto\Check Design

This command provides a means to graphically assess and modify the Autodesign setting for all
members in the model.

Each member is color-coded to indicate its Autodesign setting (On or Off).

• Clicking on an individual member toggles its Autodesign setting.

• Dragging a box from left to right toggles the Autodesign setting for all members totally enclosed by
the box.
• Dragging a box from right to left toggles the Autodesign setting for all members that are either
enclosed by the box, or are cut by the box perimeter.
• Pressing the SHIFT key and dragging a line toggles the Autodesign setting for all members that
cross the line.

Training manual Tekla Structural Designer

Diaphragm On\Off

This command provides a means to graphically assess and modify those slabs in the model that are
constrained by diaphragms.

Each slab is color-coded to indicate its setting (Excluded, or Included).

• Clicking on an individual slab toggles its state between included and excluded.
• Dragging a box from right to left toggles the state for all slabs that are either enclosed by the box,
or are cut by the box perimeter.
• Pressing the SHIFT key and dragging a line toggles the state for all slabs that cross the line.

Training manual Tekla Structural Designer

Restrained\Unrestrained

This command provides a means to graphically assess and modify the restraint settings for all members
in the model.

Each member is color coded to indicate its restraints setting (N/A, Unrestrained, Partially Restrained,
and Fully Restrained).

• Clicking on an individual member toggles its restraint setting between the types applicable to the
member.
• Dragging a box from left to right toggles the restraint setting for all members totally enclosed by
the box.
• Dragging a box from right to left toggles the restraint setting for all members that are either
enclosed by the box, or cut by the box perimeter.
• Pressing the SHIFT key and dragging a line toggles the restraint setting for all members that cross
the line.

Training manual Tekla Structural Designer

Fixed\Pinned

This command provides a means to graphically assess and modify the end fixity for all members in the
model.

Each member is color coded to indicate its end fixity setting (N/A, Pinned, Fixed, Moment, Mixed, and
Cantilever).

• Clicking on an individual member toggles its end fixity settings between the types that are valid for
the member.
• Dragging a box from left to right toggles the end fixity settings for all members totally enclosed by
the box.
• Dragging a box from right to left toggles the end fixity settings for all members that are either
enclosed by the box, or cut by the box perimeter.
• Pressing the SHIFT key and dragging a line toggles the end fixity setting for all members that cross
the line.

Where the end fixity is shown as ‘Mixed’ this indicates that the fixity at end 1 differs from that at end
2. ‘Mixed’ end fixity can only be specified by editing the member properties directly.

Training manual Tekla Structural Designer

BIM Status

This command provides a means to graphically assess the BIM Status of the model. Each member is
color coded to indicate its BIM status (New, Imported, Exported, Updated, Deleted, Mixed or
Excluded).

Steel

This command provides a means to graphically review and modify the section size and or grade applied
to steel members.

To graphically copy the section size and grade between members:

• Click Review > Auto\Check Design and ensure that Autodesign is off for the members in question
then click Review > Steel.
• In the Properties Window, select the parameter to copy (Section, Grade or Both).
• Click on the member containing the steel to be copied.
• Click on the member(s) to which you want to apply the steel.

The target member must be of the same type (beam, column or brace) as the source member.

To change the source being copied from, press [Esc] and select a different member.

Training manual Tekla Structural Designer

Copy Properties

This command provides a means to graphically copy a specified element parameter (e.g. web openings,
connectors or transverse reinforcement) from a source member to other valid target members.

To copy a specific property from one member to another:

• In the Properties Window, select the parameter of the member you want to be copied (e.g. web
openings, connectors or transverse reinforcement).
• Next click on the source member that contains the property to be copied. The color coding should
update accordingly:

– Source - this color identifies the member that was clicked on. (If this is incorrect, press [Esc] to
reselect.)
– Same as Source - this color identifies those members in which the selected parameter already
matches the Source.
– Valid Target - this color identifies those members to which it is possible to copy the selected
parameter.
– NA - this color identifies those members to which it is not possible to copy the selected
parameter.
– Either click on an individual target member, or box around a series of target members to copy
the selected parameter to them.

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3.13 Analysis and Design Status

The Analysis and Design validity is displayed on the Status bar which is permanetly docked to the
bottom edge of the main window, (hover over each indictor to display further details).

• ✓ = Valid
• ? = Out of date
• X = Unknown

If you make edits to the model, as demonstrated during the 3.12 Review View overview then this will
invalidate the results and the design will need to be re-run to update the design status.

Remember all entities are in check mode as detailed in the Show\Alter State - Auto\Check Design view
and follow the option set under the Design Options – Autodesign setting.

Step 14 Return to the Design ribbon and click the Design Steel (Gravity) to update the results if
required.

You will then be able to see that the Design condition for Steel – Gravity is now valid and up to date.

Step 15 Switch back to the Design Status view on the Review view ribbon before continuing.

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3.14 Review individual members

3.14.1 Right click context menu overview

In addition to the Review View Design Ratio to determine the design status of the entities, you can also
look at the individual member loading and design results.

If you right-click any entity in the model you will bring up the context menu.

Note that this context menu will differ dependent upon which View type you are in and is context-
sensitive to the item that is currently highlighted.

To see the above you will need to be in the Structure View or the Review View.

Some of the commands are discussed below:

Training manual Tekla Structural Designer

Edit Member

Displays the Edit Element Properties dialog for the currently highlighted element to allow you to edit
the properties for the member.

You can only edit an individual entity in this manner.

Editing multiple selected entities can only be performed in the Properties Window.

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Open Load Analysis View

Opens a Loading Analysis View for the currently highlighted member.

Refer to the screenshot below to review the analysis results of interest.

• In the Loading Analysis Tab, you can select the Result type and Direction you are interested in
reviewing.

You can also adjust the Distance property (3) by hovering the cursor over the vertical red line in the
loading analysis view. When the cursor changes to a icon, hold the left mouse button down and
drag the cursor to a new location. The Distance property is adjusted and co-existent values are
displayed for the distance set in the Properties Window.

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Open Member View

Opens a Member View containing the currently highlighted member and any members connecting to
the selected member.

Show Member Loading

The Member Loading dialog tabulates all the loads applied to the currently highlighted member.

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Check Member

Carries out a check of the highlighted member and displays the design calculations.

Design Member

Carries out a design of the highlighted member and displays the design calculations for you to
interrogate. Note the design is based on the existing analysis forces.

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Report for Member

Opens a Report View for the currently highlighted member.

Save a Screenshot

Saves the currently displayed view as a png or jpg file in the same directory as the model file.

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3.14.2 How to Check Member/Design Member/Edit...

You can use Check Member to review the individual design results for a member.

• You could then Edit Member to make appropriate changes and Check Member again to see if the
Edits were sufficient to satisfy the design requirements.
• Or you could Design Member to automatically design (size) the member.

A couple of scenarios are detailed below to help explain how the Check, Design and Edit commands
could be utilized.

Scenario 1 – Check Member/Edit Member/Check Member

• Right click an entity to review the Check Member results.

• You could then Edit Member to alter some properties (i.e. increase the section size) to resolve the
warning issue.
• Finally, you could Check Member to check that the edit resolves the design fail or warning based
on the previous analysis results.

Right click beam SB 2/A/1-2/B/1 and Check member to review the results.

Note that the beam is a W8x10 and has failures related to both flexure and deflection.

• Click Close to exit the check member dialog.

• Right click beam SB 2/A/1-2/B/1 and Edit.
• Increase the section size to a W 12x26.
• Right click beam SB 2/A/1-2/B/1 and Check member to review the results.

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Note the beam now passes the design checks with your specified section size.

Step 16 Try some of the commands available on the right-click context menu to familiarize yourself
with them.
Step 17 Review the non-passing beam and column entities by using the Check member command.
Step 18 Use the Design member command on beam SB 1/A/1-1/B/1 to obtain a Pass.
Step 19 Use the Edit/Check member commands on beam SB 2/A/1-2/B/1 to increase the section to
a W 12x14 to obtain a Pass.

Training manual Tekla Structural Designer

Scenario 2 – Check Member/Design Member

• In the model, right click an entity with a Fail status and review the Check Member results.
• You could then Design Member to redesign the member (i.e. increase section size, etc.) to satisfy
the previous fail status.

– Right click beam SB 1/A/1-1/B/1 and Check member to review the results.
– Click Close to exit the check member dialog.
– Right click beam SB 1/A/1-1/B/1 and Design Member to review the design results.

Note the beam has been resized to a W 12x19 to satisfy the flexure and deflection requirements. The
program did not automatically size this beam with a large enough section size because this was one of
the members that was not set to Auto-design.

Note that the analysis results are no longer up to date as the increased section will affect the analysis.
The design is based on the previous analysis results.

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3.15 Using the Review View

You will now use the Review View following the earlier overview to rationalize the primary and
secondary 1st and 2nd floor beams.

You will also reset the failing internal column and the two warning roof braces back to Autodesign to
size them and to re-check the existing sections for adequacy under the gravity combination again.

To rationalize the 1st and 2nd floor beams you will look at both the Steel command and the Copy
Properties commands.

Training manual Tekla Structural Designer

3.15.1 Review view – Steel and Copy Properties Commands

You will rationalize the primary beams on the 1st and 2nd floor level so they are all a W16x31 section.

Step 20 Manually set one steel beam section to W16x31.

Step 21 Open a duplicate 3D Review view in a new Vertical Tab Group and select the Steel command
with [Attribute] set to Steel Section, [Mode] set to Review, and Material Type set to Steel.
Step 22 In the original 3D Review view, click the “Copy Properties” when the duplicate view has focus
and set the [A]ttribute property to Steel Section and Characteristic to Beam.

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Step 23 Using the left view as a reference, copy the steel section to the other 5 beams so that all
noted beams below are of section W16x31.

The destination member must be of the same type (beam, column, or brace) as the source member.

To change the source being copied from, press [Esc] and select a different member.

To exit the command either double right click or run another command.

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3.15.2 Review view – Auto\Check design

The two internal columns were failing the gravity design previously so you will assign them the
Autodesign status to re-size them.

Step 24 Use the Auto\Check Design view on the Review ribbon to set the two failing columns to
Autodesign.

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3.15.3 Re-run Steel Design (Gravity)

Step 25 Run a Design Steel (Gravity) again from the Design ribbon to check the adequacy of the
rationalized floor beams and the internal columns for the gravity combination.
Step 26 Switch to the Design Status on the Review view. You should find that all the entities pass for
the gravity combination.

You can now move on and check the adequacy of the sections for the gravity and lateral combinations.

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Session 3 - Design Process – Part 2

3.16 Design Steel (Static)

The Design Steel (Static) processes can be summarized as follows:

• A first-order analysis of all factored loadcases is carried out to establish Serviceability Limit State
requirements such as deflections.
• Equivalent Horizontal Forces (EHF) are determined for every active combination in which they
have been included.
• Having established EHFs, their contributions to frame deflections are determined using a first-
order analysis. αcr values are also established.
• The analysis type that you have set in Design Options is then performed for all active combinations
to establish design forces.
• All steel members set to auto-design mode are designed for the appropriate design requirements.
Gravity members are designed for gravity combinations, lateral members are designed for all
combinations. Only active combinations are checked. If section sizes are changed the analysis-
design cycle is repeated.
• All steel members set to check mode are checked for the appropriate design requirements. Gravity
members are checked for gravity combinations, lateral members are checked for all combinations.
Only active combinations are checked.
• At the end of the process, all Autodesign settings follow the Design Options – Autodesign rules and
are either set to check-design mode (Reset Autodesign...Always) or retain the Autodesign setting
(Reset Autodesign...Never or When check status is at Worst) dependent upon the option set.

3.16.1 How do I run Design Steel (Static)?

• First, check the individual member Autodesign property is correctly set for all members:
– Autodesign ‘on’ - new section sizes will be designed
– Autodesign ‘off’ - existing section sizes will be checked
• Next, review the Design options and adjust if required:
• Click Design Steel (Static).
– Gravity members are designed/checked dependent upon the Autodesign setting for all active
gravity combinations only.
– Lateral members are designed/checked dependent upon the Autodesign setting for all active
combinations.

At the end of the analysis-design process the active view switches to a Review View and the ribbon
switches from Design to Review - ready for reviewing the design graphically.

What do you think will happen if you run a Design Steel (Static) command?
• All entities have Autodesign ’unchecked’ – so existing section sizes will be checked.
• Gravity members are designed/checked for all active gravity combinations only.
• Lateral members are designed/checked for all active gravity and lateral combinations

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Step 27 Run a Steel Design (Static) and review the Design Status on the Review view

The lateral combinations are generating horizontal forces which are being distributed into the braced
bays and moment frames. These inevitably increase the design force to be resisted by the existing
sections. In the case of the columns these were originally sized to satisfy just the gravity combination.

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3.16.2 Using the Review view again

Step 28 Reset all columns and beams with a fail or warning and all braces back to Autodesign ’On’
using the Auto\Check Design command per the screenshot below.

With Autodesign ‘On’ - new section sizes will be designed. Since these entities are not classified as
’Gravity only’ they will be sized for all the active combinations when a Steel Design (Static) is run again.

If a Steel Design (Gravity) was performed instead, they would only be sized for the active gravity
combinations only.

Step 29 Run a Steel Design (All) again from the Design ribbon.

The failing members have been resized and the model is now passing the full design.

Training manual Tekla Structural Designer

Some braces may still have a warning associated with slenderness. You will need to manually review
and modify these members as needed.

Step 30 Save the model using File > Save As and name the model Design_Runthrough.tsmd

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3.17 Second Order Effects – Brief Discussion

IMPORTANT NOTE

The above design has not considered second-order effects which is the topic for another session.

For most models, you will need to perform a second-order analysis to be code-compliant. Many
models in the initial stages are not yet stiff enough to resist a rigorous second-order analysis. We
recommend starting in a first-order analysis to obtain initial designs. Make changes as required for
reasonable and stable results, then move to a complete second-order analysis.

You can review the ratio of second order drifts to first order drifts to verify if a second-order analysis is
required and if the model satisfies the stability requirements of AISC.

• To review the drift ratios, click on the Tabular Data command at the end of the Review ribbon to
open the Review Data ribbon.

• Select the View type ‘Drift’, Steel columns and review the results.

Training manual Tekla Structural Designer

• You can click the column heading to order the rows ascending or descending based on the heading
selected.

• In the model, the lowest drift ratio is 1.65 in the X direction.

• Drift ratios are greater than 1.5, therefore second-order effects must be considered.
• The Design ribbon > Design Options > Analysis type would need to be adjusted to account for
second-order effects.

Training manual Tekla Structural Designer

• A Design Steel (All) would then need to be run again to make an allowance for the second order
effects.

Since some entities fail these would need to be reviewed and the section sizes increased to obtain a
passing solution.

Training manual Tekla Structural Designer

3.18 Using the Results view to review forces and displacements

3.18.1 Introduction

Once you have analyzed/designed your model you can review the results of the analysis graphically in
2D or 3D Results views using the Results view and the Results ribbon tab.

In addition, you can view and export tabular results by activating the Model Data view from the
Analyze ribbon tab.

3.18.2 Project Workspace - Status tree

As discussed in section 3.10 Check the Status tree, after running the design, you should always
investigate any issues reported in the Project Workspace Status tree, before reviewing design results in
the Review view. The Review view is intended to help you investigate these instabilities.

To demonstrate this, you will open a model that has instabilities and use the Results view to assess the
forces and deflections of the model to determine the causes of the instabilities.

Step 1 Open the model file Design_Start_Instabilities.tsmd

Step 2a Review the load cases and combinations that exist in the model.
Step 2b Make sure the “Fix column nodes horizontally” option is unchecked in the Home Tab ->
Settings -> Design Options-> Gravity Design.
Step 3 Run a Design Steel (Gravity)
Step 4 Review the Project Workspace – Status tree for any issues.

Click the ’+’ or ’-’ to expand/contract the branch of the Status tree to drill into the item of interest.

A ’?’ symbol exists against Validation – Analysis. This indicates that only a First-order linear analysis has
been performed. This is the analysis type requested under the Design options.

A ’✓’ indicates that there are no issues with the item.

A ’Δ‘ symbol indicating a warning exists against the Solver branch indicating that several nodes exceed
a deflection limit of 40.0in for the wind load cases listed and to check that the structure is stable.

A ’ ’ (information) symbol exists against the Solve – Model folder to indicate that the lateral
combinations have not yet been considered.

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You can double left click a Solver item in the Status tree and the Solver view will open showing the
underlying analysis model.

The Solver view is the subject of another session so its introduction here is simply to demonstrate the
ability to highlight an issue shown in the Project Workspace – Status tree.

Step 5 Double left-click the Solver warning to open a Solver view and highlight the node with the
maximum deflection.

Training manual Tekla Structural Designer

Step 6 Run a Design Steel (Static)

Step 7 Review the Project Workspace – Status tree for any additional issues.

In addition to the Wind load cases, all lateral combinations that produce a deflection greater than
40.0in are also being identified.

Training manual Tekla Structural Designer

To investigate this further you need to review the deflected shape of the model. This is achieved using
the Results view.

3.18.3 The Results view

Step 8 Click on the Results view icon on the status bar to switch to the Results view. The Results
ribbon will appear.

You can also right click the active view tab and select the Results view from the context menu.

Training manual Tekla Structural Designer

Step 9 Select the load case or combination you wish to view results for (1). See screenshot below.
Step 10 Use the Results ribbon to set the analysis type (2), Item(s) to display (3) and text to overlay
on the diagram (4)
Step 11 Use the sliders to scale the display (5)

Step 12 Investigate the other items, Axial, Moment, Shear, Reactions etc. on the Results ribbon.
Step 13 Investigate the model displacement for the other load cases and combinations.
Step 14 Can you determine the cause of the instabilities in the model?

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Step 14 Answer The model can deflect greater than 39.4in in the X direction indicating a mechanism - so
you need to review the lateral load-resisting system.

The 40.0in threshold is an order of displacement that Tekla Structural Designer considers appropriate
to indicate the possibility of a mechanism. It is not an indication that the structure satisfies deflection
limits imposed by the Code of Practice in use.

Clearly, there is no steel bracing in the X direction so what form of bracing do you have to stabilize the
model? Do you have moment resisting frames? If so, are they correctly defined?

Step 15 Switch back to the Review view

Step 16 Review the Fixed\Pinned command. This indicates that the 1st and 2nd floor beams are all
pinned so are not acting as moment resisting frames.

Step 17 Adjust the beams identified above to Moment by clicking on each beam the required number
of times to toggle between the valid states.

Step 18 Re-run the Design Steel (Static).

Training manual Tekla Structural Designer

TSD does not design individual members for Wind Drift, as Wind Drift constitutes a global behavior.
With the Tabular Data and deflection diagrams, engineering judgement can be exercised to decrease
the Drift and Wind Drift to acceptable thresholds.

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3.19 Tabular data

Two different types of tabular data can be reported.

• Design data such as sway, design summary, material listing section, resistances, etc.
• Analysis data such as nodes, elements, nodal forces, element forces, etc.

3.19.1 Design Tabular data

Tabular design data can be reviewed by clicking on the Tabular Data icon on the Review View tab.

You can then set the view type (1) to review; Sway, Design summary, Material list, etc. Apply further
filters via the review data ribbon (2)(3). The tabular data will be displayed within the scene view below
(4).

• Review the Material List.

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3.19.2 Analysis Tabular data

Nodes, Elements, Nodal Forces, Nodal Deflections and Element End Forces can all be displayed in
tables by selecting the Analyze ribbon tab (1) > Tabular data command (2). Select the analysis from the
Result Type (3). Select the View Type from the drop list (4) of what you require. Finally select the
loadcase or combination to display from the Loading drop list (5) if required.

• Review tabulated results.

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3.19.3 What have we learned?

Having run through this session you should now:

• Understand the Combination Class Gravity and Lateral settings.

• Understand the Design Properties Gravity only and Autodesign settings.
• Know how to assign the appropriate Design Options.
• Undertake a Design (Gravity) to efficiently design most steel elements.
• Understand the different Views – Structure, Solver, Design, Wind and Review Views.
• Interrogate and review the individual member design results using the member right click context
menu.
• Be work in the Design Review to show and alter the state of the model.
• Undertake a Design (Static).
• Brief introduction to second-order effects.
• The importance of investigating issues reported in the Project Workspace – Status tree prior to
accepting design results.
• Be able to review the analysis results using the Results view.
• Be able to review Design and Analysis tabulated data.

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LESSON
4

Session 4 – Wind Modeler

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4 Wind Modeler
4.1 Introduction

The Wind Modeler is a component of Tekla Structural Designer which allows you to load a model for
wind in accordance with the specified code of practice. The wind loading assessment is performed on
the wall and roof panels in your building model and the resulting wind loads are then distributed back
to the members for structural analysis and design.

You can use the Wind Modeler:

• to determine peak wind velocity and velocity pressures,

• to determine the zones of wind pressure on wall and roof panels,
• to determine standard values of Cpe for each zone,
• to determine wind pressures on each zone,
• to determine wind loads and load cases for your structure.

Calculations are in accordance with the relevant sections of ASCE 7. It is essential that you have a copy
of this code with you while assessing wind on any structure.

The Wind Modeler is a very powerful tool which has been developed to aid engineers in their
assessment of wind loads on buildings. You will find that the determination of wind velocities, zones,
pressures etc. is rigorous, but the final wind loads adopted are your responsibility.

4.2 Session Aim

The aim of this session is to:

• Apply Wall and Roof Panels

• Run the ASCE/SEI 7-10 Wind Wizard
• Create and review Wind Zones on the Building
• Create Wind Load cases
• Undertake wind validation
• Review wind load decomposition
• Review the wind loading summary
• Delete the wind model.

4.3 Time to Complete

We recommend that you should set aside 60 minutes to run through this session.

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4.4 Scope

ASCE 7 Wind Modeler has been developed to provide you with a comprehensive design tool which can
assess and apply wind loading to your Tekla Structural Designer model in advance of analysis and
design.

The Tekla Structural Designer model must be encased in wall panels, slabs and roof panels. Wind is
then intelligently applied to this building envelope within the scope and the limitations clearly laid out
in the Help system.

Please review the ASCE 7 Wind Modelling Reference Guides to gain an understanding of the Scope and
limitations. This can be found in the Help Menu within Tekla Structural Designer:

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4.5 How do I use the Wind Modeler?

The basic steps when you want to use the Wind Modeler are detailed below.

Define the structure including all the wall panels and roof panels that will carry the wind loading.

We recommend that you perform an analysis and design at this stage for the gravity loading only, but
this is not essential.

To get the best results from the Wind Modeler you should ensure that you define the largest possible
wall and roof panels. The results you obtain may be compromised if you define many small elements
rather than one large one.

Use the Wind Wizard to define the information required for the wind analysis of the structure. The
Wind Wizard automatically determines the wind zoning and external pressure coefficients for the roofs
and walls.

If necessary review the Roof Properties and use the Roof Type options to change the roof type if
required - if the type is changed you will also have to run Update Zones.

Define the wind loadcases you want to consider. Tekla Structural Designer can calculate details for
standard loadcases automatically. You can easily define the information for other loadcases yourself.

Combine the wind loadcases with the other loadcases you have defined for your structure to create
the design combinations you need to consider.

Perform the analysis and design of the structure.

Step 1 Open the model file Wind_Modeler_Start.tsmd

Training manual Tekla Structural Designer

4.6 Applying Wall and Roof Panels

All the calculations for wind depend on the geometry and interconnectivity of the wall and roof panels
that envelope the building. You must therefore define the model, together with its wall and roof
panels before you can start to calculate the wind loading using the ASCE 7 Wind Modeler.

While defining the model’s wall and roof panels, it is essential that you define the largest planar
surfaces possible to get the best results from the software. If you ignore this advice, then the
calculation of the reference height and pressures may be unconservative.

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4.6.1 Modeling Wall Panels

Wall panels (also known as Wind Walls) are the medium via which loads calculated by the area load
command and the Wind Wizard are applied to your structure.

Wall panels do not introduce any structural strength or stiffness of any kind to your structure. If you
wish to introduce walls that resist gravity or lateral loads then you must model these by defining them
as concrete walls.

How do I create a wall panel?

To define a wall panel, you must have already defined the points which define the panel vertices and
you must identify these in order.

To create the wall panel:

• Click the Wall Panel command on the Model Tab to start the Create Wind Wall command.
• Click the grid point where the panel is to start.
• Click the grid point which identifies the second vertices of the panel.
• Click the grid point which identifies the third vertices of the panel.

Training manual Tekla Structural Designer

You cannot define a wall panel which does not lie in a single plane. Once three points have been
defined you have also set the plane of the wall panel and the software will not allow you to select
points that do not lie on the plane.

• Continue to click the grid points which define the perimeter of your panel (if necessary) until you
reach the final point. You now have two options:
– either double click this final point,
– or single click the final point, and then click the first point of the panel again.
• Tekla Structural Designer will create a wall panel between the points that you identified.

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How do I edit the properties of a wall panel?

You can edit wall panel properties in both 2D and 3D Views.

• Hover the cursor over the panel to be edited so that it becomes highlighted.
• Left click to select it.
– The selected Wall panel properties are displayed in the Properties Window.
– If required, at this point you can add further wall panels to the current selection by holding
the Ctrl key while clicking on each subsequent panel.
• Edit these properties as required.

Rotation Angle defines the span direction, 0° is horizontal and 90° is vertical.

The load decomposition is the same for any wall rotation if Decompose to is set to Nodes. For this
typical case, as columns are present at the sides, we recommend keeping the rotation angle to 0°.

Is a parapet you can indicate whether the wall panel is a parapet or not.
wall
If a building face has a parapet above a wall, you should not attempt to model this as a single wall
panel. It should be input as an upper and lower panel, with the upper panel being set as a parapet wall.

Decompose to for wall panels that are not parapets, you can indicate how the wall load is decomposed
onto supporting members. The direction of the one-way decomposition of the wind zone
loads to wall members depends on the span direction (rotation angle) of the wall panel.

• Setting ‘Decompose to’ to ‘Members’ allows the generation of distributed loads on members.

Any changes are automatically applied to all the selected panels.

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How do I reverse a wall panel?

A single wall panel is determined to be a single planar surface. The outward face is important for
determining the wind direction relative to the wall that is windward or leeward.

A wall face is either Wind Wall – Front or Wind Wall – Back and will be shaded in different colors as
determined from the Scene option within the Home Ribbon > Settings command.

It is recommended that after you place all the wall panels you check that the outward faces are as you
intend, by ensuring they are all shaded in the same color.

Wall panels are generally created so their outer faces are automatically pointing outwards. For certain
complex building geometries, it may occasionally be necessary to alter the inner and outer face of the
panel. This can be done by using the Reverse option.

• Click the Reverse command on the Model ribbon.

• Click the wall panel to be reversed. The selected panel changes color to indicate it has been
reversed.

Note that connected wall panels are checked to ensure that the normal directions are consistent
whenever automatic zoning is carried out, for example at the end of the Wind Wizard.

Training manual Tekla Structural Designer

You can also check the wall direction by turning on the Local Axes of the wall panels.

• Go to the Scene Content > Wall Panels

• Turn on Local Axes

Step 2 Create all the wall items to the model as the screenshots below.
Step 3 Review the default properties for the wall panels.
Step 4 Try Reversing panels. Ensure that Wind Wall – Front are to the outside of the model.

Note the screenshot above to the right has turned off Members, Trusses and Slabs via Scene Content
for clarity.

Training manual Tekla Structural Designer

4.6.2 Modeling Roof Panels

Roof panels are the medium via which loads placed on a sloping plane are decomposed back to the
supporting structure. Area loads on roofs can act vertically or normal to the roof plane.

How do I create a roof panel?

To define a roof panel, you must have already defined the grid points with which to define its outline,
and you must identify these in order.

To create the roof panel:

• Click the Roof Panel command on the Model ribbon.

• Click the grid point where the panel is to start.
• Click the grid point which identifies the second vertex of the panel.
• Click the grid point which identifies the third vertex of the panel.

Roof panels must be coplanar. Once three points have been defined you have also set the plane of the
roof panel and the software will not allow you to select points that do not lie on the plane.

• Continue to click the grid points which define the perimeter of your panel until you reach the final
point. You now have two options:
– either double click this final point,
– or single click the final point, and then click the first point of the panel again.
• Tekla Structural Designer will create a roof panel between the points that you identified.

Training manual Tekla Structural Designer

How do I edit the properties of a roof panel?

You can edit roof panel properties in both 2D and 3D Views.

• Hover the cursor over the panel to be edited so that it becomes highlighted.
• Left-click to select it.
– The selected Roof panel properties are displayed in the Properties Window.
– If required, at this point you can add further roof panels to the current selection by holding
the Ctrl key while clicking on each subsequent panel.
• Edit these properties as required.

Plane describes the sloped plane at which the panel was placed.
Rotation Angle describes the angle of the panel span.
This is defined as an angle, where 0° is parallel to the X axis and 90° is parallel to the Y
axis.
Include in check to allow for diaphragm action in the roof panel during analysis.
diaphragm If this is checked further options to define the thickness, Young’s modulus, Shear modulus
and temperature coefficient are required.
Decompose If this is checked, the roof will only decompose wind loads.
only wind
Roof Type See Section 4.6.2

Training manual Tekla Structural Designer

Defining the Roof Panel type

A single roof panel is determined to be a single planar surface. The orientation of a roof panel is
automatically determined when placed based upon the slope vector – the line of maximum roof slope.

Initially the roof type is set to ‘Default’. This is taken as Flat if the roof slope < 5 degrees, otherwise it is
interpreted as Monoslope.

You should select the roof panel and then use the Properties Window to adjust the roof type as
necessary for all other situations (i.e. Flat, Monoslope, Gable, Hip Gable, Hip Main or Mansard).

Training manual Tekla Structural Designer

Step 5a Create one additional sloped roof panel as shown in the screenshot below.

Note the screenshot below has turned off Slabs and Wall Panels via Scene Content for clarity.

Step 5b Create an additional roof panel as shown in the screenshot below. Ensure3 that the
Decompose only wind property is checked.

Training manual Tekla Structural Designer

4.7 The Wind Wizard

Once the wall and roof panels are in place, you use the Wind Wizard to define sufficient site
information to calculate the peak wind velocity and velocity pressures for the required wind directions
and heights (that is the Reference Heights (ze and zi) for each wall panel or roof panel), around the
building.

The wind velocity calculations are automated, the data source for the calculations is taken directly
from ASCE 7.

4.7.1 Running the Wind Wizard

The Wind Wizard guides you through the process of defining the information that is required to
calculate the wind loading on the structure.
• Click Wind Wizard on the Load ribbon.
• The Wind Wizard will start, and you can use its pages to define the necessary information.
• Run through the various pages of the Wind Wizard by clicking Next. When you reach the end of
the Wind Wizard click the Finish button to complete the Wind Wizard.

The various pages that you will encounter are detailed as follows:

Method Page

You can choose to specify the use of either the Rigid Buildings of All Heights per ASCE 7: Directional
Procedure, or the Envelope Procedure for Low-Rise Buildings. If the building does not meet the criteria
for a specific method, that procedure will not be available for selection.

Training manual Tekla Structural Designer

All Heights Building Geometry Page

This page allows you to define the basic geometry of the structure.

• Ground Level and Orientation will default to zero and can be modified as required.
• Mean Roof Height (h) – is taken as the difference between highest point on wall or roof panel and
ground level. For windward walls, it is taken as the actual reference height.
• Level of highest opening in building is conservatively taken as the mean roof height but can be
modified if needed.
• Overall building dimension in the X and Y directions will be automatically calculated from the
smallest enclosing rectangle relative to the given orientation of the principal axes. You do have
the option to override these values by checking the box to the right of the input field.
• The Torsion Cases 2 & 4 section allows you to specify the Design Pressure Factor and Eccentricity
percentages.

Training manual Tekla Structural Designer

Basic Wind Data Page

This page allows you to verify and amend the basic wind data.

Basic Wind Speed, V You will need to enter the basic wind speed in accordance with the ASCE 7,
section 26.5.1.
Directionality Factor, Kd You will need to enter the directionality factor in accordance with the ASCE 7
Table 26.6-1 for your structure.
Enclosure Classification You will need to enter the enclosure classification in accordance with the ASCE 7
Section 26.2 and the properties of your structure.
Gust Effect Factor, G You will need to enter the gust effect factor in accordance with the ASCE 7,
section 26.9 and the properties of your structure.
Exposure Category You will need to enter the exposure category in accordance with the ASCE 7
Section 26.7.3 and the properties of your structure for each principal axis.
Topographic Feature If a topographic feature needs to be considered you will need to select the
feature type and input the crest height, crest length and distance to crest in
accordance with the ASCE 7 for each principal axis.

Training manual Tekla Structural Designer

Results

The final page of the wizard is a summary of the results - peak velocity pressure ranges.

Initially there are 4 orthogonal wind directions relative to the Tekla Structural Designer axes, (not
geographical North). With the exception of the Other - Data for Each Direction method, you are able to
update this using the Dir. buttons and/or changing the direction value as required. At least one
direction must be defined.

You can use the Details... button to obtain additional information, including the values of Site Details
and the Intermediate factors used in the calculations of the Building Directions.

Training manual Tekla Structural Designer

When you click Finish, the Wind Wizard generates the wind zones for the entire building for each of
the specified wind directions. If any errors have occurred in this process, a red cross appears next to
Pressure Zones in the Project Workspace.

Step 6 Run the Wind Wizard command via the Load ribbon with the following options.
Set the Method to Rigid Buildings of All Heights ASCE 7-10: Directional Procedure Part 1.
Use all the default values in the All Heights Building Geometry interface.
Change the Basic Wind Speed to 120 mph in the Basic Wind Data interface.
Accept all other defaults.
Step 7 Review the Wind Results by clicking Details at the end of the Wizard before clicking Finish to
complete the wizard.

Training manual Tekla Structural Designer

4.8 Project Workspace – Wind Tree

Once the wind modeling process has been completed, the Wind Model Tree (located on the Wind tab
of the Project Workspace), can be used to display the resulting Wind Directional views.

It comprises the following branches:

• Pressure Zones - Solely indicates if the pressure zone calculations have been performed and are up
to date.
• Wind Directions - Each Wind Direction View can be displayed from here.
Wind direction dependent properties can be accessed through the relevant Wind Direction View
and then edited by selecting the relevant roof or wall element(s).
• Wind Loadcases - Wind Loadcases can be created and edited from here.

Note also that additional buttons are now active on the Wind Load group on the Load ribbon

Training manual Tekla Structural Designer

4.9 Wind Directional View

• To open a Wind Directional View, right click on the Wind Direction of interest in the Project
workspace Wind tree and select Open View from the context menu.

The requested Wind Directional View will open and the ribbon will automatically change to the Zone
loads ribbon to review the wind zone/load data. You can use the Wind Direction group on the ribbon
to switch to a different direction if required.

You can overlay (show) various information on the Wind Directional View by turning on the respective
item from the Zone loads ribbon. The screenshot above shows the Wind Zone and the Name.

Step 8 Open a Wind Direction -X view from the Project Workspace Wind tree and show the Wind
Zone and Name. Review the other information available from the show group.

Training manual Tekla Structural Designer

4.10 Wind Zones

At the end of the Wind Wizard, Tekla Structural Designer creates default zones for all the walls and
roof panels for each of the defined wind directions.

4.10.1 Wall Zones

Each wall panel is assessed to determine if it is a windward, leeward or side wall. The panels are
classified dependent on the walls normal angle to the wind direction.

• Windward walls are split horizontally over intermediate heights. Zones are labeled with a W
followed by the height at top of zone rounded to the nearest foot.
• Leeward walls have a single zone defined by L using Cp from Fig. 27.4-1 and interpolating for L/B
and using qh for the velocity pressure.
• Side walls have a single zone defined by S using Cp per Fig. 27.4-1 and the velocity pressure qh
• There is no guidance in ASCE 7-10 for walls not orthogonal to the principal axes. The Wind Wizard
will apply zones in those cases, and it is your responsibility to check the wind loads.
• Pressure coefficients are then assigned to each wall and roof panel per ASCE7-10, Figure 27.4-1

Training manual Tekla Structural Designer

• Windward walls = +0.8

• Side Walls = -0.7
• Leeward, for L/B = 48/36 = 1.33
• Interpolation...-0.5 - [(1.33-1)/(2-1)] * (-0.3-(-0.5)) = -0.471

Step 9 Review and verify the wall external pressure coefficient, C pe zone data applied to the model
using ASCE7-10, Figure 27.4-1.

Training manual Tekla Structural Designer

4.10.2 Roof Zones

ASCE7 Wind Modeler automatically generates roof zones, where possible, for each wind direction.

Defining the Roof Panel type

The interconnectivity of touching roof panels is not generally considered.

You can overlay (show) various information on the Wind Directional View such as the Roof Type and
Wind Zone information via the Show group on the Wind load ribbon.

Automatic Zoning - Automatic zoning will apply to all Windward and Leeward roof panels with θ > 10°,
because there is only one zone. However, for θ < 10° and Side roof panels, automatic zoning will not be
carried out for all cases.

Non-Automatic Zoning: Where automatic zoning does not apply, the system creates a single zone
covering the entire roof.

Step 10 Review the Roof type applied to the roof

Training manual Tekla Structural Designer

Changing the Roof type designation.

Defining the Roof Panel type:

Step 11 Re-assign the two roof panels parallel to the wind direction as shown in the screenshot
below and change the designation to Gable
Step 12 Re-assign the low roof panel to flat

As soon as this is done the Pressure Zones are flagged with a warning triangle (3) as they are no longer
up to date.

Updating Zones

If it is necessary to change the roofs or walls of your structure, either because you change the face of a
wall, or the type of a roof, or if you alter your structure dimensionally, then changes to the existing
wind zones do not occur automatically. This is intentional, since you may wish to make subsequent
alterations before you recalculate the zoning. Once you have completed your changes it is simple to
incorporate them and recalculate the zoning details.

Training manual Tekla Structural Designer

Step 13 To reinstate the zoning, on the Load ribbon (1) click Update Zones (2)

The wind zoning calculations run in the background and once these complete the new zoning layout
for your structure will be shown.

Notice that the zones and pressure coefficients did not change from the default. For this example, the
program applies automatic zoning and accurately sets the roof type properties. This means that Steps
12 through 14 were not necessary for this model but it is advised to go through these steps if you are
unsure whether the roofs in your model will have Automatic Zoning applied.

Step 14 Review the Roof wind pressure coefficients as you did earlier for the walls for Wind Direction
-X.

Training manual Tekla Structural Designer

4.11 Wind Load Cases

Once you have defined the basic wind data for your model, and calculated the wind zoning using the
Wind Wizard, you can then define the wind loadcases you want to investigate.

4.11.1 How do I define Wind load cases?

Step 15 Click Wind Loadcases on the Load tab.

• Use the Wind Loadcases dialog to define the details of each wind loadcase either:
– manually
– or if you want to generate standard wind loadcases for each wind direction you defined in the
Wind Wizard, then click Auto

The interface shown below allows you to define the wind load case parameters.

Training manual Tekla Structural Designer

Direction Create a wind load case based on one of the wind directions created in the Wind wizard.
GCpi Define the internal pressure coefficient GCpi.

Torsion & Indicate if a torsional moment will be applied to this load case and the direction; positive
Eccentricity or negative.

Roof Loads & Indicate if roof loads will be included and the direction; positive or negative.
Use Roof Cp

When no loadcases are defined, you can use the Auto button to generate the load cases.

Step 16 Click Auto to automatically generate wind loadcases for each wind direction defined via the
wind wizard.

Training manual Tekla Structural Designer

Step 17 Review the Zone Load Details for the selected wind direction and wind load case as the
screenshot below.

Net Pressure The design pressure applied to a given surface (windward, leeward, side wall)
Area The area in ft2 of the wall or roof panel
Applied Load The Net Pressure times the Area for each wall or roof panel.
GCpi The internal pressure coefficient used to calculate the net pressure for the wall or roof
panel
Cpe The external pressure coefficient used to calculate the net pressure for the wall or roof
panel

Training manual Tekla Structural Designer

4.12 Wind Load Decomposition

Load decomposition is carried out automatically when you perform a design or analysis of the
structure.

The Decomposition command is available from the Wind load group on the Load ribbon and provides
an optional way to perform the same task manually - you may elect to do this to manually check that
loads are being decomposed as you intend, prior to running the design or analysis.

Step 18 Run the Decomposition command from the Wind load group (as the screenshot below) to
decompose the wind loads to the supporting entities.

Step 19 Select the wind load case you wish to view the decomposed loads from the loading drop list.

Step 20 In the Scene Content window ensure that the Decomposed loading is checked along with the
text option.

Step 21 You will then be able to review the decomposed load in the active view.
The decomposition of wall panels is dependent upon the individual wall panels Decompose To
property.

Training manual Tekla Structural Designer

Unchecked – the load is applied as nodal loads

Checked – the load is decomposed as a distributed load to the members in the span direction of the
panel.

Step 22 Select the wall panel on the windward face and set the Decompose to option to “Nodes” in
the Properties window.
Step 23 Re-run the Decomposition command from the Wind group on the loading ribbon.
Step 24 Review the updated decomposition in the active view.

Training manual Tekla Structural Designer

4.13 Wind Load Combinations

The creation of load combinations is dealt with in another session covering the Combination
Generator.

The design is also dealt with in another session. You will therefore not create combinations or run the
design of the model incorporating wind load in this session.

4.14 Wind Loading Summary

You can use the Loading tree of the Project Workspace after an analysis or design to review the Wind
loading summary. An example is shown below.

Training manual Tekla Structural Designer

4.15 Delete Wind Model

You can use the Delete Wind command from the Wind Load group of the Load ribbon to delete the
wind model data previously defined using the Wind Wizard.

Training manual Tekla Structural Designer

LESSON
5

Training manual Tekla Structural Designer

5 Changing the Design code

5.1 Introduction

Tekla Structural Designer allows you to choose from a range of international design codes.

Each new project will initially adopt the codes you have specified in Settings from the Home ribbon
when you choose to create a new blank file, however it is also possible to change codes in mid project.

5.2 Session Aim

The aim of this session is to:

• Understand Head codes.

• Set the default design code for new projects.
• Change the design code in existing projects.
• Be aware of what items change/are deleted when switching codes in existing projects.

5.3 Time to Complete

We recommend that you should set aside 10 minutes to run through this session.

5.4 Head Code

A head code is selected which configures the choices available for the following codes:

Action Codes Resistance Codes

General Loading Steel Design
Wind Loading Concrete Design
Snow Loading Composite Design
Seismic Loading Timber Design
Combinations Masonry Design
Foundation Design
Seismic Design and Detailing
Steel Design

Training manual Tekla Structural Designer

5.5 How do I configure the default Design Codes to be applied to new projects?

• Click Settings on the Home ribbon.

• Select a Setting set from the drop list and make it active.
• Use the Design Codes page of the Settings dialog to choose the Codes required.

Having set the codes as required, Tekla Structural Designer will retain these as the default codes to
apply for each new project.

To start a new project with the chosen design codes:

• Click New on in the Home tab of the ribbon

5.6 How do I change Design Codes in an existing project?

• Click Model Settings from the Home tab of the ribbon

• In the Design Codes page of the dialog choose the Codes required.

5.7 Model changes

If you change design codes mid project, you need to be aware of the following model changes:

• Any existing wind load data will be lost – you will therefore need to recreate them.
• Any existing load combinations will be lost - you will therefore need to recreate them.
• Steel material properties will be amended.
• Rebar material properties will be amended.
• Concrete material properties will be amended.
• Composite stud data is lost – you will therefore need to re-assign the data.
• Effective lengths will be set to 1.0L.
• All existing design checks will be deleted and a re-design will be necessary.

5.8 What have we learned?

Having run through this session you should now understand how to set the Head code and design
codes prior to creating a new project and how to change the design codes mid project.

You are also aware of the model changes that occur due to the design code change.

Training manual Tekla Structural Designer

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