EDUC 231

Child and Adolescent

Development
Theory of Human
Development -
Psychoanalytic Theories
 CLASS CALENDAR
January 19 The Study of Human Development 
January 26 The Study of Human Development/
August 26 Psychoanalytic Theory
September
February 2 2Psychoanalytic Theory/Behaviorism
February 9
September 9Summative Test 1/Assessment Task
February 16 Behaviorism/Social Cognitive Theory
February 23 Social Cognitive Theory/
Theories of Cognitive Development
March 2 No Classes (Absent)
March 9 Theories of Cognitive Development/
Ecological Theory
March 16 Summative Test 2/Assessment Task
March 23 Preliminary Exams
 EDUC 231
Child and Adolescent
Development
Theory of Human
Development -
Introduction
 Theory of Heliocentrism
Earth (and other planets) revolves around the sun.
Theory of Evolution
Theory of Relativity
• A well-substantiated explanation acquired
through the scientific method and
repeatedly tested and confirmed through
observation and experimentation.
“It’s bright outside.”
“It’s bright outside because the
sun is probably out.”
“Newton’s Universal Gravitation.”
“When the sun is out, it tends to
make it bright outside.”
 DEVELOPMENTAL THEORY
• A model of development based on
observations that allows us to make
predictions
 FUNCTIONS OF
DEVELOPMENTAL THEORY
• Organize the knowledge that we already
have
• Help us make predictions about new
information that we can investigate and test
• demand
parenting
(reliably pick up)

• structured
parenting
(Standard bedtimes &
routines)
 Theories
• can never be proved beyond a shadow of
any doubt, but the scientific process allows us
to provide evidence that supports or opposes
the truth of these ideas.
 EDUC 231
Child and Adolescent
Development
Theory of Human
Development -
Psychoanalytic Theory
Psychoanalytic Theories

Psychosexual and Psychosocial

Stages of Development
 Free Association
• person allows thoughts to float freely without
censorship.
Sigmund Freud
 Parts of the Mind
According to Freud

• Conscious
• Preconscious
• Unconscious
• Last Night
• Last Last Week
• Horror Movie
Parts of Personality
According to Freud
 Id
• part of personality that consists of basic
drives, such as sex and hunger
• Pleasure principle
 Ego
• part of personality that contends with the
reality of the world
• based more on what others will think or what
the consequences of an action could be
• Controls basic drives
• Reality principle
 Superego
• concept of the conscience or sense of right
or wrong
• based more on moral value
 What Part of Personality?
• Ted is thirsty. Rather
than waiting for the
server to refill his glass
of water, he reached
across the table and
drank from Mr. Smith’s
water glass

Id
 What Part of Personality?
• Ted is thirsty.
However, he knew
that the server will be
back soon to give
him a glass of water,
so he waited until
then to get a drink,
even though he really
just wanted to drink
from Mr. Smith’s glass.

Ego
 What Part of Personality?
• Ted is done eating.
No one is around,
however, he knew
that stealing is wrong,
so he decided to wait
for the waiter to give
him the check and
pay even though he
would probably never
get caught

Superego
 Psychosexual Stages of Development

• At each stage, sexual energy is invested in a

different part of the body, and gratification of the
urges associated with those areas of the body is
particularly pleasurable
• The way in which gratification of urges is handled
during each of these stages determines the nature
of the adult’s personality and character
 Psychosexual Stages of Development

• Fixation: getting stuck or fixated in one of the first

three stages if needs are not adequately met at
that stage, or if so much gratification was received
that the person is not willing to move on to another
stage. That person will then exhibit characteristics
of that stage later in life.
PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT
1. Oral Stage
2. Anal Stage
3. Phallic Stage
4. Latency Stage
5. Genital Stage
 1. Oral Stage
• birth to 18 months
• pleasure zone: mouth
• oral fixation: overeating, smoking, chewing
 2. Anal Stage
• 18 months to 3 years
• pleasure zone: anus
• stage task: control bodily urges
• anal compulsive: overcontrolled, everything
has to be in its place
• anal expulsive: disorganized
 3. Phallic Stage
• 3 to 6 years
• pleasure zone: genitals
• stage task: learn to identify with parent of
same sex
• Electra complex – girls imagine marrying
their fathers
• Oedipus complex – boys imagine marrying
their mothers
 4. Latency Stage
• 6 to 12 years
• pleasure zone: none (sex drive goes
underground)
• stage task: transfer interest from parents to
peers
• each sex professes disgust
for the other
 5. Genital Stage
• 12 years and above
• pleasure zone: genitals
• stage task: form intimate relationships
PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT
1. Oral Stage
2. Anal Stage
3. Phallic Stage
4. Latency Stage
5. Genital Stage
Erik Erikson
Psychosocial Stages of Development
• Stages of development based on a central
conflict to be resolved involving the social
world and the development of identity
• Resolving conflict lays the groundwork for the
next stages of development
PSYCHOSOCIAL STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT
1. Trust vs Mistrust (Infancy)
2. Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt (Infancy-Early childhood)
3. Initiative vs Guilt (Early Childhood)
4. Industry vs Inferiority (Middle Childhood)
5. Identity vs Role Confusion (Adolescence)
6. Intimacy vs Isolation (Early Adulthood)
7. Generativity vs Stagnation (Middle Adulthood)
8. Integrity vs Despair (Late Adulthood/Old Age)
1. Trust vs Mistrust
• Infancy
• As infants, we depend on our caregivers to provide for our
basic needs, and develop trust when these needs are
met. Otherwise, we may grow up to be suspicious and
mistrustful.
2. Autonomy vs Shame & Doubt
• Infancy – early childhood
• Learn skills to cope with the world in a confident way,
failure to gain self-control leads children to doubt their
abilities
3. Initiative vs Guilt
• Early childhood
• Children must learn how to initiate own activities or have a
sense of inadequacy or guilt to be on their own
4. Industry vs Inferiority
• Middle childhood
• During this time, children feel proud of their
accomplishments or, at times, fear that they do not
measure up
5. Identity vs Role Confusion
• Adolescence
• As teens, adolescents typically try to understand who they
are, but this can sometimes lead to confusion.
6. Intimacy vs Isolation
• Early adulthood
• Adults often seek intimacy in order to avoid feeling
isolated.
7. Generativity vs Stagnation
• Middle adulthood
• Adults focus on establishing their careers and families. If
they are unsuccessful, they can feel stagnant.
8. Integrity vs Despair
• Late adulthood/old age
• Adults contemplate the integrity of their lives and
accomplishments. If they do not feel accomplished, they
may experience despair
PSYCHOSOCIAL STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT
1. Trust vs Mistrust (Infancy) Ini-Indu-Id-Int
2. Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt (Infancy-Early childhood)
3. Initiative vs Guilt (Early Childhood)
4. Industry vs Inferiority (Middle Childhood)
5. Identity vs Role Confusion (Adolescence)
6. Intimacy vs Isolation (Early Adulthood)
7. Generativity vs Stagnation (Middle Adulthood)
8. Integrity vs Despair (Late Adulthood/Old Age)
Summative Test 1
• February 9, 2019 (Saturday)
• 0 Introduction Lectures Part 1
• 0 Introduction Lectures Part 2
• 1 Psychoanalytic Theories
• Psychosexual Stages of Development
• Psychosocial Stages of Development
Assessment Task 1
•February 9, 2019 (Saturday)
• After the exam