PHYSICAL EDUCATION CLASSIFICATION OF BONES

Long Bones
THE SKELETAL SYSTEM  Typically longer than wide
PARTS OF SKELETAL SYSTEM  Have a shaft with heads at
 Bones (skeleton) both ends
 Joints  Contain mostly compact
 Cartilages bone
 Ligaments (bone to bone)  Ex: Humerus of arm,
(tendon= bone to muscle) Femur
Divided into two divisions
 Axial Skeleton
 Appendicular skeleton – limbs and girdle

FUNCTIONS OF BONES
 Support of the Body
 Protection of soft organs
 Movement due to attached skeletal muscles
 Storage of minerals and fats
 Blood cell formation

BONES OF THE HUMAN BODY

 The skeleton has 206 bones
 Two basic types of bone tissue Short Bones
Compact bone  Generally cube-shape
 Homogeneous  Contain mostly spongy
Spongy bone bone
 Small needle-like pieces of  Ex: Carpals of wrist,
bone tarsals
 Many open spaces Flat Bones
 Thin and flattened
MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY OF BONE  Usually curved
 Thin layers of compact
bone around a layer of
spongy bone
 Ex: Parietal bone of skull,
ribs, sternum
Irregular Bones
 Irregular shape
 Do not fit into other bone
classification categories
 Ex: Vertebrae, hip, pelvis

BONES ARE CLASSIFIED BY THEIR SHAPE:

- Long - Flat
- Short - Irregular
THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM  TEMPERATURE AND REGULATION
 Your muscular system helps your
 A muscle is made of strong tissue that can body keep your internal
contract in an orderly way. temperature within a certain range.
 Your muscular system is made of different  Have you ever felt cold and then
types of muscles and has several functions. started shivering?
 All muscle tissues are made of cells that  Shivering is muscles rapidly
contract. contracting. This changes chemical
 When the cells of a muscle contract, the energy to thermal energy. The
muscle tissues become shorter. released thermal energy helps
 The muscle tissues return to their original maintain your body’s temperature.
length when the cells relax.  This is important because a
human’s body temperature must
FUNCTIONS: stay around 37C in order for the
 MOVEMENT body to function properly.
 Many of your muscles help you  Muscles also change chemical
move. Most of these muscles attach energy to thermal energy during
to bones. These muscles make exercise. This is why you feel warm
your skeleton move. after physical activity.
 When muscles contract, they move
bones. This movement can be fast, TYPES OF MUSCLES
such as when you run. The  Your body has three different types of
movement can also be slow, such muscles:
as when you stretch.  Skeletal
 STABILITY  Smooth
 Muscles that are attached to your  Cardiac
bones support your body and help
you keep your balance.  Skeletal
 Tendons attach muscles to bones.  Muscle that attaches to bones is
 Tendons work with muscles and skeletal muscle.
keep your joints in place when your  Skeletal muscles are also called
body moves. voluntary muscles
 Tendons also help hold your body  Voluntary muscles are muscles that
in correct posture, or shape. you can consciously control.
 PROTECTION  For example: you can control
 Muscles protect your body. They whether or not you lift your leg. The
cover most of your skeleton. contractions of skeletal muscles
 Muscles also cover most of the can be quick and powerful;, such as
organs inside your body. when you run. However, contracting
 Muscles are like a layer of padding. these muscles for a long time can
They surround your abdomen, tire them or make them cramp.
chest, and back, and protect your  It works by pulling on bones.
internal organs.  Muscles cannot push on bones.
Instead, muscles work in pairs and
move the body.
 Cardiac
 Your heart is made of cardiac
muscles, which are found only in
the heart.
 A cardiac muscle is a type of
involuntary muscle, which is muscle
you cannot consciously control.
 As cardiac muscles contract and
relax, they pump blood through
your heart and through vessels
throughout your body.
 Cardiac muscle cells have
branches with discs at their ends.
These discs send signals to other
cardiac muscle cells.
 The signals cause all the cardiac
muscle cells to contract at almost
the same time.
 Smooth
 Smooth muscles line your blood
vessels and many of your organs.
 Smooth muscles are involuntary
muscles named for their smooth
appearance.
 Contraction of smooth muscles
helps move material through your
body, such as food in your
stomach.
 Smooth muscles also control the
movement of blood through your
vessels.