Materials Today: Proceedings 28 (2020) 1302–1306

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Materials Today: Proceedings

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Smart materials types, properties and applications: A review

Shashi Bahl a, Himanshu Nagar b, Inderpreet Singh b, Shankar Sehgal b,⇑
a
Department of Mechanical Engineering, I.K. Gujral Punjab Technical University Hoshiarpur Campus, Hoshiarpur 146001, India
b
Mechanical Engineering Department, UIET, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Future developments of smart materials for domains such as self-sustainable wireless sensor networks,
Received 23 March 2020 self-tuned vibration energy harvesting devices, seismic applications etc. is the need of an hour. Such
Received in revised form 9 April 2020 smart materials have the potential to build smart structures and materials. Smart materials are
Accepted 16 April 2020
stimuli-responsive which constituted a broad range of materials to exploit vibration control such as
Available online 11 May 2020
piezoelectric, shape memory alloys, electro-rheological fluid and magneto-rheological fluid. Smart mate-
rials show a certain amount of analogy with respect to biological systems. For instance, piezoelectric
Keywords:
hydrophones that show similarity as that of ears with which fish senses vibrations, piezoelectric with
Smart materials
Shape memory alloys
an amalgamation of electromechanical coupling, shape-memory materials with a potential to recollect
Magneto-rheological materials the original shape and electro-rheological fluids with manipulative viscosity strength etc. Such potential
Magnetostrictive materials grabbed the attention of research and allow them to think and integrate varied advanced technologies
Piezoelectric into compact, diverse functional packages with an ultimate aim to develop advanced smart materials
and revolutionize the research field of smart materials. This review initially discusses a brief summary
of the aforementioned stimuli-responsive smart materials following a complete description of some of
the smart materials.
Ó 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Confer-
ence on Aspects of Materials Science and Engineering.

1. Introduction materials will have a great impact on mankind, for example, some
of them can change their properties according to the environment
Thousands of years ago humans used materials for different and some of them have sensory capabilities some of them can
causes due to which there was an enhancement in their living repair automatically and some of them have self-degradation,
standards. Even civilizations were divided on the basis of their dis- these extraordinary capabilities of smart materials will have an
covery of materials like the first age was the Stone Age. The most impact on all aspects of civilization. Various smart materials
revolutionary age was the Bronze Age because bronze was more already exist like piezoelectric materials, shape memory alloys,
durable and harder. The discovery of bronze was the beginning magneto-rheological materials, and electro-rheostat materials
of new metallurgy era after that many materials discovered. From and many more to be discovered. This paper concentrates on the
the past two decades, science and technology have made great introduction to different types of smart materials and their poten-
improvements in synthesizing the new materials. They are divided tial applications in various areas.
mainly into four categories which are polymers, ceramics, metals,
and smart materials. Among them, smart materials are becoming
more popular because they have various applications as compared 2. Classification of smart materials
to standard materials. The special materials that can change their
properties such as materials which can change its shape just by Smart materials are also known as advanced materials or intel-
adding some heat or can change its phase instantly when placed ligent materials. They cannot be defined by a single specific defini-
near magnet are called smart materials. This new era of smart tion. They can be defined as materials that can recoil their original
shape to specific stimuli, or it can be defined as advanced materials
that can respond smartly to environment changes [1]. Smart mate-
⇑ Corresponding author. rials are categorized on the basis of their properties such as active
E-mail address: [email protected] (S. Sehgal). and passive [2], passive smart materials have ability to transfer a

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.04.505
2214-7853/Ó 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Aspects of Materials Science and Engineering.
 S. Bahl et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings 28 (2020) 1302–1306 1303

type of energy e.g. optical fibers are able to transfer electromag- 3.2. Pseudo elasticity
netic waves. Active materials are also divided in two categories
first type which cannot change their properties when exposed to Super elasticity or sometimes called pseudo elasticity, is an
external stimuli e.g. photo chromatic glasses when place in sun- elastic response to applied stress, caused by a phase transforma-
shine they only change their colour. tion between the austenite and marten site phases of an SMA.
The other types can alter one form of energy (thermal, electri- Unlike the shape memory effect which is observed due to change
cal, chemical, mechanical, and optical) to another form e.g. piezo- in temperature while pseudo elasticity observed without a change
electric materials can produce an electric charge when placed to in temperature. Super elasticity or pseudo elasticity of SMA
external strain. They have some amazing properties that distin- involves stress-induced strain recovery upon removing at a tem-
guished them from other materials, such as transiency: they can perature above finishing austenite temperature. Super elasticity
respond to various types of external stimulus, immediacy: the occurs at a very high temperature where a stable austenite struc-
response time very less, self-actuation: this is the ability to change ture exists. When an external force is applied, this can force the
their appearance and shape, selectivity: the response is divided austenite phase to transform into martensite phase, also called
and expected, directness: response is restricted to the activating ‘‘stress-induced martensite”. The affiliated shear of local regions
even, shape changing: material can change its shape with respect holds this strain. After unloading, the generated strain is fully
to external stimuli, self-diagnostic: they are able to detects crack restored and the alloy returns to its initial austenite phase. This
on material surfaces automatically and self-healing: when dam- can be achieved without being plastically deformed, which is much
aged are capable of autonomous repair or can be repaired. higher than what would normally be possible during regular elas-
tic deformation (up to 0.5%). However, this aspect is only possible if
all of the deformations have been provided by martensitic phase
3. Shape memory alloys and properties transformations. This transformation process concludes in a hys-
teresis which reflects the energy wasted in the cycle [4,5].
Shape memory alloy (SMA) is a very common example of smart
material. These materials can change in any shape with variation in 4. Piezoelectric materials and properties
temperature, the one specification which makes it different from
other materials is that it can remember its original shape when The term piezoelectricity is a blend of two terms: ‘‘piezo” which
subjected to external stimuli i.e. stress. They are also referred to is a Greek term meaning pressure, and ‘‘electricity”, referring to
as intelligent materials. These shape changes occur between two- electrical charges. By the application of stress or strain piezoelec-
phase marten site to austenite. Martensite phase is stable at lower tric material changes the mechanical energy into electric energy
temperature and the austenite phase is stable at a higher temper- and vice-versa. Similarly, piezoelectric actuators convert electrical
ature [3]. Occurrence of these thermo mechanical properties of signals into a mechanical movement which is used for adjusting
SMAs is due to reversible solid–solid phase transformation gov- mirrors, lenses and various automotive parts. The piezoelectric
erned by temperature and mechanical stress. The phases are materials can improve the performance of the existing products
austenite and marten site with reference to the phase transforma- [8]. The piezoelectric effect takes place in all directions and can
tion occurring in steels [4]. be divided into two main effects: the direct piezoelectric effect
Super elasticity can recover from large elastic strains (up to 8%) and the inverse piezoelectric effect [9].
also permits the material to resist large cyclic deformations, with-
out residual strains. due to these immanent wonderful properties 4.1. The direct piezoelectric effect
[5]. Nickel-titanium alloy is the most effective and common type
of shape-memory alloy which has the titanium content of 45– The direct piezoelectric effect describes as whenever mechani-
50%. The commercially available nickel-titanium alloys are traded cal stress is exerted on piezoelectric material it produces electric
under the brand-name of Nitinol. Some of the most notable non- charges. The direct piezoelectric effect is also called as generator
titanium alloys which also have the shape-memory properties effect or sensor effect. The direct effect of piezoelectric is mainly
are copper–zinc–aluminium and copper–aluminium–nickel alloys. used in sensors.
However they have the lower shape-memory performance and
mechanical properties as compared to those of the nickel–titanium
4.2. The inverse piezoelectric effect
alloys [6]. SMAs are a class of novel materials that display two
effects: shape memory effect and pseudo elasticity [7].
The inverse piezoelectric effect is the property of piezoelectric
materials to develop the strain when an electric field is applied.
The inverse piezoelectric effect is also known as minor effect or
3.1. Shape memory effect
actuator effect. The inverse effect used in piezoelectric actuators
[10]. At very high electric intensity makes very small changes in
The molecular structure is twinned during the martensitic
the width of crystals even the change in width can be of better than
phase transformation. The size and shape of martens remain the
the micrometer precision, which makes piezocrystals the most
same on a microscopic scale-like cubic austenitic phase. Shape
accurate tool for positioning objects, thus they used as actuators.
memory effect (SME) is phenomena in which its original size and
The inverse piezoelectric effect can be understood by the equation:
shape regained when a structure is heated or cooled at certain
characteristic transformation temperatures. Normally SME refers S ¼ SE  T þ d  E; where, S is the mechanical strain; SE is the com-
to the one-way SME in which external load makes to include de- pliance or elasticity coefficient; T is the mechanical stress; d is the
twinning brings the SMA into a current distorted structure that piezoelectric charge constant and E is the electrical field [11].
can be regained on heating above finishing temperature of austen-
ite. In this type, no transformation strains are induced during cool- 5. Magneto-rheological fluids
ing. Two-way SME is observed when the one in which
transformation strains are converted during heating or cooling of Magneto-rheological fluids (MRFs) will change their rheological
SMA. Two-way SME is not very important, but a developed charac- properties like stress and viscosity on the application of the mag-
teristic [5]. netic field [12]. MRFs are also called magneto-sensitive smart
1304 S. Bahl et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings 28 (2020) 1302–1306

materials [13]. Magneto-rheological elastomers (MREs) are a damages [25–28]. The most used smart materials for structural
rubber-like soft particle whose mechanical properties can be health monitoring (SHM) are fiber-optic sensors and piezoelectric
changed on the application of a magnetic field [14]. MREs contain wafer active sensor. Fiber Bragg grating (FBG) and fiber-optic
basic components: magnetic particles, nonmagnetic elastic polarimetric sensor (FOPS) are the two fiber-optic sensors which
matrices, and additives. Viscous properties of these materials can have been researched the most in the last around 20 years. FBGs
be altered by changing the magnetic field. MRFs are used in are used for local strain measurement [29].
damper, clutch and buffer etc. [14]. MREs are widely used in FBG sensors are the one which can be easily can be easily
adaptively tuned vibration absorber. Carbonyl iron is used to embedded into the composite structures for structural health
prepare MRF due to high saturation magnetization. Some of the monitoring [30]. The small-diameter FBG has been developed
properties of MRFs are: visco-elastic in nature, magnetic recently in order to measure the internal strain fields which are
property, light in weight, controllable modulus and excellent non-homogeneous [31]. Strain in the whole length of a structure
sound-absorbing [14]. measured by FOPS. The increased strain Due to the damage/crack
in a structure, the strain increases which is sensed by FOPS
6. Magnetostrictive materials regardless of the location of the damage in the in the structure.
Damages in various structures are monitored by the FOPS globally
Magnetostrictive materials can be magnetized on the applica- [32–34]. However, FOPS is not able to find the location of the
tion of stress or deform in response to the magnetic field [15]. They damage. Optical fiber can be used to transmit the power with
often referred to as the transducer. The change in length can take the help of a solar cell. Optical fibers can be used in medical
place due to magnetization. These materials could classify into and other applications as light guides. For illumination in
positive and negative magnetostrictive. They can either contract decorative applications such as signs toys etc, optical fiber lamps
or relax by changing the magnetic field [2]. These materials exhibit can be used.
nonlinear characteristics, frequency-dependent hysteresis due to
which several challenges occur to accurately capture complex 9. Comparison of smart materials
behaviour. Mechanical properties of magnetostrictive materials
are: workability, moderate saturation magnetization [16], high In this section, advantages, disadvantages and applications of
coercivity, high chemical stability, high Curie temperature and some smart materials are discussed. Firstly piezoelectric material
high cubic magneto crystalline anisotropy [17]. Cobalt ferrite is is discussed. Its structure is very simple; generate an electrical
primarily mainly used for its magnetostrictive applications like signal on the application of load. But there is a lot of wear and
sensors and actuators. This is due to its high saturation magne- heat generation, manufacturing is difficult, its working stroke is
tostriction [18]. It is a good substitute for Terfenol-D due to no - limited up to a few micrometers. These materials can also be used
rare-earth elements [18]. With the help of magnetic uniaxial at high temperatures. They are used in electronic devices, power
anisotropy its magnetostrictive properties can be tuned [19]. This generation in automobiles, tire pressure sensors and piezo fuel
can be performed with the help of magnetic annealing [20], Mag- injectors. Magnetostrictive materials have higher energy density
netic field assisted compaction [21] or reaction under the uniaxial and intrinsic robustness. These materials increase the complexity
pressure [22]. of the system. They are used in tuned vibration absorber, damper,
engine mounting and sensors. Shape memory alloys have high
7. Electro-rheological fluids damping capacities, high strength and are corrosion-resistant.
They are very expensive and temperature-sensitive; the design
Electro-rheological fluid (ERF) is the suspension of very small of these materials is also complicated. Electro-rheological fluid
particles in electrical insulating fluid when the electric field is has a more stable system performance, acts as a power amplifier.
applied they will rapidly form a solid-like structure in the direction The fluid becomes thick after prolonged use needs replacement
of field [23]. They will form return from one state to another i.e. gel after some time. Its applications are vibration dampers, shock
state to liquid and vice versa on the application of an electric field absorber, clutches and hydraulic valves. Table 1 presents the
[24]. There are various applications of ERFs in vibration isolators, advantages, disadvantages and applications of different smart
the automotive industry, shock absorber, clutch [16]. They are also materials.
used in building base-isolation and electro-active actuators due to
their ability to overcome defects caused by particle aggregation 10. Conclusions
and sedimentation that affects the electro-rheological performance
of ERFs building base-isolation and electro-active actuators The present study gives a brief summary of the stimuli-
because they can overcome the defects due to particle aggregation responsive smart materials followed by a complete description of
and sedimentation that adepts the electro-rheological performance the some of the smart materials. In this paper, a survey of literature
of ERFs [16]. Some properties of electro-rheological fluids are: they discusses types of smart materials, their need, advantages, disad-
are stiff, damping coefficient is changed in the electric field [24], vantages, and applications. Piezoelectric, magnetostrictive, shape
high dielectric constant, interfacial bond strength, constable rheol- memory alloys, electro-rheological fluid, and magneto-
ogy and dielectric in nature. rheological fluid are some of the smart materials. Piezoelectric
materials produce an electric effect on applying force and its two
8. Optical fibers effects were discussed. Structure and construction of magneto-
rheological elastomers are discussed. Magnetostrictive materials
A flexible and transparent fiber which is made by draw- have complex behaviour. Electro-rheological fluids are very stiff,
ing glass/plastic to a diameter slightly thicker than the diameter due to which they are used in building base isolation. Shape mem-
of the human hair is called the optical fiber. Optical fibers are used ory alloys change their shape with variation in temperature and
quite often to transmit the light between the ends of the fiber. They stress. Shape memory alloys are also known as intelligent materi-
are used widely in fiber-optic communications. Mechanical blades, als. This paper is quite beneficial for readers to understand about
shafts, and civil structures are some of the structures which are to smart materials, their advantages, disadvantages, and applications
be monitored for the variations in strain due to cracks and in various fields.
 S. Bahl et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings 28 (2020) 1302–1306 1305

Table 1
Advantages, disadvantages and applications of smart materials.

Name of Smart Advantages Disadvantages Applications

Material
Piezoelectric  High frequency response [11]  Working stroke is limited to several or ten  Used in electronics devices such as transduc-
 Generate electrical signal on micrometers limits its application in or as actu- ers and sensors
application of mechanical ators [35]  Used at high temperature due to their high
force [35]  Wear and heat generation curie temperature [36]
 Structure is simple [36]  Difficult to manufacture  Micro positioning accuracy
 Inchworm piezoelectric has complex structure  Power gen in auto
 Tyre pressure sensor
 Knock sensor
 Piezo fuel injectors
Magnetostrictive  Higher energy density  Magnetostrictive materials increases the com-  Tuned vibration absorber
 Intrinsic robustness [16] plexity of the system [16]  Damper
 The accuracy of experimental reproduction is  Engine mounting
not enough [16]  sensors
 Energy harvesting [13]
Shape memory alloy  They have elastic behavior  Expensive  Biocompatible
 High fatigue failure Life [37]  Temperature sensitive [39]  Aerospace
 High damping capacities  High cycle fatigue  Robotics [41]
 High strength  Complicated design and high weight [40]  Clothing and fashion industries
 Corrosion resistant [38]
Electro-rheological  More stable system  High Density [42]  Vibration dampers, Shock absorber
fluid performance  Fluid become thick after prolonged use need  Clutches
 Simple controller design replacement [24]  Hydraulic valves [24]
 Act as power amplifier [24]
Magneto-rheological  Very little remnant  High quality fluids are expensive  Vibration absorber
fluid magnetization  Settling of ferro particles can be problematic  The deposition of iron particles
 Higher permeability  Sealing problems
 Higher saturation magnetiza-  Environmental contamination [14]
tion [14]
Optical fibers  Higher bandwidth support  More expansive transmitter and receiver  Advanced intrusion detection security
 High carrying capacity equipments systems
 Immunity to electromagnetic  It cannot carry electrical power to operate ter-  Optical chemical sensors and optical
interference and tapping minal devices biosensors
 Flexible  Not suitable at higher optical powers  Used to transmit power using a photovoltaic
 Optical fiber cables take up  Installation is costly cell, as light guides in medical and other
less space applications
 Resistance to corrosive  Structural health monitoring, Spectroscopy,
materials Imaging optics

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