RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, ARCHITECTURE AND TECHNOLOGY

HYDRAULICS
I. Fluid Mechanics
- Is a physical science dealing with the action of fluids at rest or in motion, and with applications and devices in
engineering using fluids.
- Fluid Mechanics Major Areas
1. Fluid Static – deals with fluids at rest
2. Fluid dynamics/Hydrodynamics – deals with the fluids in motion.

A. Types of Fluids
1. Ideal Fluids
 Assumed to have no viscosity
 Incompressible
 Have uniform velocity when flowing
 No friction between
tween moving layers of fluids
 No eddy currents or turbulence
2. Real Fluids
 Exhibit infinite viscosities
 Non-uniform
uniform velocity distribution when flowing
 Compressible
 Experience friction and turbulence in flow

B. Mass Density
- The density of a fluid is its mass pe
per unit of volume

=
Where: ρ – Mass density
M – Mass of the fluid
V – Volume of the fluid
- For an ideal gas, its density can be found from the specific gas constant and ideal gas law
=
Where: ρ – Mass density
p – Absolute pressure of gas in Pa
R – Gas constant in J/kg-˚K
J/kg or lb-ft/slug-˚R
For air:
R = 287 J/kg-˚K
J/kg
R = 1716 lb-ft/slug-˚R
lb
T – Absolute Temperature in Kelvin or Rankine
˚K = ˚C
C + 273
˚R = ˚FF + 460

Approximate Room-Temperature
Room Densties of Common Fluids
3
Fluids Ρ in kg/m
Air (STP) 1.29
Air (21
( ˚F, 1 atm) 1.20
Alcohol 790
Ammonia 602
Gasoline 720
Glycerin 1260
Mercury 13600
Water 1000

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 C. Specific Volume
- The density of a fluid is its mass per unit of volume (reciprocal of Mass Density)

=
Where: Vs – Specific volume of the fluid
ρ – Mass density

D. Specific Weight or Unit Weight

- It is the weightof a fluid per unit volume.

= = ℎ =
Where: γ – Unit Weight of the fluid
W – Weight of the Fluid = Mg
V – Volume of the fluid
g – Acceleration due to gravity
ρ – Mass density
Units:
3
English : lb/ft
Metric : dyne/cm3
3 3
SI : N/m or kN/m

E. Specific Gravity
- It is dimensionless ratio of a fluid’s density to some standard reference density. For liguids and solids, the
reference density is water at 4˚C (39.2˚F)
Using mass density

= =
Using Unit Weight

= =

Where: G – Specific gravity

ρobject – Mass density of the specific object
ρreference – Mass density of the reference fluid
γobject – Unit Weight of the specific object
γreference – Unit Weight of the reference fluid

Commonly water’s density is:

3 3
γw = 62.4lbs/ft = 9.81kN/m
3 3
ρw = 1.94slugs/ft = 1000kg/m
F. Viscosity
- It is a property of a fluid that determine its resisitance to shearing forces a perferct fluid would have no
viscosity.
=
/
2
Where: μ – absolute viscosity in lb-sec/ft (poises) or Pa-sec
2
τ – Shear stress in lb/ ft or Pa
V – Velocity in ft/s or m/s
y – Distance between the plates in ft or m

G. Kinematic Viscosity
- It is the ratio of the dynamic viscosity of the fluid to its mass density
=
2
Where: μ – absolute viscosity in lb-sec/ft (poises) or Pa-sec
3 3
ρ – Mass density of fluid in slugs/ ft or kg/m
v – Kinematic viscosity
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 Common Units for Viscosity
System Absolute μ Kinematic v
2
in lb-sec/ft 2
English 2 ft /sec
(slug /ft -sec)
2 2
Dyne-sec/cm cm /s
Metric
(poise) (stoke)
Pa-sec 2
SI 2 m /s
(N-sec/m )
2 -5
Note: 1 poise = 1 Dyne-sec/cm (1dyne = 10 N)
2
1 stoke = 0.0001 m /s

H. Surface Tension
- The member of “skin” that seems to form on the free surface of a fluid is due to the intermolecular cohesive
forces and is known as the surface tension.
1. Pressure inside a droplet of liquid

=
Where: p – Gage Pressure in Pa
σ – Surface tension in N/m
d - Diameter of the droplet in m

2. Capillarity
- Or capillary action is the behavior of the liquid in a thin-bore tube. The rise or fall or fluid in a capillary
tube is caused by the surface tenion and depends on the relative magnitudes of the cohesion of the
liquid and the adhesion of the liquid to the walls of the containing vessel. Capillary is important when
using tubes smller than about 3/8 inch or about 9.5mm in diameter

Adhesion > Cohesion

Adhesion < Coohesion

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 Constant Angles
Materials Angles θ
Mercury-glass 140°
Water-paraffin 107°
Water-silver 90°
Kerosene-glass 26°
Glycerin-glass 19°
Water-glass 0°
Ethyl alcohol-glass 0°

I. Compressibility
- The coefficient of compressibility is the fractional change in volume of a fluid per unit change in pressure in a
constant temperature.
∆
−
=
∆
Where: β – Coefficient of compressibility
ΔV – Change in volume
V – Original volume
Δp – change in pressure

J. Bulk Modulus of Elasticity

- It expresses the compressibility of the fluid. It is the ratio of the change in unit pressure to the corresponding
volume change per unit of volume

∆
= =
∆
−
Where: β – Coefficient of compressibility
ΔV – Change in volume
V – Original volume
Δp – change in pressure
EB – Bulk Modulus of Elasticity of the fluid

K. Pressure Disturbances or Celerity

- Are pressure waves that are also known as acoustical or sonic velocity
1. For Rigid Pipes and open water

2. Non-Rigid Pipes only

=
+

L. Property Changes in Ideal Gas

1. General Equation (Temp. Is in Kelvin)

=
2. When Temperature is held constant (Temp. Is in Kelvin)

=
3. When Pressure is heald constant (isothermal condition) (Temp. Is in Kelvin)

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Sample Problems:
3
1. A reservoir of glycerin has a mass of 1200kg and a volume of 0.952m . Find its (a) weight, (b) unit weight, (c) mas density,
and (d) specific gravity.
3 3
Ans. a. 11.772kN, b. 12.366kN/m , c. 1260.5kg/m , d. 1.26

2. The specific gravity of certain oil is 0.82. Calculate its (a) unit weight in English and SI system, (b) Mass Density in English and
SI system.
3 3 3 3
Ans. a. 51.168 lbs/ft and 8.044 kN/m , b. 1.59 slug/ft and 820 kg/m

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 3. What is the specific weight of the air at 480kPa absolute and 21°C?
3
Ans. 55.81 N/m

4. Air is kept at a pressure of 200kPa absolute and a temperature of 30°C in a 500-liter container. Waht is the mass of air
Ans. 1.15kg

5. A cylindrical tank 80cm in diameterand 90cm high is filled with a liquid. The tank and the liquid weighed 420kg. The weight
3
of the empty tank is 40kg. What is the unit weight of the liquid in kN/m
3
Ans. 8.24 kN/m

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 6. A lead cube has a total mass of 80kg. What is the length of its side? The specific gravity of the lead is 11.3
Ans. 19.2cm

7. Two large plane surfaces are 25mm apart and the space between them is filled with liquid of viscosity of 0.958 Pa-sec.
2
assuming the velocity gradient to be a straight line, what force is required to pull a very thin plate of 0.37m area at a
constant speed of 0.3m/s if the plate is 8.4mm from one of the surfaces?
Ans. 19.06N

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 8. An 18kg slab slides down a 15° inclined plane on a 3mm-thick film of oil with viscosity of 0.0814Pa-sec. If the contact area is
3
0.3m , find the terminal velocity of the slab. Neglect air resisitance
Ans. 5.614 m/s

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 9. Estimate the height to which water will rise in a capillary tube of diameter (a) 3mm, (b) 12mm. Use σ=0.0728 N/m and
3
γ=9810 N/m
Ans. a. 9.9mm, b. NO CAPILLARY ACTION

10. Estimate the capilary depression for mercury in glass capillary tube 2mm in diameter. Use σ=0.514 N/m
Ans. 5.9mm

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 11. A liquid compressed in a container has a volume of 1 liter at a pressure of 1MPa and a volume of 0.995MPa at a pressure of
2MPa. What is the bulk modulus elasticity of the liquid?
Ans. 200MPa

12. If the 12m3 of nitrogen at constant temperature of 30°C and 12kPa absolute is permitted to expand to 30m3, what is the
resulting pressure?
Ans. 50kPa

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