CHAPTER 6 Projections of Points 6.1 Introduction A point may be defined as smallest geometrical element having no dimensions. It is represented as dot. A point may be situated in any one of the four quadrants which are formed by two mutually perpendicular planes. To obtain the projections of a point, first of all the given point is assumed to be situated in the given quadrant. Perpendicular projectors are then drawn from the point to meet the planes of projection. Now by rotating the horizontal plane in clockwise direction, both the views (.c., front view and top view) are brought in the same plane, On the drawing, actual position of the point is represented by capital letter A, B, C, etc. The corresponding front view, top view and side view are designated by a', b',',. a, b, c,.and a", b", o".. respectively. 6.2 Point above H.P. and in front of V.P. (i.e., in first quadrant) Problem 6.1 (Fig. 6.1): A point P is situated 40 mm above the H.P. and 65 mm in front of the V.P. Draw its front view and top view. Graphical Representation (Fig. 6.1(a)): Point P is situated in first quadrant as shown in Fig. 6.1(a), such that it is 40 mm above { the H.P. and 65 mm in front of the V.P. Drawing horizontal and vertical projectors through P to meet V.P. and H.P. respectively, we will get front view 40 mm above the xy line and when horizontal plane is rotated clockwise, the top view will appear 65 mm. below the xy line. Construction (Fig. 6.1(b)): () Draw a reference line xy. (i) Atany suitable point on xy line, draw a perpendicular projector. 149 EE150 _A Textbook of Engineering Graphics (ii) On the projector, mark front view p', 40 mm above xy line. (iv) Mark the top view p, 65 mm below xy line. (v) Mark the dimensions as shown in Fig.6.1(b). 65 @ ®) Fig. 6.1 6.3 Point above H.P. and behind V.P. (i.e., in second quadrant) Problem 6.2 (Fig. 6.2): 4 point A is 60 mm above the H.P. and 30 mm behind the V.P. Draw its projections. Graphical Representation (Fig. 6.2(a)): Point A is situated in second quadrant as shown in Fig. 6.2(a), such that it is 60 mm above the HLP. and 30 mm behind the V.P. Drawing horizontal and vertical projectors through A to meet V.P. and H.P. respectively, we will get front view 60 mm above the xy line and when horizontal plane is rotated clockwise, the top view will appr 30 mm above the xy line. Construction (Fig. 6.2(b)): () Draw a reference line xy. (i) At any suitable point on xy line, draw a perpendicular projector. (ii) On the projector, mark front view a’, 60 mm above xy line. (iv) Mark the top view a, 30 mm above xy line. (v) Mark the dimensions as shown in Fig.6.2(b)..Projections of Points _154 6.4. Point below H.P. and behind V.P. (ie., in third quadrant) Problem 6.3 (Fig. 6.3): A point Q is 50 mm below the H.P. and 40 mm behind the V.P. Draw its front view and top view. ® Fig. 63 Graphical Representation (Fig. 6.3(a)): Point Q is situated in third quadrant as shown in Fig. 6.3(a), such that itis 50 mm below the HLP. and 40 behind the V.P. Drawing horizontal and vertical projectors through Q152 _A Textbook of Engineering Graphics to meet V.P. and LP. respectively, we will get front view 50 mm below the xy line and when horizontal plane is rotated clockwise, the top view will appear 40 mum above the xy line. Construction (Fig. 6.3(b)): Draw a reference line xy. At any suitable point on xy line, draw a perpendicular projector. On the projector, mark front view q', 50 mm below xy line. Mark the top view q, 40 mm above xy line. Mark the dimensions as shown in Fig.6.3(b). 6.5 Point below H.P. and in front of V.P. (i.e., in fourth quadrant) Problem 6.4 (Fig. 6.4): 4 point P is situated 30 mm below the H.P. and 45 mm in front of the V.P. Draw its front view and top view. ae aan 2 L I Fig. 6.4Projections of Points 153 Graphical Representation (Rig. 6.4(a)): Point P is situated in fourth quadrant as show in Fig. 6 4a), horizontal and vertical projectors theoogh P to: niet VPP al LP, eens ee in get front view 30 mm below the xy line and when horizontal plane is rotated clockwise, the top view will appear 45 mm below the xy line. Construction (Fig. 6.4(b)): (@ Draw a reference line xy, Gi) Atany suitable point on xy line, draw a perpendicular projector. (iii) On the Projector, mark front view P', 30 mm below xy line. (iv) Mark the top view p, 45 mm below xy line. (©) Mark the dimensions as shown in Fig. 6.4(t), 6.6 Point on the H.P. and in front of the V.P, Problem 6.5 (Fig. 6.5): A point B is on the H.P. and 30 mm in front of the V.P. Draw its Projections, ) Bin ce454 A Textbook of Engineering Graphics on-xy line and when horizontal plane is rotated clockwise , the top view will appear 30 mm below the xy line. Construction (Fig. 6.5(b)): (i Draw a reference line xy. (ii) At any suitable point on xy line, draw a perpendicular projector. (ii) On the projector, mark front view bon xy line. (iv) Mark the top view b, 30 mm below xy line. (¥) Mark the dimensions as shown in Fig.6.5(b), 6.7 Point on the H.P. and behind the V.P. Problem 6.6 (Fig. 6.6): A point R is on the H.P. and 60 mm behind the V.P. Draw its projections. lS 3 7 @) ) Fig. 6.6 Graphical Representation (Fig, 6.6(a)): WE Daving horn pot oh Risa Va we eo ae y ie en horizontal plane i rotated clockwise, the top view will appear 6 mitProjections of Points 155 Construction (Fig. 6.6(b)): (i) Draw a reference line xy. (i) Atany suitable point on xy line, draw a perpendicular projector. (iii) On the projector, mark front view r' on the xy line. (iv) Mark the top view r, 60 mm above xy line. (v) Mark the dimensions as shown in Fig.6.6(b). 6.8 Point above H.P. and in the V.P. Problem 6.7 (Fig. 6.7): A point S is 70 mm above the H.P. and in the V.P. Draw its projections. on 70 © nger ®, Graphical Representation (Fig. 6.7(a)): Point § is in V.P. as shown in Fig. 6.7(a), such that it is 70 mm above the H.P. Drawing vertical projector through $ to meet HLP., we will get top view on the xy line. Front view will appear 70 mm above the xy line. Construction (Fig. 6.7(b)): () Draw a reference line xy. (i) Atany suitable point on xy line, draw a perpendicular projector.456 _ A Textbook of Engineering Graphics ii) On the projector, mark front view s', 70 mm above xy Tine. (iv) Mark the top view s, on the xy line. (v) Mark the dimensions as shown in Fig, 6.7(0). 6.9 Point below H.P. and in the V.P. Problem 6.8: A point P is 65 mm below the H.P. and in the V.P. Draw its projections. > © © Fig. 6.8 65, Graphical Representation (Fig. 6.8()): oint P is in the V.P. as shown in Fig. 6.8(a), s it is Ras TEV, x Me ek eA he line and front view will appear 65 mm below the xy line. Construction (Fig. 6.8(b)): (Draw a reference line xy. @ At any suitable point on xy line, draw a perpendicular projector. (ii) Onthe projector, matk front view p’, 65 mm below the xy line iv) Mark the top view p, on the xy line, (¥) Mark the dimensions as shown in Fig,6.8(b).Projections of Points__157 6.10 Point in both H.P. and V.P. Problem 6.9: A point A is in both H.P. and V.P. Draw its projections. @ @) Fig. 6.9 Graphical Representation (Fig. 6.9(a)): Point A is situated on both H.P. and V-P. as shown in Fig. 6.9(a). In this case we will get front view and top view coinciding each other on the xy lin. Construction (Fig. 6.9(b)): (Draw a reference line xy. (ii) Onthe xy line, mark front view a’ and top view a, both coinciding at a point. Problem 6.10: Draw the projections of following points on the same ground line keeping } the projectors 25 mm apart. { (a) Point A is 40 mm above H.P. and 25 mm in front of the V.P. | () Point B is in the V.P. and 40 mm above the H.P. (c) Point Cis in the H.P. and 25 mm behind the V.P. (@) Point D is 30 mm below the H.P. and 25 mm behind the V.P.158__A Textbook of Engineering Graphics (@) Point E is 20 mm above the H.P. and 45mm behind the V.P. @ Point F is 45 mm below the H.P. and 25 mm in front of the V.P. (@ Point G is both in H.P. and V.P. Solution: Fig. 6.10 — Problem 6. Projections of various points are given in Fig. 6.11. State the ‘position of various points with respect to planes of projection. Solution: (@) Point P is 25 mm above H.P. and 50 mm in front of the V.P. (b) Point Q is 20 mm above H.P. and 40 mm behind the V.P, (©) Point R is in the H.P. and 50 mm in front of the V.P. (@) Point S is in the V.P. and 50 mm below the HP, (©) Point T is 30 mm below the LP. and 40 mm behind the V.P,Fig. 6.11 Exercises ‘A point A is 30 mm above the H.P. and 40 mm in front of the V.P. Draw its projections. ‘A point P is 25 mm above the H.P. and 35 mm behind the V.P. Draw its projections. ‘A point B is 20 mm below H.P. and 35 mm behind the V.P. Draw its projections. ‘A point Q is 25 mm below the HLP. and 30 mm in front of V.P. Draw its projection. ‘A point P is 50 mm from both the principal planes. Draw its projections considering all the four quadrants. {A point A is 20 mm above the FLP. and 25 mm infront of V.P. Another point B is 25 mm behind the V.P and 45 mm below the H.P, Draw the projections of A and B keeping the projectors 50 mm apart. A point P is 40 mm above the HP. and 60 mm in font of V.P. Another point Qis in HP. and 60 mm behind the V.P. The distance between their projectors is 90 mm. Draw the projections of the points. Also draw straight line joining their top and front views.