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To Investigate Relation Between The Ratio of Input and Output Voltage and Number of Turns of A Self Designed Transformer

This document describes a physics investigatory project to study the relationship between the ratio of output to input voltage and the number of turns in the primary and secondary coils of a self-designed transformer. The student designed step-up and step-down transformers and took measurements of the input and output voltage and current while varying the number of turns in the coils. Observations were analyzed to determine the relationships between the coil turn ratios and voltage and current transformations according to transformer principles. Conclusions confirmed that output voltage and current depend on the turn ratio and that there is power loss between the input and output coils.

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122K views

To Investigate Relation Between The Ratio of Input and Output Voltage and Number of Turns of A Self Designed Transformer

This document describes a physics investigatory project to study the relationship between the ratio of output to input voltage and the number of turns in the primary and secondary coils of a self-designed transformer. The student designed step-up and step-down transformers and took measurements of the input and output voltage and current while varying the number of turns in the coils. Observations were analyzed to determine the relationships between the coil turn ratios and voltage and current transformations according to transformer principles. Conclusions confirmed that output voltage and current depend on the turn ratio and that there is power loss between the input and output coils.

Uploaded by

suhayb
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 15

PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY

PROJECT

“To investigate the relation between the


ratio of (i) output and input voltage (ii)
number of turns in the secondary coil and
the primary coil of a self-designed
transformer”

Name : __________________
Class : XII B
Registration Number : ___________________

1
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my special thanks of


gratitude to my physics teacher Mrs. Sowmiya and
Vels Vidyashram for the vital support, guidance and
encouragement, without which this project “To
investigate the relation between the ratio of (i)
output and input voltage (ii) number of turns in the
secondary coil and the primary coil of a self-
designed transformer” would not have come forth.
This project helped me to acquire knowledge and
brought up new innovative ideas.
Secondly, I would like to thank my friend _________,
who supported me all throughout the project. It
benefited me to increase my knowledge and fun
learning.

2
TRANSFORMERS
Transformers are an integral part of transmission of
electricity at a power plant. It is used to multiply or divide
voltage and current in AC circuits. Transformers are usually
made for long distance transmission. It increases or
decreases the voltage based on whether it is a “step up” or
a “step down” transformer.
In a transformer electrical energy transfer takes place
without the use of moving parts
Transformers work on the principle of mutual induction.
According to this principle, the amount of magnetic flux
linked with a coil changes, an emf is induced in the
neighboring coil
if we vary the current on one of the coils there will a change
in magnetic flux(Φ)
then there will be an induced EMF in the secondary coil

3
A transformer which increases the voltage is called a step
up transformer and transformer which decreases the A.C
voltage is called step up transformer

Practical significance of step up and step down transformer


Any device that could output more power than it took
would violate the law of conservation of energy (i.e.) energy
can neither be created nor be destroyed only converted

THEORY:
When an altering e.m.f. is supplied to the primary coil
p1p2 , an alternating current starts falling in it. The altering
current in the primary produces a changing magnetic flux,
which induces altering voltage in the primary as well as in
the secondary. In a 100% efficient transformer, the whole
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magnetic flux linked with primary is also linked with the
secondary, and then the induced e.m.f. induced in each turn
of the secondary is equal to that induced in each turn of the
primary.
Thus, if Ep and Es are the instantaneous values of the
e.m.f.'s induced in the primary and the secondary and Np
and Ns are the no. of turns of the primary secondary coils of
the transformer and
dф/dt  = rate of change of flux in each,

we have,

Ep = -Np dф/dt   and


Ep = -Np dф/dt —> ( 1 )
and ,
Es = -Ns dф/dt —> (2)
so by dividing 2 by 1 ,
we get,
Es / Ep = Ns / NP —>(3)
As Ep is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f induced in
the primary coil p1 , so the instantaneous current in primary
coil is due to the difference ( E - Ep ) in the instantaneous
values of the applied and back e.m.f. further if Rp is the
resistance o , p1p2 coil , then the instantaneous current Ip
in the primary coil is given by
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Ip = E- Ep / Rp E- Ep = lp Rp
When the resistance of the primary is small, Rp lp can be
neglected so therefore
E- Ep = 0 or Ep = E
Thus back e.m.f = input e.m.f
Hence final equation can be written as
Es / Ep = Es / E = output e.m.f / input e.m.f= Ns / Np = K
Where K is constant, called turn or transformation ratio

Step down transformer

Es < Ep so K < 1 , hence Ns < Np


If Ip =Current in primary coil.
, Is = Current in the secondary coil,
Then from the Transformer equation (Es / Ep = Ns / NP=K)
Is>IP
current in secondary coil is higher than primary coil
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Es / Ep = lp / Is = K

In a step-down transformer the voltage (EMF) gets reduced.


The number of turns of the secondary coil is higher than the
primary coil. Therefore there is a decrease in voltage and
increase in current

Step up transformer

K>1 Ns>Np so from the transformer formula


(Es / Ep = Ns / NP=K)

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Ip>Is
that is a step-up transformer the Voltage (EMF) gets
increased up and the current gets decreased

Step up and step-down transformers have wide practical


application in power stations i.e., to step up the voltage
from the power plant through transmission cables and step
up it down in the residential area.
Voltages are stepped up from power plants to reduce
power loss

EFFICIENCY
efficiency of a transformer is defined as the ratio of output
power to input power
i.e., η=output power / input power = Es*Is=Ep*Ip
Thus, in an ideal transformer there is no loss of power, η=1
but in actual practice there are many power losses,
therefore the efficiency of a transformer is less than One

8
EXPERIMENT

AIM :
To investigate the relation between the ratio of (i) output
and input voltage (ii) number of turns in the secondary coil
and the primary coil of a self-designed transformer

APPARATUS REQUIRED :
An iron rod, copper wires of different gauge, two a.c
voltmeters, two a.c ammeters.

WORKING :
The working of a transformer is based on mutual induction
phenomenon, Let an ideal transformer in which the primary
and secondary coil have negligible resistance and all the flux
in the core links both primary and secondary windings

The induced emf in the primary coil,


Ep = - Np dф/dt 
The induced emf in the secondary coil

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Es = - Ns dф/dt
Where the ф Is the magnetic flux linked with each turn of
primary and secondary coil at a time t .
Then,
Es/Ep = Ns/Np = k Transformation ratio
For an ideal transformation there is no loss of energy then
Input power=Output power
Ip*Ep=Is*Es
Ip/Is=Es/Ep=K

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :

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PROCEDURE :

1.Take a thick iron rod and cover it with a thick paper and
wind a large number of turns of thin Cu wire on thick paper
(say 60). This constitutes primary coil of the transformers
2. Cover the primary coil with a sheet of paper and wound a
relatively smaller number of turns (say 20) of thick copper
wire on it, this constitutes the secondary coil. It is a step
down transformer
3. Connect P1P2 to a.c mains (say 220v) and measure the
input voltage and current, using a.c voltmeter and ammeter
respectively
4. Similarly measure the output voltage and current through
S1S2
5. Now connect the S1S2 to an A.C mains and again measure
voltage and current through primary and secondary coil of
step up transformer
6. Repeat all steps for other self-made transformer by
changing number of primary turns in secondary coils

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OBSERVATIONS :
1. Least count of A.C voltmeters =
2. Zero error voltmeters =
3. Range of voltmeters =
4. L.C of A.C ammeter =
5. Zero error of ammeter =
6. Range error of ammeter =
7. Applied A.C voltage =

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S.N No. of No. of Voltage Current Voltage in Current in
turns in turns in in in secondary secondary
O primary secondary primary primary coil coil
coil coil coil coil

13
CONCLUSIONS :

1. The output voltage of the transformers across the


secondary coil depends upon the turn ratio (Ns/Np)
with respect to input voltage
2. The output current of the transformer across the
secondary coil depends upon the turn ratio (Ns/Np)
with respect to input voltage
3. There is loss of power between input and output coil
transformer

PRECAUTIONS :

1. Keep yourself safe from the high voltage.


2. While taking the readings of current and voltage, the
a.c main supply should remain constant.

SOURCES OF ERROR :

14
1. Values of currents can be changed due to heating effect
of current
2. The eddy current can change the readings

BIBLIOGRAPHY :
1. ncert.nic.in
2. cooljunk.in/physics-project-kit
3. slideshare.net

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