Level: Bachelor Semester — Fall Year’: 2011 Programme: BE Full Marks: 100 Course: Water Resources Engineering | Pass Marks: 45 Time —: Shrs Candidates are required 10 give the POKHARA UNIVERSITY as practicable. The figures in the margin indicate full marks. Attempt all the questions. a) b) a) ») a) b) a) b) Define Duty and Delta. Explain their relationship. Explain the factors affecting the crop water requirements? Design an irrigation canal to carry to carry 45 cumec of water at a slope of 1:6000 and side slope 0.5H:1V with Kutters= 0.95. ‘Assume other data if necessary. Hydraulic data pertaining to the bridge site of a river is given below. Design and sketch the Bill's Bund to train the river. Q max = 6500 cumec, HFL = 124.0m, River bed level = 120m Average sediment diameter of the river bed materials = 1.25mm What is flow net? Explain the uses of flow net. Design a cascade drop with the following data. Q= | cumec, Ground slope = 1:2.5, Drop height = 3m Canal bed width (U/S = D/S) = Im, Full supply depth = 0.8m What is head work? Explain the types, functions and main components of head work with neat sketch Design a Sarda type of fall for a canal from the data given below Discharge = 10 cumecs, F.S.L. (U/S and D/S) = 201.5 and 200.25, Drop = 1.25, Bed level (U/S and D/S)= 200 and 198.75, Bed width = 9m, Full supply depth = 1.5m, Bigh's Creep coefficient = 8. Neglect velocity of approach. Use Bligh's Theory. What do you mean by Cross Drainage Structure? What are the factors to be considered when selecting cross drainage works at a point. ir answers in their own words as far Zee ooa) What is operation and maintenance of irrigation canal? List the works which fall under the regular operation and maintenance works. b) Explain the various type of canal-alignment. Design a lined channel to carry a discharge of 100 cumecs. Take B/D ratio as 6, n= 0.016, Side slope 1.5:1, and bed slope = 1 in 5000. Design following components of a vertical fall a) crest level b) crest width c) cistern elements 4) floor length and floor thickness using Bligh's creep theory with the data given below: i. Full supply discharge = 1.0m?/s ii. * drop = 1.0m iii, full supply depth =0.75m iv. bed level U/S and D/S = 100m/99mm v. bed width =3.0m vi. Bligh's coefficient =6.0 Write short notes on any two: a) Hill Irrigation in Nepal b) Type of irrigation and their suitability ©) Status of irrigation development in Nepal » 14145i POKHARA UNIVERSITY Level: Bachelor Semester ~Spring Year 2011 Programme: BE Full Marks: 100 Course: Water Resources Engineering 1 Pass Marks: 45 Time + 3hrs. Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as far as practicable, The figures in the margin indicate full marks Attempt all the questions. a) Define irrigation and explain the necessity of irrigation in, the context of Nepal. Also, sketch the schematic diagram of irrigation project. b) What is field capacity’ of soil? For distributory, GCA is 500ha, CCA is 80%, intensity of irrigation is 30 % for wheat and 20% for rice. The core period is 3 weeks and 2.5 weeks for wheat and rice respectively. Calculate the outle: discharge and also determine the capacity of canal considering 10% loss in distribution? OR What do you mean by crop water requirement? Calculate the discharge required at the outlet when the area to be irrigated in Rabi is 4000 hectares and Kharif are 13.5 cm and 4 weeks and 19cm and 2.5 weeks respectively. a) What is sprinkler irrigation? Determine the system capacity of sprinkler irrigation system to irrigate 16.ha of maize crop. Design moisture use is Smm/day. Moisture applied in soil at each irrigation is 6cm. Irrigation efficiency is 70%, irrigation period is 10 days in 12 days. The system is operated for 18 hours per day. b) What is lined canal? What are the advantages of lined canal? Explain the points to justify lining. a) An irrigation project in western region of Nepal has reservoir fed canal having a discharge of 3.25 cumec. Soil is composed of silty clay with recommended permissible velocity of 1.2m/s, The Manning’s rugosity coefficient 'n' is 0.025 and side slope is 1H:1V. Determine the economical size and bed slope of the canal. Assume suitable data, 2+6 2+6b).. Differentiate between Kennedy's and Lacey's theory of channels 8 design, Design an irrigation channel by Kennedy's theory to camry the discharge of 15 cumecs. Take n = 0.025, C.V.RI, and bed slope is 1 in 5000. a) Design a 1.5 m Sarda type of fall for a canal having a discharge 10 12 cumec with the following data: Bed level U/S = 103.0 Bed level D/S = 101.1 Side slope of the channel = 1:1 F.S.L. U/S = 104.5 Bed width U/Sand D/S = 10m Soil= Good Loam ‘Assume Bligh’s coefficient C = 6 b) What are the specific design consideration of hill irrigation? 5 2) What is hydraulic structure? What are the basic principles of 2+3+2 designing hydraulic structure? State the difference between Bligh’s Creep Theory and Lanes Weighted Creep Theory. b) Enumerate and explain briefly the different methods for control of 8 entry of silt into canals. Give a neat sketch of any one silt exclusion work to show it’s structural details and principle of functioning. a) Design and sketch Bill’s Bund to train the river at the bridge site g having following hydraulic data: Maximum discharge: 6000 cumec High flood level: 104 River bed level = 100 Average diameter of bed material = 0.1mm b) What is outlet? Write down the requirements that an outlet should 7 fulfill. Distinguish clearly between non modular. and semi-modular outlet. 2 Write short notes on any two: 2x5 ) Various corrections that are need in the application of Khosla's Theory b) Flow net ©) Typical layout of head worksPOKHARA UNIVERSITY Level: Bachelor Semester — Fall Year 2012 Programme: BE Full Marks: 100 Course: Water Resources Engineering 1/ Pass Marks: 45 Tvigation Enginee ving Time 3hrs, Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as far as practicable. The figures in the margin indicate full marks Attempt all the questions. a) Justify why sprinkler and drip irrigation methods are the innovative 7 method of irrigation at hilly and mountainous region of Nepal where topography and water availability are the major constraints. ¢ b) Calculate the depth of water and watering interval to ensure efficient irrigation for a plot having field capacity of 36%, permanent wilting point 12%, the soil moisture level is to only be depleted 80% of available moisture, density of soi 1.6 gm/cm*, and effective root zone depth 125cm daily evapo-transpiration from the crop field is 10mm and percolation loss is Smm. Also calculate the water requirement for irrigation at field head and diversion point if application and conveyance efficiencies are 80% and 75% respectively. a) Define irrigation and explain its necessity in the context of our 7 country. b) What is regime Channel? Design an trapezoidal irrigation canal with side slope 0.5H:1V to carry 5 cumecs of discharge. The canal is to be laid at slope of 1 in 4000. The critical velocity ratio for the soil is 1.Luse cutter’s rugosity Coefficient as 0.023. a) Draw and explain a typical layout of head works showing its major 6 components. 6) Hydraulic data pertaining to a bridge site and river is given as 9 follows: Maximum discharge = 4000 cumecs Highest flood level = 125m River bed level = 119mSS Average diameter of sediment of river = 1.35mm Design and sketch bell's bund and also find the stone required per meter length in shank portion. Design a 1.5m Sarda type fall structure having a discharge ofl2cumee, with the following data: Bed level u/s = 103.0m Side slope of the channel = 1:1 Bed level d/s = 101.5m Full supply level w/s = 104.5 m Bed width u/s and d/s = 10.0m Soil = Good loom Assume Bligh’s Coefficient = 6 a) What is an outlet? Write down the requirements that an outlet should ular fulfil. Distinguish clearly be:ween non-modular and semi modi outlets. b) Define lining. What are the advantages of canal lining? Also justify the economics of canal lining. a) An impervious floor of a weir on permeable soil, is 16m long and has sheet pile at both the ends. The upstream pile is 4m deep and the downstream pile is Sm deep. The weir creates a net head of 2.5m neglecting the thickness of the weir floor, calculate the uplift pressure at the junction of the inner faces of the pile with the weir floor, by using khosla's theory. b) What do you mean by cross drainage structure? What are the factors to be considered when selecting cross drainage works at a point. 7... Write short notes on any two: a) Design consideration for hill irrigation b) Duty and delta and their relationships ©) Model Canal Cross Section 15 E25a) b) a) b) a) b) POKHARA UNIVERSITY Level: Bachelor Semester — Spring Year: 2012 Programme: BE Full Marks: 100 Course: Water Resources Engineering | Pass Marks: 45 Time : 3hrs. Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as far as practicable. The figures in the margin indicate full marks. Attempt all the questions. Explain the History and status of irrigation development in Nepal. The irrigation project in Terai region has a CCA of 8000 ha and ETc is 150 mm/day, effective rainfall is 30 mm/month and the overall efficiency of the project is 30%, Calculate the irrigation demand for the project. Explain the techniques of water distribution in field Design a lined channel to carry a discharge of 80 cumecs. Take B/D ratio as 5, n= 0.016, Side slope 1.5:1, and bed slope = 1 in 5000. Draw neat sketches of cross sections of a canal in partial cutting, partial filling and balanced mode showing all features. Derive the expression for balanced mode. Design an irrigation channel by Kennedy’s theory to carry the discharge of 12 cumecs. Take n=0.025, C.V.R=1, and bed slope is 1 in 4000. Design a Sarda type fall for the following data: i. Full supply discharge =" — 40cumes Dis uls _218.30M DIS 216.80M uls _1.8m DIS 1.8m ii. Full supply level = iii. Full supply depth =_216.50m /, Bed depth ==-* = See PS Disa 200m vi. Drop=15 Design the floor onn Bligh’s theory taking coefficient of creep= 8 Check the design by Khosla’s theory and make changes if necessary. Safe exit gradient may be taken equal as 1/5. a) How the bed loads is controlled at head works? Write the 8 function of head regulator and cross regulator. b) What do you mean by water logging? What are the ill effects of water 7 logging and preventive measures of water logging? a) Determine the uplift pressure at the top , bottom and inner/outer top 10 edge of the w/s and dis pile as shown in figure. Also calculate the exit gradient. WZ b) Explain the specific characteristics of a hill irrigation system (His). 5 Write short notes on any two: 2x5 a) Reasons and consequences of poor irrigation management b) Components of Headworks ©) Operation and Maintenance of Irrigation systema) b) a) b) a) b) a) b) POKHARA UNIVERSITY Level: Bachelor Semester: Spring Year 2013 Programme: BE Full Marks: 100 Course: Water Resources Engineering I Pass Marks: 45 Time > Shrs. Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as far as practicable. \ The figures in the margin indicate ful marks. Attempt all the questions. Define irrigation and explain its necessity in a developing country like Nepal. What are the advantages and ill-effects of assured irrigation? 800m> of water is applied to a farmer’s rice of 0.6ha. When the moisture content in the soil falls to 40% of the available water between the field capacity (36%) of soil and permanent witting point (15%) of soil crop combination. The root zone depth is 60cm. Assuming porosity 0.4, determine the field application efficiency. Differentiate between Kennedy’s and Lacey’s theory of channels design. Design an irrigation channel by Kennedy’s theory to carry the discharge of 15 cumecs. Take n = 0.025, C.V.R=1, and bed slope is 1 in 5000, Briefly describe the different types of cross drainage structures in an irrigation project. What are the various types of water losses which occur in an irrigation canal? Suggest suitable methods for reducing the losses. Discuss on the operation and maintenance of irrigation systems. Design the length and thickness of launching apron for the straight portion of a guide bund in a river: Design flood= 7000m?/s Average diameter of river bed material = Imm River bed level= 111.00; HFL= 114.00 Provide a neat sketch of designed apron. What is meant by canal alignment? Explain different methods of canal alignment.= Design a sarda type fall fora canal from the following data: Discharge 10 cumecs), Full supply level (U/S /D/S=201.50/200.25) Bed width (9m), Bed level (U/S/D/S=200/198.75) Bligh’s creep coefficient=8 OR Design a cross drainage structure with the following data. Assume necessary data suitably, 1, Canal i. Full supply discharge=35 cumecs ii, Full Supply level=200.00 iii, Canal bed level=198.50 iv. y. Side Slope=1.5:1 vi. Flumed Width=12m 2. Drainage High flood discharge=350 cumecs High flood level=196.50 il. Bed level=193.50 General ground level=199.00 a) Describe in brief the various method of irrigation b) Briefly explain the salient features of Khasla’s theory and how it is used in the design of permeable foundation. Enumerate the various corrections that are needed in the application of this theory. Write short notes on: (Any two) a) Specific design consideration for hill irrigation b) Difference between Head Regulator and Cross Regulator c) Silt extractors. oo 2x5a) ) a) b) a) b) POKHARA UNIVERSITY Level: Bachelor Semester: Fall Year 22014 Programme: BE Full Marks: 100 Course: Water Resources.Engineering | Pass Marks: 45 Time : 3hrs. Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as far as practicable. The figures in the margin indicate full marks. Attempt all the questions, Define irrigation. Write the history of irrigation development in Nepal Determine the capacity of thoreservoir, if its culturable area is 50,000 hectares, from the following data: Crops B (days) | D (hect/oumec) | Intensity if irrigation \ (percentage) Wheat 120 1900): =e e5 Rice 120 1000 anal Oe Sugarcane [330 | 2500 15 aa Describe the methods of surface irrigation with neat sketches. Design an irrigation channel to carry a discharge of 50 cumecs at a slope of 1 in 5000. Take Kutter's N=0.0225 and m=0.9. Derive the Lacey perimeter discharge relationship and regime slope equation. Mention the types of lining. Write about the advantages of lining of the canal. Design a 1.5 meters Sarada type fall for a canal carrying 12 cumecs, with following data: * Bed level of upstream=103.0m * Side slope of channel=1:1 * Bed level of downstream=101.5m * Full supply level of upstream=104.5m * Bed width u/s and d/s=10 m * Soil =Good loam© Assume Bligh’s Coefficie OR Design a suitable oross drainage structure having following data Canal: © Full supply discharge=32 cumecs © Fullsupply Jevel=213.5m © Canal bed level=212.0m © Canal bed width=20m © Side slope of canal=1.SH:1V Drainage: © High flood discharge=300cumecs * High flood level=210.0m Drainage bed level=207.5m. 5 a) What are silt controlling structures? Explain any one with neat 5 sketches b) Design and sketch Bell's Bund to train a river at its Bridge site having 10 following data: Maximum discharge = 5500 cumecs, HFL= 105.00m River Bed= 100.00 m, Average diameter of bed materials= 0.15 mm a) Calculate the percentage of uplift pressure at C1 and F2 with 10 necessary corrections using Khosla theory. Assume thickness of floor is Im. b) What afe the characteristics of hill irrigation and how do you make the 5 economic canal section in rocky area. Write short notes on: (Any two) 2x5 a) Types of maintenance of Irrigation system b) Non-modular Outlet ©) Level crossing.a) b) a) b) a) b) POKHARA UNIVERSITY : Spring 22014 Level: Bachelor Semester: Spring Year ogaiiie BE Full Marks: 100 Course: Water Resources Engineering 1/ Irrigation Pass Marks: 45 Engineering Time: 3hrs. Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as far as practicable. The figures in the margin indicate full marks. Attempt all the questions. Justify that the sprinkler and drip irrigation methods are the innovative method of irrigation at hilly and mountainous region of Nepal whgre topography and water availability are the major constraints. The irrigation project have following data: FC=80%, PWP=35%, root zone depth=60cm, soil density=1.Sem/c.c, ETc=Smm/day, application efficiency=80%, conveyance loss=55% and distribution loss=65%, calculate: Readily available moisture contents Depth of irrigation at the outlet of the field Irrigation Interval The irrigation requirement at head works. List out the specific design considerations for the hill irrigation system focusing specially on canal and intake. With neat sketch (plan and section), describe the steps to design Bell’s bund with all necessary consideration to be taken including launching apron. Define regime Channel. Design an trapezoidal canal with side slope 0.5H:1V to carry 7.5 cumecs of discharge. The canal is to be laid at slope of 1 in 3000. The critical velocity ratio for the soil is 1.1.use Kutter’s Rugosity Coefficient as 0.023. Draw & explain a typical layout of head works showing its major components. Design a suitable type of cross drainage structure, if the following data at the crossing of canal and drainage are given: * Discharge of canal = 50 Cumees * Bed width of canal = 32 m * Full supply depth of canal = 180 cm © Canal bed level = 200.0 m 1 SS#. Side slope of canal = 1.5H:1V * High flood discharge of drainage = 400 Cumecs © High flood level of drainage = 200.6 m © Bed level of drainage = 197.0 m © General ground level= 200.2 m OR Design a 1.5m Sarda type fall for a canal carrying a discharge of 40 cumecs with the following data: + Bed level upstream = 105.0 m Bed level downstream = 103.5 m Side slope of canal = 1H:1V Full supply level upstream = 106.8 m © Full supply level downstream = 105.3 m © Berm level w/s = 107.4 m 107.4 m nd d/s = 30m + Bligh’s coefficient = 6.0 a) An impervious floor of a weir on permeable soil, is 22m long and has 8 sheet pile at both the ends. The upstream pile is 4m deep and the downstream pile is 5m deep. The weir creates a net head of 3m neglecting the thickness of the weir floor, calculate the uplift pressure at the junction of the inner faces of the pile with the weir floor, by using Khosla's theory b) What do you mean by tractive force? Explain sediment transport and 7 * tractive force approach in canal design. . . a) Explain the causes of failure of hydraulic structures. Explain, how the 7 safety of any hydraulic structure can be ensured against uplift pressure using Bligh’s theory? b) Describe briefly the types of wells. Also explain the need of conjunctive use of surface and ground water. Write short notes on: (Any two) 2x5 a) Irrigation development in Nepal. b) Operation & maintenance of irrigation system. ©) Types and selection of pumps.w a) b) a) b) a) b) a) POKHARA UNIVERSITY Level: Bachelor Semester: Fall Year: 2015 Programme: BE Full Marks: 100 Course: Water Resources Engineering I/ Pass Marks: 45 Irrigation Engineering/ Time: 3hrs. Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as far as practicable. The figures in the margin indicate. full marks. Attempt all the questions. Define irrigation and explain the importance and status of irrigation in Nepal. Define Duty. Explain the relatitn between Duty and Delta. Explain the factors affecting Duty. Justify why sprinkler and drip irrigation methods are the innovative method of irrigation at hilly and mountainous region of Nepal where topography and water availability are the major constraints. Differentiate between Kennedy's and Lacey’s theory of channels design. Design an irrigation channel by Kennedy’s theory to carry the discharge of 15 cumecs. Take n = 0.025, C.V.R=1, and bed slope is 1 in 5000. ‘ Design a regime channel for a discharge of 50 cumecs, with a silt factor=1.0 by using Lacey's theory. Assume trapezoidal section with side slopes of 0.5:1 (H:V). The following data pertain to a bridge site of a river. Maximum discharge =17000 cumecs Highest flood level =288.00m River bed level =280.00m Average diameter of river bed material =0.10 mm Design and sketch a guide bank including the launching apron to train the river. What is hydraulic Structure? What are the basic principles of design of hydraulic structure? State the differences between Bligh's creep theory and Lane's weighted creep theory.) What is operation and maintenance of irrigation canal? List the works which fall under the regular operation and maintenance works. oR Under what circumstances pumps are required? What are the main classifications of pumps? a) Design a trapezoidal channel having side slope of 1V:1H to carry @ 8 flow of 15 m’/s with permissible velocity of 2.0 m/s. The channel will be excavated with a bottom slope of 0.0025 Assume n = 0.025. Sketch section with dimensions. b) What are the specific design considerations of hill irrigation? Explain 7 briefly. OR Describe the importance of ground water in irrigation. Briefly explain the conjunctive use of surface and ground water., Design a Sarda type fall (2m drop) with the following data: 15 U/S D/S a) Discharge 50 cumecs 50 cumecs b) Full supply level 2.0m 2.0 m c) Bed width 30.0m 30.0 m d) FS.L. 185.0 183.0 Write short notes on: (Any two) 2x5 a) Escape structure b) Methods of Drilling Tube-Wells c) Silt excluder and Silt extractorPOKHARA UNIVERSITY Level: Bachelor Semester:Spring, Year 22015 Programme: BE Full Marks: 100 Course: Irrigation Engineering/ Pass Marks: 45 Water Resource Engineering | Time : Shrs. Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as far as practicable. The figures in the margin indicate full marks. Attempt all the questions. a) Define irrigation. Describe the history of irrigation development in Nepal. Express water balance equation. b) Differentiate between surface irrigation and sub-surface irrigation. Among different types of irrigation method which method would you recommend for hill irrigation of Nepal and why? a) A water course has culturable commanded area of 2600hectares, out of which the intensities of irrigation for perennial sugarcane & rice crops are 20% & 40% respectively. The duty of these crops at the head of water course are 7SOQhectares/cumecs & 1800 hectares/cumecs respectively. Find the discharge required at the head of water course if the peak demand is 20% more than average requirement. b) Design a regime channel for a discharge of 40cumecs and silt factor 1.2, using Lacey's theory. Design a Sarda type fall for a canal from the following data: © Discharge = 10cumecs ¢ Full supply level (U/S & D/S)= 201.50 & 200.25 ¢ Bed width = 9m * Bed level (U/S & D/S)= 200.00 & 198.75 * Bligh’s creep coefficient = 8 OR Design an aqueduct with the following data. Assume necessary data suitably, a) Canal i. Full supply discharge= 35cumecs ii, FS.L=200.00 iii, Canal bed level= 198.50 Bed width= 22.00my. Side Slope= vi, Flumed width= 12m b) Drainage i. High flood discharge= 350cumecs ii... URLS 196.50) iii. Bed level= 193.50 4. a) Write the design criteria for hill irrigation. Explain different problem 7 associated with hill irrigation with their remedial measures. b) Following hydraulic data near a proposed bridge site are obtained 8 Maximum discharge = 4000 m’/s HFL = 205 m River bed level = 200 m Average diameter of river bed material = 0.1 mm Design the following components of guide bank and neatly sketch it. i. Length of gaide bank ii. Thickness of pitching of slope Length of launching apron 5. a) Write the different component of tube well. Write the design 7 procedure of shallow tube well. b) Design a trapezoidal shaped irrigation channel with side slope 0.5:1 8 which carries a total discharge of 50 cumec.The channel is to be laid at a slope of 1 in 4000.The C.V.R for bed material is 1.Kutter’s rugosity coefficient is 0.023. OR Define tractive force. Derive the equation * c semi theoretical approach of canal design considering both side and bed to be stable. 6. An impervious floor of a weir on permeable soil is 30m long and has sheet 15 pile at both the ends and at a mid. The upstream pile is 1.5m deep and the intermediate and the downstream pile are 2.0 m and 2.5m deep. The water head different is 3 m. and the floor thickness is 1m, calculate the uplift pressure at key points of piles and check for exit gradient. 7. Write short notes on: (Any two) 2x5 a) Principal crops, their season & water requirement b) Irrigation Management ©) Need for conjunetive use.POKHARA UNIVERSITY Level: Bachelor Semester: Fall Year 22016 Programme: BE Full Marks: 100 Course: Water Resource Engineering | /Irrigation Pass Marks: 45 Engineering Time : Shrs. Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as far as practicable. The figures in the margin indicate full marks. Attempt all the questions. a) Define irrigation and explain its necessity in country like Nepal. b) Wheat is to be grown in a field having a field capacity equal to 27% and the permanent wilting point is 13%. Find the storage capacity in 80 cm depth of the soil if the dry unit weight of the soil is 14.72 KN/m*. If irrigation water is to be supplied when the average soil moisture falls to 18%, find the water depth required to be supplied to the field if the field application efficiency is 80%. What is the amount of water needed at the outlet if the water lost in the water courses and the field is 15% of the outlet discharge? a) Differentiate between “alluvial” and “non-alluvial” canals. Design a Irrigation Canal to carry 40 cumecs of discharge. The canal is to be laid at a slope of 1/3000. The CVR for the soil is 1.1. Use Kutter’s Rugosity constant as 0.023. b) Write down different methods of River Training Works and describe them in brief. Figure given below shows the section of a Barrage. The various dimensions and levels are given. Determine the uplift pressure at the key Points and the exit gradient. Also determine whether the section provided is safe against uplift and piping if it is founded on fine sand with permissible exit gradient of 2a) Design the guide banks for a bridge site with the following data: 8 Maximum flood discharge = 12,000 m*/s HFL = 205 m River bed level = 190 m Average diameter of silt bed material = 0.3 mm b) Justify the sprinkler and drip irrigation methods are.the innovative 7 method of irrigation at hilly and mountainous region of Nepal where topography and availability are the major constraints. a) Define inundation canal. Explain the component s of canal cross- 8 section. b) How do you take account of farmer's interest in design of headwork's 7 of hill irrigation systems in the context of Nepal? a) Explain the importance of Cross drainage works and explain one of 8 them in brief. Explain as to why such works are not met within a ridge canal system. % b) Explain differences between Head Regulator and Cross Regulator. 7 How the necessity of Escape structure arises in Irrigation System? Write short notes on: (Any two) a) Types of wells b) _Conjuctive use of surface and groundwater ©) Participatory management. re} x aa) ) a) b) a) b) °) POKHARA UNIVERSITY Level: Bachelor Semester: Spring Year: 2016 Programme: BE Full Marks: 100 Course: Water Resource Engineering 1 / Pass Marks: 45 Irrigation Engineering Time. : 3hrs. Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as far as practicable. The figures in the margin indicate full marks. Attempt all the questions. Define irrigation and its necessity. Explain the irrigation development in Nepal. A watercourse is designed to irrigate an area of 840 ha of rice. The transplantation of rice takes 15 days and during this: period the total depth of water required is 40 cm. Find the duty of irrigation water on the field if there is an effective rainfall of 10 cm. Also find the duty and discharge at the head of the watercourse, assuming losses of water as 25% in the watercourse. What are the different irrigation methods? Explain any two surface irrigation methods with neat sketches. Hydraulic data pertaining to a bridge site ofa river is given: Qmaximum — =4000 cumecs RAE =125.0m River bed level =120.0m Average sediment diameter of river = 1.3mm Design and sketch Bell's Bund to train the river. Also find the stone required per meter length in Shank portion. Derive the lacey perimeter discharge relationship. Describe advantages and economics of lining. What are the two principle types of drainage systems necessary for draining irrigated field to avoid their water-logging? Design a 1.5m Sarada type fall for a canal carrying a discharge of 40 cumecs with following data. UIS bed level = 105m DIS bed level 103.5 m Side slopes UIS F.S.L. DIS F.S.L.U/s and D/S bed width. = 30 m Bligh’s coefficient = 8 ; a) Calculate the percentage of uplift pressure at Cl and E2 with 12 necessary corrections using Khosla’s theory. Assume thickness of floor is 1m.Also calculate exit gradient. 160m 152m &] &| G Dy 145m Dy 145m 40m 12m ! b) Briefly describe the participatory management in irrigation system. 3 a) What is meant by tube wells? What are their types? Describe the 8 widely used‘ype of tube well with a neat sketch. b) What are the different factors to be considered for the selection of 7 canal alignment? Draw a neat sketch of cross-section of a canal in cutting, filling and balanced mode, showing all features. Write short notes on: (Any two) 25 a) Flaming of the canal b) Specific design Considerations in hill irrigation c) Conjunctive use of surface water and ground watera) b) a) b) a) POKHARA UNIVERSITY Level: Bachelor Semester: Fall Year: 2017 Programme: BE Full Marks: 100 Course: Water Resources Engineering I/ Pass Marks: 45 Irrigation Engineering Time: Shrs. Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as far as practicable. The figures in the margin indicate full marks. Attempt all the questions. Briefly explain the irrigation development in Nepal. How Rajkulo canal play role in irrigation development. ‘The culturable commanded area for a distributary is 15000 hectares. ‘The intensity of irrigation (1.1) fer Rabi (wheat) is 40% and for Kharif (tice) is 15%. If the total water requirement of the two crops are 37.5 cm and 120 cm and their periods of growth are 160 days and 140 days respectively; (a) Determine the outlet discharge from average demand considerations; (b) Also determine the peak demand discharge, assuming that the kor water depth for two crops are 13.5 cm and 19 cm and their kor periods are 4 weeks and 2 weeks respectively. Explain the techniques of water distribution in field. The slop of a channel in alluvium is 1.0 in 4500. Determine the channel Section and maximum permissible discharge, if Lacey’s silt factor = 0.9 and channel side slope 0.5: 1 What is a creep length? In the figure below, values of pile depth of x1, x2 and x3 are Sm, 4m and 6m respectively. If $ = 10m, and H = Sm, find hydraulic gradient from Bligh and Lanes seepage theories. The middle pile lies at the centre of the impervious flour.b)_Indrainage system, closed drains are placed with their centers, 2.2 m below ground level. Highest position of water table is 1.9 m below G.L. If the impervious layers is at a depth of 6m from G.L., determine the spacing of drains if the average annual rainfall = 75 em. Design a Sarda type fall with the following data: 15 S.N._| Description UIS DIS 1) __| Discharge 50 cumecs 50 cumecs 2) __| Full supply depth 2.0m 2.0m 3) __| Bed width 30.0m 30.0m 4) |FSL 185.0m 183.00m 5) _| Drop 2.0m Taking value of coefficient as 8 design the floor on Bligh’s theory. Check the floor design by khosla’s theory and do changes if required. The safe exit gradient may be taken as 1.5 a) Determine the time required for an outlet to irrigate the land area of 7 Tha, Depth of water required at the land is 25cm and the water application efficiency is 759%. Take full supply discharge of an outlet is 0.05m'/s. b) Explain with sketches the Bell’s bund. What consideration determines § its length? Explain the process of launching of aprons in such works. a) Describe the caral cross- section with neat sketches and briefly 5 explain various components. b) Describe the needs and situation for conjunctive use of surface and 5 ground water. cc) Whatare the specific design consideration of hill irrigation? 5 Write short notes on: (Any two) 2x5 a) Canal Alignment b) Components of Head works c) Silt excluder and silt extractora) b) a) b) POKHARA UNIVERSITY Level: Bachelor Semester: Spring, Year 2017 Programme: BE Full Marks: 100 Course: Water Resources Engineering 1/ Pass Marks: 45 Irrigation Engineering Time —: 3hrs. Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as far as practicable. The figures in the margin indicate full marks. Attempt all the questions. Define Irrigation. Briefly explain the reason for the necessity of irrigation. Design a Lacey's regime channel flowing through material of average diameter 0.328mm for the following data. CCA= 1,00,000 ha, Intensity of irrigation: Rabi 40%, Kharif 30%. Duty for Rabi= 1800ha/cumec and Kharif= 800ha/cumecs. Define crop water requirements. What are the factors affecting crop water requirements? A commonly used shape for concrete lined canal is called the standard lined trapezoidal canal section, which consists of trapezoidal section with each of its two comer being rounded off by a circular arc of a radius equal to the full supply depth. Determine the dimension of such a standard lined trapezoidal canal to carry a discharge of 200m’/s at a bed slope of 1 in 4000. The side slopes are 2H:1V and manning’s n=0.014. The limiting velocity in the canal is 2m/s. Design a Sarda type fall when following data is given. a) b) c) d) e) Upstream Downstream Discharge 55 m/s 55 m/s Full supply depth 2.0 m 2.0m Bed width 32.0 m 32.0m F.S.L 189.0 m 187.0 m Drop= 2m Taking value of coefficient as 8, design the floor on Bligh's theory. Check the floor length by Khosla's theory. The safe exit gradient may be taken as aoaa) Explain the term ‘high water’, ‘mean water' and ‘low water’ training of 8 rivers. Also explain functions of any one type of river training works withrsuitable sketches. b) Mention the components of tube well with sketch. Briefly explain the 7 type of irrigation pump. a) What is canal outlet? Mention modular and semi modular outlet with 6 example. b) What is meant by canal regulation and what are different canal 9 regulation works? Describe the necessity and functioning of distributary head regulator and cross regulator. a) Differentiate drop irrigation and drip irrigation, its suitability and 7 efficiency. b) Describe the importance of Hill Irrigation. Why special consideration 8 is required in Hill Irrigation system? Write short notes on: (Any two) 2x5 a) Participatory management in Irrigation system b) Conjunctive use of surfaee and groundwater c) Seepage and evaporation loss in canala) POKHARA UNIVERSITY Level: Bachelor Semester: Fall Year . :2018 Programme: BE Full Marks: 100 Course: Water Resources Engineering I/ Irrigation Pass Marks: 45 Engineering Time: Shi. Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as far as practicable. ! The figures in the margin indicate full marks. Attempt all the questions. Define Irrigation and explain the necessity of irrigation in the context -. 7 of Nepal and its Development b) Describe briefly the type of wells and explain the need of conjunctive 8 use of surface and ground water. ° a) Write about different methods of Irrigation. 5 b). The base period, intensity of irrigation, and duty of water for various 10 crops under the canal system are given. Determine the reservoir capacity if the command area is 40,000 hectares, canal losses are 25% and reservoir losses are 15%. Crop Base period Duty of water at the Intensity of days field hec/cumec irrigation % Wheat 120% 1800 20 ‘Sugarcane 360 7700 20 Cotton 180 1400 10 Rice 120 800 15 [ Vegetables 120 700 15 a) _ Differentiate Kennedy’s silt theory and Lacey’s regime theory. 7 b) Design a curved concrete lined channel to carry a discharge of 350 cumecs at a slope of | in 6400. The side slopes of the channel maybe 8 taken as 1.5:1. The value of manning coefficient for lining material may be taken as 0.013. Assume limiting water depth of the channel as 4.0m.Design an appropriate. cross drainege structure for following data at the — 15 crossing of a canal and drainage: Canal: os wo & & z. & S 1 a 3 Full supply level = 1.5m Bed level = 206.4m Side slopes = 1.5 H:1V Drainage: a. High flood discharge = 465 m’is b. High flood level = 207 m c. Bed level = 204.5m d. General ground level = 206.5m a Assume any other data suitable if necessary. a) Write the design criteria for hill Irrigation. Explain different problem 7 associated with hill irrigation with their remedial measures. b) A guide bank with stone pitching is required for a bridge on a river 8 having the following particulars. Design flood discharge= 50000 Cumec Silt factor= 1.1 Bed level of river = 130 m High flood level= 140 m Thickness of Launching Apron= 2.5 times thickness of stgne pitching What length of launching apron is necessary to protect the U/s impregnable head of the guide bank? a) Write about conveyance and distribution systems in groundwater 7 irrigation schemes. b) How the bed load is controlled at head works? Write the functions of 8 headworks and silt excluder. Write short notes on: (Any two) 2x5 a) Farmers participatory management irrigation system b) Canal losses ©) Conjunctive use of Surface and Ground waterPOKHARA UNIVERSITY Level: Bachelor Semester: Spring Year 12018 Programme: BE Full Marks: 100 Course: Water Resources Engineering I/ Irrigation _ Pass Marks: 45 Engineering, Time : Shrs. Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as far as practicable. The figures in the margin indicate full marks. Attempt all the questions. 1. a) Define irrigation. What are the advantages and ill effects of assured irrigation? b) A stream of 130 liters per second 100 liters per second were diverted into the field. An area of 1.6 hectares has been irrigated in eight hours. The effective depth of the root zone is 1.7 m. the run off loss in the field is 420 cubic meters. The depth of penetration linearly varies from 1.7 m at the head end and 1.1 meter in the tail end. Available moisture holding capacity of the soil is 20 cm per meter depth. Calculate conveyance efficiency, water application efficiency, water storage efficiency and water distribution efficiency, if 50% moisture was present during the start time. 2. a) Define optimum utilization of irrigation water. Explain soil moisture relation and frequency of irrigation with sketches. b) Describe. the methods of surface irrigation with neat sketches. List out the factors which affect crop water requirements. 3. Design a 1.5 m Sarda type fall for a canal having a discharge of 10 cumecs with following data: Bed level of channel = 103 m Side slopes of channel = 1:1 DIS bed level = 101.5 FSL = 104.5m UIS and D/S bed width = 10m Assume Bligh coefficient = 6a) Design a guide bank for a bridge site with the following data: High flood discharge: 6000 m’/s HFL: 104m River bed level: 100 m Average diameter of bed material: 0.10 mm b) Explain the design problems of Hill irrigation in context of Nepal. a) Design a regime channel for discharge of 50 cumec and silt factors 1.1 using lacey theory. b) What are the conditions and causes of failure of hydraulic structures in alluvial formation? Explain Bligh’s Creep Theory for Seepage failure. sin? sin?o a) Define tractive force. Derive the equation = |1 — using semi . rt theretical approach of canal design. b) Explain different types of pumps in brief. Mention points to be considered while selecting pumps. Write short notes on: (Any two) a) Conjunctive use of surface and sub-surface water. b) Farmer's participatory management irrigation system. ©) Types of river training works and their necessities. 2x5 |POKHARA UNIVERSITY Level: Bachelor Semester: Fall Year 22019 Programme: BE Full Marks: 100 Course: Irrigation Engineering Pass Marks: 45 Time : hrs. Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as far as practicable. The figures in the margin indicate full marks. Attempt all the questions. a) What is irrigation? Explain in brief about the irrigation development 7 in Nepal x b) The culturable command area of a watercourse is 1200 hectares. 8 Intensities of sugarcane and wheat crops are 20% and 40% respectively. The duties for the crops at the head of the watercourses are 730 hectares/cumecs and 1800 hectares/cumecs, respectively. Find (a) the discharge reuired at the head of the watercourse (b) determine the design discharge at the outlet. a) Sketch the components of tube well. Discuss the types of well use in 7 irrigation. F b) Write the different methods of irrigation. Also explain in brief about 8 the different factors that governing to the suitability of the various irrigation methods. a) A canal section,which consists of triangular section with its bottom 7 comer being rounded off by a circular arc of a radius equal to the full supply depth.Determine the dimensions of such a standard lined canal to carry a discharge of 200 cumecs at a bed slope of 1 in 4000. The side slopes are 2H:1V and Manning's n=0.014.The limiting velocity in the canal is 2m/s. b) Design an irrigation channel to carry 40 cumecs of discharge with BID & ratio as 2.5. The critical velocity ratio is 1, Assume a suitable value of Kutter’s rugosity coefficient and use Kennedy’s method. Calculate the uplift pressure at key points of piles in figure shown below 15 using Khosla’s theory. Check the exit gradient and thickness of the floor at the pile an point F as shown in figure, The safe exit gradient is 0.155 m| a) Draw & explain a typical layout of head works showing its major components. b) Design a cascade drop with the following data. Q= 1 cumec, Ground slope = 1:2.5, Drop height = 3m, Canal bed width (U/S = D/S) = Im, Full supply depth = 0.8m a) What is water logging? Write the reverse effect if water logging and methods for the land reclaim from the water logging. b) Determine the size of a tile outlet of a 6 hectares drainage system if the coefficient of drainage is 1 cm and the tile grade is 0.3%. Assume the rugosity coefficient for the tile drain material-as.0.011 Write short notes on: (Any two) a) Specific design consideration for canal in hill irrigation b) Participatory management ©) Alignment of canals