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Calculations Involving Solutions

This document discusses various quantitative expressions used to describe the concentration of a solute dissolved in a solvent to form a solution. It defines terms like mass percentage, parts per million (ppm), parts per billion (ppb), mole fraction, molarity, molality, and normality. It provides examples of calculating these values from given information like the mass of solute and volume of solution. The key methods covered are calculating concentration based on the mass or moles of solute relative to the mass or volume of solvent.

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Arthur Laurel
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211 views45 pages

Calculations Involving Solutions

This document discusses various quantitative expressions used to describe the concentration of a solute dissolved in a solvent to form a solution. It defines terms like mass percentage, parts per million (ppm), parts per billion (ppb), mole fraction, molarity, molality, and normality. It provides examples of calculating these values from given information like the mass of solute and volume of solution. The key methods covered are calculating concentration based on the mass or moles of solute relative to the mass or volume of solvent.

Uploaded by

Arthur Laurel
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Calculations

Involving
Solutions
WAYS OF EXPRESSING
CONCENTRATIONS OF
SOLUTION
At the end of this section, you should be able to:
• define terms like solution, concentration, mass
percentages, ppm and ppb of a solute in a solution;
• calculate the mass percentage, ppm and ppb of a
solute in a solution from given set of information;
• define mole fraction, molarity, equivalent mass,
number of equivalents, normality and molality;
• calculate mole fraction, molarity, normality and
molality of a solution from given set of information;
• interconvert various concentration expressions
Activity: Expressing
Concentrations

Think of creative ways to


express the amount of solute
dissolved in a solvent. Explain
why the ways you thought of
provide reliable measurements.
List the advantages and
disadvantages of each.
What does concentration mean? How do you
determine it?

The concentration of a solution is the amount of


solute present in a given quantity of solvent or
solution. The concentration of a solution can be
expressed either qualitatively or quantitatively. The
terms dilute and concentrated are used to describe
a solution qualitatively.
A solution with a relatively small amount of solute is
said to be dilute. One with a large amount of the
solutes is said to be concentrated.
The knowledge of concentration can be very
useful in everyday life. For example, human
beings estimate the quantity of solutes such
as sugar and salt, in beverages and other
food solutions by tasting. However,
sometimes tasting a substance is not safe
and, in general, this is not an accurate
method of estimating the concentration of
solute in a solution. Why?
Several quantitative expressions
of concentration are used in
chemistry. Here you are
going to learn mass percentage,
ppm and ppb, mole fraction,
molarity, normality and molality
of a solution.
Mass Percentage, ppm and ppb of Solute

What does mass percent mean? How do


you convert it to ppm and ppb?

Percent by mass: The percent by mass,


also called percent by weight or weight
percent, is the ratio of the mass of a
solute to the mass of the solution,
multiplied by 100.
The percent by mass has no unit because it is the ratio of two
similar quantities
Problem Exercises: Percentage by Mass
Parts per million (ppm) is a commonly used unit of
concentration for small values. It is how many
parts a certain molecule or compound makes up
within the one million parts of the whole solution
Parts per million (ppm): When the mass of solute in
the solution is very small, a widely used expression
is parts per million (ppm).
How many grams of KOH should be dissolved in water to
make 2000.0 grams of a 10.0 ppm solution?
Exercises: Parts Per Million
1. What is the concentration of a solution, in
parts per million, if 0.02 gram of NaCl is
dissolved in 1000. grams of solution?
2. An aqueous solution has 0.0070 gram of
oxygen dissolved in 1000. grams of water
calculate the dissolved oxygen
concentration of this solution in parts per
million.
3. If 0.025 gram of Pb(NO3)2 is dissolved in
100. grams of H2O, what is the concentration
of the resulting solution, in parts per million?
4. 4mg of NaCl is dissolved in 8 kg of solution.
What is the concentration of NaCl in ppm?
5. How many grams of KNO3 should be dissolved
in water to make 500.0 grams of a 20.0 ppm
solution?
6. How many grams of C6H12O6 are needed to be
dissolved in water to make 100. grams of a 250.
ppm solution?
Parts per billion (ppb) is a term that expresses
the number of units (parts) of a given
substance that exist as a portion of a greater
substance comprised of one billion parts.
“Parts-per” notations such as ppb are referred
to as “volume in volume” measurements.
For solutions that are even more dilute,
parts per billion (ppb) is used. A
concentration of 1 ppb represents 1 g of
solute per billion (109) grams of solution.
a. If 150 g of orange juice contains
120 mg of ascorbic acid (Vitamin
C), what is the concentration of
ascorbic acid, expressed in ppm?
b. Express the concentration of
ascorbic acid given in (a) in ppb.
Percent by Volume
Percent by volume is a measure of the
concentration of a substance in a solution. It
is expressed as the ratio of the volume of
the solute to the total volume of the solution
multiplied by 100.

Volume percent ={ Volume of solute /


volume of solution} x 100
Example:

Determine the volume/volume percent solution made by


combining 25 mL of ethanol with enough water to produce
200 mL of the solution.
Solution
Given parameters are
Volume of solute is 25 mL
Volume of the solution is 200 mL
Substitute the values in the given formula,
Volume percent = volume of solute /volume of solution x
100%
= {25 mL / 200 mL }x 100%
Volume percent = 12.5 %
25 ml of Methanol (d=0.792 g/cm^3) is mixed w/ 150 ml of
water (d= 1 g/cm^3).a). What is the volume percent of
Methanol? b). What is the mass % of water?

a). v % = v solute / v solution x 100%


= 25 ml / 175 ml x 100
= 14.29 %
b). m % = m solute / m solution x 100

D = m /v
m = DV ( 1 cm3 = 1 ml )

25 ml / 1 x 0.792 g / 1 ml = 19.8 g CH3OH

150 ml / 1 x 1 g / 1 ml = 150 g H20

Solution = solute + solvent ( 150 g + 19.8 g )


= 169.8 g
m% = 150 g / 169.8 g x 100
= 88.3 %
Exercises:
1. A solution is made from 35 ml of Methanol and
65 ml of water. Calculate the volume percentage.
2. Calculate the volume of ethanol in 200 ml
solution of 20% v/v aqueous solution of ethanol.
3. A solution of propanol (CH3CH2CH2OH) is
prepared by dissolving 67 mL in enough water to
have a final volume of 250 mL. What is the volume
percent of the ethanol?
4. How many mL of HNO3 concentrate are needed
to prepare 250 mL of solution 4%?
Molarity or molar( M) concentration
is the number of moles of solute in
1 L of solution. Molarity is
determined by the equation
Molarity (M) = Number of moles of solute
Volume (L) of solution
But, Number of moles of solute = Mass of solute
Molar mass of solute

Therefore,

Molarity = Mass of solute


Molar mass of solute×Volume (L) of solution
Example1:

What is the molar concentration of a solution


containing 16.0 g of CH3OH in 200 mL of solution?

Solution:
Given: Required:
Mass of solute (CH3OH) = 16 g Molarity = ?
Volume of solution = 200 mL = 0.20 L
Molar mass of CH3OH = 32 g/mol
Molarity = Mass of CH3OH
Molar mass of CH3OH×Volume (L)of Solution

= 16 g
32 g /mol×0.20 L = 2.50 mol/L = 2.50 M
Example 2:

How many grams of potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) are


required to prepare 250 mL of solution whose concentration is
2.16 M?

Solution:
Given: Required:
Volume of solution = 250 mL = 0.250 L Mass of K2Cr2O7 = ?
Molarity (M) of solution = 2.16 M
Molar mass of K2Cr2O7 = 294 g/mol
Molarity = Mass of K2Cr2O7
Molar mass of K2Cr2O7×Volume(L) of Solution

Mass of K2Cr2O7 =
Molarity × Molar mass of K2Cr2O7 × Volume (L) of
solution
= 2.16 mol/L × 294 g/mol × 0.250 L
= 159 g K2Cr2O7
Exercises
A. Determine the molarity for each of the
following solutions:
1. 0.444 mol of CoCl2 in 0.654 L of solution
2. 98.0 g of phosphoric acid, H3PO4, in 1.00 L of
solution
3. 0.2074 g of calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)2, in
40.00 mL of solution
4. 10.5 kg of Na2SO4·10H2O in 18.60 L of
solution
5. 7.0 × 10−3 mol of I2 in 100.0 mL of solution
B. Find the mass

1. How many grams of potassum carbonate are


needed to make 200ml of a 2.5M solution?
2. How many grams copper (II) flouride are
needed to make 6.7L of a 1.2M solution?
3. How many grams of manganese (IV) oxide are
needed to make 5.6 L of a 2.1 M solution?
Molality (m)
The molality of a solution is the
number of moles of solute per
kilogram of solvent contained
in a solution.
Note that molal solutions are prepared by
measuring masses of solute and solvent, not
volumes of solvent or solution.

Molality (m) = Number of moles of solute


Mass (kg) of solvent

or

Molality (m) = Mass of solute


Molar mass of solute×Mass (kg) of solvent
Example

Calculate the molality of a solution prepared by


dissolving 32.0 g of CaCl2 in 271 g of water.

Solution:
Given: Required:
Mass of CaCl2 = 32.0 g Molality (m) =?
Mass of H2O = 271 g = 0.271 kg
Molality (m) = Mass of CaCl2
Molar mass of CaCl2 ×Mass (kg)of H2O

= 32.0 g
111 g /mol × 0.271 kg = 1.06 m CaCl2
Mole Fraction (X)

The mole fraction (X) of a solute is the ratio of the


number of moles of solute divided by the
total number of moles of a solution (moles of
solute + moles of solvent).

Mole fraction for a non-electrolyte (X) =


Number of moles of solute
Number of moles of solute+ Number of moles of
solvent
For an electrolyte solution, the mole fraction is
calculated by treating the cations and anions
as individual particles; hence,
Example

What is the mole fraction of I2 in a solution


containing 30 g of I2 in 400 g of CCl4?

Solution:
First find the number of moles of I2 and the
number of moles of CCl4
Number of moles of I2 = Mass of I2 = 30 g
Molar massof I2 254 g /mol
= 0.12 mol I2

Number of moles of CCl4 = Mass of CCl4 = 400 g


Molar mass of CCl4 254 g/mol
= 2.6 mol CCl4
Exercises:

1. A sulfuric acid solution containing 571.4 g of


H2SO4 per liter of solution has a density of 1.329
g/cm3. Calculate the molality of H2SO4 in this
solution.
2. Calculate the molality of 15.00 M HCl with a density
of 1.0745 g/cm3
3. Calculate the molality (m) of a 7.55 kg sample of a
solution of the solute CH2Cl2 (molar mass = 84.93
g/mol) dissolved in the solvent acetone
(CH3COH3C) if the sample contains 929 g of
methylene chloride
4. Calculate the mole fraction of NaCl and H2O, if
0.010 moles of NaCl is dissolved in 100 grams of
pure water.

5.Calculate the mole fraction of acetone in the


solution containing 1 mole of benzene, 2 moles
carbon tetrachloride and 7 moles acetone.

6. 25.7 grams of formaldehyde (CH2O) is


dissolved in 3.25 moles of carbon tetrachloride
(CCl4), calculate the mole fractions of
formaldehyde.

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