INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY LAW

Atty. Mico Anthony M. Carpio

Aklan Catholic College, SY 2022-2023

I. INTRODUCTION
A. Intellectual Property Rights in General
1. Intellectual Property Rights (Secs. 2,3 &4, IPC)
2. Differences between Copyright, Trademarks, and Patents
3. Technological Transfer Arrangement

II. COPYRIGHT LAW

A. Definition of Copyright
Section 177, Intellectual Property Code (IPC)
Case:
• Olano v. Lim Eng Co, G.R. 195835 (2016)

B. Elements of Copyrightable Subject Matter

Section 172.1, IPC
Section 172.2, IPC
Cases:
• Ching Kian Chuan v. CA, 363 SCRA 142 (2001)
• Sambar v. Levi Strauss, 378 SCRA 364 (2002)

US cases on originality:
• Meshwerks, Inc. v. Toyota Motor Sales U.S.A., Inc. 528 F.3d 1258 (10th Cir. 2008)
• Mannion v. Coors Brewing Company, 377 F. Supp. 2d 444 (S.D.N.Y. 2006)

C. When Copyright Vests

• Santos v. McCullough Printing Co., 12 SCRA 321 (1964)
• Filipino Society of Composers v. Benjamin Tan, 148 SCRA 461 (1987)
• Unilever Philippines (PRC) v. CA, GR No. 119280, 10 August 2006

D. Scope of Copyright
1. Original works
Sections 172, 172.2, 173, 173.2, 174, IPC
Section 175, IPC
Section 176, IPC

Cases:
• Joaquin v. Drilon, 302 SCRA 225 (1999)
• United Feature Syndicate v. Munsingwear, 179 SCRA 260 (1989)

2. The "Idea/Expression" Distinction

Cases:
• Baker v. Selden, 101 U.S. 99 (1879)
• A.A. Hoehling v. Universal City Studios, Inc., 618 F.2d 972 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 841
(1980)

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 3. Derivative Works and Compilations
Sections 173, 173.1 & 173.2
Section 174
Cases:
• L. Batlin & Son, Inc. v. Snyder, 536 F.2d 486 (2d Cir.) (en banc), cert. denied, 429 U.S. 857 (1976)
• Entertainment Research Group, Inc. v. Genesis Creative Group, Inc., 122 F.3d 1211 (9th Cir. 1997),
cert. denied, 523 U.S. 1021 (1998)
• Pickett v. Prince, 207 F.3d 402 (7th Cir. 2000)
• Feist Publications, Inc. v. Rural Telephone Service Co., 499 U.S. 340 (1991)

E. Authorship
Section 178, Section 179, Section 174, IPC
Article 722 and 723, Civil Code
1. Sole Authorship

• Lindsay v. The Wrecked and Abandoned Vessel R.M.S. Titanic, 52 U.S.P.Q.2d 1609 (S.D.N.Y. 1999)

2. Joint Authorship
• Erickson v. Trinity Theatre, Inc., 13 F.3d 1061 (7th Cir. 1994)
• Aalmuhammed v. Lee, 202 F.3d 1227 (9th Cir. 1999)
3. Works Made for Hire
• Community for Creative Non-Violence v. Reid, 490 U.S. 730 (1989)

4. Government Works
Section 176 IPC

F. Duration of Copyright
Section 213, Section 214, IPC

G. Protected Works and Boundary Problems

1. Useful Articles with Pictorial, Graphic, or Sculptural Aspects

a. "Kitsch" or "Progress"?

• Mazer v. Stein, 347 U.S. 201 (1964)

b. Defining Useful Articles and Determining Separability

• Kieselstein-Cord v. Accessories by Pearl, Inc., 632 F.2d 989 (2d Cir. 1980)
• Carol Barnhart Inc. v. Economy Cover Corp., 773 F.2d 411 (2d Cir. 1985)
• Brandir International, Inc. v. Cascade Pacific Lumber Co., 834 F.2d 1142 (2d Cir. 1987)
c. Computer Software

a. Text or Machine?

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 • Apple Computer, Inc. v. Franklin Computer Corp., 714 F.2d 1240 (3d Cir. 1983),
cert. dismissed, 464 U.S. 1033 (1984)

b. Distinguishing Idea from Expression in Software

• Lotus Development Corporation v. Borland International, Inc., 49 F.3d 807 (1st Cir.
1995), affirmed by an equally divided court, 516 U.S. 233 (1996)
d. Architectural Works
Section 186, IPC
• Intervest Construction, Inc. v. Canterbury Estate Homes, Inc., 554 F.3d 914 (11th
Cir. 2008)
e. Characters

2. Expression or Idea?
• Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, Inc. v. American Honda Motor Co., 900 F. Supp. 1287
(C.D. Cal. 1995)
• Titan Sports, Inc. v. Turner Broadcasting Systems, Inc., 981 F. Supp. 65 (D. Conn.
1997)
• Norovzian v. Arks Ltd (No. 2), [2000] E.M.L.R. 67 (U.K.: Court of Appeal)
• Anderson v. Stallone, 11 U.S.P.Q.2d 1161

3. Rights of Publicity
• Wendt v. Host Int’l, Inc., 125 F.3d 806, 811 (9th Cir. 1997)
4. Databases

a. Selection, Arrangement, and Utility

• Bellsouth Advertising & Publishing Corp. v. Donnelley Information Publishing,
Inc., 999 F.2d 1436 (11th Cir. 1993) (en banc), cert. denied, 510 U.S. 1101 (1994)
b. What Is a "Fact"?
• CDN Inc. v. Kapes, 197 F.3d 1256 (19th Cir. 1999)

H. Works that violate the public order

Art. 17 of the Berne Convention
• Attorney General v. Guardian Newspapers Ltd., [1990] A.C. 109 (U.K., House of Lords)

I. Literary works

Short phrases
• Exxon Corp. v. Exxon Insurance Consultants Ltd, [1982] Ch. 119 (U.K.: High Court and Court
of Appeal)

Speech and interviews

• Falwell v. Penthouse International Ltd, 215 U.S.P.Q. 975 (U.S.: District Court, West Virginia,
1981)

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 Blank forms
• Bibbero Systems Inc. v. Colwell Systems, Inc., 893 F.2d 1104 (U.S. Court of Appeals, 9th Cir.,
1989)

J. Acquiring and Transferring Copyright

1. Deposit and Notice
Section 191, 192, IPC
Section 227-229, IPC
What Is Publication?
• Estate of Martin Luther King, Jr., Inc. v. CBS, Inc., 194 F.3d 1211 (11th Cir. 1999)

2. Transfer of Copyright
Sections 180, 181, 182, 183, IPC (as amended by R.A. No. 10372)
Section 4.2 in relation to Sections 87 and 88, IPC
Section 92, IPC
Section 237, IPC
3. Open source software and creative commons

a. Open source licenses, see http://www.fsf.org/

b. Creative commons licenses, see http://creativecommons.org/

K. Limitations on Copyright

1. Express limitations under the IPC

Sections 176, 171.11, 184, 186, 187, 188, IPC
Section 189, IPC
Section 190, IPC
• Filipino Society of Composers v. Benjamin Tan, 148 SCRA 461 (1987)
• Philippine Education Co. v. Sotto, 52 Phil. 580
2. Fair use
Section 185, IPC (as amended by R.A. No. 10372)
• Harper & Row, Publishers v. Nation Enterprises, 471 U.S. 539 (1985)
• New Era Publications Int'l v. Carol Publishing Group, 904 F.2d 152 (2d Cir.), cert.
denied, 498 U.S. 921 (1990)
• Video Pipeline, Inc. v. Buena Vista Home Entertainment, Inc., 42 F.3d 191 (3rd Cir.
2003)
• Bill Graham Archives v. Dorling Kindersley Ltd., 448 F.3d 605 (2d Cir. 2006)
• Perfect 10, Inc. v. Amazon, Inc., supra
• Sony Corporation of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc., 464 U.S. 417 (1984)
• Princeton University Press v. Michigan Document Services, Inc., 99 F.3d 1381 (6th
Cir. 1996) (en banc), cert. denied, 520 U.S. 1156 (1997)

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L. Copyright Scope and Enforcement

1. Infringement
Remedies

Sections 221-224, IPC

Section 3, IPC
Section 10.2, IPC
Sections 216-220, IPC (as amended by R.A. No. 10372)
Sections 225-226, IPC (as amended by R.A. No. 10372)
Section 231, IPC
Rule on Search and Seizure in Civil Actions for Infringement of Intellectual Property Rights (A.M.
No. 02-1-06-SC)

• 20th Century Fox v. CA, 164 SCRA 655 (1988)

• Columbia Pictures, Inc. v. Court of Appeals, 237 SCRA 367 (1994)
• Columbia Pictures v. Court of Appeals, 261 SCRA 144 (1996)
• People v. Ramos, 83 SCRA 1 (1978)
• Serrano Laktaw v. Paglinawan, 44 Phil. 855
• Habana v. Robles, 310 SCRA 511 (1999)
• Joaquin v. Drilon, 302 SCRA 225 (1999)
• Pearl & Dean v. Shoemart, 409 SCRA 231 (2003)
• ABS-CBN vs Felipe Gozon, et. al., G.R. No. 195956, 11 March 2015
• Microsoft Corporation v. Manansala, G.R. No. 16639, 21 October 2015

2. Copying in Fact
• Three Boys Music Corp. v. Michael Bolton, 212 F.3d 477 (9th Cir. 2000), cert. denied, 531
U.S. 1126 (2001)
• Bauman v. Fussell, [1978] R.P.C. 485 (U.K.: County Court & Court of Appeal, 1953)
3. "Substantially Similar" Copy
• Steinberg v. Columbia Pictures Industries, Inc., 663 F. Supp. 706 (S.D.N.Y. 1987)
• Boisson v. Banian, Ltd., 273 F.3d 262 (2d. Cir. 2001)
• Computer Associates International, Inc. v. Altai, Inc., 982 F.2d 693 (2d Cir. 1992)
• Cavalier v. Random House, Inc., 297 F.3d 815 (9th Cir. 2002)

4. The Distribution Right

• Capitol Records, Inc. v. Thomas, 579 F.Supp. 2d 1210 (D. Minn. 2008)

5. The Right to Prepare Derivative Works

• Warner Bros. Entertainment, Inc. v. RDR Books, 75 F.Supp. 2d 513 (S.D.N.Y. 2008)
• Mirage Editions, Inc. v. Albuquerque A.R.T. Company, 856 F.2d 1341 (9th Cir. 1988), cert.
denied, 489 U.S. 1018 (1989)

6. The Direct Infringer

Religious Technology Center v. Netcom On-Line Communication Services, Inc., 907 F. Supp. 1361
(N.D. Cal. 1995)

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 7. Vicarious and Contributory Infringement
• Fonovisa, Inc. v. Cherry Auction, Inc., 76 F.3d 259 (9th Cir. 1996)
• Perfect 10, Inc. v. Visa International Service Association, 494 F.3d 788 (9th Cir. 2007), cert.
denied, 128 S. Ct. 2871 (2008)
8. Liability of Device Manufacturers
• Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios Inc. v. Grokster, Ltd., 125 S. Ct. 2764 (2005)

M. Related Rights

1. Moral Rights
Sections 193-199, IPC

2. Right to Proceeds in Subsequent Transfers (Droit De Suite or Follow Up Rights)

Sections 200-201, IPC

3. Neighboring Rights
Section 202, IPC
Section 212, IPC

a. Rights of Performers
Sections 203-207, IPC
Section 215, IPC

b. Rights of Producers of Sound Recording

Sections 208-210, IPC
Section 215, IPC

c. Rights of Broadcasting Organizations

Sections 211, IPC
Section 215.2, IPC
P.D. No. 285
Section 239, IPC
• In the Matter of the Charges of Plagiarism, etc., against Associate Justice Mariano C. del
Castillo, A.M. No. 10-7-17-SC, 15 October 2010 and 8 February 2011

4. Moral Rights under US Law

• Gilliam v. American Broadcasting Companies, Inc., 538 F.2d 14 (2d Cir. 1976)

The Right of Attribution

• Dastar Corp. v. Twentieth Century Fox Film Corp., 539 U.S. 23 (2003)

Public Performance
• Columbia Pictures Indus. v. Redd Horne, Inc., 749 F.2d 154 (3d. Cir. 1984)
• Cartoon Network LP v. CSC Holdings, Inc., 536 F.3d 121 (2d Cir. 2008)

Public Performance, Public Display, and the Internet

• Perfect 10, Inc. v. Amacon.com, Inc., 508 F.3d 1146 (9th Cir. 2007)