CHANI KARN PRABPHAIRIN

Name___________________________________________________ Class 4/1

15
Number ________

Sentence Structure
Independent clause: An independent clause can stand alone as a sentence. It contains a
subject and a verb and is a complete idea.
o I like spaghetti.
o He reads many books.
Dependent clause: A dependent clause is not a complete sentence. It must be attached to an
independent clause to become complete. This is also known as a subordinate clause which
usually uses with Subordinating Conjunctions and Relative Pronouns.

➢ Relative Pronouns i.g. how, that, what, when, where, which, who, whom, whose,
why, whoever, whosever, etc.
o He is the man who lives next door.
o Jane is a farmer whose house is on the hill.
o Sam is the guy whom the police wanted.
➢ Subordinating Conjunctions i.g. after, although, as, because, before, even if, even
though, if, provided, rather than, since, so that, than, though, unless, until, whether,
while, etc.
o Although I like spaghetti,….…
o Because he reads many books,…..…
o Even if the sky is falling down, you'll be my only.
o Once in a blue moon, something good comes along.
o We're never going to survive unless we get a little crazy

Coordinating Conjunctions: English language has seven coordinating conjunctions, and they're
easy to remember if you can just remember the acronym FANBOYS:
•
• For - Explains reason or purpose (just like "because")
I go to the park every Sunday, for I long to see his face.
• And - Adds one thing to another
I like to read, and I write faithfully in my journal every night.
• Nor - Used to present an alternative negative idea to an already stated negative idea
I neither love nor hate to watch TV.
• But - Shows contrast
Television is a wonderful escape, but it interferes with my writing.
• Or - Presents an alternative or a choice
Would you rather read a book or watch a good TV show?
• Yet - Introduces a contrasting idea that follows the preceding idea logically (similar to "but")
I always take a book to the beach, yet I never seem to turn a single page.
• So - Indicates effect, result or consequence
I like to read, so my grammar is always on-point.

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In terms of structure, sentences can be classified in four ways;

1. Simple Sentences
A simple sentence contains a subject and a verb, and it may also have an object and
modifiers. However, it contains only one independent clause.
Key: Yellow, bold = subject; green underline = verb, blue, italics = object, pink, regular
font =prepositional phrase
Here are a few examples:

• She wrote.
• She completed her literature review.
• He organized his sources by theme.
• They studied APA rules for many hours.

2. Compound Sentences
A compound sentence contains at least two independent clauses. These two
independent clauses can be combined with a comma and a coordinating conjunction or with
a semicolon.
Key: independent clause = yellow, bold; comma or semicolon = pink, regular font;
coordinating conjunction = green, underlined
Here are a few examples:

• She completed her literature review, and she created her reference list.
• He organized his sources by theme; then, he updated his reference list.
• They studied APA rules for many hours, but they realized there was still much to
learn.

3. Complex Sentences
A complex sentence contains at least one independent clause and at least one dependent
clause. Dependent clauses can refer to the subject (who, which) the sequence/time (since,
while), or the causal elements (because, if) of the independent clause.
If a sentence begins with a dependent clause, note the comma after this clause. If, on the other
hand, the sentence begins with an independent clause, there is not a comma separating the two
clauses.
Key: independent clause = yellow, bold; comma = pink, regular font; dependent clause = blue,
italics
Here are a few examples:

• Although she completed her literature review, she still needed to work on her methods
section.
o Note the comma in this sentence because it begins with a dependent clause.

• Because he organized his sources by theme, it was easier for his readers to follow.
o Note the comma in this sentence because it begins with a dependent clause.

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 • They studied APA rules for many hours as they were so interesting.
o Note that there is no comma in this sentence because it begins with an
independent clause.

4. Compound-Complex Sentences
Sentence types can also be combined. A compound-complex sentence contains at least
two independent clauses and at least one dependent clause.
Key: independent clause = yellow, bold; comma or semicolon = pink, regular font;
coordinating conjunction = green, underlined; dependent clause = blue, italics

• She completed her literature review, but she still needs to work on her methods
section even though she finished her methods course last semester.
• Although he organized his sources by theme, he decided to arrange them
chronologically, and he carefully followed the MEAL plan for organization.
• With pizza and soda at hand, they studied APA rules for many hours, and they
decided that writing in APA made sense because it was clear, concise, and objective.

For summarization:
❖ Simple: one independent clause
❖ Compound: at least two independent clauses
❖ Complex: an independent clause and at least one dependent clause
❖ Compound-complex: two or more independent clauses and at least one
dependent clause

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Exercise 1: Choose the best answer.

1. A simple sentence consists of____________.

a. one independent thought O

b. one independent clause

2. An independent clause contains

a. a subject and a verb

O b. a subject and an object

3. A compound sentence consists of

a. one or more independent clauses O

b. two or more independent clauses

4. Independent clauses can be joined by using

O
a. a coordinating conjunction b. a subordinating conjunction

5. Which is a compound sentence?

a. I like walking on the beach with my dog. O

b. I like walking but my dog likes running.

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 6. A complex sentence consists of an independent clause plus

a. a subordinating conjunction O
b. a dependent clause

7. A dependent clause can begin with a relative pronoun or a

a. a subordinating conjunction
O b. a coordinating conjunction

8. "I like him because he’s funny." Which is the dependent clause?

a. I like him O
b. because he’s funny

9. Which is a complex sentence?

Oa. I was late because I missed my train. b. We got up late so I missed my train.

10. A compound-complex sentence consists of two or more independent clauses and

O
a. one or more dependent clauses b. two or more dependent clauses

Exercise 2: Fill the number of the correct sentence structure in the gap.

1. Simple 2. Compound 3. Complex 4. Compound-complex

Simple 1. This is a simple sentence.

__________
Compound 2. I like playing basketball, and my brother likes playing tennis.
__________
Complex 3. I'll help you if you help me.
__________
Compound 4. Her name is Sachiko and she comes from Japan.
__________

Complex 5. My mother cooked dinner while I was doing my homework.

__________
Compound Cox plex 6. While I was doing my homework, my father cooked the dinner and my
__________
-

mother was asleep in front of the television.

Compound 7. Do you want to go swimming tomorrow, or would you prefer to play tennis?
__________
Complex 8. I've brought my umbrella with me in case it rains.
__________
Compound
__________ 10. The mosaic tile is so beautiful; it’s made with melted glass.
Compound Complex 11. My family came to Germany when I was in grade 5, but I never learned to
__________
.

speak German very well.

Complex 12. I'm so pleased that you can come to my party.

__________
Complex 13. He told me that he is returning to London next summer.
__________
Complex 14. I have not seen my grandmother since I came to Germany.
__________

Complex 15. We were doing a mathematics test when the fire alarm rang yesterday.
__________

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 Compound 16. She runs every day, so she is very fit.
__________
Complex 17. Because she runs every day, she is very fit.
__________
Simple
__________18. The new girl in our ESL class has a brother in grade 7 and a sister in grade 9.
Complex
__________19. You should read every day if you want to improve your English more quickly.

Complex
__________20. Although it was cold and the rain was getting heavier, we decided to go fishing
as planned.

Compound You should start working a little harder or you are going to fail your test.
__________21.
Compound I didn't know what time it was so I was very late to class.
__________22.

Compound Most European countries now use the Euro, but the United Kingdom still
__________23.
uses the pound (£).

Simple
__________24. To build a doll's house you need wood, a hammer, a saw, and lots of nails.

Compound She failed her driving test because she didn't look in her mirror often
__________25.
enough.
Simple
__________26. He got up, walked over to the window, and jumped out.

Complex
__________27. We can wait here until Carlo calls us.
Complex
__________28. Either the engine starts, or we will remain here all night.

Simple
__________29. A group of my classmates studied the problem and solved it in a few minutes.

Compound The old car was in fairly good operating condition, but the condition of the
__________30.
body was poor.

Exercise 3: Identify whether the sentences are simple, complex, compound or compound-
complex. Please underline dependent clauses where it applies.

Compound Vampires Dairies is my favorite television show, but I also love True Blood.
__________1.

Complex The student wiped the white board that was filthy with last week’s notes.
__________2.

Simple
__________3. The trendy fashion designer released her new line on Wednesday.

Simple
__________4. Trina and Hareem went to a bar in Hollywood to celebrate their anniversary.

Compound Wicked Regina cast a spell on the entire city, so the citizens decided to rebel.
__________5.

Compound Complex While waiting for the paint to dry, Angela went to Home Depot, and Martin
__________6.
-

organized the kitchen appliances.

Complex After listening to the Kanye West CD, I have new respect for his music.
__________7.

Compound Complex After the teacher chose groups, John and Sara were selected as partners for a
__________8.
-

project, yet Sarah did most of the work.

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Exercise 4: Highlight one sentence of each sentence structure, add each number above each
line and underline dependent clausewhere it applies.

1. Simple 2. Compound 3. Complex 4. Compound-complex

India coronavirus: 'More than half of Mumbai slum-dwellers had Covid-19'

Compound
More than half the residents of slums in three areas in India's commercial capital, Mumbai,
tested positive for antibodies to the coronavirus, a new survey has found.
Only 16% of people living outside slums in the same areas were found to be exposed to the
infection.
The results are from random testing of some 7,000 people in three densely-packed areas in early
July.
Mumbai has reported more than 110,000 cases and 6,187 deaths as of 28 July.
The survey was carried out by the city's municipality, the government think-tank Niti Aayog
and the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research.
It found that 57% of the people tested in slum areas of Chembur, Matunga and Dahisar had
been exposed to the novel coronavirus.
Some 1.5 million people live in these three areas located in the western, eastern and central
parts of the city.
compound complex-

Scientists involved with the study told the BBC that the results pointed to a number of things
about the prevalence of the infection in one of India's worst-hit cities.
complex
For one, the virus has spread more widely than was earlier believed in the city's slums, where
more than half of Mumbai's 12.5 million people live.
Scientists believe the sample tested was "statistically robust" and representative. simple
"The three areas we chose for the tests had a varying number of reported coronavirus infections,
and they were a mix of slums and stand-alone houses and housing complexes. The idea was to
see whether population density was driving changes in the prevalence of infection," Dr Ullas S
Kolthur of the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR) told the BBC.
The study also found that a large section of people had been infected and survived with no or
little symptoms, leading to a low fatality rate in these areas - one in 1,000 to one in 2,000. This
also lowers the city-wide death rate from Covid-19.
And more women were found to have been exposed to infection by the virus in both slum and
non-slum areas.