5 Theory/word details

5 Cultivation Theory Media cultivates (drip drip effect) ways of seeing the world.

Those who spend more time living in the world of media are
more likely to see the real world in terms of images, values,
portrayals, and ideologies that are represented in media,
especially heavy (4+ hrs) lite – less than 2, 3-4 hours no
study done.
Cultivation Theory Cynical mindset of general mistrust of others
 Mean world subscribed to by heavy viewers
syndrome  Fear of criminal victimization
 Overestimation of police activity
 Suspicious of people’s motives
Widespread belief
that media
violence causes
aggressive
behavior
Evidence from Bobo doll
research Meta analysis on all types of violent media indicated
triangulation media violence is a small but significant contributor
concludes that to aggressive behavior.
exposure to violent
media increases Not how much violence we watch, but how it is
aggression presented that matters.

Columbine shooters played violent video games

6 major  Sensitization- viewers react so strong they
mechanisms are traumatized.
effects may occur  Catharsis- viewers vent their aggressive
impulses harmlessly through viewing violence
 Desensitization (more important) – viewers
repeatedly violent acts and become less
sensitive to seeing violence and more likely to
accept real-life violence.
  Arousal – viewing violent content may
enhance aggression and anger due to
excitement or arousal.
 Disinhibitation viewers grow more
accustomed to seeing violence and become less
inhibited by social sanctions against comitting
violent acts
 Imitation – viewers learn from what they see
and try to mimic actions themselves (chicken
and the egg)
 Socialization hypothesis (media causes
aggression.
 Selection hypothesis (aggressive individuals
are attracted to violent media)
Socialization  Chicken and the egg… (media causes
hypothesis aggression)

 model support for both male and female. Effect

was the same regardless of gender.
Selection  Aggressive individuals are attracted to violent
hypothesis media.
General Aggression Inputs (person, who they are, personality traits
model GAM Routes (self esteem) education high or low, psych characts
(present internal (mental health) attitudes (pos / negative attitude
state) about violence, genetic pre dispositions ( of their life
– medical needs, saw shrink)
Situational factor: Social Encounter (important
features of the situation such as presence of a
provocation (insults, bullied, slights or other forms of
interpersonal success) or an aggressive cue (violent
media)
Treatment of media violence (what context is
violence consumed) and whether violence is
rewarded/unpunished, glamorized/realistic,
 humorous/serious, sanitized/unsanitized,
justified/unjustified, criticized/praised are all
situational factors. ) – David katz situational
(assumed bc not talked in article)
Routes (present internal state, his thought process)
Affect (expressive motor responses below),
Cognition and Arousal.
Interconnections – cognition, affect, and arousal are
all interdependent
 Outcomes – what viewer of media does---David
is immediate appraisal Immediate appraisal
Appraisal and decision process
 Reappraisal – your mind stops you from acting
out… (normal people go through reapprasisal)

Expressive motor  Affect of
responses  Automatic reactions that occur in conjunction
with specific emotions, largely in the face (eg. A
clear cut full faced anger expression. (Tough
guys. For example, a clear cut, full faced anger
expression.

?5 Violent media  Violent games depict violence against women..
and women  Greater exposure to violent video games
positively correlated with rape myth acceptance
and negatively correlated with attitudes toward
women
 Found sexual objectivication of women in video
games increases rape myths in male
participants.
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5A David Katz  Police report of what happened and his
Gamer Gunman background. Dad/nasa, mom/FDA – parents
 Hospitalized government workers. Him and his brother had
significant medical needs . quiet and kept to
Florida, self.
Jacksonville  Killed 2 people for real during a video
tournament in florida, and himself (total 3)
GAM theory
 David katz video playing was not mentioned in
the article. Who he was,
General Aggression Inputs (person, who they are, sum of their life –
Model (GAM) medical needs, saw shrink)
Situation: Social Encounter (him as a person, all his
media he’s consumed)
Routes (present internal state, his thought process)
Affect, Cognition and Arousal.
Outcomes – what viewer of media does---David is
Immediate appraisal Appraisal and decision process
Reappraisal – your mind stops you from acting out…
(normal people go through reappraisal)
5B An angry little  Socialization hypothesis – media causes
town… Why are we aggression.
so angry  Arousal viewing violent content may enhance
aggression and anger due to excitement or
arousal.
 Catharsis viewers vent their aggressive
impulses harmlessly through venting their
anger

4 Sex
4 Contextualizing Contextual variables that contribute to “prevailing
sexual content in tone” seriousness or triviality of the treatment,
media artistic value and intent, necessary to the
plot/degree of explicitness, context of viewing,
cultural content.

What is the material itself, hustler or maxim, and

 what conditions are in it viewed under (home or with
others)
Is rape treated seriously or flippantly

Sexual Script  Media offer scripts about sexual activity

theory including
 Script is a sequence of actions – including talk
and behavior that is expected to be performed
during a given event.
 Scripts provide a structure for understanding
and navigating sexual experiences.
 Sexual scripts more influential when viewers
identify with media characters.

Examples
Virginity: delaying virginity or encouraging
abstinence, stigmatization virginity and encourage
Heterosexuality –
Relationship status
Sexual responsibility

.
Social Comparison  People compare themselves with others to
theory evaluate or enhance particular attributes about
self
 Social comparisons inform people where they
stand relative to others, therefore some may
experience satisfaction or dissatisfaction when
they compare themselves to people in media
 Relationship between porn consumption and
satisfaction found that porn consumption was
associated with lower sexual and relational
satisfaction for MEN but not women

4 Peer influence  Looks at how peer influence mediates media

 influence on adolescent sexual behaviors
(18&19 YO) and found support for the following
model. Sex related media  peer
influence  sexual permissive
4 Parental Mediation  Negative active mediation – parents
condemnation or refutation of media content.
Found that negative active mediation influences
adolescent and emerging adult’s attitudes
about porn which then influences their use.
 Negative active mediation  attitudes about
porn  pornography use
 Negative active mediation also protected the
self-esteem of those who sexual partner
regularly views porn
4A Naked Ambition p.  Porn is a major driver for all new computer
1-5 hardware. They see porn will be using VR, A
feeling of real sexual encounters via online (3D
and 180Degrees) is goal. Will create a new
stream of income for production companies.
But people are ashamed and don’t want to
publicly ack. the market potential VR porn.
 People will require new advanced hardware to
make this work in order to facilitate a fully
immersive and interactive experience with a
porn star.
 Sexual Scripts where views interact and
immerse in virtual reality such that they think
they are having actual sex with a porn star.
 (topic of sex?)
Media offer scripts about sexual activity including
Script is a sequence of actions – including talk and
behavior that is expected to be performed during a
given event.
Scripts provide a structure for understanding and
 navigating sexual experiences.
 Sexual scripts more influential when
viewers identify with media characters.
Eg. Having sex with porn star
 Media sources – responses to change…
identify VR as a new stream of income,
giving people more intimate experience
4B Lots of Love p 6-10  No romantic movies? People are looking more
fun romance movies.
 Romantic movies are Focusing more on
relationship status than actual sex. They don’t
show sex, most of the rom-com movies now
are about the relationship.
 Social Comparison Theory because people
will view the media and compare where they
should be in life and how their relationships are
going. Rewriting the script to focus on the
relationship.
 Sexual Script theory – how to behave,
how to act, and how they relate to
characters they can identify with. (a girl
just newly engaged
4C Touching moments  Choreographing sex -Filming sex scenes can be
p 11-16 uncomfortable for workers who are prepping
people and the people on stage acting. HBO
said they are going to hire intimacy
coordinators for all its productions.
 Some directors really get involved, where
others tell them to figure it out.
 They want to create a technique to
choreograph sex without victimizing anyone
and also improve the quality of what we see on
stage.
  Under sexual script theory, there is sexual
responsibility. Which are negative
consequences of sexual activity that is rarely
presented or discussed. Non consensual
activity, grabbing, etc. director interjects do this
in the process of filming
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6 Schema Theory  Schemas – knowledge structures or framework
that organize an individual’s memory for people
events and situations.
 Schemas provide knowledge base that serve as
guides for interpreting info, actions, and
expectations
 -- media offer info that children use to
construct and or reinforce schemas, especially
during the early stages of socialization
 ----Gender Schema –media plays role on how
you feel about body image, barbi, gi-joe
(changed over the years.. now he is muscular.
 ----Racial and Ethnic Schemas – media gives us
a schema for certain people
6 Social Learning  Very young children learn to “model” others
Theory aka behavior
Modeling Theory,  Social learning theory is based on
Cognitive learning “observational learning”
theory  4 components to the modeling
 ---- attention
  ---- retention
 ---- motor reproduction
 ---- motivation
 Modeling likely to occur when children:
 -- identify with media character
 -- Observe media characters being rewarded for
behavior
 -- Positively rewarded when directly performing
the behavior
 For example Singing with barney and being
rewarded
Media effects on  Age
children vary by  Cognitive development
 --advertising aimed at children is a concern
Children began watching tv as young as 6 months
old
Children age 7 – 12 can separate appearance from
reality
---Perform more elaborate cognitive activities
---Begin to identify with characters
---9-12 years fearful of threats of injury or
destruction to self or loved ones.
---News is particularly troubling to kids, especially if
under 13
Moderators of  Children do not understand the persuasive
media effects on intent of advertising or the economics of media
Children  Over 90% of commercials aimed at kids
are a target advertise 4 products – toys
audience  Cereal, candy/snacks, and fast food restaurants
Content  Are children watching prosocial (i.e., socially
desirable) or antisocial (i.e. socially undesirable)
content?
Quantity  Children consuming large quantities of media
 are most affected
 -- displacement hypothesis
displacement  Suggests that media can influence learning and
hypothesis social behavior by taking the place of activities
such as reading, family interaction, and social
peer with children
Children and  Young children can’t discriminate between
advertising commercial and program content.
 -- discrimination made more difficult if primary
character of show is also the spokesperson in
the ad (“host selling)
Some solutions for  Limiting exposure
effects  -- American academy of pediatrics discourage
Parent Solutions use of any screen media for children under 2
(except for skype and facetime)
 If you must Introduce digital to toddlers 18 mos
to 24 months, high quality program and watch
with kid
 Age 2-5 should have no more than one hour of
screen use per day. HIGH QUALITY
 Keep bedrooms, meals, and parent child play
free of screens… including parents non use
 Ages 5-18, limit consistently as well as types of
media
 Children all ages should avoid exposure to
devices and screens for one hour before bed
 Discourage use of entertainment media while
doing homework
 Keep smartphones, tv, and other device out of
bedroom
 Communicate the family media guidelines to
grandparents, babysitters, and other caregivers
so screen rules are followed consistently
  Have an ongoing talk with older children about
online sitizenship and safety. Includes treating
people with respect online, saying no to
cyberbullying and sexting and avoiding comms
that can compromise personal privacy and
safety.
Some solutions for  Select prosocial media.
effects  … some research supports prosocial media
benefits for children.. sesame street, blue
clues, and dora the explorer
 Active Mediation, or active co-viewings
 Policy solutions: label content/ratings, v-chip,
zoning laws

6A A-ok with them  Hollywood filmed at a middleschool “eight

grade” and no 8th graders in sight. Journalist
took local about to be 8th grade to let the kids
see movie with her and talk about if it reflected
their experience.
 When celebrity entered room, kids wanted pix
of the celebrity and posted on Instagram
moment.
 They talked back to the movie, shouting and
criticizing its protagonist
 Some scenes were horrifying to some
 One student found it was relatable and
compared everything to their friends.
 Something the film got right in examining their
own insecurities. They swear they are not
addicted to their phones but use their phones
as their main source of entertainment.
  The kids were very focused on becoming
influencers and fitting in, getting popular, and
being verified.
 social learning (young children learn to model
others’ behavior SLT is based on observational
learning, and teens learned and reflected on
their situation by watching the movie
 4 components to modeling
 – got their attention,
 Retained the info
 Motor reproduction – they go out and try to
reproduce what youtube people were doing
 and they learned to reproduce the same actions
because it related to their motivation which was
to become influencers, fitting in, gaining
popularity and have social equity by being
verified. Mimic (motivation) – youtube
influencers/stars
6b VOX tech  Psych say kids are suffering from hidden
companies use manipulation techniques that fb and twit use.
“pervasive design”  Kids have 10x the amount of screen time than
they did in 2011,
 Big tech now employs mental health experts to
use persuasive techniques (breneis?)
 In order to have behavior change (manipulate
kid), need motivation, ability and triggers –
Fear of social rejection… if they stop doing it,
they face being left out and social reject. What
keeps people coming back, such as a reward
inside app
 Facebook will save notifications and send them
when you are most likely to respond and get
you back on schedule
 These persuasive technologies pull kids away
 from real-life engagements

 Children are a heavily targeted audience for
persuasion.
 Gender Schema theory – target children for
what they are attracted to as far as gender.
Video games are more addictive to boys… they
reinforce their gender schemas. persuasive tech
provide knowledge bases that serve as guides
for interpreting info, actions and expectations?
6C UN Shaping  Impressed with the representation of gender
Thomas the tank equality and think it will make a strong
engine tales impression on boys and girls
 17 objectives in areas such as poverty, hunger
and sanitation aims to achieve by 2030 would
make sense for story lines.
 Settled on 5 objectives: education, sustainable
communities, responsible consumption, gender
equality and life on land.
 Gender Schema theory. Schema’s provide
knowledge bases on things that serve as guides
for interpreting info, actions and expectations
boys and girls. Teaching kids
 Because Thomas the tank engine is for early
ages, media offers info that children use to
construct/reinforce schemes, and we can see
this with gender schemas and racial and ethnic
schemas, being more inclusive of all genders,
not just boys and their train.
6D The video game  Played an early demo of “before I forget” a pc
that helped me game in development that puts a person in the
understand my shoes of a women like a grandma who has
grandmas dementia.
dementia  Games increasingly are immersing players in
 real-life experiences like immigration anxiety
and depression
 Before I forget is about the impact of lost
memories.
 For years, the author considered grandmas
illness only in terms of how it affected him.
 it is a beginning to understand
 schema theory, schemas serve as the
knowledge structures of framework that
organize and help us see life in the shoes of
someone else, and and evaluate it from a
different point of view.
6E Time –there’s  Kids are experiencing anxiety and depression
worrying new the longer they are on their phones. (heavy use
research about is roughly 7 hours a day.
kids screen time  Social Learning Theory – Learning from their
and their mental parents because they are observing their
health parents on their phones 10 + hours a day. This
is a danger because it limits their time with
kids, to read, and do other activities outdoors
Tough guise  Understanding violent masculinity. Violence to
an American society that constructs masculinity
around domination and violence.
 Cultivation theory – media cultivates
ideas/beliefs/views in young men on how to be
masculine, manly. Young boys view media,
imitate it that’s where they get their direction
on how to be a man.
 Wizard of Oz – metaphor of how men wear a
mask that is a disguise of being tough – need
to be lion (courage) scarecrow (brain to be
smart) tinman (having a heart and emotions
really isn’t manly
 
Miss  Social comparison theory – girls look up to
Representation people in media and compare themselves to
them.
 Sexual Script Theory – they offer script to
navigate display open sexual experience.

COMM 422 Final Exam Study Guide

BeachBoard 5: Violence in Media
Article 1: Gamer Gunman
- Gamer gunman hospitalized for “psychological issues” and struggled at
college.
- David Katz shot and killed two people, then himself at a video game
tournament.
- Had a laser sight on the gun to help him target victims
- Could link to parents arguing about divorce and fought over David.
- Both of the boys have ‘significant medical problems and needs.’
o Been prescribed antipsychotic and antidepressant medication
afterwards.
- Neighbors say the family moved in around seven years ago and seemed
‘normal.’
- Agents at the home wore bullet-proof vest and carried rifles and shotguns
as they went into the property.
- The commentators can be heard going silent as the first gunshots are fired.
o Streams then cut off and a messaging saying ‘controller disconnected.’
- Links to violence as being the aggression that has its goal to being extreme
harm (we see this as Katz injuring others and himself)
 - There could be a “Mean World Syndrome” as one could see it being a
widespread belief that media (video games) cause aggressive behavior.
- Links to “Input” of General Aggression Model. Katz personal factors and
his personality traits (mental health) are the characteristics he brought into
the situation. Could also be linked to “imitation” mechanism in that his
video game media consumption led him to mimic those actions as well
(assuming he is playing violent video games)

Article 2: Why Are We So Angry?

- Received a strange questionnaire in the mail regarding the number of times
one became annoyed and/or angry during the past week.
o Survey was interested in the particular of respondents’ anger.
▪ Author of questionnaire was James Averill, a psychology
professor.
▪ Suspected that anger is not served unless it is some important
purpose.
o The betrayed wife turned out not all upset, but had suspicions for
years. Not angry about the mistress but rather because her husband
showed his new car to his mistress before her
o People felt angry so frequently, typically in the form of short and
restrained conversations.
▪ Tend to make bad situations much better and resulted in all
parties becoming more willing to listen, more inclined to speak
honestly, and more accommodations of each other’s complaints.
o Concluded that anger is one of the densest forms of communication
and perceive positivity towards people who can overcome challenges.
- Talked about America has always been an angry nation (e.g., battlefields,
ballots, elections).
o Anger instead has built within us (the desire not merely to be heard,
but to hurt those we believe has wrong us).
▪ Ex] Trump emotional manipulation towards political opponents.
▪ Corporatized outrage is fundamentally manipulative and tends to
further the interests of the already rich and powerful.
 o Ordinary anger can deepen, but if moral indignation persists, the
indignant lose faith that their anger is being heard, which leads to a
desire for revenge.
o Hearing your indignation gives voice.
▪ Ex] Striking teachers initially didn’t have much of a plan, but they
were fed up, and wanted everyone to know it.
- The wife’s anger towards her husband links to Mean World Syndrome
where she had suspicions of his motivates.

- Article talks and links toward 3 of the 6 major mechanisms of the effects of
media violence.
o Catharsis – viewers and reviewers vent their aggression impulses
harmlessly through viewing this violence.
o Arousal – viewing the “violent” debate or “emotional manipulative”
campaign enhance aggression and anger due to excitement or
emotional arousal.
o Imitation/ “Socialization hypothesis” – media causing
aggression.
- Part II: Righteous rage discusses anger from marginalized groups such as
farm workers (Cesar Chavez)

BeachBoard 4: Sex in Media

Article 1: Naked Ambition
- Porn is getting a virtual reality boost.
- As Missy Martinez performed, the crew instructed her to keep her eyes on
the camera to engage directly with viewers, who will experience the movie
in 3D and 180 degrees.
- With VR, it leads the way as more production companies explore the erotic
potential of the medium.
o A new revenue stream for production companies.
 - Producers say they are being treated unfairly by major manufactures who
block porn apps.
o Porn still carries a stigma that mainstream business tries to avoid.
- 50% of all VR content is porn related and that adult content is a major
driver of hardware sales.
o Manufactures don’t want to publicly acknowledge the market for
potential of VR porn.
▪ People have to find workarounds.
o Experts say that the future success of VR porn depends on hardware
adoption by consumers.
- A fully immersive and interactive experience with a porn star.
- Relates to the importance of the topic of sex where porn consumption
is higher in boys where they want to view more sexually explicit materials
than girls.
- Links to sexual scripts where it is more influential when viewers identify,
interact, and immerse, with media characters.

Article 2: Lots of Love

- Reese Witherspoon posed a question to Twitter asking why isn’t there more
romantic movies.
- Romantic comedy was a good thing. In the last decade, it all of a sudden
had a negative connotation. It is now rewarding to hear how hungry people
are for romantic comedies.
o Many users on Netflix opting to watch old romantic comedies from
Netflix’s extensive catalog of films.
o Those are just the films featuring big stars, the kind of talent that
filmmakers say Netflix is now able to attract not just in the television
space.
o Netflix deemed “summer of love.”
o Watching a film can be a social outlet where it gets people together
and watch and talk and comment.
▪ “Use a little bit more light in our lives over the darkness of
‘political times.’”
 - There is more “talk” about sex rather than actual sexual behavior. Romantic
comedies look to change this.
- Could link to sexual scripts as providing a structure for understanding and
navigating sexual experiences and behaviors.
- Could lead towards the effect of media sex where young adults see social
comparisons where they compare themselves with others. A crucial topic
in romantic comedies and where a social outlet where one could talk and
comment.
Article 3: Touching moments
- Coordinators work on-set to make sexy scenes safe for actors.
o Filming sex scenes can be a job requirement and sometimes an
uncomfortable one.
- HBO announced in October that it would hire intimacy coordinators for all of
its productions.
- “Sometimes directors really get in there, but other it’s ‘figure it out for
yourself.”
- Create a technique to choreograph sex with victimizing anybody, while at
the same time improving the quality of what we were seeing on stage.
o Past examples included directing sexual assault scenes or those
dealing with the trauma of sex scenes.
- “I’m here to make sure that you are consenting every step of the way. I’m
here to respect your boundaries, and to make sure everybody else respect
your boundaries.”
o Tell the story that you’re looking for in a different way where
everybody wins.
- Closure is the most important part. It tells actors that they’re not
performing sex for rea, that this is the character’s sex life.
- 82% of top grossing films contains sexual content.
- Relates to Sexual Script Theory where script is a sequence of typical
actions from the coordinator where it includes talk and behavior that is
expected to be performed during a given event.
- Also provides a structure and baseline for understanding and navigating sex
scenes.
 - The message is sexual responsibility. Directors and movies rarely talk
about negative consequences of sexual activities on set. It is the
coordinator’s responsibility to make sure actors and actress feel comfortable
and safe.

BeachBoard 6: Children and the Media

Article 1: (A-OK with Them)
Hollywood had taken over Joseph Le Conte Middle School for the
premiere of the new movie “Eighth Grade,” and there were barely any
actual eighth-grader in sight.
Amy Kaufman, the journalist of this article, persuaded the parents of
local about-to-be eighth grade to let their children see the movie with her
and then talk about whether in reflected their experiences.
When a celebrity entered, the kids were more interested in
getting a picture of the celebrity and for an “Instagram opportunity.”
They treated the movie like a talk-back, shouting and criticizing at
its protagonist.
One of the students was particularly horrified by a scene.
Heather, a student, said it was very relatable and compared
everything to their friends.
There were a lot of things the film got right, but they felt its strongest
virtue was how accurately it reflected their own insecurities.
The teenagers swore they aren’t addicted to their phones, but use
their phones as their main source of entertainment.
More focused on becoming influencers, fitting in, getting popular,
and “verified.”
Relates to Social Learning Theory where very young children learn
to “model” others behaviors.
Social learning theory is based on “observational learning,” and the
teenagers learned and reflected by watching the movie.
o 4 components to modeling: attention, retention, motor
reproduction, and motivation.
 The teenagers paid attention and reflected and one could
say they could reproduce the same actions because it relates and
how accurately it reflected their own insecurities.

Article 2 (Tech Companies Use “Persuasive Design”)

• A group of psychologists say kids are suffering from “hidden manipulation
techniques” that companies like Facebook and Twitter use.
• Kids have 10 times the amount of screen time they did in 2011.
• Big tech now employs mental health experts to use persuasive technology that
looks at how computers can change the way human think and act.
• Richard Freed found that B.J. Fogg taught the concept where they found that
in order to have behavioral change, you need motivation, ability, and triggers.
Fear of social rejection.
Trigger includes what keeps people coming back, such as a reward inside
an app.
• Facebook will also save up notifications and give them to you on a schedule
that they believe will most likely stimulate you to get you back.
• These persuasive technologies pull kids away from real-life engagements.
• Lots of psychologists working on persuasive design and Freed said that the
psychology community needs to step up and acknowledge this.
Relates to the class lecture on how children are a target audience where as
children age, the more they consume.
Schema Theory plays into effect because these persuasive technology provide
knowledge bases that serve as guides for interpreting info, actions, and
expectations.

Article 3 (U.N. Shaping Thomas the Tank Engine tales)

• Impressed with the representation of gender equality and think it will make a
strong impression on boys and girls.
• 17 objectives in areas such as poverty, hunger and sanitation it aims to achieve
by 2030 would make sense for story lines.
◦ Settled for 5 (education, sustainable communities, responsible
consumption, gender equality, and life on land).
Definitely links to Schema Theory because schemas provide knowledge bases on
that serve as guides for interpreting info, actions, and expectations. Because
Thomas the Tank Engine is for early ages, media offers info that children use to
construct/reinforce schemas, and we can see this with gender schemas and
racial and ethnic schemas.

Article 4 (The Video Game That Helped Me Understand My Grandma’s Dementia)

• Played an early demo of “Before I Forget,” a PC game in development that put
the user in the shoes of a women much like the grandmother who had dementia.
• Games, increasingly, are immersing players in real-life experiences like
immigration, depression, and anxiety.
◦ Before I Forget is a game about the impact of lost memories.
• Grief didn’t really appear until playing Before I Forget.
◦ For years, author considered grandmother’s illness only in terms of
how it affected him.
‣ Starts to understand the dilemma.
Links to Schema Theory where schemas serve as the knowledge structures of
framework that organize an individual’s memory for people, events, and
situations.

Article 5 (There’s Worrying New Research About Kids’ Screen Time and Their
Mental Health)
• Young people who spend seven hours or more a day on screens are more than
twice as likely to be diagnosed with depression or anxiety.
◦ They’re likely following their parents’ lead: some estimates that U.S.
adults now spend roughly 10 hours a day staring at TVs or digital devices.
◦ More easily distracted, less emotionally stable, and have more
problems finishing tasks.
• Smartphones and social media - with sleep problems among adolescents.
◦ May be linked to recent increases in teen depression and suicide.
• It may be that kids who are anxious or depressed are just more likely to spend
a lot of time using screens.
• Primack says that no single study can provide “a complete picture” on the
effects of screens on young people’s mental health, and that more research is
needed.
Links to class lecture where children are a target audience that media target and
children consume more as they age.
Relates to Social Learning Theory where very young children learn to “model”
other behavior through “observational learning.”
- This could relate to the article’s topic on how observational learning
from parents and spending more time on screen could result in different
behaviors.
4 components to modeling – the children pay attention to the media or the
parent, the children retention or retains their parents’ lead, the children will most
likely reproduce those actions and then finally be motivated to enact certain
behaviors.

The film draws back a curtain to reveal a glaring reality we live with every day
but fail to see – how the media’s limited and often disparaging portrayals of
women and girls makes it difficult for women to feel powerful and achieve
leadership positions.

In a society where media is the most persuasive force shaping cultural norms,
the collective message we receive is that a woman’s value and power lie in her
youth, beauty, and sexuality, and not in her capacity as a leader. While women
have made great strides in leadership over the past few decades, the United
States is still 33rd out of the 49 highest income countries when it comes to
women in the national legislature. And it’s not better outside of government.
Women make up only 4.6% of S&P 500 CEOs and 17% of directors, executive
producers, writers, cinematographers, and editors working on the top 250
domestic grossing films.

Stories from teenage girls and provocative interviews with politicians, journalists,
entertainers, activists, and academics, like Katie Couric, Rosario Dawson, Gloria
Steinem, Margaret Cho, Condoleezza Rice, Rachel Maddow, and Nancy Pelosi,
build momentum as Miss Representation accumulates startling facts and
statistics that will leave the audience shaken, but armed with a new perspective.

Parents need to know that this documentary offers a powerful, uncompromising

look at how the media trivializes and sexualizes women. It's informative and
enlightening and will be a total eye-opener for girls and their mothers. And it
could move teens -- both girls and boys -- to re-examine how they absorb the
images presented to them. Expect some strong language describing women
(including one use of "f--k"), and photos and clips presenting women in sexual
(or sexualized) situations, all of which are used to help drive home the movie's
message. Note: Common Sense Media's founder/CEO, Jim Steyer, is one of the
movie's interviewees.

This documentary by Jennifer Siebel Newsom examines how women are

misrepresented -- hence the title -- by the media day in and day out. Drowning
in misleading images of women that portray them as valuable primarily for their
looks and youth, the film suggests that today’s teens may be growing up with a
skewed perspective, one that undermines their intelligence and substantive
accomplishments. Grounded in Siebel Newsom’s own personal experiences, as
well as those of others -- young and old, famous and not-so-famous -- MISS
REPRESENTATION invites viewers to examine gender bias in what we see, hear,
and view at the movies, on TV, and on the Internet.

The film Miss Representation  is an excellent documentary that sheds light on the

ideals that have helped to build and maintain a system of patriarchy around the
world. The film specifically addresses the mass consumption of these ideals
through the use of media outlets dating as far back as the late 40's with the
invention of the television. Barbara Berg states in the film"We needed a huge
campaign to get these women back in the home. One of the most effective ways
to do this was through television. So television was part of the re-domestication
of women." The film goes on to outline the push for women to leave the
workforce en masse in order to make room for men to return to positions they
held prior to leaving for war. The film highlights other forms of media like movies
and advertising that prey on women's anxieties about their looks in particular.
Caroline Heidman states"throughout any type of mass media there is, we see the
wide spread acceptance of women as sex objects, in rock videos, rap and hip
hop videos and in all the summer blockbusters, women are just basically body
props there for young male viewers."Many of the young women and girls
featured in the film discuss the difficulties of living up to these standards of
beauty set by rich white men in power. This concept is reiterated throughout the
entire film. Another important concept that is represented in the film is the
degradation of women by other women. Jennifer Pozner says "I think one of the
worst stereotypes in reality tv is that...women are considered bitchy, catty,
manipulative, vindictive not to be trusted, especially by other woman. She talks
about the portrayal of women on reality tv shows like Bad Girls Club and The
Bachelor where women are constantly fighting amongst themselves for the
pleasure of the viewer. The film on another important concept that is often over
looked which is how patriarchy affects men and how it continues to exist. "We're
socializing boys to believe that being a man means being powerful and in
control. Being smarter than women or being better than women or our needs get
met first in relationships with women. That's not genetically predestined. That's
learned behavior" says Jackson Katz. The film ends with the message that young
women have to be empowered to by other women in order to tear down the
patriarchal system that is in place.

Tough guise 2
In this highly anticipated update of the influential and widely acclaimed Tough Guise,
pioneering anti-violence educator and cultural theorist Jackson Katz argues that the
ongoing epidemic of men's violence in America is rooted in our inability as a society to
move beyond outmoded ideals of manhood. In a sweeping analysis that cuts across racial,
ethnic, and class lines, Katz examines mass shootings, day-to-day gun violence, violence
against women, bullying, gay-bashing, and American militarism against the backdrop of
a culture that has normalized violent and regressive forms of masculinity in the face of
challenges to traditional male power and authority. Along the way, the film provides a
stunning look at the violent, sexist, and homophobic messages boys and young men
routinely receive from virtually every corner of the culture, from television, movies,
video games, and advertising to pornography, the sports culture, and U.S. political
culture. Tough Guise 2 stands to empower a new generation of young men -- and women
-- to challenge the myth that being a real man means putting up a false front and engaging
in violent and self-destructive behavior.