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1 3 Dimensional Stress Transformation

Three dimensional stress transformation considers a tetrahedron with known stress components acting on its back faces. The objective is to find the stress state (σ, τ) on the front triangular face ABC. Stress transformation involves determining the direction cosines of the normal vector to face ABC. It also uses equilibrium equations and the relationship between normal and shear stresses to derive equations relating the known back face stresses to the stresses (σ, τ) on face ABC. These equations allow determining the normal and shear stresses on any plane from the principal stresses, as well as identifying the planes of maximum shear stress. The mean normal stress on the octahedral plane is also defined.

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Aisha Abuzgaia
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152 views12 pages

1 3 Dimensional Stress Transformation

Three dimensional stress transformation considers a tetrahedron with known stress components acting on its back faces. The objective is to find the stress state (σ, τ) on the front triangular face ABC. Stress transformation involves determining the direction cosines of the normal vector to face ABC. It also uses equilibrium equations and the relationship between normal and shear stresses to derive equations relating the known back face stresses to the stresses (σ, τ) on face ABC. These equations allow determining the normal and shear stresses on any plane from the principal stresses, as well as identifying the planes of maximum shear stress. The mean normal stress on the octahedral plane is also defined.

Uploaded by

Aisha Abuzgaia
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Three dimensional stress transformation

Consider a tetrahedron OABC


In a Cartesian coordinate frame x, y, z
Six known independent stress components
σx, σy, σz, τxy = τyx, τxz= τzx
And τyz= τzy act on back three triangular
faces OAB, OBC & OAC
ABC is an oblique plane.
The objective is to find the stress state (σ, τ) on
the front triangular face ABC in both
magnitude & direction
For this purpose , areas of each back face must
be found.
Let the area ABC be unity and construct CD perpendicular to AB
and joint OD.
The normal vector N, to plane ABC is defined by the respective
direction cosines w.r.t. X,Y & Z
l = cosα, m=cosβ and n=cosγ ………(1)
Area ABC=1/2AB*CD &
Area OAB=1/2AB*OD
Area OAB 𝑂𝐷
= = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛾 = 𝑛
Area ABC 𝐶𝐷
Therefor, Area OAB=n, Similarly,
Area OBC=l &
Area OAC=m
Note, the direction cosines are not independent. Their
relationship follows from the vector N Equation
𝑁 = 𝑁𝑥 𝑢𝑥 + 𝑁𝑦 𝑢𝑦 + 𝑁𝑧 𝑢𝑧 , … … (2)
where 𝑢𝑥 , 𝑢𝑦 & 𝑢𝑧 are unit vector &
𝑁𝑥 , 𝑁𝑦 & 𝑁𝑧 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡𝑠 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ
𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑥, 𝑦 & 𝑧
The unit vector 𝑢𝑁 for the normal direction is found by
Dividing eq. (2) by the magnitude 𝑁 𝑜𝑓 𝑁
𝑁𝑥 𝑁𝑦 𝑁𝑧
𝑢𝑁 = 𝑢𝑥 + 𝑢𝑦 + 𝑢𝑧 … … . 3
𝑁 𝑁 𝑁
𝑁𝑥 𝑁𝑦
From eq. (1) l = cosα= , m=cosβ= and
𝑁 𝑁
𝑁𝑧
n=cosγ=
𝑁
However eq. (3) Become
𝑢𝑁 = 𝑙𝑢𝑥 + 𝑚𝑢𝑦 +𝑛𝑢𝑧 … … … … … (4)
Hence l, m &n are the intercepts that the unit vector 𝑢𝑁
makes with x, y & z. also (See in previous fig.)
2 2 2 2
𝑁𝑥 + 𝑁𝑦 + 𝑁𝑧 = 𝑁
𝑁𝑥 2 𝑁𝑦 2 𝑁𝑧 2
+ + =1
𝑁 𝑁 𝑁
Therefore,
𝒍𝟐 + 𝒎𝟐 + 𝒏𝟐 =1 (4)
Now, Normal (σ) & (τ) stress on plane ABC
1- Magnitudes Equilibrium equations
Let 𝑆𝑥 , 𝑆𝑦 & 𝑆𝑧 be the coordinate components for the
resultant force S acting on plane ABC are
(PS S equilibrates the forces due to the applied stress components on the back faces)

𝑆𝑥 = 𝑙σ𝑥 + 𝑚τ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑛τ𝑥𝑧


𝑆𝑦 = 𝑚σ𝑦 + 𝑛τ𝑦𝑧 + 𝑙τ𝑦𝑥 ……..…….(𝟒\ )
𝑆𝑧 = 𝑛σ𝑧 + 𝑙τ𝑧𝑥 + 𝑚τ𝑧𝑦
σ is the sum of the 𝑆𝑥 , 𝑆𝑦 & 𝑆𝑧 force components resolved into
the normal direction (PS, Area of ABC is unity)
σ = 𝑆𝑥 cosα + 𝑆𝑦 cosβ+𝑆𝑧 cosγ
= 𝑆𝑥 𝑙 + 𝑆𝑦 m+𝑆𝑧 n … … … .(6)
Put (5) into (6) follows:
𝝈 = 𝝈𝒙 𝒍𝟐 + 𝝈𝒚 𝒎𝟐 +𝝈𝒛 𝒏𝟐 + 𝟐 𝒍𝒎𝝉𝒙𝒚 + 𝒎𝒏𝝉𝒚𝒛 + 𝒍𝒏𝝉𝒛𝒙 ….. (7a)
The resultant force S on ABC can be expressed
in two ways
𝑆 2 = 𝑆𝑥2 + 𝑆𝑦2 + 𝑆𝑧2 or
= 𝜎2 + 𝜏2
∴ 𝝉𝟐 = 𝑺𝟐 − 𝝈𝟐 = 𝑺𝟐𝒙 + 𝑺𝟐𝒚 + 𝑺𝟐𝒛 − 𝝈𝟐 …….(7b)
2- Directions
- The direction of σ is defined by l, m & n it acts
in a direction parallel to N
- The direction of τ in the plane ABC is defined by the
direction cosines 𝑙𝑠 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼𝑠 , 𝑚𝑠 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽𝑠 & 𝑛𝑠 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛾𝑠
Now, 𝑆𝑥 , 𝑆𝑦 & 𝑆𝑧 are resultant force for x, y & z –
components of σ & 𝜏 . Can be written as: ( see fig.
𝑆𝑥 = 𝜎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 + 𝜏𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼𝑠 = 𝑙𝜎 + 𝑙𝑠 𝜏
𝑆𝑦 = 𝜎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 + 𝜏𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽𝑠 = 𝑚𝜎 + 𝑚𝑠 𝜏
𝑆𝑧 = 𝜎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛾 + 𝜏𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛾𝑠 = 𝑛𝜎 + 𝑛𝑠 𝜏
Follows that,
𝑺𝒙 − 𝒍𝝈
𝒍𝒔 =
𝝉
𝑺𝒚 − 𝒎𝝈
𝒎𝒔 = … … (𝟖)
𝝉
𝑺𝒛 − 𝒏𝝈
𝒏𝒔 =
𝝉
Applied principal stress
The coordinate axes become aligned with the
orthogonal principal directions 1,2 & 3
𝜎1 > 𝜎2 > 𝜎3
And no shear stress is on faces ACO, ABO &BCO
Then the expressions for the normal and the shear
stress acting on the oblique plane ABC are simplified
by replacing x, y & z in Eq.(5) & Eq. (7a,b) by 1,2 & 3
and setting 𝜏𝑥𝑦 = 𝜏𝑦𝑧 = 𝜏𝑥𝑧 = 0 follows the
reduced forms
𝑆1 = 𝑙𝜎1 , 𝑆2 = 𝑚𝜎2 & 𝑆3 = 𝑛𝜎3 …..(9)
Follows, from equilibrium (see the fig.)
𝜎 = 𝑆1 𝑙 + 𝑆2 𝑚 + 𝑆3 𝑛
sub. Eq.(9) 𝝈 = 𝝈𝟏 𝒍𝟐 + 𝝈𝟐 𝒎𝟐 +𝝈𝟑 𝒏𝟐 …..(10)
And 𝜏 2 = 𝑆 2 − 𝜎 2 = 𝑆12 + 𝑆22 + 𝑆32 − 𝜎 2
cont.
𝜏 2 = 𝑙𝜎1 2
+ 𝑚𝜎2 2
+ 𝑛𝜎3 2
− 𝜎1 𝑙 2 + 𝜎2 𝑚2 +𝜎3 𝑛2 2

∴ 𝝉= 𝒍𝝈𝟏 𝟐 + 𝒎𝝈𝟐 𝟐 + 𝒏𝝈𝟑 𝟐 − 𝝈𝟏 𝒍𝟐 + 𝝈𝟐 𝒎𝟐 +𝝈𝟑 𝒏𝟐 𝟐 … (𝟏𝟏)


Directions, from eq. (8)

𝑺𝟏 − 𝒍𝝈 𝒍 𝝈𝟏 − 𝝈
𝒍𝒔 = =
𝝉 𝝉
𝑺𝟐 − 𝒎𝝈 𝒎 𝝈𝟐 − 𝝈
𝒎𝒔 = =
𝝉 𝝉
𝑺𝟑 − 𝒏𝝈 𝒏 𝝈𝟑 − 𝝈
𝒏𝒔 = = … . (𝟏𝟐)
𝝉 𝝉

Maximum shear stress acts on plane inclined at 𝟒𝟓° to two principal


planes and perpendicular to the other one.
In the 1-2 plane (see fig.) the normal N to the 45° plane
° 𝟏
has the direction cosines l = m =cos𝟒𝟓 =
𝟐
𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒏 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟗𝟎° =0
Sub. L, m and n into eq. (11)
2 2 2
2
𝜎1 𝜎 1 𝜎1 𝜎2
𝜏12 = + − +
2 2 2 2
𝟏
∴ 𝝉𝟏𝟐 = ± 𝝈𝟏 − 𝝈𝟐
𝟐
Similarly for the plane inclined at 45° to the 1 &3 directions
1
(l =n = ) and m=0 then the shear stress is
2
𝟏
∴ 𝝉𝟏𝟑 = ± 𝝈𝟏 − 𝝈𝟑
𝟐
° 1
for the plane inclined at 45 to the 2 &3 (n=m= ) and l=0
2
then the shear stress is
𝟏
∴ 𝝉𝟐𝟑 = ± 𝝈𝟐 − 𝝈𝟑
𝟐
The greatest shear stress for the system 𝜎1 > 𝜎2 > 𝜎3 is

𝝉𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝝉𝟏𝟑

The normal stress acting on the planes of maximum shear stress is found
𝟏
from eq. (10) put l = m =cos𝟒𝟓 = and n=0 for the 𝟒𝟓° plane ( see previous fig.)
°
𝟐

𝟏
∴ 𝝈= 𝝈𝟏 + 𝝈𝟐
𝟐
Octahedral Plane
It follows from eq. (1&4) that the direction cosines for the normal to the
plane equally inclined to the principal directions are l=m=n= 1Τ3 , ( 𝛼 = 𝛽
= 𝛾 = 54.7°) Substitiuting these into eq. (10) gives the octahedral normal
stress 𝜎°
𝝈° = 𝝈𝟏 𝒍𝟐 + 𝝈𝟐 𝒎𝟐 +𝝈𝟑 𝒏𝟐
𝝈° = (𝝈𝟏 + 𝝈𝟐 + 𝝈𝟑 )/𝟑
Since, 𝝈° is the average of the principal stresses, it is also called the mean or
hydrostatic stress The octahedral shear stress 𝝉° is found by substituting
l=m=n=1ൗ 3 in to eq. (11) it follows,

∴ 𝝉° = (𝟏ൗ𝟑) 𝝈𝟏 − 𝝈𝟐 𝟐 + 𝝈𝟐 − 𝝈𝟑 𝟐 + 𝝈𝟏 − 𝝈𝟑 𝟐
𝒐𝒓 octahedral shear stress 𝝉° can be shown as

∴ 𝝉° = (𝟐Τ𝟑) 𝝉𝟏𝟐 𝟐 + 𝝉𝟐𝟑 𝟐 + 𝝉𝟏𝟑 𝟐

• The directions cosines for 𝝉° are


𝒍 𝝈𝟏 − 𝝈𝟎
𝒍𝟎 =
𝟑𝝉𝟎

𝒎 𝝈𝟐 − 𝝈𝟎
𝒎𝟎 =
𝟑𝝉𝟎

𝒏 𝝈𝟑 − 𝝈𝟎
𝒏𝟎 =
𝟑𝝉𝟎

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