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Net Factors

The document discusses several key concepts for finding the inverse of a matrix: 1) Minors are the determinants of submatrices formed by deleting a row and column from the original matrix. The minor matrix M is formed using all minors. 2) Cofactors are found by multiplying the corresponding minor by (-1) to the power of the sum of the row and column indices. The cofactor matrix C is formed using all cofactors. 3) The adjoint matrix adj(A) is the transpose of the cofactor matrix C. 4) The inverse A-1 can be calculated using the formula A-1 = adj(A)/det(A), where det(A) is the determinant

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Santhosh Simha V
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64 views

Net Factors

The document discusses several key concepts for finding the inverse of a matrix: 1) Minors are the determinants of submatrices formed by deleting a row and column from the original matrix. The minor matrix M is formed using all minors. 2) Cofactors are found by multiplying the corresponding minor by (-1) to the power of the sum of the row and column indices. The cofactor matrix C is formed using all cofactors. 3) The adjoint matrix adj(A) is the transpose of the cofactor matrix C. 4) The inverse A-1 can be calculated using the formula A-1 = adj(A)/det(A), where det(A) is the determinant

Uploaded by

Santhosh Simha V
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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Minors, Cofactors, and the Adjoint

There are many useful applications of the determinant. Cofactor expansion is one technique in computing determinants. Now, we discuss how to find these cofactors through minors of a matrix and use both of these elements to find the adjoint of A. Then by the adjoint and determinant, we can develop a formula for finding the inverse of a matrix. Minors: To find the minors of any matrix, expand block out every row and column one at a time until all the minors are found. Steps to Finding Each Minor Of A Matrix: 1. Delete the ith row and jth column of the matrix. 2. Compute the determinant of the remaining matrix after deleting the row and column of step 1.

1 1 2 Example: Find the minors of the matrix 2 1 1 . 1 1 1


*Note: This step procedure just outlines finding the minor M11 of the matrix. 1. Delete the ith row and jth column of the matrix. 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 2. Compute the determinant of the remaining matrix after deleting the row and column of step 1. 1 1 2 2 1 1 M = det 1 1 = (1)(1) (1)(1) = 0 11 1 1 1 1 1 Using the same steps above, the other minors of the matrix are given below. 2 1 2 1 = 3 M 13 = det M 12 = det =3 1 1 1 1 1 2 M 21 = det = 1 1 1 1 1 M 23 = det =2 1 1 1 2 M 32 = det = 3 2 1 1 2 M 22 = det = 3 1 1 1 2 M 31 = det =1 1 1 1 1 M 33 = det =1 2 1

Thus, the minor matrix is given by

0 3 3 M = 1 3 2 1 3 1
Cofactors: To find the cofactors of a matrix, just use the minors and apply the following formula: Cij = (-1)i + j Mij where Mij is the minor in the ith row, jth position of the matrix.

1 1 2 Example: Find the cofactors of the matrix 2 1 1 . 1 1 1 0 3 3 We know that the minor matrix is given by M = 1 3 2 . So computing the 1 3 1 3 0 3 1 3 2 cofactor matrix C yields C = 1 3 1
Adjoint: To find the adjoint of a matrix denoted by adj(A), just transpose the cofactor matrix.

1 1 2 Example: Find the adjoint of the matrix 2 1 1 . 1 1 1


Since we know the cofactor matrix, we can just transpose the matrix which yields the following result. T 3 0 3 0 1 1 adj ( A) = C T = 1 3 2 = 3 3 3 1 3 3 3 1 1

Finding Inverses Using the Adjoint: The inverse can be easily calculated using the following formula: 1 A 1 = adj ( A) det( A) 1 1 2 Example: Using the adjoint, find the inverse of the matrix 2 1 1 . 1 1 1 0 1 1 1. From earlier, we found tha thte adj(A) is given by the matrix 3 3 3 . 3 3 1 2. Find det(A). Use row/column operations to introduce zeros to use cofactor expansion or reduce the matrix to triangular form. 1 1 2 R 2 2 R1 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 R 3 R1 det 0 1 3 R 3 2 det 0 1 3 R2 det 1 1 1 0 2 3 0 0 3 Since the matrix is upper triangular then the determinant will be the product of the main diagonal. 1 1 2 det 0 1 3 = (1)(1)(3) = 3 0 0 3 *Note: If the determinant is zero, then the inverse does not exist. 3. Use (1) and (2) to find the inverse. 1 A 1 = adj ( A) det( A)

0 1 1 1 = 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 0 1 / 3 1 / 3 = 1 1 1 1 1 1 / 3 0 1 / 3 1 / 3 Therefore, the inverse is given by A = 1 1 1 . 1 1 1 / 3


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