● IMMUNOLOGY

○ the study of the body's mechanisms responsible for discriminating between {{self
and non-self}}
○ Who are you?
○ Immunology←the study of the immune system and its responses to invading pathogens
○ the study of the body's mechanisms responsible for 1) {{discriminating}} between
self and non-self 2) {{eliminate}} non-self components and medically related
consequences that arise when these mechanisms either fail to respond or
respond in an exaggerated form
○ Immunity↔resistance to infectious disease
○ Natural Immunity↔innate, nonspecific
■ present in {{healthy individuals}}; prepared to block the entry of microbes
and eliminate it
○ Acquired Immunity↔adaptive, specific
■ requires the activation of {{lymphocytes}} in response to an infectious
agent (needs exposure first before immunity)
○ Immune System←important barrier from infectious diseases
■ collection of cells, tissues and molecules that mediate {{resistance}} to
infections (can be positive or negative because of transplant rejection)
○ Immune Response←the coordinated reaction of the {{immune system}} to infectious
agents; this can be mimicked in vivo
○ Antigen/Immunogen←non-self substances that induces the immune response
○ Antibodies←molecules produced by the body to neutralize and eliminate the antigens
(antibodies alone cannot eliminate antigens)
○ Serology↔study of antigen-antibody reactions in vitro
○ THE ROLES OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
■ Defense against infections, newly introduced proteins (could be
transplants), tumors
■ Surveillance of anything that enters the body
■ Elimination of infectious agents
○ CELLS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
■ Antigen-presenting cells↔Capture & breakdown of antigens
■ Function→Transport antigen fragments to {{peripheral lymphoid
tissue}}
■ Display antigen fragments through {{MHC proteins}}
■ ex. phagocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells
■ Phagocytes↔Destroys and engulf foreign substances & microorganisms
■ Function: {{Eliminates}} dead cells generated by tissues
■ not all phagocytes are antigen presenting cells
■ Effector cells↔cells that eliminate microbes
■ ex. {{activated lymphocytes}}
■ Dendritic Cell (found in the {{tissues}})↔considered as the most potent
phagocytic cell in the tissues
■ functions→to phagocytose an antigen
■ Names based on location: skin - {{Langerhans's cell}}; heart,
lungs, liver, GI tract - {{interstitial dendritic cell}}, secondary
lymphoid organ and thymus - {{interdigitating dendritic cells}};
primary and secondary follicles of lymph nodes and spleen -
{{follicular dendritic cell }}
■ Monocyte (found in the {{bloodstream}})/ Macrophage (migrated to the
{{tissues}})
■ antigen presenting cells
■ Names based on location: lungs - {{alveolar cells}}; brain -
{{microglial cells}}; kidney - {{mesangial cells}}; liver - {{Kupffer's
cells}}; connective tissue - {{histiocyte}}
■ Neutrophil (found in the {{blood stream}})←most abundant WBC
■ Eosinophil (found in the {{blood stream}})←has an affinity for the acidic dye,
eosin
■ role: neutralizes {{helminthic parasites}}, recognizes IgE,
neutralizes granular content of basophil and mast cells
■ Basophil (found in the {{blood stream}})←has an affinity for the basic dye,
methylene blue
■ role: in {{allergic reactions}} because its granules contain
{{histamine and heparin}}
■ Mast cell (found in the {{tissues}})←can induce hypersensitivity reactions
■ Lymphocyte
■ Natural killer cells
■ T-lymphocytes
■ Helper T cells←responsible for assisting other cells, marker:
{{CD4+}}
■ Regulatory T cells←suppresses the immune response to
self-antigens
■ Cytotoxic T cells←destroys virally infective cells, marker:
{{CD8+}}
■ helper T cells once activated can become helper t cell or
cytotoxic t cells
■ Once it becomes a helper t cell it can become {{Th 1 cell}}
(can activate {{monocyte and macrophages}} against
microorganisms inside the cell) or {{Th 2 cell }}(activates
{{B-cells}} against extracellular pathogens; extracellular
function)
■ B-lymphocytes←responsible for the production of antibodies and
humoral immunity; no CD marker but has {{Surface Immunoglobulin}}
■ function: responsible for{{ adaptive immunity}}
■ has cd markers (clusters of differentiation); has specific receptors
for antigens
■ Lymphocyte Differentiation
■ {{naive}} ⇒ {{effector}} ⇒ {{memory}}
■ naive←never exposed to antigens
■ effector←actively removes microorganisms
■ memory←dormant but becomes active when infection returns
■
■
■ Effector cells generally die after the infection but {{memory
cells}} can be dormant and reactivate if reinfected
■ Primary Immune Organs↔Thymus and Bone Marrow
■ Bone marrow←largest tissue of the body, where all
{{blood cells}} are formed
■ Thymus←has lobes with epithelial cells; T cell
maturation is antigen {{independent}}
 ■ Secondary (Peripheral) Immune Organs↔lymph nodes, spleen
■ Lymph Node←serves as central collecting point of
lymph fluid from the tissues and from the blood. Seen
around the joints. Where {{cell memory}} is generated;
moves from afferent lymphatic to efferent lymphatic
■ Cortex←has primary follicles that contain
aggregation of naïve B cells, secondary
follicles contain mature, activated
lymphocytes
■ Paracortex←where T lymphocytes are localized
■ Medulla←where all cells interacts
■ Spleen - red pulp (where {{macrophages}} are
found, removes old or damaged RBC) white pulp
(surrounds arterioles, where {{T lymphocytes}} are
found)
■ Mucosa Associated Lymphoid Tissue↔skin, appendix,
Peyer's patches, tonsils
○ TYPES OF IMMUNITY↔natural, acquired
■
■
■ Natural↔innate, nonspecific
■ present at birth so it responds {{rapidly}} (first response to
antigen); gives the same response to all antigens; no immunologic
{{memory}}; affected by our {{lifestyle}}
■ 7 Major categories of nonspecific defenses
■ Physical barriers - e.g. skin, mucosa
■ Phagocytes
■ Immunologic surveillance - e.g. natural killer cells
■ Interferons
■ Inflammatory response
■ Acute phase proteins & fever - associated with
inflammatory response
■ Complement system
■ Cellular Immunity←phagocytes (from {{myeloid cell lines}}), NK cells
(from{{ lymphoid cell lines}})
■ Humoral Immunity←acute phase proteins, interferons, complement
proteins
■ Acquired↔adaptive, specific
■ stimulated by {{antigens}} so it is {{slow}} to start; highly
{{specific}}; has {{immunologic }}memory
■
■
■ Development of Acquired Immunity
■ Natural
■ Passive↔transfer, in vivo (from mother to baby,
breastfeeding)
■ Active↔infection
■ Artificial
■ Passive↔infusion of plasma/serum
■ Active↔vaccination
■ Properties of Acquired Immunity
 ■ Specificity←target response for a certain antigen
■ Diversity↔forms clone of lymphocytes in response to multiple
antigens, log phase
■ Clonal expansion←something like reproduction, generation of
many cells that has immunity
■ Specialization←distinct, catered response for certain
microorganisms
■ Memory←the hallmark of the adaptive immune response
■
■ Nonreactivity to self-antigens
■ Phases of Immune Response
■
■ Antigen recognition↔lag phase
■ Lymphocyte activation↔develop effector function, plateau
■ Antigen elimination↔there would be a decrease in immune
response if this phase is effective
■ Contraction↔homeostasis is achieved, most immune cells will
die and some will be memory cells
■
■ Natural and Acquired Immunity works together, one is not
greater than the other :)