Bulacan State University

College of Engineering
Electrical Engineering Department

Working Title:
Design and Integration of Solar Panel Cleaning System Using Arduino

Submitted by:
Maningas, Ariel Leandro D.L.
Reynoso, James Dominic M.
Santos, Rysa Jel C.
BSEE-4B
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

The world is ever-changing, but not all change has been for the better. In particular, our

climate has been changing, worsening due to the unsustainable practices of humanity. The most

recent and alarming forewarning was the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)

report, stating that the 1.5C increase in global temperatures is impending within the next 20 years

without drastic countermeasures [1].

The effects of climate change can already be felt in the Philippines, given the

increasingly intense and frequent typhoons ravaging the country. The last typhoon to hit the

country, Super Typhoon Rai (local name Odette), was devastating, with damages ballooning to

over P 24.5 billion as it pummeled the Visayas, Mindanao, and parts of Luzon [3]. Indeed, the

Philippines is on the frontlines in the battle against climate change, making countermeasures all

the more urgent and crucial.

Figure 1 Residents in Surigao City put up makeshift tents in the aftermath of Typhoon

Odette (photo by Erwin Mascariñas)

 One of the facets for improvement is the transition to clean and renewable energy. After

all, affordable and clean energy is one of the 17 goals for sustainable development by the United

Nations[2]. The energy efficiency improvement rate needs acceleration from 2% to 3%, and

accelerated action on modern renewable energy is required. Last 2021. 87.0% of our energy

generation still come from coal, oil, and natural gas, which are unsustainable[3]. The largest

renewable supply comes from hydroelectric, which accounts for a measly 1.8% of the total

supply. Apparently, We are a long way from a fully renewable and clean power grid.

In line with this, solar energy has always been considered the most abundant renewable

energy resource on the planet [4]. About 23 million gigawatts of energy have received the

continents, even after weather variation has been taken into account. All the other renewable

energy resources combined: wind, hydropower, and geothermal pales in comparison, and one

year’s worth of solar far exceed the reserves of finite energy resources (i.e., nuclear and fossil

fuels). Locally, the Philippines’ potential for solar energy at around 3.8 to 5 kWh/kWp, as shown

in Figure 3. The areas with the highest photovoltaic power potential are the regions of Ilocos,

Central Luzon, Maguindanao, and Cotabato.

Figure 2 Photovoltaic power potential map of the Philippines (Source: Global Solar Atlas)
 Solar energy is primarily captured by photovoltaics (PV) [5]. PV materials and devices

convert sunlight into electrical energy. A single PV device, known as a cell, is usually small,

typically producing about 1 or 2 watts of power. These cells are made of different semiconductor

materials and are often less than the thickness of four human hairs. Protective materials are

usually installed around the cells to avoid degradation from exposure to the elements. To boost

the power output of PV cells, they are connected in chains to form larger units known as solar

modules or panels. Modules can be used individually or interconnected in groups to form arrays.

It is then connected to the electrical grid as a complete PV system. However, the protective

covering of these panels is still subject to environmental agents such as rain, wind, and dust.

The presence of air pollution, such as soiling, can significantly reduce the energy yield of

PV panels; even after a short period of outdoor exposure (e.g., 2 months) without cleaning, it can

cause a 6.5 percent decrease in energy production. Solar efficiency is reduced by approximately

40% as a result of dust on PV panels [6]. If adequate cleaning mechanisms are applied, it is

feasible to obtain a 15-25% increase in conversion efficiency [7]. Subsequently, rain can provide

an additional performance gain of up to 6% in dusty environments, however, with tilted modules

only [8]. It also cannot be relied upon for cleaning since it is unpredictable [9].

Due to significant progress in automation, it has found a role in both everyday life and

industry. Cleaning dust particles off solar panels is a burdensome task which demands a long

time, manpower, and money. To overcome this barrier, automation is a viable approach since it

is economical and autonomous. It requires only minimal human intervention to monitor as

compared to manual cleaning. Moreover, there are no leading solutions, other than human-

powered cleaning and a technological feature added into the PV system, in mitigating dust
accumulation [10]. This research focuses on the design and implementation of an automated

cleaning system to solve the problem of dust or dirt buildup over installed PV modules.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

The accumulation of dust, soot, or other particulates reduces the efficiency of

photovoltaic (PV) panels, resulting in a decrease in the amount of power produced and lost

income for the owners. To address this problem, the research solely focuses on designing a fully

automated, cost-worthy, and efficient cleaning system in removing the accumulated dust from

the surface of the solar panels. Hence, the researchers are looking for a solution to these

questions:

• How will this research help to eliminate the soil on the surface of the solar panel

efficiently?

• How will this research improve the efficiency and performance of the solar panel?

• How will this research utilize the materials to be cost-effective and easy to install

on solar PV panels?

1.3 Significance of the Study

1.3.1 Academic Significance

The research challenges the proponents of electrical engineering students of Bulacan

State University, enhancing their innovative skills such as imagination, problem-solving, design,

and critical thinking in developing equipment for cleaning solar panels. It also widens the

knowledge of each proponent in the field and the importance of solar panel maintenance.

Furthermore, this can benefit aspiring researchers with topics aligned with further improving the
existing cleaning systems of solar panels. In addition, the study can also be beneficial to other

researchers who aim to find alternative ways to clean and maintain solar photovoltaic systems

that the community may use.

1.3.2 Industrial Significance

The research impacts the solar industry progressively by providing innovative

information about solar photovoltaic system maintenance. The results obtained by the

researchers can benefit this sector by incorporating the new knowledge in producing and offering

a cleaning system to the market, targeting the owners and possible purchasers of solar power

systems such as residential and solar farms.

1.3.3 Economic Significance

Likewise, the automatic cleaning mechanism also extends the lifespan of the system

itself. Solar panels which are not regularly cleaned and maintained may not last as long. Most

importantly, efficiency is one of the critical advantages of solar panel cleaning. Dirt, dust, and

bird droppings can accumulate on the protective glass of solar panels without regular cleaning,

reducing the quantity of sunlight that the solar cells receive per day. Proper maintenance of solar

panels results in the assurance of gaining maximum output, improving its efficiency at producing

electricity.

1.3.4. Environmental Significance

The study contributes to the betterment of the community as it promotes sustainability. It

encourages pursuing green energy by initiating the development of an innovative cleaning

system for the solar power system, which utilizes renewable energy – solar energy. Solar power

is considered pollution-free, as it emits no greenhouse gases after installation. It reduces our

dependence on non-renewable resources, specifically on fossil fuels. In addition, this cleaning

method does not utilize any chemical cleaning agents or other potentially harmful materials to

the environment.

1.3.5. Health Significance

The purpose of automating the cleaning system is mainly to eliminate the need to

manually clean solar panels, which are usually located in high places such as roofs. It reduces

danger and possibility of accidents encountered during its maintenance. It does not necessitate

human intervention during cleaning, eliminating any labor-related concerns. Thus, it is safer and

more cost-efficient for owners to invest in this type of automation.

1.4 Objectives of the Study

1.4.1 General Objectives

The research aims to develop an automated solar panel cleaning system, utilizing water

and brush-mounted PV panels in removing pollutants from a solar module surface alongside an

automatic and labor-free process for small-scale solar power system owners installed in

households or buildings. It proposes a better alternative that regularly serves as part of the

maintenance and can restore the panel to its standard capacity, providing maximum output.

1.4.2 Specific Objectives

• To design a system which can cater to a specific range of solar panel sizes (55cm x

36cm x 3cm, 20W Pm)

• To develop a mechanism for scheduling the cleaning operation to minimize human

intervention
 • To provide an option for manual operation through a push button

• To automate the system which goes idle when it is not operating

• To operate the system which travels only in x-axis for two (2) rounds, with running

water on the first and having wiper only on the second round

• To enforce an effective wiping system composed of easily replaceable wipers

combined with a water sprinkler

• To utilize materials which are cost-efficient and easy to find for installation

• To automate the system by utilizing Arduino Nano

1.5 Scope and Limitations

The study aims to develop an automated cleaning mechanism that removes pollutants from the

surface of a solar module, but also an automatic and labor-free process for owners of small-scale

solar power systems installed on residence or buildings. Recent studies will be used as reference

in finding out what is the most effective method or design in cleaning a solar panel. The study

will focus on determining the effect of installing an automated cleaning system to the efficiency

of the solar panel and how can it give a maximum output.

The researchers will observe and collect quantitative data for the cleaning that will assist

us in determining the effects of pollutants on the surface of a solar panel and how it affects the

efficiency. The study will also include computations from the quantitative data shown by the

solar panel's power output and efficiency, as well as how our study will help to maximize its

output. The research begins in December 2021.

The research will cover the fundamental framework of solar panel design and will

exclude the advanced components that affect the complexity of the system, condition and
performance of solar panel. The study will concentrate on small-scale owners, such as those who

own small businesses or who live in their homes. The design of the prototype will solely depend

on the solar panel sizes being installed. For this research, the solar panel size to be used as the

reference has a dimension of 55cm x 36cm x 3cm. The length of the gear can be adjusted to meet

the needs of the consumer.

The system's operation will be controlled semi-automated using a mechanical switch,

relays and Arduino Nano. The speed of the gear can be also adjusted using a code in Arduino

program, whether it moves forward or backward. In addition, the Arduino program is in charge

of scheduling the cleaning of the solar panels and pumping water through the panels using a

hose. It can be programmed to run the cleaning each day depending on the desired time of the

day. Moreover, it can be switched either on or off manually through a push button.

This system for cleaning the solar panel is inspired by the wiper that cleanses front and

rear windshields of a car, although not all cars have wipers on the back side. The wiper operates

by cleaning oil, dust, rainfall, and grime from the windshield. The rainwater that wets the glass

will condense if there are no wipers, and the state of the glass will become unclear. Furthermore,

dust that has stuck to the windshield for an extended period of time is difficult to remove. The

wiper and a water nozzle will be used in the study to help soil contaminants that have become

lodged in the photovoltaic system.

1.6 Conceptual Framework

Product Design Concept

Process Design Concept

REQUIREMENT DESIGN IMPLEMENTATION

DEFINITON Electrical system, Fabrication, wiring, and
Identifying cleaning mechanical system assembly of a solar
system sizes and and control system system's semi-automated
rating corresponding implementation cleaning mechanism
to solar panel sizes Proper positioning of
brush and water
nozzle

FINALIZATION TESTING
Provision of an instruction Verifying control systems,
manual, proper usage, and generation systems and cleaning
maintenance of cleaning mechanism
mechanism and documentation

CHAPTER 2
 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction

This chapter focuses on the discussion regarding the relevant theories, related literature,

study, patents and theoretical framework.

2.2 Relevant Theories

Photovoltaics

Due to the increased consumers of renewable energy sources in the recent years, solar

power has seen increasing popularity. The solar cell is a device which converts sun light into

electricity via photovoltaic effect and commonly called as photovoltaic cells. Photovoltaic effect

is a process in which some semiconducting materials, such as silicon. This semiconductor

absorbs a photon, which can be extracted into an electrical circuit by built-in and applied electric

fields [11].

Figure 4 Solar Photovoltaic Solar Panel Diagram (Source: Nuthern Galway Ltd)
 The photovoltaic effect is defined as the appearance of a potential difference or voltage

between two layers of a semiconductor slice wherein the conductivities are opposite, or between

a semiconductor and a metal, under the effect of light stream [12]. A thin film of solar cells is

favorable because of their minimum material usage and rising efficiencies. These three major

thin films solar technologies include amorphous silicon (a-Si), copper indium gallium selenide

(CIGS), and cadmium telluride (CdTe) [13].

Solar Radiation

Gases, water vapor, and aerosols comprise the atmosphere. The interaction of

atmospheric constituents with solar radiation causes the energy values observed on the surface to

be reduced. Absorption of atmospheric gases and aerosols, as well as scattering of particles, are

responsible for this reduction [14].

The radiative flux that reaches the Earth's surface after passing through the atmosphere is

known as global solar radiation, and it is the sum of direct and diffuse solar radiations.

Figure 5 Different types of solar radiation (Source: The Off Grid Tiny House)

The incident radiative flux on the surface without interacting with the atmosphere is

known as direct solar radiation, whereas diffuse solar radiation is the result of radiation
scattering by atmospheric constituents [14]. In simpler terms, direct irradiance affects the solar

irradiance by reaching a surface directly, while diffuse irradiance is the part that is scattered by

the atmosphere. Solar radiation provides a useful data on evaluating the performance of solar

electric and solar thermal systems [15].

2.3 Related Literature

The study of aerosol particles, dust, and soiling plays a significant role in science and

engineering. Airborne particles or aerosols can reflect, refract or absorb the sunlight [16]. As a

result, direct irradiance is lessened and diffusive irradiance is increased, influencing PV system

power production.

One of the major energy losses of PV systems is dust accumulation or soiling on PV

surfaces, especially in dry environments regions [17]. Based on the results from previous

experiments, the drop in irradiance is an exponentially decreased function of the dust areal

density. [6]. It may be further explained through the Lambert-Beer-Bouguer law [16].

Moreover, the degree of soiling's influence on PV performance is strongly dependent on

the surrounding environmental factors. The impact of dust on the efficiency of solar PV panels

may be classified into: dust scattering in the environment and dust deposited on the panel

surface.

The deposition of dust has been shown to reduce surface transmittance. The researchers

discovered an exponential relationship: as dust accumulation on the glass surface develops, the

reduction in transmittance moves at a progressively decreasing rate until it reaches its upper

limit. The relationship between dust deposition density and surface transmittance identified by

the previous research is summarized in Fig 5 [18].

Figure 5 Relationship between dust deposition density and surface transmittance

2.4 Related Study

The quantity of irradiance that reaches the solar cells, which is in turn dependent on

numerous variables such as soiling, determines the amount of power generated from PV systems.

Understanding the performance effect of solar panel power loss caused by soiling is considered

as significant factor [19]. Shading, due to soiling, is associated with the electrical characteristics

of PV and is classified into two types: soft shading and hard shading. The former includes air

pollution while the latter occurs when dust accumulates on the surface of the PV. Moreover,

possible solutions are also identified specifically rainfalls, manual cleaning, and mobile cleaners.

[20]
 Rainfall. Its cleaning effectiveness varies depending on the amount of rain [20]. As the

rainfall is heavier and the duration is longer, so is the cleaning effect. It should also be noted that,

due to the irregularity of rainfall patterns, a specific amount of rainfall for cleaning all PV panels

cannot be determined with certainty. Furthermore, after a light rain, the efficiency of PV panels

has been observed to decrease. Rainwater tends to wash off upper PV cells towards lower PV

cells, carrying dust with it, allowing more soiling to settle in lower PV cells [21]. Moreover, a

research also states that rainfall is insufficient due to its incapability to remove bird droppings

and soil once it cements and sticks [7].

Manual cleaning. Although manual cleaning is not technically a robot [5], it is important

to mention it because it is one of the commonly used methods of cleaning residential solar panels

today. Despite the PV industry's enormous growth, manual cleaning of PV panels continues to

hold a significant portion of the cleaning field. Manual cleaning small-scale PV systems using a

bucket, soap, and water at a pace of around 1 m2/min is still done [22]. Standing on ladders or

climbing on roofs is often a job for a professional because it is dangerous and requires the proper

equipment. However, unless this method is used regularly, it may have little or no effect on the

annual yield. It requires frequent and repeated procedures and can be extremely exceedingly

time-consuming. Especially if the job is done by a contractor, this could be a very bad

investment because the labor costs will exceed the profitable return.

Automated cleaning devices. To guarantee optimum performance of the PV and

convenience to the PV owners, an automated cleaning device to remove dust particles from the

panel is essential. A previous study presents a simple and low-cost cleaning system for reducing

the effect of dust on the performance of solar panels [23]. The mechanical and electrical

subsystems are described, such as how the mechanical subsystem deals with the water source
and cleaning mechanism, and how the electrical subsystem aims at powering and controlling the

mechanical components of the cleaning subsystem. A control algorithm for the cleaning

mechanism is also proposed, which should have a low complexity and work only with local

information. The results show that this low-cost cleaning system enables the solar panel to

produce consistent power output.

Another proposed a cleaning mechanism for solar panels is installed in a coastal area

[24]. This mechanism uses minimal water usage with wiper and detergent during the cleaning

process of the solar surface. The design is consisting of two arrangement which consists of roller

brush, detergent supply unit, and wiper and the locomotion unit that provides horizontal motion

to the whole system. This study aims to optimize the solar panel performance while reducing the

human involvement and cost incurred for the cleaning process.

The effect of dust on the surface of solar panels may cause decrease to the amount of

sunlight that reaches the solar cells which directly impacts the solar panels efficiency [7]. Due to

water scarcity in some area, cleaning of photovoltaic panel becomes challenging, difficult and

subsequently costly. Considering the different existing methods of solar panel cleaning the

advantages and limitations of each, it is felt that a brush type solar panel cleaning could be ideal

due to the reasons: (a) it requires no water or a little water for removal of dust and (b) low cost

and (c) can still be developed.

A notable design of a robotic cleaner for cleaning the PV modules at Quaid-e-Azam Solar

Park (QASP) is developed [25]. The proposed robotic cleaner's hardware and software are

described in detail, including the placement of various prominent components and how the

control algorithm resides in the controller, as well as how the receiver receives the signal from

the transmitter and then feeds it to one of three processes depending on the type of signal
received. The mechanism primarily consists of a ducted fan, roller brush, and blower fan to

provide slippage-free motion and cleaning on a glassy surface. The results show that cleaning

with such a robot has many advantages over traditional 'water wash' cleaning methods.

2.5 Related Patent

Wash panel’s solar panel cleaning robot. Wash Panel, an Italian company, manufactures

'solar panel cleaning robots,' which clean PV panel arrays by moving a vertical brush

horizontally across a row of panels [26]. It has a length of 1 to 16 meters and a 12V battery that

enables automatic deployment. Additionally, a water hose is attached to wet the panels while

cleaning. The system of the wash panel is entirely self-contained, with two programmable modes

of operation via a rain sensor and the use of water jets. It cleans consistently and uniformly. This

system is modular, with the ability to be supervised and managed remotely. It does not require

the addition of a frame, support, or additional guides. It can be installed on ground systems,

buildings, peaked roofs, or shed roofs. It sends text messages to mobile phones for continuous

monitoring, allowing command control from distant places, as shown in Fig 6.

Figure 6 Starting operation of transportable Wash Panel cleaning system (Source: Wash

Panel)

Ecoppia E4. The Ecoppia E4 is a self-driving robot that sweeps dust from panels with

microfiber brushes. It's intended for long rows of panels in dry or sandy environments [27].

Using gravity, the brushes spin downwards, creating an airflow that helps in dust removal. The

robot stores energy in the form of an onboard solar panel and battery, allowing it to clean at

night. Another intriguing feature is the placement of the solar panel on the bottom of the rail,

which allows it to be cleaned by the brushes as well. A guide rail and wheels are used for both

horizontal and vertical translation. The E4 cleaning solution, which removes 99 percent of dust

daily, keeps solar panels at peak performance and use even in the harshest desert conditions. A

fleet of E4 cleaning robots is being deployed to eliminate manual labor and water waste. A

dashboard or mobile app can be used to remotely manage the system. During and after cleaning

routines, the waterless E4 robots use a self-cleaning mechanism. It has an Eco-hybrid system that

significantly extends battery life.

Figure 7 Installed Ecoppia E4 robot in Solar Farm (Source: PR Newswire)

 PLC microcontroller. This automatic cleaning device based on a PLC microcontroller is

used to increase the output power of PV modules, especially in offshore applications where

efficiency and reliability are crucial. A programmable logic controller (PLC) is used to power

and control the system, which can upgrade programs and consumes very little power. The PLC,

which controls and powers both the mechanical and electrical components of the design, is the

main component of this system. Except for initial activation and maintenance issues, a PLC

program is an efficient way to fully automate the system with no human interaction. The system

was successful in removing dust and bird droppings from the PV panels, resulting in higher

output and thus a more efficient and reliable system for offshore applications.

Figure 8 PLC based mechanical design for cleaning

Automated microcontroller PIC. It is a cleaning system based on an automated

microcontroller PIC that reduces the effect of shading on the output power of PV panels. This

design was only built and tested for a short time [28]. Because of the system's location, the

research had to account for several constraints, including a lack of power, distilled water

availability, maintenance, and available space. Because of its many advantages, especially its
low power consumption, microcontroller technology was used as the electrical foundation for the

design. Because of the incorporation of microcontroller technology in this design, power losses

were calculated and found to be minimal.

Figure 9 The cleaning process where the wiper is pulled upwards by two motors attached

to the rails. It also shows the electric circuit designed to power and control the mechanical

section

Gekko Solar and Gekko Solar Farm, A revolving brush and demineralized water are used

to clean the surfaces [29]. Its movement is based on vacuum-powered feet that spin on two

trapezoid-shaped geared belt drives. This enables the robot to move in any desired direction. The

robot is intended for difficult-to-reach areas. It was created specifically for cleaning large free-

field solar parks. With a cleaning capacity of up to 2000m2 per hour, GEKKO Solar Farm meet

this demand. A 30° inclination and gaps of up to 60 cm can be covered by the GEKKO Solar

Farm. Using a joystick, the user uses a radio control to control the robot. An integrated crane arm

supports this.
Figure 10 Cleaning using Gekko solar and Gekko solar farm

PvSpin. A novel cleaning technology which allows dirt-covered solar plants with large

surfaces to be cleaned quickly and economically [30]. It is the first of its kind: a consistently

effective, easy-to-use module cleaning system powered by water pressure. It operates on the

principle of two durable rubber brushes rotating in opposite directions, removing dirt and other

contaminants from the module surface. It is lightweight and easy to operate, and it can be guided

from the ridge of the roof by one person. The rotation of the durable rubber brushes and filtered

water easily removes tough dirt, bird droppings, and other debris.

Figure 11 PvSpin Module cleaning device

Resola, a photovoltaic panel cleaning robot for large-scale photovoltaic power stations,

was developed by Japan's Sinfonia Technology Co., Ltd [31]. The robot sprayed water from its

own water storage tank while cleaning with a cleaning brush and a scraper. Simultaneously, a
number of sensors and cameras were installed. The robot could independently select the cleaning

path and clean 100mm2 of photovoltaic panel per hour by interacting with the information

obtained from the sensors.

Figure 12 Resola, Cleaner Robot by Sinfonia Technology

Solarbrush is a lightweight, autonomous robot designed for dry cleaning solar panels or

glass in dry environments. It moves over the panels using suction cup tracks as shown in the

Figure 13, allowing it to cross gaps of up to 30mm and work on surfaces tilted up to 35 degrees.

Brushes of various sizes can be attached to the front of the robot to remove dust, sand, and dirt.

A rechargeable battery provides power. It is rechargeable and wireless. It has a cleaning brush

that swipes the dust away. Solarbrush weighs only 2.5 kg [32].

Figure 13 Solarbrush cleaning a SPV module

 NO Water Mechanical Automated Dusting Device (NOMADD). The NOMADD is a fully

autonomous water-free solar panel cleaning system designed, developed, and tested in the harsh

desert conditions of Saudi Arabia [33]. The device has eight pending patents related to the

system's unique mechanical actions, which allow it to have only three moving parts while

removing 99.6 percent of dust with a cost-effective daily clean. The NOMADD achieves its fully

automated status by deploying one dedicated system per row of panels, each with its own power

and control system. Each row can be up to 200m long and 5m wide, with plans to expand to

300m as the product develops to meet customer needs. The NOMADD embodies the toughness

and resilience of desert nomadic peoples, who are perfectly adapted to the conditions, carrying

only what they need and moving across the desert effectively over long distances. NOMADD is

a local solution designed to fit local conditions and solve a local problem.

Figure 14 NOMADD solar cleaning robot

In consideration, the capability of the Wash panel’s solar panel cleaning robot to clean

dust and bird droppings is proved to be efficient. However, to begin the process and to move

from one row to the next, human interaction is necessary [34]. Secondly, some limitations of the

Ecoppia E4 include its suitability only in large arrays and complexity in terms of its required

construction [35]. The PIC microcontroller and PLC based cleaning method is emphasized for its
self-regulating and flexible uninterrupted cleaning operations [34]. Additionally, it possesses

complex chain, sprocket-based structure, and single panel-based design. As for the robots, their

construction is complex and costs too high which makes it inaccessible for all.

2.6 Theoretical Framework

A Low Cost Automated

Cleaning System for
Photovoltaic Panels
By: Jamal Haydar, Ahmad
NourAldeen, Hady Fayad,
Walid Fahs, Hussein Al
Haj Hassan
2018 Towards Autonomous
Cleaning of Photovoltaic
Modules: Design and
Realization of a Robotic
Cleaner
By: Masood UI Hassan,
Muhammad Ibtisam
Nawaz, Jamshed Iqbal
Design and Integration 2017
of Solar Panel Cleaning
System Using Arduino

By: Ariel Leandro

Maningas, James Dominic
Reynoso, Rysa Jel Santos
2022
A Review on Cleaning
Mechanism of Solar
Photovoltaic Panel
By: P.A. Patil, J.S. Bagi,
M.M. Wagh
2017

Design Mechanism for

Solar Panel Cleaning
Process
By: U.C. Laksahani,
W.B.I. Udithamala,
T.D.K.U. Chathurani,
S.L.P. Yasakethu
 2021

2.7 Summary

In the related literature, soiling on solar panels has a significant effect on the performance

of the modules. It eventually leads to shading which prevents light from reaching the solar cells.

PV modules are typically installed in high areas (e.g., roofs) which are difficult to reach for

cleaning manually and require great effort. However, leaving panels dirty may not be a good

option, since soiling can cause lasting damage to the modules, reducing the system's lifespan and

output. To avoid accidents and inconvenience, it is practical and logical to do it autonomously.

Several researchers have shown interest in different countries and proved the importance

of advancing and adding a technological feature in solar PV systems to reduce the pollution on

its surface. However, in the Philippine setting, inventions are not yet evident. The only cleaning
methods available are either manual or professional cleaning services offered by some solar

companies which comes with a fee.

Furthermore, in this chapter, various designs of automated cleaning system for modules

have been discussed which justifies the importance in reducing dust accumulation and

maximizing power output as shown on the related literatures. Each cleaning system mentioned

above have their own limitations and uniqueness varying on the environment they are designed

for. Some cleaning techniques utilizes roller brush, water spraying with brushes, wipers, water-

free and even advanced technology like drones. Despite their differences, they all have the same

specific purpose which is to improve the efficiency of solar panels.

CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction

This chapter presents the research design and research instrumentation and tools which

discusses the requirements definition, system design, mechanical system, electrical system,

control system, systems integration, safety, implementation, fabrication, manufacture assembly

or construction, testing, refinement, and full technical documentation.

3.2 Research Design

 The study, which is considered to be experimental in nature, utilizes elements present in

quantitative studies as processes and results will be done and analyzed with the usage of gathered

numerical data. Related theories, literature and studies from the previous research proposal will

serve as a guide in the construction of the prototype in which scientific, logical, and designing

skills are applied.

Moreover, various types of testing will be conducted to evaluate the functionality and

efficiency of the designed mechanism. This will also serve as the troubleshooting instrument for

the possible problems to be encountered. The experimentation process includes the preparation

of materials, the actual experimentation, and the analysis and the researchers’ interpretation of

the outcome of the experiment.

3.3 Research Instrumentation and Tools

This section discusses the methods, requirements and computer programs involve in

designing, constructing, and testing the proposed prototype.

3.3.1 Requirements Definition

The top priority in designing the prototype is to maximize efficiency whilst also lowering

costs. With this in mind, the researchers put the mechanical design of the cleaning mechanism

first then, control systems coming in second. The budget allotted for the study will serve as the

basis in choosing the appropriate design and materials to be used.

3.3.2 System Design

 The system's design is based on the description of requirements, technical documentation,

and a cost estimate. Mechanical system design, electrical system design, control system design,

and software system design are all included.

3.3.2.1 Mechanical System

Different schematics will be utilized to clearly illustrate the construction of certain

aspects of the solar panel cleaning system such as the wiping system, framing and stand of the

solar panel. The whole mechanical design of the prototype will be visualized through the

application named as SketchUp.

The solar panel cleaning system is comprised of two main parts – the framing and wiping

system. Considering the cost, the base frame and stand of the mechanism will me made of

aluminum profile which is recognized for being both lightweight and flexible. Furthermore, the

wiping system will utilize rubber to eliminate soiling on the surface. The water will be supplied

by the solenoid valve and relay which will then be released through a nozzle and hose. As for its

movement which will be powered by a motor, the wheels will be guided by the formation of the

chassis slotted bars.

3.3.2.2 Electrical System

A schematic diagram was used in the electrical system design to demonstrate the

functionality and accessibility of the prototype electrical components. The design of the

electrical system is constructed to supply power to the components such as relays, mechanical

switch, and motors. AC supply will be used as source to power the machine which will then be
converted to DC power. The researchers will use pliers, screwdrivers, and a multi-tester in

creating the electrical system.

3.3.2.3 Control System

The prototype design includes the utilization of Arduino Nano, determining such as how

many rounds the wiper will clean the panel and the duration of the whole cleaning operation.

Likewise, the date and time of the cleaning operation can be defined through a mechanical

switch. It requires manual operation since the system will be initially programmed by setting the

date and time in determining when the system will be switching on or off.

3.2.2.4 Systems Integration

The initial prototype was designed to fit the length of the Bosch 60W Solar Panel model.

The panel was chosen because it was readily available to the team for testing purposes. When

fabricating the Chassis Subsystem, the dimension of the solar panel was taken into consideration.

After completing all the subsystems, the prototype was assembled and prepared for testing.

3.2.2.5 Safety

The cleaning system is built with OEM-grade materials and follows the PEC wiring

standard. The Philippine Electrical Code requires that the minimum conductor size have an

allowable ampacity of not less than non-continuous load plus 125 percent of the continuous load.

3.2.2.6 Implementation Design

 The researchers will determine the proper placement of the cleaning mechanism to the

solar panel. The installation process will be on the surface of the solar panels where it is located

at the upper left part of the solar panel that operates only in X axis or horizontally. Its base is

made from aluminum and shaped through welding process. The cleaning operation can be

scheduled through a mechanical switch which gives an option to the users to set their own

desired time for cleaning. Hence, making it more user-friendly.

3.2.2.7 Fabrication, Manufacture, Assembly or Construction

Manual and schematic diagrams shown in the study will be used as reference upon the

construction of the prototype. Tinker Cad and AutoCAD will be utilized in visualizing the

cleaning mechanism. For the fabrication, a welding machine was used for base frame and power

tools. Likewise, we will outsource by hiring specialized workers who mastered the skills

required in fabricating the wiping system.

3.2.2.8 Testing and Refinement

The operation of the cleaning mechanism is tested multiple times manually to be able to

know if it is working properly. Before starting the operation, the researchers will ensure proper

connection of the wires and checking for any exposure. Testing is required to guarantee that any

rocks or other materials which may be deposited on the surface of the solar panels will not cause

scratching during the cleaning operation.

As for determining the increasing effect of installing a cleaning system to the efficiency

of the solar panel, the energy production will be measured and compared when there is an

absence of a cleaning system. A soiled panel was needed to test the effectiveness of the cleaning

system. Waiting for a panel to become soiled naturally would have taken a long time. Thus, the
researchers will artificially soil the panels. A mixture of 10 grams of naturally occurring dirt and

a half litter of water will be applied to the surface. Once it dries, it stayed stained in the same

way that naturally soiled panels do. Furthermore, a frequent maintenance of the cleaning system

is also advisable such as checking the water bank and cleaning the wiping system.

3.2.2.9 Full Technical Documentation

The researchers will utilize laptop and smartphone devices for the documentation of this

project. Photographs will be collected to capture the progress of building the prototype. For

easier documentation, computer software will be used which includes Microsoft Word,

Microsoft Excel, Microsoft PowerPoint, SketchUp and Tinker Cad.

CHAPTER 4

THEORETICAL DESIGN AND CONSIDERATION

4.1 Introduction

This chapter discusses the automated solar panel cleaning system's system design which

includes the mechanical, electrical, and structural systems. It also comprises the research's
implementation process, which contains the study's project side, project organizational structure,

role assignment, process design, project scheduling, and design project budget estimation.

4.2 System Design

By washing and wiping the soil pollutants off the panels, the design innovations of an

automated solar panel cleaning system seek to improve the flow of energy through the system

powered by photovoltaic panels. The automatic solar panel cleaning system's base, roof, and

positioning are all included in the design.

4.2.1 Mechanical System Design

The illustrations below demonstrate an isometric view of an Arduino-based solar panel

cleaning system. The researchers were inspired to develop a solar panel cleaning system that

could clean the panels efficiently without the need for human intervention.

Dimensions
Front View
 Top View

Right Side View Left Side View

Isometric View
4.2.2 Electrical Systems

4.3 Implementation Design

4.3.1 Project Location Identification

Figure 10 Satellite view of Reynoso household

Figure 10 Distance of Reynoso household from the MacArthur Highway

4.3.2 Project Organizational Structure

4.3.3 Role Assignment and Definition

Lead, Documenation Lead, Implementation Lead, Design

Responsible for
general research, Responsible for Responsible for
documenting the theoretical framework, design’s layout, fabri-
process and results of assembly, technical cation, construction,
the study, design aspects and finances and testing
conceptualization,
compilation and
revisions Ariel Leandro D. James Dominic
Maningas Reynoso
Rysa Jel C. Santos
4.3.4 Activity Flowchart

4.3.5 Project Scheduling

The purpose of this section is to indicate the breakdown of the structure, the timing of the

initial project plan, and the tabulation of the work schedule. The researchers utilized Microsoft

and Microsoft Excel to keep track of the duration of the study, its progress, and its execution.
4.3.6 Work Breakdown Structure

CURRENT SITUATION

Mechanical System Design, Electrical System

System Design
Design, Control System Design

Fabrication of the framing and wiping sytem of the

solar panel cleaneer
Implementation Design
Testing
Operation, Safety, and Maintenance Manual

TinkerCAD
Technical Design
Sketch-Up

Microsoft Office (MS Word, MS Excel, MS

Technical Documentation Powerpoint)
Sketch-Up

DESIGN AND INTEGRATION OF A SOLAR PANEL CLEANING SYSTEM USING

ARDUINO

4.3.7 Gantt Chart

4.4. Design Project Budget Estimation

 Item TOTAL PRICE
Description UNIT QTY UNIT PRICE
No. (PHP)
ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
1 Arduino Nano 2 470 940
2 Stepper motor 1 599 599
3 Stepper motor controller 1 449 449
4 Limit switch 2 145.04 290.08
5 AC timer 1 349 349
6 12V adaptor 1 600 600
7 AC plug 1 35 35
8 Solar panel 1 1,539 1,539
Subtotal 4,801.08
4.4.1.1 Bill of Materials

Item TOTAL
Description UNIT QTY UNIT PRICE
No. PRICE (PHP)
MECHANICAL COMPONENTS
1 Aluminum profile 21 350/3ft 2,450
2 Enclosure 1 3,528 3,528
3 1/2 Hose quick coupling 6 50 300
4 1/2 Hose connector 2 22 44
5 1/2 Hose Sprinkler 2 45 90
6 1/2 Solenoid Valve 1 236.55 236.55
7 Bearing 2 49 98
2 (3mm
8 Ccrylic custom cut 699 1,398
34cmx38cm)
9 Linear guide bearing 8 (10 pcs) 350 350
Aluminum profile connector 90 23 370 370
Subtotal 8,864.55

4.4.1.2 Labor Costs

Tasks Costs
Mechanical Systems 1,500
Total Labor Cost 1,500
4.4.1.3 Extra Costs

Tasks Estimated Costs

Transportation of Materials 1000

Total Extra/Miscellaneous Cost 1000

4.4.3 Total Project Cost

TOTAL PROJECT COST

Bills of Materials 13,665.63
Labor Costs 1,900
Extra/Miscellaneous Cost 1,000
Contingency Cost 2,014
TOTAL 18,579.63

4.5 Summary

The numerous approaches to design upgrades and the implementation process are

highlighted in this section. The researchers reasoned that knowing these facts would enable them

to conduct a full analysis of mechanical, electrical, and illumination system designs.

CHAPTER 5

EXPERIMENTAL SYSTEM
5.1 Introduction

5.2 Building the Experimental System

5.3 Experiments to be Performed

5.3.1 Open Circuit Voltage Test for the Solar Panel

5.3.1.1 Description

This experiment assesses the functionality of the solar panel for the operation by

measuring its voltage.

5.3.1.2 Objective

To evaluate whether the solar panel can effectively produce electrical energy

To detect possible defects and issues during the commissioning of the solar panel

5.3.1.3 Procedure

1. Check if the lighting conditions are sufficient for the system to produce readings.

Bright clear direct sunlight on the panel is ideal for the set-up.

2. Locate the converter box which can be found at the back of the solar panel. To see the

connections inside, remove the cover.

3. Change the multimeter's setting to DC. Ensure measuring at a suitable voltage level

for the solar panel. To do this, measure at a higher voltage than the panel is rated for.

4. Connect the positive side of the multimeter to the red terminal and the negative lead

to the panel’s black terminal.

 5. Record the measured DC voltage from the multimeter. Check it by comparing it to the

voltage rating stated on the back of the solar panel.

6. Switch off the multimeter and disconnect the leads.

5.3.2 Short Circuit Current Test for the Solar Panel

5.3.2.1 Description

This experiment assesses the functionality of the solar panel for the operation by

measuring its current.

5.3.2.2 Objective

To determine the current flowing in the solar panel

5.3.2.3 Procedure

1. Connect the alligator clips. Attach the positive lead to the red terminal and the

negative lead to the black terminal.

2. Set the multimeter to measure amp. Ensure that a minimum setting of 10A is selected.

3. Record the measured short circuit current of the solar panel.

5.3.3 Equipment Testing – Water Pump

5.3.3.1 Description

This experiment determines the capability of the water pump to supply water to the solar

panel cleaning system.

5.3.3.2 Objective

To ensure the smooth flow of water from the source to the cleaning system
5.3.3.3 Procedure

1. Connect the hose coupling to the water faucet. Ensure tight connection to avoid

leakage and water loss.

2. Turn the faucet on. Push the start button to start the operation.

3. Check for leakage. If necessary, tighten the connections of the hose couplings.

4. Finish one round of cleaning operation.

5.3.4 Scheduling Test for AC Timer

5.3.4.1 Description

This experiment examines the scheduling feature of the solar panel cleaning system

5.3.4.2 Objective

To determine if the Sino timer works on scheduled time as programmed

5.3.4.3 Procedure

1. Press the P button P. Then “1on” will appear on the bottom left corner of the screen.

2. Select the day(s) on which you want this program to run by pressing the D+ key. Stop

pressing the D+ key when you see the one you want. To set the time, press the H+ key.

To set the minute, press the M+ key. For this experimentation set the time at 8 o’clock in

the morning.

3. Follow the instructions in the previous step to set the desired days and times for Program

1 to turn off by pressing key,”1 OFF” prime is displayed in the left of the screen.

4. Press the P key once more to select the second program you want the device to run. "2

ON" will appear in the upper left corner of the screen. To delete any of the programmed
 settings, simply press the "C/R" button when that day/time ON or OFF setting is

displayed. The previously programmed ON or OFF time will be erased, and the

display will read

5. To advance the display and see each on/off setting, press the P key. Check the dates and

times displayed again. Follow the steps above to make any changes. When finished, press

the key, and the timer will begin to run programs.

6. After programming, check whether it will run in scheduled time.

5.3.5 Soiling on Solar Panel Output

5.3.5.1 Description

This experiment examines the effect of soiling to the power output from the solar panel.

5.3.5.2 Objective

To evaluate the decrease in production of energy of solar panels due to soiling

5.3.5.3 Procedure

1. Prepare a 20mg artificial soil containing dust, leaves, sand, and cement particles.

2. Assemble the two solar panels on a sunlit area. Spread the artificial soil on one solar

panel.

3. After 3 days, during late afternoon, measure the voltage and current observed in the panel

with and without soiling. Compare the gathered data for the power output.

5.3.6 Efficiency Test

5.3.6.1 Description
 This experiment evaluates the effect of the installing a solar panel cleaning system to the

power output of the solar panel

5.3.6.2 Objective

To assess whether the cleaning system increases or decreases the solar panel efficiency

5.3.6.3 Procedure

1. Assemble the two solar panels on a sunlit area. Only one solar panel has an installed

cleaning system.

2. Put the artificial dust on both solar panels. Program the solar panel cleaning system for

operation on a specific time and date.

3. Measure the power output of both solar panels for each day and record it.
 CHAPTER 6

RESULTS AND ANALYSIS

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Project Technical Specifications and Descriptions

6.3 Experiments Performed

6.3.1 Experiment No. 1: Open Circuit Voltage Test for the Solar Panel

6.3.1.1 Results

Trial Theoretical Actual

1 12V 11.59V
2 12V 12.03V
3 12V 11.69V

6.3.1.2 Analysis

Based on the gathered data, the solar panel has a measured voltage which matches its

voltage rating. Thus, it is within working condition.

6.3.2 Experiment No. 2: Short Circuit Current Test for the Solar Panel

6.3.2.1 Results
Test Theoretical Actual
1 1.22A 1.14 A
2 1.22A 1.09 A
3 1.22A 1.16 A
6.3.2.2 Analysis

Based on the gathered data, the solar panel has a measured short circuit current which

matches its short circuit current rating. Thus, it is within working condition.

6.3.3 Experiment No. 3: Equipment Testing – Water Pump

6.3.3.1 Results

TRIAL 1 TRIAL 2
Monday 8:00 am Monday 8:00 am
Working Leakage Working Leakage
Nozzle 1 Nozzle 1

Nozzle 2 Nozzle 2

6.3.3.2 Analysis

The results in Trial 1 shows the importance of requiring the checking the connections of

hose couplings.

6.3.4 Experiment No. 4: Scheduling Test for AC Timer

6.3.4.1 Results
Monday 8:00 am Saturday 8:00 am
Working Working
Sino Timer Sino Timer

6.3.4.2 Analysis
 The solar panel cleaning system automatically started its operation as how it was

programmed. As presented on Table , the cleaning system operated precisely on 8’o clock in the

morning during Monday and Saturday. It can be programmed up to 17 different day and time

combinations depending on the desired schedule of the user for the cleaning. With the use of AC

timer, scheduling becomes flexible. It can control how many days in a week, rounds and what

time the system will mobilize. Likewise, it provides an option for the system to be manually

operated.

6.3.4 Experiment No. 5: Equipment Testing – Efficiency Testing for the Solar Panel

Cleaning

Power Loss
Day 1 Voltage(V) Current(A) Power(W) Efficiency (%)
(%)
With Soiling
(25gm of sand)
Without
Soiling
6.3.5.1 Results
 Power Loss
Day 2 Voltage(V) Current(A) Power(W) Efficiency (%)
(%)
With Soiling
(25gm of sand)
Without
Soiling

Power Loss
Day 3 Voltage(V) Current(A) Power(W) Efficiency (%)
(%)
With Soiling
(25gm of sand)
Without
Soiling

6.3.5.2 Analysis

6.4 Discussion
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