GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2

HEATING AND COOLING CURVE OF A SUBSTANCE

SCIENCE 11 (SHS- STEM)
Quarter 1 – Module 7: Heating and Cooling Curve of a Substance

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Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their
respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership
over them.

Regional Director: GILBERT T. SADSAD

Asst. Regional Director: JESSIE L. AMIN

Development Team of the Module

Writers: John Darnell B. Balbastro

Editor/Reviewer: Ronaldo C. Reyes

4
 LESSON
HEATING AND COOLING CURVE OF A SUBSTANCE

INTRODUCTION

Hello! My name is Shoto Todoroki. You can call

me Shoto which means “icy hot”. Like you, I’m
also a student and a hero-in-training. Don’t worry,
I’ll be with you throughout this module.

This Self-Directed Module in Science is designed

for Grade 11 Senior High School learners under
the Academic Track for the Science, Technology,
Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) strand.

The lesson is about Intermolecular Forces of

Liquids and Solids: Heating and Cooling Curve of
a Substance which is taken during the 1st quarter,
week 2.

I’m so excited for you! Let’s learn together! Good

luck and let’s have an awesome journey as you
go through the different activities in this module!

MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING COMPETENCY

Determine and explain the heating and cooling curve of a substance.

In this module, you will read on and perform the activities prepared
for you. Specifically, you should be able to:

 construct and interpret a heating curve for water;

 construct heating and cooling curves of a pure
substance using experimental data; and
 demonstrate how heat energy can be used to raise the
temperature of a substance and weaken intermolecular
forces to cause a phase change.

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 PRE-TEST Directions: Read each item carefully. Choose the
letter of the best answer.

1. The temperature at which a substance changes from a gas to liquid is called the
______.
A. Freezing point C. Condensation point
B. Melting point D. Vaporization point
2. At the melting point of a point of a substance, temperature _________ as heat is
being added and the substance is changing from a solid to a liquid.
A. Increases C. Remains constant
B. Decreases D. Cease to exist
3. Which process takes the longest to occur?
A. Melting C. Freezing
B. Boiling D. Heating the solid

For numbers 4-5, refer to the diagram below.

4. What line segment represents only the solid state?
A. M-N C. O-P
B. N-O D. P-Q
5. In which segment is the kinetic energy remaining constant?
A. M-N C. O-P
B. N-O D. Q-R

R
P

Q
N
O
M

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 Nice try! Don’t worry if it wasn’t easy. We will study
them in this module.
Come on and check your answers by referring to the
answer key. A perfect score means it will be easy for
you to go over this module. A lower score is not a
problem! It just means you have to take this learning
module seriously. As you proceed, you will learn more
about the heating and cooling curve of a substance.
Let’s get started!

LEARNING ACTIVITIES

Elicit

Recalling from the previous module, Phase changes are transformations of matter
from one physical state to another. They occur when energy (usually in the form of heat) is
added or removed from a substance. So, how is energy involved in the phase changes? To
access your prior learnings, let us perform this activity.

Activity: Phase Changes in Molecular Level

Learning Target: At the end of this activity, you will be able to describe the phase
changes in the molecular level as well as demonstrate how energy is involved in
these changes.
Materials: pencils and coloring materials, pen, colored papers, glue, pair of scissors
Procedures:
 Follow the specific steps indicated to demonstrate the phase changes in the
molecular level.
 Label the diagrams completely and answer the questions that follow.

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 Step 1. Draw what the molecules in each phase look like.

solid liquid gas

Step 2. To demonstrate phase changes, focus on the molecular structure of water. It

consists of one Oxygen atom and two Hydrogen atoms.

Phase change is the transition from one phase of matter to another. In the case of water, it
can change from solid water or ice to liquid water and from liquid water to steam or gas water and
vice versa. But in this activity, you are not just going to deal with these phase changes but you are
going to zoom-in at the molecular level of solid, liquid and gas and describe how the molecules of
water change as these compounds move between the different phases of matter.

Step 3. Using colored papers, scissors and glue, construct a molecule of water like that in the
image above. You can use the pattern below as a guide.

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 Step 4. Make at least 9 molecules of water.

For steps 5-7, use the same glass image below as container of your molecules. Answer the
corresponding questions for each step.

Step 5. Demonstrate the solid phase of matter using the cut-out water molecules. Carefully
arrange the molecules based on your understanding of how solid molecules are arranged and how
they behave. Do not glue the molecules to the paper. You will keep arranging them as you go through
the other steps of the activity.

Q1. How are the molecules of solid arranged?

____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
Q2. How do these solid water molecules move?
____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________

Step 6. Recalling phase changes, move the

molecules of solid to transform it to liquid.

Q3. How are the molecules of liquid arranged?

____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
Q4. How do these liquid water molecules
move?
____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________

Step 7. Move the molecules of liquid to

transform it to gas water or steam.

Q5. How are the molecules of gas arranged?

____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
Q6. How do these gas molecules move?
____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________ Use the glass to
demonstrate the
molecules. You do not
have to glue them to the
paper.

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 Step 8. Answer the following questions. Use your prior knowledge as well as the concepts you
learned while manipulating the water molecules in this activity.
Q7. Using the solid water (ice) molecules how did you transform a solid into a liquid? What
did you do to make a liquid? What changes have happened to the solid molecules? What do you call
the process of transforming a solid to liquid?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Q8. Using the liquid water molecules how did you transform a liquid into a gas? What did you
do to make a gas? What changes have happened to the liquid molecules? What do you call the process
of transforming a liquid to a gas?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

For steps 9-10, use the same glass image below as container of your molecules. Answer the
corresponding questions for each step.

Step 9. Using the cut-outs, show the molecules of steam or gas water in the glass.
Step 10. Recalling phase changes, move the molecules of gas to transform it back to liquid?

Q9. Can you transform a gas back to a liquid?

How will you do that? What changes have happened
to the gas molecules? What process is involved in that
transformation?
____________________________________________

Step 11. Recalling phase changes, move the molecules of liquid to transform it back to solid?

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 Q10. Can you transform a liquid back to a solid? How will you do that? What changes have
happened to the liquid molecules? What process is involved in that transformation?

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

Great job! We have just accessed your prior

knowledge and this will enable us to recall
the concepts needed for this lesson. Keep
the fire burning! We’re just starting kid.

Engage

Are there phase changes happening at your home? Below are examples of phase
changes. Can you cite other phase changes that you see inside your house? Draw/ list them
on the next page.

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_______________________ _______________________ ______________________

_______________________ _______________________ ______________________

Focus Question:
Thinking about these phase changes, how does
energy change affect the phase and temperature of
a material? Share your thoughts here.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________

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 Explore

In this part of the module, you will investigate an

Exploratory Lab. Since you are learning at home, you
are going to help Nes, a grade 11 student as he perform
a laboratory experiment. Help him process his data and
construct a heating curve for water.

Heating Curve for Water Experiment

Materials:

Thermometer
Beaker
Wire mesh
Bunsen burner (alcohol lamp)
Tripod or iron ring
Iron stand
Ice cube
Lighter

Note: if you wish to conduct the experiment at home,

seek for the guidance of your parents/ guardian.

PRE-LAB ACTIVITY:

After gathering the materials, Nes made sure that he has his classmates/friends around to
help him. He secured a data sheet for them to record their observations. (see the data/
observation sheet on the next page)

If you want to conduct

the experiment at home,
just be careful. Ask help
from grown-ups.

You can have a stove as

substitute for burner just
have control of the heat.
You can also improvise
a stand for the
thermometer.

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LABORATORY PROPER:

Nes set up the beaker on the wire mesh above the Bunsen burner (alcohol lamp) using either
the tripod or iron ring attached to an iron stand. He DID NOT light the burner yet. He then put
about 150 mL of crushed ice cubes into the beaker. He recorded this temperature at time 0.
Nes was careful not to rest the thermometer on the glass.
He recorded the temperature and phases WITHOUT adding heat every minute for five
minutes.
Afterwards, he adjusted the burner or lamp so medium heat is applied to the beaker with ice.
Nes recorded the temperature and phases (solid, liquid, gas) every one minute until the water
is boiling (with lots of bubbles) for 5 minutes.
After water has boiled for five minutes, he spilled all remaining water into the sink. He dried
off his lab table and returned all lab materials.

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POST-LAB ACTIVITY:
After the laboratory proper, Nes had these results.

49.0 Liquid

0 Solid 59.6 Liquid

and 73.8
0.2 Solid and liquid Liquid
0.5 Solid and liquid 88.7 Liquid
1.1 Solid and liquid 90.3 Liquid
1.2 Solid and liquid 94.0 Liquid
2.3 Solid and liquid 99.3 Liquid

2.9 Liquid 99.6 Liquid

8.9 Liquid 99.8 Liquid

11.3 Liquid 100.1 Liquid

14.1 Liquid 100.3 Liquid
14.6 Liquid 103.3 Gas

15.2 Liquid 105.2 Gas

20.6 Liquid 110.7 Gas
34.1 Liquid 114.0 Gas

41.2 Liquid 119.6 Gas

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GRAPH MAKING
With the results from Nes’ experiment, plot your own heating curve for water.
Label the following points on the graph below:
• Phase change between solid and liquid as “A.”
• Phase change between liquid and gas as “B.”
• Heating the liquid as “C.”

Cool!! You have just made your own heating

curve. But don’t forget to review your graph.
Make it precise and accurate.

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 Explain

Questions:
1. What is the chemistry term for a phase change when a solid becomes a liquid?
_________________________________________________________________

2. What is the chemistry term for a phase change when a liquid becomes a gas?
_________________________________________________________________

3. Describe the phase change that occurs during solidification (freezing).

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

4. Describe the phase change that occurs during condensation.

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

5. What happens to the intermolecular forces of attraction inside an ice cube when it
melts?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

6. Why did the temperature of the liquid remain unchanged right around 100 °C
even though water was continuously heated?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

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 7. Describe the difference between a phase change and a temperature change.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

Elaborate

When the system is heated, energy is transferred into it. In response to the energy it
receives, the system changes, for example by increasing its temperature. If the temperature
of a material is monitored during heating, it varies with time. A plot of the temperature versus
time is called the heating curve. One such heating curve is shown here.

 Between A & B, the material is a solid. The heat supplied to the material is used to
increase the kinetic energy of the molecules and the temperature rises.

 Between B & C, the solid is melting. Heat is still being supplied to the material but the
temperature does not change. Heat energy is not being changed into kinetic energy.
Instead, the heat is used to change the arrangement of the molecules.

 At point C, all of the material has been changed to liquid.

 Between C & D, the heat supplied is again used to increase kinetic energy of the
molecules and the temperature of the liquid starts to rise.

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  Between C & D, the liquid is heated until it starts to boil.

 Between D & E, the liquid is still being heated but the extra heat energy does not
change the temperature (kinetic energy) of the molecules. The heat energy is used to
change the arrangement of the molecules to form a gas.

 At point E, all of the liquid has been changed into gas.

 Between E & F, the gas is heated and the heat energy increases the kinetic energy of
molecules once more, so the temperature of the gas increases.

When a system contains only one phase (solid, liquid, or gas), the temperature will
increase when it receives energy. The rate of temperature increase will be dependent on the
heat capacity of the phase in the system. When the heat capacity is large, the temperature
increases slowly, because much energy is required to increase its temperature by one degree.
Thus, the slopes of temperature increase for the solid, liquid, and gases are different.

Extend

Construction of the Cooling Curve for Water

Plot the following data obtained from cooling a sample of pure water in a special cooling
equipment from 24°C to -8°C. Draw the missing part of the cooling curve which is the portion
that involves cooling the sample starting from the gaseous to the liquid state.

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 Graph Analysis

Provide clear and concise

explanation for each of the
question below. Use the graph as
reference.

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 CONGRATULATIONS!!!
You have finished all the tasks necessary to learn
about the heating and cooling curve of water
But wait! Everybody needs assessment. Let’s see
if you have really learned.

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 Evaluate

Creating a Heating Curve

Graph the heating curve of ethanol using the information given. Check off each box
as you add additional information to your graph so that none is missed.
Background Information on Ethanol:
Boiling point = 60 °C
Melting point = -105 °C
Starting temperature = -120 °C

1. After two minutes, frozen cold ethanol starts to melt. It takes two minutes to melt
completely.
2. After eight more minutes, it begins to boil. It boils for six minutes.
3. Heat is added for two more minutes until ethanol reaches 80 oC.
4. Label “Melting” where this takes place.
5. Label “Vaporization” where this takes place.
6. Label “Phase Change” where a phase change occurs.
7. Indicate where ethanol is only a SOLID, only a LIQUID, and only a GAS.
8. Of the three phases, label which phase has: Weakest IMF (intermolecular force),
Strongest IMF, and Medium IMF.

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 I am so proud of your success!
We hope you learned about phase
diagrams of water and carbon dioxide.
Let’s share to the class your final insights
and reflections.

REFLECT

I have learned that…

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_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_

I want to ask my teacher about…

_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________

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 VOCABULARY LIST

The following terms used in this module are defined as follows:

Condensation- a phase change from gas to liquid.
Deposition- a phase change from gas to solid.
Endothermic process- process that absorbs heat from the surroundings.
Exothermic process- process that gives off or releases heat to the surroundings.
Freezing- a phase change from liquid to solid.
Gas- a phase of matter with no definite shape or volume of its own.
Heating curve- a plot of temperature versus time.
Liquid- a phase of matter with definite volume but no definite shape.
Melting- a phase change from solid to liquid.
Phase- a homogeneous part of a system in contact with other parts of the system but
separated by a well-defined boundary.
Phase changes- transformations from one phase of matter to another.
Solid- a phase of matter with definite shape and volume.
Sublimation- a phase change from solid to gas.
Vaporization- a phase change from liquid to gas.

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 Directions: Read each item carefully. Choose the letter of the
POST-TEST best answer.

1. A heating curve is a plot of which two chemistry concept?

a. temperature and pressure c. temperature and time
b. temperature and phase d. time and pressure
2. Which is true when a solid is melting?
a. Heat is used to increase the kinetic energy of the molecules.
b. Heat is used to change the arrangement of the molecules.
c. Temperature rises.
d. Liquid has been changed into gas.

For items number 3-5, refer to the diagram below.

R
P

Q
N
O
M

3. What phase(s) of matter are present at N-O?

a. solid
b. solid-liquid
c. liquid
d. liquid-gas
4. What is happening to the kinetic energy during Q-R?
a. increasing
b. decreasing
c. constant or stay the same
d. will be 0
5. Describe the substance between O-P?
a. solid
b. melting
c. liquid
d. boiling

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 ANSWER KEY

 PRE-TEST  POST-TEST
1. C 1. C
2. A 2. B
3. B 3. B
4. A 4. A
5. B 5. C

 ELICIT (learners’ answers may vary)

Step 1: solid liquid gas

Step 5

Q1: Solid molecules retain a fix volume and shape, rigid particles locked into place.

Q2: Rigid particles cannot move/ slide past one another.

Step 6

Q3: Liquid molecules assume the shape of the part of the container which it occupies.
Liquids are close together with no regular arrangement.

Q4: Particles can move/ slide past one another. They vibrate, move about and slide past
each other.

Step 7

Q5: Gas molecules assume the shape and volume of its container. Particles are well
separated with no regular arrangement.

Q6: Gas vibrate and move freely at high speeds.

Step 8

Q7: We can transform a solid into a liquid by heating it up or increasing its temperature. As
the solid becomes hotter and hotter, the molecules will start moving faster increasing its kinetic
energy causing the solid ice to melt. Thus, the process is called melting.

Q8: We can transform a liquid into a gas by adding more heat. This causes the kinetic energy
of the molecules to increase. The molecules will move quickly, flying out and bouncing, transforming
into a gas. This process is called vaporization.

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 Step 10

Q9: Yes. But pulling heat out of the gas or decreasing heat of a substance. Kinetic energy will
decrease. The substance will be cooler. The gas will be a liquid. This is condensation.

Step 11

Q10: Yes. By decreasing the heat of the liquid. The kinetic energy will decrease. The
molecules will slow down. This is freezing.

 ENGAGE
Learners’ answers may vary. Let them share their thoughts.

 EXPLORE
The graph should resemble like the heating curve of water.

 EXPLAIN
Questions:
1. What is the chemistry term for a phase change when a solid becomes a liquid?
melting

2. What is the chemistry term for a phase change when a liquid becomes a gas?
vaporization

3. Describe the phase change that occurs during solidification (freezing).

4
 Solidification or freezing is a phase change that results in the production of solid.
Generally, this occurs when the temperature of a liquid is lowered. It is an exothermic
process.

8. Describe the phase change that occurs during condensation.

Condensation is the phase change opposite to vaporization. This change is caused
by a change in pressure and temperature of a substance

9. What happens to the intermolecular forces of attraction inside an ice cube when it
melts?
It weakens. Causing the molecules to break and move more freely.

10. Why did the temperature of the liquid remain unchanged right around 100 °C
even though water was continuously heated?
Around 100°C, liquid is still being heated but the extra heat energy does not change
the temperature (kinetic energy) of the molecules. This is because of the heat energy
being used to change the arrangement of the molecules to form a gas.
11. Describe the difference between a phase change and a temperature change.

Phase change always occur with temperature change. Phase change is the
transformation of a substance from one state or phase of matter to another. Heat,
which is energy, either comes into a material during a phase change or heat comes
out of the material. However, although the heat content of the material changes, the
temperature does not.

 ELABORATE

 EXTEND
Construction of the Cooling Curve for Water
The cooling curve for water is like a mirror image of the heating curve, especially
if the same amount of sample is used to construct the curves. The temperatures at
which phase changes happen are the same in both curves

5
Graph Analysis

6
 EVALUATE

Creating a Heating Curve

Expected result

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 REFERENCES

A. Guides:

General Chemistry 1 & 2 Curriculum Guide

The 7Es of Lesson Planning

Educatingmatters.wordpress.com

Teaching Guide for Senior High School in General Chemistry 2

Published by the Commission on Higher Education in collaboration with the
Philippine Normal University, 2016

B. Online Sources:

Content
Date accessed: July 2, 2020

Zonalandeducation.com
Socratic.org
Chemistry.bd.psu.edu
Wikipedia.org
Hero.fandom.com

Quiz and Worksheet

Date accessed: July 2, 2020

Quizizz.com

Images
Date accessed: July 4, 2020

https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?
https://www.google.com/search?q=Empty+Glass+drawing&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwi9hv
https://www.google.com/search?q=molecular+structure+of+water
https://www.google.com/search?q=transparent+transparent+background+callout
https://www.google.com/search?q=Hot+and+cold+water+wallpaper
https://www.google.com/search?q=shoto+todoroki
https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images

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