SINGAPORE STANDARD

(ICS 13.220.30)

CODE OF PRACTICE FOR

Fire hydrant systems and
hose reels
(Incorporating Amendment No. 1, November 1998)

AN rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this Singapore

Standard may be reproduced or utilised in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilming, without
permission in writing from the SPRING Singapore at the address below:

Programme Director
Standardisation Department
SPRING Singapore
2 Bukit Merah Central
Singapore 159835
Telephone: 62786666 Telefax: 62786667
Ernail: [email protected]

ISBN 9971-67-653-2
This Singapore Standard having been approved by the Construction Industry Practice Committee was
endorsed by the Standards Council on 25 March 1998.

First published, 1984

First revision, 1998

The Construction l n d u s t ~Practice Committee appointed by the Standards Council consists of the
following members:

Name Organisation

Chairman : Mr Lam Siew Wah Standards Council

Secretary : Ms Tan Sock Cheng Singapore Productiviiy and Standards Board
Members : Assoc Prof Ang Chee Kiong Institution of Engineers Singapore
Mr Boo Geok Kwang Singapore Civil Defence Force
Mr Chee Keng Yam Association of Consulting Engineers, Singapore
Mr Giam Siang Hai Singapore Contractors Association Limited
Mr Ho Siong Hin Department of Industrial Safety
Er. Hui Beng Hong Institution of Engineers Singapore
Mr Paul Low Singapore Institute of Architects
Assoc Prof Gary Ong Khim Chye National Universw of Singapore
Mr Neo Poh Kok Housing & Development Board
Mr Gilbert Tan Peng Cheng Singapore Confederation of Industries
Mr Tan Siong Leng Public Works Department
Assoc Prof Yip Woon Kwong Nanyang Technological University
Co-opted
Members : Dr Jimmy Chen Wie Ying lndividual Capacity
Dr Lau Yat Sun lndividual Capacity
Mr Teh Kem Jin lndividual Capacity

The Technical Committee appointed by the Construction Industry Practice Committee and responsible
for the preparation of this standard consists of representatives from the following organisations:

Name Organisation

Chairman : Dr Jimmy Chen Wie Ying lndividual Capacity

Secretary : Mr Christopher Ow Mun Kit Singapore Productivity and Standards Board
Members : Mr Abdul Rashid Bin lbrahim Public Utilities Board
Mr Goh Peng Whatt Housing & Development Board
Mr Ho Cheng Hoon Ministry of the Environment
Mr Jee Su Giam Fire Safety Bureau
Mr Kwa Guian Sin Public Works Department
Er. Lee Koon Fong Association of Consulting Engineers, Singapore
Mr Simon Lye Siew Woh Singapore Contractors Association Limited
Mr Seow Joo Heng Jurong Town Corporation
Er. Tan Hua 00 Institution of Engineers Singapore
Members : Dr Tham Kwok Wai National University of Singapore
Mr Richard Tio Kheh Aun Singapore Institute of Architects
Mr Wong Yew Wah Nanyang TechnologicalUniversity
Co-opted
Members : Assoc Prof Bong Tet Yin National University of Singapore
Mr Wong Wai Ching Public Works Department
Er. William Tan Boon Ngee Individual Capacity

The Working Group appointed by the Technical Committee to assist in the preparation of this standard
comprises the following members:

Name Organisation

Convenor : Mr Goh Peng Whatt Housing & Development Board

Members : Mr Chan Chee Pong Hart Engineering (Pte) Ltd
Mr Callan Lam Meinhardt (S) Pte Ltd
Mr Simon Lye Siew Woh Singapore Contractors Association Limited
Lta Rashid Bin Mohd Noor Singapore Civil Defence Force
Mr Siew Yee Cheong Institution of Fire Engineers
Mr Tay Teck Kiang Public Utilities Board
Mr Peter Teo Peter Teo & Associates Consulting Engineers
(blank page)

4
Contents
Page
Foreword

CODE OF PRACTICE

Section 1 : General
1.1 Scope
1.2 Rules and Regulations
1.3 Definitions
1.4 Plans and specifications
Section 2 : Provisions and siting of fire hydrants and rising mains
2.1 Fire hydrants
2.2 Rising mains
2.3 Breeching inlets to rising mains
2.4 Landing valves
Section 3 : Design considerations for fire hydrants and rising mains
3.1 Water supply and pumping arrangements
3.2 Connections to wet rising main systems
3.3 Automatic air release valve for rising mains
3.4 Electrical earthing of rising mains
Section 4 : Hose reels
4.1 Conformity to standards
4.2 Provision and siting
4.3 Installation of hose reels
4.4 Co-ordinating spaces for hose reel
4.5 Water supply for hose reels
4.6 Hose reel notices
Section 5 : Components and materials
5.1 Conformity with standards
5.2 Pipes and fittings
5.3 Isolation and check valve
5.4 Pipe hangers
Section 6 : Hydraulic calculations
6.1 Formulae
6.2 Pressure loss in pipe fittings
Section 7 : Installation
7.1 Work on site
7.2 External pipework
 Page

7.3 Underground pipework

7.4 Internal pipework
7.5 Protection of buildings under construction
Section 8 : Initial inspections and acceptance tests
8.1 Hydrostatic test
8.2 Fire hydrants
8.3 Tests on dry rising mains
8.4 Tests on wet rising mains
8.5 Hose reel tests
8.6 Test records
Section 9 : Maintenance of system and rectification of defects
9.1 Fire hydrants
9.2 Rising mains

ANNEX

A Matters to be considered relating to the provision of fire-fighting

Installations during building construction 41

TABLES

1 Water storage tank capacity for fire hydrant 20

2 Value of dimensions 'A' and 'B' as defined in Figure 4 22
3 Minimum metering device size 25
4 Equivalent length of pipes for fittings 34

FIGURES

1 Details of typical installation of double pillar hydrant in turfed areas 13

2 Mounting height of breeching inlet 16
3 Landing valve's recess clearance 18
4 Vertical cross-section showing effective capacity of storage 23
5 Typical installation for a hose reel 28
6 Explanation of dimensions 29
7 Co-ordinating spaces for fixed hose reels 29
8 Co-ordinating spaces for swinging arm or recess type hose reels 29
Foreword

This code was prepared by the Technical Committee on Building Services under the direction of the
Construction Industry Practice Committee.

This code is intended to provide good guidance on fire hydrants, rising mains and hose reel systems in
the area of fire protection. The information therein serves to promote the understanding of such systems
by architects, engineers, contractors and owners.

In preparing this standard, reference was made to the following publications:

1. AS 2419.1 : 1994 Fire hydrant installations

Part 1 : System design, installation and commissioning

2. BS EN 671-1 : - Fixed fire fighting systems - Hose systems

Part 1 : 1995 Hose reels with serni-rigid hose

3. BS 5306 : - Code of practice for fire extinguishing installations and equipment on

premises
Part 1 : 1976 Hydrant systems, hose reels and foam inlets
Part 2 : 1990 Specification for sprinkler system

4. CP 52 : 1990 Code of practice for automatic fire sprinkler systems

5. NFPA 14A: 1989 Inspection, testing and maintenance of standpipe and hose systems As amended
Nov 98

6, Code of practice for fire precautions in buildings 1997

Acknowledgement is made for the use of information from the above publications.

NOTE

1. Singapore Standards are subject to periodic review to keep abreast of technological changes and new
technical developments. The revisions of Singapore Standards are announced through the issue of
either amendment slips or revised editions.

Compliance with a Singapore Standard does not exempt users from legal obligations.
I
Code of practice for fire hydrant systems and hose reels

Section 1 : General

1.1 Scope

This Code of Practice shall apply to the planning, installation, testing and upkeep of fire hydrant, wet and
dry rising main and hose reel systems on building premises.

NOTE - The titles of the oublications referred to in this standard are listed at the end of the standard.

1.2 Rules and regulations

The provision and installation of fire hydrant, rising main and hose reel systems shall be in accordance
with the following rules and regulations:

(a) Building Control Act 1989 and the Regulations made thereunder;

(b) Public Utilities Act and the Public Utilities (Water Supply) Regulations made thereunder;

(c) Professional Engineers Act 1991;

(d) Fire Safety Act 1993 and

(e) Any other relevant rules, regulations and by-laws.

1.3 Definitions

For the purposes of this code, the following definitions shall apply.

1.3.1 Break tank

Either (a) a tank into which the incoming supply connection from the PUB water mains discharge, or (b)
an intermediate tank for limiting the system pressure.

1.3.2 Building height

The vertical distance measured from the mean level of the ground pavement or road abutting outside of
the building of the highest habitable floor level of the building.

1.3.3 Coupling

A device for connecting lengths of hose so as to secure continuity from the source of a water supply to
the delivery point.

1.3.4 Fire code

The code of practice for fire protection in buildings published by the Fire Safety Bureau.
1.3.5 Fire hydrant (underground fire hydrant)

An assembly contained in a pit or box below ground level and comprising a valve and outlet connection
from a water supply main.

1.3.6 Fire hydrant, pillar

Afire hydrant whose outlet connection is fitted to avertical component projecting above ground level.

1.3.7 Fire pump

A pump listed by a recognised institution as one which is fitted be used in fire hydrant and wet rising main
systems or other fire fighting installations.

1.3.8 Fire hydrant outlet

The component of fire hydrant to which the standpipe is connected.

1.3.9 Gravity tank

A purpose-built water container, erected on the site of the protected premises at such an elevation as to
provide the requisite amount of water.

1.3.10 Ground level

The average level of the ground adjoining the outside of the external walls of a building.

1.3.11 Habitable height

The height measured from the ground level to the highest habitable floor.

1.3.12 Hose reel

Fire fighting equipment, consisting of a length of tubing fitted with a shut-off nozzle and attached to a reel,
with a permanent connection to a pressurised water supply.

1.3.13 Landing valve

An assembly comprising a valve and outlet hose connection from a wet or dry rising main.

1.3.14 Listed

This shall mean equipment or materials included in a list published by a recognised institution.

1.3.15 Recognised institution

An institution which undertakes the listing of equipment associated with fire fighting and safety to life and
recognised by the Fire Authority.

1.3.1 6 Reduced level

A height level referring to an engineering datum which is 100 metres at mean sea level,
1.3.17 Ring fire main system

A water main which encircles a building or series of buildings or other associated fire risks and which
feeds fire hydrants, internal rising mains, etc.

1.3.18 Rising main, dry (dry riser)

A vertical pipe installed in a building for fire fighting purposes, fitted with inlet connections at the fire
appliances access level and landing valves on various floors, which is normally dry but is capable of
being charged with water usually by pumping from the pumps of the Singapore Civil Defence Force
(SCDF).

1.3.19 Rising main, wet (wet riser)

A vertical pipe installed in a building for fire fighting purposes and permanently charged with water from a
pressurised supply, and fitted with landing valves on various floors.

1.3.20 Shut-off nozzle

A device which is coupled to the outlet end of hose reel tubing and by means of which the jet of water or
spray is controlled.

1.3.21 Storage tank

Water tank having a minimum effective wet rising main storage capacity as defined in Subclause 3.1.4.2.

1.3.22 Suction tank

A tank from which a pump can draw water.

1.3.23 Zone

A vertical division of a building fire rising main system used to establish the water working pressures
within the system and also to limit the pressure at the lowest landing valve in the zone.

1.4 Plans and specifications

1.4.1 It is important that the architect and the engineer confer with the Building Authority, the Water
Department of the Public Utilities Board (PUB) and other relevant authorities at an early stage in the
planning and design of a building.

Design and installation drawings for fire hydrant, rising main and hose reel systems should generally
include the following:

(a) A site location plan of the buildings involved.

(b) The complete internal access road system within the property lot.

(c) The location, sizes, connections and operational fittings of the system.

(d) Sources and arrangement of water supplies, piping and other essential features.

(e) Staircases, lobbies, passageways, doorways and arrangement of partitions, walls, etc. which
may restrict the normal hose coverage throughout the building.
(9 A complete schematic rising main diagram showing the essential features of the fire fighting
system such as the layout and arrangement of the rising mains, connections, valves, tanks,
pumps, sources of water supply, pipe sizes, capacities, floor heights, zone pressures, etc.

(g) The provided water pressure at the top and bottom floors of each zone.

(h) Material specifications and design calculation schedules detailing the water supply and system
demand characteristics.

1.4.2 On completion of installation works, complete sets of 'as-installed' drawings showing full details
of the fire hydrant, rising main and hose reel systems plus full working instructions should be furnished to
the building owner and any authority as required.

Section 2 : Provisions and siting of fire hydrants and rising mains

2.1 Fire hydrants

2.1.1 Provision

2.1.1.1 Private fire hydrants where so required by the Fire Authority shall be provided within the
perimeter of the building lot after consultations with the regulating authorities.

2.1.1.2 Fire hydrants should be positioned to be within 100 m from an entry to any building on the lot and
not more than 100 m apart. In the case of a building where rising mains are installed, the 100 m distance
may be measured up to the breeching inlets of the rising mains.

2.1.1.3 Fire hydrants should be included as part of a ring fire main system if there is a ring fire main
system.

2.1.2 Location

2.1.2.1 The location of fire hydrants shall be determined according to the provision of Subclause 2.1.1.2.

2.1.2.2 In planning the proper location of fire hydrants, the following additional factors should also be
considered:

(a) The proximity of nearby public fire hydrants.

(b) Fire hydrants should preferably be sited immediately adjacent to access roads or suitable hard-
standing facilities capable of accommodating SCDF's appliances.

(c) They should normally be not less than 6 m clearance from the building or from the risk so that
they remain usable during a fire.

(d) The location and access to the fire hydrant is unlikely to be obstructed by the parking, loading
and unloading of vehicles, landscaping, etc.

(e) Protection from mechanical damage

2.1.3 Type

2.1.3.1 Fire hydrants shall be of the pillar type having either two 63.5 mm nominal bore outlets or three
outlets, one of which is 114 mm nominal bore and the other two, 63.5 mm nominal bore. The external
threads of the outlets should match the local fire service's standard hose threaded coupling connection.
The bore of the standpipe should be at least twice the area of the two outlets provided for the fire hydrant.
Fire hydrants shall be painted on the stem with a 100 mm yellow band the lower edge of which is 300 mm
from the ground.

2.1.3.2 The outlets shall be provided with protective standard caps of cast iron or other suitable material
and attached to the standpipe by chains.

2.1.3.3 Valve pits should be of adequate size, and readily accessible for inspection, operation, testing,
maintenance and removal of equipment contained therein. They should be so constructed and arranged
as to properly protect the installed equipment from ground movement and accumulation of water. Cast
in-situ or present concrete, with or without reinforcement, or brick (depending on soil conditions and size
of pit) are appropriate materials for construction of valve pits. Where the water table is low, and the soil is
porous, crushed stone or gravel may be used for the floor of the pit (see Figure 1).

NOTE - The topmost part of the vaive shall not exceed a depth of 1000 rnrn from the ground level

2.1.3.4 For fire hydrants sited in roadways, care should be taken that the pits and covers are capable of
bearing the heaviest vehicle which may use the roadways.

2.2 Rising mains

2.2.1 Type of system

2.2.1.1 The type of rising main system for SCDF's use shall be provided appropriate to the building as
follows:

(a) Dry rising main shall be installed in buildings where any floor is at a habitable height beyond 24
m and not exceeding 60 m above the ground level. For a building under purpose group II of the
Fire Code, having a habitable height exceeding 10 m but not exceeding 60 m, dry rising main
shall also be provided.

(b) Wet rising main shall be installed in buildings with any floor exceeding habitable height of 60 m
above ground level.

(c) Separate dry and wet rising main systems in a building may be permitted by the Fire Authority.

2.2.1.2 Wet rising main zone heights exceefing 76 m may be permitted when a listed pressure
regulating device, which controls nozzle pressure under both flow and no flow conditions, is installed at
each outlet and

(a) the maximum zone height shall not exceed 120 m.

(b) the pressure regulating device is arranged to regulate pressure at the hose valve outlet to a
running pressure not exceeding 5.5 bar.

(c) the pressure on the inlet side of the pressure regulating device does not exceed the working
pressure rating of the device.

(d) all other pipe fittings, and devices, on the system are rated for not less than the maximum
system pressure.
 AS amended
NOV 98

C.I. SURFACE BOX AND COMR

lOOrnm YELLOW W D

75 THK CONC. FOUNDATlON

SU\B W l l H BRC NO. a10

0150/61M) FL. D/F BEND

BnKW P U S IF REQUIRED -
TO BE DECIDED ON SITE

SECTION

Figure 1 - Details of typical installation of double pillar hydrant in turfed areas

2.2.2 Number of rising mains

The number and distribution of rising mains shall be such that:

(a) all parts of any floor not more than 24 m above the ground level is within 38 m from a landing
valve, the distance to be measured along a route suitable for hose lines, including any distance
up or down a stairway.

(b) one rising main is provided for one or a series of floors higher than 24 m above ground level, with
each rising main sewing not more than 930 m2 of any floor and subject to all parts of the floor to
be within 38 m from a landing valve.

2.2.3 Location of rising mains and landing valves

2.2.3.1 Position of rising mains and the associated landing valves shall be located in the following order
or priority:

(a) Within smoke-stop lobby;

(b) In the common area and within a protected shaft, immediately outside the exit staircase if there is
no smoke-stop lobby;

(c) Inside exit staircase where smoke-stop lobby and common area are not provided.

2.2.3.2 Rising mains shall be so located that they are protected against mechanical and fire damage.

2.2.3.3 No part of a rising main shall be placed in any shaft containing gas, steam or fuel pipelines or
electrical cables and wirings.

2.2.4 Size of rising mains

The minimum nominal bore of a rising main shall be:

(a) 100 mm where the rising main does not exceed 45 m in habitable height and only one landing
valve is provided at each floor;

(b) 150 mm where the rising main either:

(i) exceeds 45 rn in habitable height or

(ii) is permitted to have two landing valves on any floor.

2.3 Breeching inlets to rising mains

2.3.1 Location

2.3.1.1 In selecting positions for breeching inlets, due regard should be paid to the provisions of
available fire hydrants, the possibility of damage resulting from falling glass from windows and other
possible occurrences during a fire.

2.3.1.2 The inlets shall be located:

(a) on an external wall or in a boundary wall of a building and to be within 18 m of the adjacent fire
appliances access road. Each rising main, either dry or wet, for buildings under purpose group II
of the Fire Code, shall be fitted with a breeching inlet directly at the foot of the same riser stack.
(b) as close as possible to the rising main they serve with any connecting pipe between the inlets Asamended
and the vertical run of the rising main kept to a minimum and given a fall towards the drain
valve. The total pressure loss of the dry rising main shall not exceed 6 bar based on the
design water flow rate. This is to correspond with the maximum habitable height of 60 m as in
Subclause 2.2.1.1 (a).

(c) in a conspicuous position readily visible and accessible to the firemen.

(d) about 760 mm to 1000 mm above ground level (see Figure 2).

2.3.2 Provision
2.3.2.1 Inlets with instantaneous male couplings for connecting to the SCDF's 63.5 mm diameter
standard hose shall be fitted to each rising main as follows:

(a) A two-way breeching inlet for a 100 mm bore rising main

(b) A four-way breeching inlet for a 150 mm bore rising main.

2.3.2.2 For a wet rising main, the inlets shall be connected to feed the storage tank or pump suction tank
located no higher than 60 m above ground level.

2.3.2.3 Each breeching inlet shall conform with the requirements of BS 5041 : Part 3, except that a
breeching inlet for a wet rising main connected according to Subclause 2.3.2.2 need not be equipped with
a black pressure check valve and drain valve.

2.3.2.4 All inlets shall be enclosed in a glass-fronted inlet box complying with the requirements of
BS 5041 : Part 5, the box being positioned with its lower edge between 400 mm and 600 mm above
ground level. The position of inlets shall be indicated on the box using the appropriate sign in accordance
with BS 5499 : Part 1 and using a letter height of at least 50 mm. In addition, all such inlets shall be
painted red for wet rising mains and yellow for dry rising mains.

2.3.2.5 The breeching inlet for a dry rising main shall be fitted with a 25 mm drain valve to facilitate z ; ; r d e d
draining the rising main after use. If any part of the pipework of a dry rising main falls below inlet box
level, an additional 25 mm drain valve shall be provided at the lowest point of the pipework, together with
either fixed piping or an adequate length of flexible tubing (fitted with a suitable coupling for connection
to the valve) to conduct water from the valve to a suitable drain. Where such a low level drain is fitted, a
permanent notice shall be provided in 25 mm (minimum) block letters of a suitable colour on a
contrasting background and placed in a position adjacent to the valve reading 'DRY RISING MAIN -
DRAIN VALVE', and a further permanent notice shall be provided in the inlet box, similar in size to the
indicator plates mentioned in BS 5041 : Part 5, reading 'LOW LEVEL DRAIN VALVE IN (here state
location of the valve)'. The low level drain valve shall be kept securely strapped and padlock closed
except when in use.

2.4 Landing valves

2.4.1 Provision
2.4.1.1 A landing valve with an instantaneous female coupling for connecting to the SCDF's 63.5 mm
diameter standard hose shall be provided for each rising main on

(a) every floor above the ground, including the first storey, except where the breeching inlet is
provided directly at the foot of the riser stack to buildings under purpose group II;

(b) every basement floor, irrespective of the depth below ground;

(c) on the roof where access is provided for testing purposes.

Figure 2 - Mounting height of breeching inlet
2.4.1.2 When one rising main is permitted for a floor area exceeding 930 m2, two landing valves shall be
provided per floor, in which case the nominal bore of the rising main shall be 150 mm.

2.4.1.3 Landing valves for dry rising mains shall comply with the requirements of BS 5041 : Part 2 and
those for wet rising mains shall comply with the requirements of BS 5041 : Part 1.

2.4.1.4 Landing valves shall be protected against interference and attack by thieves and vandals in such
a manner that their operational capability is not adversely affected.

2.4.2 Location

Landing valves shall be located:

(a) in the designated areas specified in Subclause 2.2.3.1 and such that every part of each floor is
not more than 38 m from a landing valve along a route suitable for hose lines.

(b) at a height with its lowest point between 760 mm and 1 m above the floor level

(c) in a conspicuous position where they are not likely to be obstructed, such as by the operation of
nearby doors.

2.4.3 Recesses and enclosures for landing valves

2.4.3.1 Landing valves for dry rising mains should preferably be protected by and enclosed within a box
conforming to the requirements of BS 5041 : Part 4. In the case of a wet rising main, the landing valves
may also be protected by boxes in accordance with BS 5041 : Part 4 provided the necessary clearances
required by that standard can be maintained; otherwise special boxes should be designed to ensure that
the clearances recommended in Subclause 2.4.3.2 are assured.

2.4.3.2 When any landing valve is in open recess, duct or alcove, and when a landing valve of a wet
rising main is enclosed in a box, the opening giving access to the landing valve should have not less than
150 mm clearance on both sides and not less than 230 mm below the centre line of the outlet of the
landing valve and not less than 250 mm clearance above the handwheel. The depth of the opening
should not be greater than is necessary, and in no case should the front edge of the female coupling of
the landing valve be more than 75 mm behind the face of the wall. In addition, consideration should be
given to allowing addition of adequate space around the valve to permit maintenance and testing (see
Figure 3).

2.4.3.3 If enclosure of the valve in a box is not desired or is impracticable owing to the main and the
landing valve not being in a duct or alcove, each landing valve should be strapped shut, the strap being
secured by a locked brass padlock. If it is required that the landing valve be enclosed in a manner
otherwise than in accordance with BS 5041 : Part 4, details of the proposal should be discussed with the
fire authority before any work is started.

2.4.3.4 The appropriate words 'DRY RISING MAlN OUTLET' for a dry rising main or WET RISING
MAlN OUTLET' for a wet rising main as the case may be, shall be clearly painted in block letters of
height not less than 50 mm on the inside surface of the glass panel in the glazed door of the landing
valve box. If the door is not glazed, the same labelling shall be shown in contrasting colour on the outside
of the door. When a box is not provided, this labelling shall be done on the wall where the landing valve
is located and on a level directly just above the valve. In addition, all such landing valves shall be painted
red for wet rising and yellow for dry rising mains. Where there are more than one rising main, each rising
main shall be labelled accordingly.
 ;orizontal landing valve5
,, I, ,I I, .I I, I. ,, ,, , :BIB-nose
I. .r r, -,
landing valve
i r -r r r ., r r ,,

A = 250 mm minimum
B = 75 mm maximum
C = 230 mm minimum
Side clearance = 150 mm minimum both sides,

Figure 3 - Landing valve's recess clearance

Section 3 : Design considerations for fire hydrants and rising mains

3.1 Water supply and pumping arrangements

3.1.1 General
3.1.1.1 The design of fire hydrants and wet rising mains shall comply with the modes of supply stipulated
in SS CP 48.

3.1.1.2 For fire hydrants and wet rising mains it is essential that pressures and flows be adequate at all
times to serve the required number of jets likely to be used. This is irrespective of the source of water
supply.

3.1.1.3 Only private hydrants installed below reduced level 125 m can receive direct supply from PUB Asamended
mains. Notwithstanding this, storage cistern of sufficient capacity with pumping facilities may be required
to meet SCDF's requirements on flow rates and pressure.

3.1.1.4 The water supply to fire hydrants and rising mains should be kept entirely independent of water
supplies feeding other installations including those for other fire fighting systems. This, however, does
not include:

(a) the Y-connection from PUB main with one branch for the fire hydrant or rising main and the other
branch fitted with a control valve, for other uses provided the flow rate for the fire hydrant or rising
main is adequate.

(b) a common break tank for the rising main and other non-domestic uses provided a minimum of
11.5 m3is reserved for each rising main.

3.1.1.5 Where a number of fire hydrants or wet rising mains are required because of the extensive area
of the premises to be covered, the mains supplying these fire hydrants should be in the form of a ring
main to form a complete circuit of the site. Isolating valves complying with the requirements of BS 5163
shall be incorporated strategically in the system so that sections of the ring main can be isolated to
enable repairs to be carried out. Branches to PUB mains shall also have an isolating valve and a non-
return valve to meet the PUB'Srequirements.

3.1.2 Fire hydrants

3.12.1 Supply pipes feeding fire hydrants from PUB mains shall branch off at a point upstream of the
domestic supply line. A gate valve shall be provided to cut off the supply to the domestic line in the event
of fire.

3.1.2.2 The connection between the water supply mains and the fire hydrant shall not be less than
150 mm nominal bore.

3.1.2.3 The water storage tank capacity for residential and non-residential developments shall be as
shown in Table 1 for fire hydrants located above reduced level 125 m within the same plot.
 Table 1 - Water storage tank capacity for fire hydrants

Type of development No. of hydrant that will Common water supply 3uration of water supply
be used for fire fighting for hydrant to be used for water storage tank
Residential One Not less than 38 Us at 45 min
development 3.5 bar
Non-residential
development (based
on floor area of the
biggest floor)

Less than 1 000 m2 Two Not less than 38 Us at 45 min

3.5 bar for 1st hydrant
and 19 Us at 3.5 bar
for 2nd hydrant.

Every subsequent An additional hydrant For each subsequent 45 min

increase of 1 000 m2 hydrant, 19 Us will be
of floor area added to the common
supply for the hydrant

3.1.3 Flow requirements for w e t rising mains

3.1.3.1 The following minimum water supply flow-rate shall be maintained in the wet rising system when
3 landing valves within the system are in the fully-open position:

(a) 27 Us for a residential building;

(b) 38 Us for a non-residential or any mixed occupancy building,

3.1.3.2 A minimum running pressure of 3.5 bar and a maximum of 5.5 bar shall be maintained at each
landing valve when any number, up to three, are fully opened.

3.1.3.3 When more than one wet rising main is required in any zone in a building, the minimum common
water supply shall be as stated below. Where the total maximum supply rate exceeds those stated in (a)
and (b), another common water supply system shall be used.

(a) For a residential building 27 Us for the first rising main and 13.5 Us for each additional rising
main, subject to a total maximum supply rate of 135 Us.

(b) For a non-residential or any mixed-occupancy building 38 Us for the first rising main and 19 U s
for each additional rising main, subject to a total maximum supply rate of 190 Us.

3.1.3.4 To reduce the risk of hose bursting, arrangements shall be made in accordance with BS 5041 :
Part 1 so that when the water is shut off at the nozzle the static pressure in any line of hose connected to
a landing valve does not exceed 8 bar. To dispose of excess flows and pressures over and above those
required (i.e. when only one jet is in use) a pressure control valve shall be incorporated in the body of the
landing valve which is then permanently connected into the relief pipe. This relief pipe should run
throughout the length of the wet rising main installation and should terminate either back into the suction
tank or to drain.
3.1.4 Means of supply for wet rising mains

3.1.4.1 For buildings with wet rising main installations the capacity of the PUB mains supply should be
checked during the building planning stage of the project. Generally, a water supply capable of providing
a minimum of 27 Us for a residential building or 38 Us for a non-residential or mixed occupancy building
at all times will be required. Where the incoming supply is less than the appropriate flow, additional
storage for the wet rising main should be provided, such that the total storage together with the probable
incoming supply can provide for effective fire fighting at the applicable rate in Subclause 3.1.3.1or 3.1.3.3
for a period of 45 minutes.

3.1.4.2 Alternatively each wet rising main shall be fed from a high level suction or storage tank having a
minimum effective storage capacity capable of supplying water at the rate under Subclause 3.1.3.1(or
Subclause 3.1.3.3where applicable) for a period of at least 30 minutes.

3.1.4.3 The storage tank($ shall be automatically supplied either directly or indirectly via other tanks
from PUB main($ The pipe drawing water from PUB mains to the tank shall be at least 150 mm in
diameter.

3.1.4.4 It must be envisaged that condition can arise when the prearranged methods of filling the
suction tanks may be out of action due to circumstances beyond the control of the building occupiers or
owners. Therefore breeching inlets shall be provided in accordance with Subciause 2.3. The supply
from the breeching inlets shall discharge openly into the tank and at a level of not less than 150 mm
above the maximum water level in the tank.

3.1.4.5 Break tanks not serving as storage tanks as defined in Subclause 3.1.4.2shall have an effectwe
holding capacity of not less than 11.5m3for each wet rising main.

3.1.5 Water tanks for wet rising mains

3.1.5.1 Tanks supplying water for domestic purposes shall not be used as suction tanks for wet rising
mains. Tanks shall be constructed of reinforced concrete or steel materials coated with anti-corrosion
paint. FRP tanks are not acceptable.

3.1.5.2 The effective capacity of a suction or water storage tank for the sole purpose of feeding a wet
rising main shall be determined to be between the normal water level in the tank and the low water level
'X' as defined in Figure 4. Low water level 'X' is taken to be the lowest level before a vortex is created
causing the pump to draw air. The values of dimensions 'A' and '6' in Figure 4 appropriate to the
particular suction pipe size for determining level 'X' shall be taken from Table 2. Where a suction pipe
draws from a sump in the base of a storage tank, the sump length shall be not less than the dimensions
indicated. In addition, the sump width shall be not less than 3.6D,where D is the nominal diameter of the
suction pipe. The point of entry shall be located centrally across the width of the sump. Where an
approved and listed vortex inhibitor is installed, dimension 'A' may be reduced according to the
manufacturer's recommendations and subject to the approval by the Fire Authority.

3.1.5.3 The tank shall be compartmented into two separate water-tight sections connected by a gate
valve, normally kept open, to permit tank maintenance without internrption to the water supply.
Nevertheless, when more than one water tank is provided in parallel to store the required amount of
water, tank compartmentation is not necessary provided the tanks are interconnected with isolating
vaives which are secured open.

3.1.5.4 Each tank or tank compartment shall be provided with an overflow pipe of at least 100 mm in
diameter, adequately supported, and extended to discharge openly through proper drainage.

3.1.5.5 A drain of at least 100 mm size and controlled by a gate valve shall be provided for each tank or
compartment.
3.1.5.6 A visual level indicator shall be fitted to show the depth of water in each tank or compartment.

3.1.5.7 A substantial permanent gooseneck ladder extending a sufficient distance above the top of the
tank shall be provided to permit easy access.

Table 2 - Values of dlrnensions 'A' and '8' as defined in Figure 4

Dimension
suction pipe

3.1.6 Pumps for wet rising mains

3.1.6.1 Fire pumps for use in wet rising mains shall be listed by a recognised institution.

3.1.6.2 Pumps shall be selected to meet design requirements.

3.1.6.3 The pumps shall consist of either

(a) 2 fire pumps, at least one of which shall have an independent source of power supply and each
shall be capable of providing independentlythe necessalyflow and pressure requirements or

(b) 3 fire pumps, all of which shall have an independent source of power supply and any two shall be
capable of providing in the aggregate, the necessary pressure and flow requirements.

NOTE - An independent source of power supply refers to a source other than from Power Supply Limited
3.1.6.4 The standby pump shall be so arranged that it will operate automatically on a failure for any
reason of the duty pump.

3.1.6.5 The duty pump (or standby pump, in the event of failure of the duty pump) shall start
automatically when there is a flow of water or when a fall in pressure occurs in the rising main exceeding
5% of the fire pump churning pressure.

3.1.6.6 All pumps shall be capable of being started and stopped manually.

3.1.6.7 All pumps shall be primed automatically at all times. This will be effected if the pumps are sited
so that at least two thirds of the effective capacity of the suction tank is above the level of the centre of
pump suction. Where this is not possible, separate priming tanks maintained automatically and foot
vakes shall be provided for each pump.

3.1.6.8 Pumps which are automatically controlled shall be provided with a reliable float-operated air
release or equivalent valve not less than 12 mm in size, to automatically release air from the pump.
 I 5D min. (01
(a) Storage with veriical suction pipe (b) Sump with vertical suction pipe

Normal level Normal level

60 'min. I
(c) Stomge with side suction pipe (b) Sump with side s u c h pipe

Nmmol kcel Normal lnel

(e) Storage with bottom suction pipe (f) Sump with bottom suction pipe

NOTE - The minimum sump width is 3.6D (see Subclause 3.1.5.2)

Figure 4 - Vertical cross-section showing effective capacity of storage

 3.1.6.9 Means must be provided to allow a continuous flow of water through each pump at a sufficient
rate to prevent overheating of the pump when churning.

3.1.6.10 A test valve and direct reading flow meter shall be provided on a pipe connection coupled to the
pump delivety branch downstream of the check valve to test the pump. The test piping shall be sized not
less than the meter size appropriate to the pump rated capacity as set out in Table 3. The test piping
should discharge to a suitable drain.

3.1.6.11 A discharge pressure gauge shall be connected to the discharge of each pump. The gauge
should have a valve with arrangement for draining. Its indication dial should have a range of at least
twice the rated working pressure of the pump.

3.1.6.12 All electrical wiring, including that for the control and monitoring circuits shall be in accordance
with the requirements of CP 5 and shall be:

(a) of the fire-resistive type complying with SS 299; or

(b) enclosed in a 2-hour fire-rated duct throughout the run to the pump room.

3.1.6.13 A fire-rated duct may house electrical wiring for other emergency services if the running of the
wiring does not affect the fire-integrity of the duct.

3.1.6.14 The sharing of a common electrical rising main for the wet main and other emergency services
is acceptable provided that there is proper protection by fuses or circuit breakers for each and every
emergency service.

z y ; F d d 3.1.6.15 Any switches on the power feed to the motor shall be locked 'ON' and clearly labelled 'WET
-
RISING MAIN PUMP NOT TO BE SWITCHED OFF IN THE EVENT OF FIRE'. This notice shall be
provided in 25 mm (minimum) block letters of a suitable colour on a contrasting background and displayed
adjacent to the switches.

3.1.6.16 Diesel engine driver for pumps shall be complete with automatic battety charging system

3.1.6.17 The fuel tank capacity of the diesel engine shall be capable of operating the engine for 6 hours
on full load. There shall be a readily visible fuel level gauge provided on the tank.

3.1.6.18 There should be a voice-communication system to provide intercommunication among all pump
rooms.

3.1.6.19 Control equipment for each pump set shall include indicator lights to indicate:

(a) a.c. power is available for each phase of the supply;

(b) a.c. power of any one phase has failed;

(c) operation of the pump.

3.16.20 Pumps and their associated auxiliary equipment shall be installed in readily accessible positions
in a room of non-combustible fire resistive construction and used for the sole purpose of housing such
fire protection installation. The pump room shall be of ample size and be adequately ventilated, lighted
and drained. Its location and construction shall be such as to permit it to provide protection to the pump
unit and controls from falling floors or machinery and from fire that might drive away the pump operator or
damage the pump unit or controls.
 Table 3 - Minimum metering device size

Pump capacity Meter size

(US) nominal pipe diameter
(mm)

3.1.6.21 Mechanical ventilation and electrical lighting in the pump room shall be equipped with standby
emergency power supply.

3.2 Connections to wet rising main systems

Connections from gravity tanks should be made to the top of the rising main except where the tanks are
used to supply wet rising mains in different sections of the building, in which case they should be made at
the base of the rising mains.

3.3 Automatic air release valve for rising mains

3.3.1 A suitable automatic air release valve shall be provided at the highest point in each dry rising
main to permit air in the pipe to discharge to atmosphere when water is pumped in at ground level.

3.3.2 Where a wet rising main is above the water entry into it, it shall also be equipped with an
automatic air release valve at the top.

3.4 Electrical earthing of rising mains

3.4.1 Rising mains shall be electrically earthed. Those joints which do not provide electrical continuity
shall be bonded.

3.4.2 Where the rising main is situated in the vicinity of any lightning conductor, it should also be
bonded to the lightning conductor in accordance with the requirements of the code on lightning protection
ss CP 33.
Section 4 : Hose reels

4.1 Conformity to standards

Hose reels shall comply with the requirements of BS EN 671-1 or equivalent.

4.2 Provision and siting

4.2.1 Provision

The number of hose reels in each building shall be such that all portions of each storey of the building are
within 6 m of the nozzle attached to not more than 30 m of hose, the distance to be measured along a
route suitable for the hoseline. Where heavy furniture or equipment may be introduced into a room, the
hose and nozzle shall be capable additionallyof directing a jet into the back of any recess formed.

4.2.2 Siting

4.2.2.1 Hose reels shall be sited in prominent and accessible positions adjacent to exits, preferably just
outside protected corridors, lobbies or staircases on exit routes, but not inside staircases.

4.2.2.2 In planning the location of hose reels, consideration should be given to the following points:

(a) Access to hose reels should not be obstructed by the parking, loading and unloading of vehicles
or by the location of furniture, equipment or other material.

(b) Protection of hose reels from mechanical damage and unauthorised use.

(c) The location of internal walls, partitions, doorways, storage racking, stored heights of goods and
other obstructions which could restrict normal hose coverage through the building.

4.2.2.3 In exceptional circumstances, considerations may also be needed as to the desirability of siting
hose reels in such a way that if a fire prevents access to one hose reel site, the fire can be attacked from
another hose reel in the vicinity.

4.3 Installation of hose reels

4.3.1 Hose reels in recesses

Preferably hose reels should be installed in recesses so that they do not form obstructions on escape
routes. The details of installation will vary considerably owing to the wide variation of types of hose reels
and their sizes. A typical ehmple of an installation of a fixed hose reel is illustrated in Figure 5.

4.3.2 Recess doors

Any doors provided for hose reel recesses shall be so hinged that they can open approximately 180°so
as not to offer any obstruction to the hose being run out in either direction. The doors should not normally
be fitted with locks. Where doors are to be locked they shall be complete with glass panel and the locks
used shall be of the type that can be operated manually from the inside without the use of a key. Where
glass-panels are used, they shall be of tempered glass.
4.3.3 Hose reels in open areas

When installed on open floor areas, it may be necessary to position hose reels above head height, but in
these cases the nozzle retainer, the hose guide and the inlet valve shall be fitted at about 900 mm above
floor level. It may also be desirable to provide an anti-overrun device to prevent the hose from becoming
entangled when run out.

4.3.4 Importance of firm fixing

Hose reel brackets shall be firmly fixed to the wall so that casual knocks received during normal use of
the building and the stresses incurred during use for fire-fighting will not prevent the unimpeded use of
the hose reel.

4.4 Co-ordinating spaces for hose reels

4.4.1 The spaces required for most types of hose reel and recommendations concerning their location
in relation to floor or ground level are indicated in Figures 5, 6, 7 and 8.

4.4.2 The definitions of the differenttypes of hose reel and the maximum overall size of each type are
given in BS EN 671-1.

4.4.3 The figures indicate the range of acceptable choices from the point of view of dimensional co-
ordination. First preferences are indicated by a thick blob and second preferences are indicated by a
small blob.

NOTE 1 - The basic space accommodation

(a) the reel and valve;
(b) the hanging loop of hose;
(c) the guide or necessary space for proper withdrawal of the hose;
(d) the component case (if any).

NOTE 2 - The space sizes have been based on the normal arrangement where the water supply is fed upwards.
Downwards or sideways feeds should be treated as special installations.

4.5 Water supply for hose reels

4.5.1 Minimum requirements

4.5.1.1' As a minimum, the water supply to hose reels shall be such that the most hydraulically remote
reel will provide a jet of at least 10 m in length at a flow rate of at least 0.4 Us. For example, when a
length of 30 m hose reel tubing (Type A of BS 3169) is in use with a 6 mm nozzle, a minimum running
pressure of 2 bar will be required at the entry to each reel and similarly for a 4 mm nozzle where a
running pressure of 6 bar will be required.

4.5.1.7. Pipework shall not be less than 50 mm nominal bore and feeds to individual hose reels shall k;;rded
be at least 25 mm nominal bore. Pipes shall be made of steel in accordance with BS 1387. Where
there is a direct connection to PUB water supply, pipework shall comply with SS CP 48 and be
acceptable to PUB watermains.

4.5.1.3 Connections to supply fire hose reels may be made on the supply side of the sprinkler system
main stop valve. Such connections shall not exceed 50 mm nominal diameter and shall be provided with
a stop valve suitably labelled and in close proximity to the point of connection with the supply pipe.

'Clause 4.5.1.1 is reproduced from the EN 671-1 with the CEN permission
27
 If doors are provided to a
recessed installation
whether glazed or not, they
should bear the words: .
"FIRE HOSE REEL"
(see Subclause 4.6.1)

FRONT ELEVATION SIDE ELEVATION

NOTE 1 - Hose reel conforming to BS EN 671-1.
NOTE 2 - For sizes of spaces and height above floor level, see Subclause 4.4

Figure 5 - Typical installationfor a hose reel

 IFinished mil face

Figure 6 - Explanation of dimensions

(for fulther details see Figure 5)

,100
Ima iwwt I0
1100 IF W - 150
tow
WO
I OW

L:
:.
-
, 700
600
sw
I LW
100
ZOO
100
1
0 ) m
Length = L
~ o O m O
_C
I00
Widrh -
150
W

AN di,ne,rnonr ere in millirnelrcr

Figure 7 - Cosrdinating spaces for fixed hose reels

Figure 8 - Coordinating spaces for swinging arm or recess type hose reels
 4.5.2 Booster pumps

4.5.2.1 Where the water pressure in hose reel main needs to be boosted, the provision of an electrically
driven pump is usually a convenient method. A duplicate standby pump shall also be provided.

4.5.2.2 Both motors and pumps shall be sited in positions where they are protected against tempering
and physical and fire damage and the electrical supply to them shall be by an exclusive circuit with the
cables following a route of negligible fire risk or be provided with adequate protection.

4.5.2.3 The booster pumps system shall come into operation automatically with a drop in pressure or a
flow of water. Both pumps shall be automatically primed at all times (see Subclause 3.1.6.7).

4.5.2.4 All pumps shall also be capable of being started or stopped manually. The standby pump shall
be so arranged that it will operate automatically on failure of the duty pump. Where more than one
source of electrical supply is available, the duty and standby pump shall be connected to the different
sources. Emergency power supply shall be connected to the hose reel pumps where available.

4.5.3 Connection for boosted supplies

Pumps shall be fed from a suction tank or interconnected tanks having a minimum capacity of 1100 L.
The tank(s) shall be automatically supplied from a town main or a reliable source, controlled by a ball
valve of minimum diameter 50 mm.

4.5.4 Use of domestic water tanks

Tanks supplying water for domestic purposes shall not be used as suctions for hose reels installations
unless arrangements have been made for domestic supplies to be drawn off in such a manner that the
requisite reserve of water for the hose reel installation is always preserved. There shall not be any risk of
contamination of water due to stagnation in the tank. The design of such arrangement is subject to
PUB'S approval.

gy",yded
4.5.5 Security
4.5.5.1 The main stop valve controlling the water supply to the hose reels shall be secured fully open
by a suitable device such as a padlocked chain or strap.

4.5.5.2 Appropriate notices shall be provided reading 'FIRE HOSE REEL MAIN SUPPLY' (displayed at
the stop valve controlling the water supply to the hose reels), andor 'FIRE HOSE REEL PUMP MOTOR
-
SUPPLY NOT TO BE SWITCHED OFF IN THE EVENT OF FIRE' (displayed adjacent to all switches in
the electrical power supply to any pumps).

4.5.5.3 The notices shall be provided in 25 rnm (minimum) block letters of a suitable colour on a
contrasting background.

4.5.5.4 Notices shall be resistant to weathering and to the effects of any industrial process in the vicinity.

Nov 98 4.6 Hose reels notices

4.6.1 A notice reading 'FIRE HOSE REEL' shall be displayed adjacent to the hose reel (on the door if
the hose reel is in a recess fitted with a door, glazed or otherwise).

(a) The notices shall be provided in 50 mm (minimum) block letters of a suitable colour on a
contrasting background.

(b) The notice shall be resistant to weathering and the effects of any industrial process in the vicinity.
4.6.2 A notice giving full operational instructions shall be displayed on or adjacent to the reel, whether
this is manual or automatic.

(a) In the case of a manual hose reel in which an interlocking device is not incorporated the
instructions shall include the wording: 'Open inlet valve before running out hose'. The
interlocking device, where provided, ensures that the nozzle cannot be withdrawn until the water
supply has been turned on.

(b) The instructions shall include specific instruction as to the correct method of closing the inlet
valve to a manual fire hose reel, or of securing a fire hose reel.

(c) The notice shall be in accordance with SS 364.

Section 5 : Components and materials

5.1 Conformity with standards

5.1.1 Material, appliances and components shall comply with the requirements of the relevant
Singapore Standards, British Standards or their equivalent.
As amendsd
5.1.2 Particular items shall comply with the following requirements or their equivalent: Now 98
(a) Ball valves BS1212:Partl,2or3

(b) Boxes for dry risers BS 5041 : Part 5

(c) Boxes for landing valves for dry risers BS 5041 : Palt 4

(d) Fire hydrants (pillar) shall be made of suitably

corrosion-protectedand sufficiently robust
material. Their works parts shall be of
gunmetal to BS 1400 or other suitable material BS 1400

(e) Hoses for fire-fighting purposes BS 3169

(f) Hose reels for fixed installation BS EN 671-1

(g) Inlet breechings for dry riser inlets BS 5041 : Part 3

(h) Isolating valves BS 5160

0) Landing valves for dry risers BS 5041 : Part 2

(i) Landing valves for wet risers BS 5041 : Part 1

(k) Tubes for screwing

(1) Pipe fittings Wrought steel to BS 1740 or

malleable iron to BS 143

(m) Pipe and valve flanges BS 4504

(n) Pipe threads BS 21

 (0) Pressure gauges

(p) Sluice valves

(q) Fire safety signs, notices and graphic symbols BS 5499 : Part 1

5.2 Pipes and fittings

As amended 5.2.1 Rising mains and associated pipework shall be of wrought steel pipe, heavy quality, and the
Nov 98
fittings shall be of wrought steel. Pipework should be jointed by screwing and socketing, or by any other
means selected as suitable for use, except at valves or other fittings where appropriate flanges in
accordance with BS 4504 may be used. Such means may be selected on the basis of practical tests and
evidence of satisfactory performance in similar application. Pipework for dry rising mains and fittings for
both wet and dry rising mains shall be galvanised. Pipes and fittings which are connected directly to PUB
mains or the potable supply system shall be of PUB approved types.

5.2.2 Pipes laid underground shall comply with one of the following standards or their equivalent:

(a) Steel spigot and socket pipes SS 142

(b) Grey iron pipes BS 4622

5.3 Isolation and check valve

5.3.1 Connections to each water supply, except to the breeching inlet of rising mains, shall be provided
with an isolation valve and, where appropriate, a check valve located close to the supply as at tank, pump
or connection from PUB mains.

5.3.2 Valves shall be provided to permit:

(a) isolating a rising main without interrupting the water supply to other rising mains from the same
water supply.

(b) servicing of component parts of the system.

Isolating valves should be secured open by padlocked strap.

5.3.3 All stop valves (except those fixed by the PUB on the branches from their mains) shall be 'right-
handed' i.e. they shall be constructed that in order to shut the valve, the spindle must tum clockwise. The
handwheels shall be clearly marked showing the direction the wheel is to be turned to close the valve.

5.4 Pipe hangers

Pipe hangers shall be so arranged that they will sustain the loads and retain the piping securely in
position. They shall be used in sufficient numbers to prevent vibration in the piping when the rising main
br hose reel is in use.
Section 6 : Hydraulic calculations

6.1 Formulae
Hydraulic calculations in fire hydrants, rising mains or hose reels shall use the Hazen Williams formula
as follows:

where:

P = frictional loss of pressure in millibar per metre length of pipe;

Q = rate of flow of water in Umin;

C = a constant for the class of pipe;

= 100 (cast iron pipe);

= 120 (steel pipe);

d = mean bore diameter of pipe in mm.

6.2 Pressure loss in pipe fittings

The equivalent length of straight pipe in metre of pipe fittings, elbow, bends, tees where water is turned
through an angle and back pressure valves shall be taken from Table 4.
 Table 4 - Equivalent length of pipes for fittings'

Fittings and Equivalent length of medium grade steel straight pipe (in rn)
MiVeS (C value 120") accord~ng
to BS 1387

Nominal diameter fmm

90" screwed
elbow

90' welded
elbow
(rld = 1.5)

45' screwed
elbow

Standard
screwed
tee or cross
(flow through
branch)

Gate valve -
straightway
(flangedfitting)

A l a n or non-
return mlve
(swinging)
flanged
fitting

Alarm or non-
return
valve
(mushroom)
flanged fitting

Butterfly valve
(flangedfitting)

Globe mlve -
straightway
(flangedfining)

'These equivalent lengths can be converted as necessary for pipes of other C values by multiplying by the followingfactors:

Cvaiue 1W 110 130 140

Factor 0.714 0.850 1.160 1.330

II
Table 4 is reproduced from the EN 671-1 with the CEN permission
34
Section 7 : Installation

7.1 Work on site

7.1.1 Adequate provision shall be made to protect materials and components on site from loss,
deterioration or damage.

7.1.2 Unloading, stacking and storage shall be carried out with care to prevent damage to pipes and
pipe threads, fire hydrants, fittings, couplings and other components used in the system.

7.1.3 Pipes shall be securely anchored before any pressure or flow tests are carried out.

7.2 External pipework

External pipework should be installed underground. Where this is not possible, provision shall be made
to protect the pipework from mechanical damage. Provision shall also be made to protect the pipework
and supporting structure from damage by fire or falling debris.

7.3 Underground pipework

Underground pipework shall be laid so that it is protected from possible damage by vehicular traffic. Pipe
anchors and thrust blocks shall be designed to take into account water and ground pressures.

7.4 Internal pipework

7.4.1 Internal pipework of rising mains shall not pass through areas other than as mentioned in
Subclause 2.2.3.1. Where this is unavoidable, the pipework shall be carried in enclosures with a
minimum fire resistance rating equivalent to that for the elements of structure for the particular area of the
building.

7.4.2 The pipework should be supported on main load bearing members of the structure

7.5 Protection of buildings under construction

7.5.1 In order that a fire occurring during the construction of a building can be dealt with effectively,
especially in high or extensive buildings where large quantities of combustible materials may be stored,
mains as indicated in Subclause 7.5.2 shall be in an operational condition as soon as any completed floor
of the building reaches 24 m abwe SCDF access level. These mains shall be extended to provide fire-
fighting facilities at all stages of construction. All breeching inlets, landing valves, water tanks and
pumps, and hydrants as may be required for the system, shall be properly installed as directed by the
Relevant Authority so as to be readily operational in case of fire.

7.5.2 Mains shall be:

(a) for buildings planned not to exceed 60 m height, dry rising mains.

(b) for buildings planned to exceed 60 m height, either wet rising mains or wet mains installation
initially available for use as dry rising mains. In the latter case, the system shall be complete with
an inlet breeching complying with the requirements of BS 5041 : Part 3 and matching the SCDF's
standard instantaneous hose coupling connections once the construction reaches 24 m, and
shall be extended progressively until a height of over 60 m has been reached when the dry rising main
shall be converted to a wet rising main.

7.5.3 It is important that, from the time the wet rising main is first connected to the water supply, the
running pressure at each outlet does not exceed 5.5 bar. If this is impracticablefor any special reason, a
notice should be attached to each landing valve to read 'HIGH PRESSURE MAIN OPEN VALVE -
SLIGHTLY UNTIL SUFFICIENT PRESSURE IS OBTAINED'. These notices should remain on the
landing valves until the pressure on the outlets is reduced to 5.5 bar.

7.5.4 Breeching inlets shall be kept readily and easily accessible to the SCDF at all times and identified
by an appropriate sign reading either 'DRY RISING MAIN' or 'WET RISING MAIN'. Where the inlets are
not readily visible from outside, a sign shall be posted in a conspicuous place directing the SCDF to the
inlets. Where there are more than one breeching inlet every landing valve and breeching inlet shall be
labelled correspondingly to enable the fireman to charge water to the correct dry rising main. This is also
applicable to completed buildings.

NOTE - Subclause 7.5 introduces a number of consideration to be taken into acmunt by architects, engineers,
contractors and others during tendering and planning. To assist those concerned, Annex A includes advice on
some of the points to be considered dunng these stages.

Section 8 : Initial inspections and acceptance tests

8.1 Hydrostatic test

On completion of installation, all new rising main system including external piping should be tested
hydrostatically at 13.8 bar (200 psi) pressure for 2 hours or at 3.5 bar (50 psi) in excess of the maximum
pressure where the maximum pressure is in excess of 10.3 bar (150 psi). The hydrostatic test pressure
shall be measured at the lowest point of the system.

NOTE - Where tire hydrant or rising main connections are buried or built into walls or partitions, the above test
should be made before they are covered in or permanently concealed.

8.2 Fire hydrants

8.2.1 Inspection and, where practicable, a wet test of fire hydrants should be made in conjunction with
the appropriate approving authority and the owner or occupier of the premises or his representatives.
Where such fire hydrants are supplied from PUB mans, arrangements should also be made with the
PUB before tests are carried out.

8.2.2 During these inspections and tests, the condition of the following should be checked and noted
for remedial action if necessary:

(a) Pits;

(b) Frames;

(c) Covers;

(d) Surface paving around edges of frames

8.2.3 The test should include flushing out the outlets and checking the outlet connection. The flow and
pressure at the outlets should also be measured and noted.

8.2.4 On completion of the test, the pit should be left empty and clean.
8.3 Tests on dry rising mains

8.3.1 A physical check of the installation should be carried out. This should include verifying that
earthing and venting requirements have been carried out satisfactorily.

8.3.2 Static pressure test

8.3.2.1 On being satisfied that the system is in order, water should be allowed to flow through it
discharging via the topmost outlet to flush out any debris that may be present. This procedure is of
particular importance at acceptance tests when quantities of foreign matter may be lodged in the
pipework.

8.3.2.2 The system should be completely charged with water to the pressure measured at the inlet for 2
hours as mentioned in Subclause 8.1. During this period, an inspection of the system should be made to
check that no leakage of water is taking place at any of the joints or landing valves.

8.3.3 Flow test

8.3.3.1 After the test in accordance with Subclause 8.3.2is completed, a flow test should be carried out
if this is considered to be necessary.

8.3.3.2 For this test, water should be passed through the system under pressure and the flow gauge
readings recorded. Inability to sustain an effective fire-fighting jet from the topmost outlet or any undue
pressure loss in the rising main (after allowing for the height involved) should be investigated.

8.3.4 Remedial action and retesting

If as a result of these tests any defects are found, these should be remedied as soon as possible and a
re-test of the system should be carried out.

8.3.5 Putting into operational readiness

8.3.5.1 When the pressure has been released at the pumping appliance the coupling to the rising main
inlet should be disconnected and the action of the non-return valves checked.

8.3.5.2 The system should then be drained and left ready for use.

8.4 Tests on wet rising mains

8.4.1 Procedure for test

8.4.1.1 The procedure is basically the same as that for dry rising mains given in Subclause 8.3 and in all
wet rising mains both the static pressure test and the flow test should be carried out.

8.4.1.2 In multi-storey buildings, each zone in the rising main system shall be tested separately. The test
pressure shall be applied at the landing valve with the greatest hydraulic head in each zone, and also at
the SCDF pump connection.

8.4.2 Test of pumps

Particular attention should be paid to the ability of pumps to operate under their respective sources of
power supplies and of standby pump to operate satisfactorily on failure of the duty pump and these
should be tested.
8.5 Hose reel tests

8.5.1 Flushing out

Before any water is introduced into the hose reel, the supply to it should be thoroughly flushed out to
ensure that no harmful matter is passed into the reel. This is particularly important for automatic hose
reels. After flushing out, the tubing should be run out and the water turned on to establish that the
assembly is fully operational.

8.5.2 Procedure (direct mains supply)

The most remote hose reels should be discharged and the water flow rate and horizontal throw of the jet
as specified in Subclause 4.5.1.1 should be ascertained to have been achieved.

8.5.3 Procedure (boosted supplies)

8.5.3.1 The most remote hose reel should be discharged until the duty pump cuts in automatically.
Thereafter, the discharge rate and horizontal throw of the jet should be ascertained as in Subclause
8.5.2.

8.5.32 The test should be repeated. This time a simulated mechanical or electrical failure of the duty
pump should be arranged, and the ability of the standby pump to come into service automatically and to
maintain the required outputs should be tested.

8.5.4 Putting into operational readiness

8.5.4.1 When the tests in Subclause 8.5.2 and 8.5.3 have been satisfactorily completed, the system
should be restored to its normal operating state. Reels should never be left under pressure and, where
practicable, hose should be drained prior to being returned to the drum.

8.5.4.2 The hose should be restored on the drums, particular attention being paid to automatic hose
reels to ensure that the automatic valve is fully closed when the hose has been restored. Where an
isolation valve has been incorporated, this should be closed on completion of storage, and the nozzle
interlock, where fitted, should be completed.

8.6 Test records

A permanent record of all initial inspections and acceptance tests should be prepared by the professional
engineer or contractor and kept by the owner or occupiers.

This should record:

(a) Date and time for inspection or test;

(b) Person carrying out the test;

(c) Test results noted;

(d) Any external factors significantly affecting the results;

(e) Follow-up action required;

(9 Work carried out as a result of (e) with date and result of retest.
Section 9 : Maintenance of systems and rectification of defects

9.1 Fire hydrants

9.1.1 Arrangements should be made by the owners or the occupiers to ensure that, at least once a
year, maintenance is carried out on all private fire hydrants by a competent person.

9.1.2 Periodical inspections of the vicinity of all fire hydrants should also be made to ensure that there
are no obstructions impeding accessibility.

9.1.3 Periodic inspection should be made to ensure that all isolating valves for systems are kept
locked in an 'open' position. Also flow and pressure should be checked to ensure that supplies have not
deteriorated.

9.2 Rising mains

9.2.1 Competence of maintenance personnel

The service of a competent person should be obtained to carry out maintenance and repairs.

9.2.2 Dry rising mains

9.2.2.1 Inlets, landing valves, drain valves, door hinges and locking arrangements to the inlet and
landing valve boxes should be inspected every six months. Special attention should be given to all
valves, spindles, glands and washers to ensure that they are in satisfactory conditions so that all
equipment continue to be ready for immediate use.

9.2.2.2 In addition, it is recommended that wet tests be carried out annually when the main can be
checked for leaks.

9.2.3 Wet rising mains

Maintenance of wet rising mains involves additional checks from those mentioned in Subclause 9.2.2.1.
The additional checks are:

(a) Check on the cleanliness of storage tanks;

(b) Thorough check of the booster pumps and their associated mechanical and electrical
equipment.

9.2.4 Removal of valve assemblies for replacement

Where outlets on either dry or wet rising mains are found to be defective and no replacement is
immediatelv available, the whole valve assemblv should be removed from the main and be tem~orarilv
replaced with a blanking off plate or plug in order that the system remains operative (see ~ut;clause
9.2.6.2).

9.2.5 Hose reels

9.2.5.1 Hose reels should be subjected to regular inspection to ensure that the inlet valve, the automatic
onloff valve (if any), glands, tubing and shut-off nozzle are sound and free from leaks, and also to ensure
that the outlet of the nozzle is not choked.

9.2.5.2 Some nozzles, in addition to giving a jet stream, are also capable of producing a cone spray. In
these cases, the correct functioning of each role should be checked.
9.2.5.3 If booster pumps have been installed (see Subclause 4.5.2) these and their associated
mechanical and electrical equipment should also be checked.

9.2.5.4 Once a year the hose should be completely run out and subjected to operational water pressure
to ensure that the hose is in good condition and that all couplings are water-tight. A flow test should
be carried out to ensure that a discharge of at least 0.4 Us is achieved. If it is not possible to test
every hose reel, at least the highest reel on each rising main should be tested.

9.2.6 Rectification of defects

9.2.6.1 It is essential that all defects are rectified in the shortest time to ensure that the installed fire-
fighting equipment is restored to a satisfactory condition in as shorf a time as possible.

9.2.6.2 Where, due to unforeseen difficulties, it is necessary to leave an installation not available for use,
the SCDF should be informed immediately in order that alternative arrangements may be made to cover
this deficiency should the need arise; the SCDF may require the building owner to provide any assistance
or facilities. In addition, a suitable notice to indicate that the installation is not available for use should be
placed in a prominent position. In the case of dry rising mains, the notice should be in the inlet box.

92.6.3 When the installation is reinstated, the SCDF should again be informed that any alternative
arrangements may be cancelled and, if considered necessary, an inspection and test of the repaired
installation may be carried out.

9.2.7 Hose reel accessibility

9.2.7.1 It is essential that the hose reels remain unobstructed and that they should be available for use
at all times.

9.2.7.2 In buildings that have large open floor areas such as warehouses, the stacking arrangements
should provide for unobstructed access to the hose reel. It may also be considered necessary to provide
guardrails around the hose reel position to prevent stacking taking place immediately adjacent, care
being taken that the guardrails do not obstruct the operation of the hose.

9.2.7.3 Where stacking is taking place, notices indicating the hose reel positions should be sited at high
level. These notices should be situated over the main avenues, subject to directional arrows being
provided.
 Annex A
Matters to be considered relating to the provision of fire-fighting
installations during building construction

A1 Introduction
The provisions of Subclause 7.5 involve measures which should be taken into account of in the tendering
and planning stages of a contract, and to assist those concerned in the matter, a list of some points
which need attention is given below. This list should not by any means to be considered exhaustive, and
some of the points listed may not be applicable in all circumstances.

A2 Points for consideration

A.2.1 It is necessary to plan for the rising mains to be installed as each floor is erected.

A.2.2 The relevant authorities may require the system to be tested after each addition to the
installation.

A2.3 Where wet rising mains are installed, electrical power to operate the pumps will be required,
together with an adequate water supply. Earthing to the systems will also have to be completed.

A.2.4 Temporary site electricity supplies may not be considered adequate for fire-fighting purposes and
the apparatus may need to be connected to permanent electricity supplies. Such permanent supplies
would therefore need to be installed at a reasonably early stage of construction and all switchgear and
cables protected against fire at all times.

A2.5 The early provision of a permanent electricity and water supply would involve questions of cost,
consultations with the Power Supply Limited and PUB and arranging appropriate agreements.

A2.6 It may also be necessaryfor a lift to be operational for the firemen's use

A2.7 When fire hydrants are required at the site, it will also be necessary to have them installed at the
appropriate position and also to ensure that there is adequate hard-standing facilities and roadways for
SCDF appliances (see Subclaube 2.1.2).
Standards referred to:

BS 21 : 1985 Specikation for pipe threads for tubes and fittings where pressure-tight joints
are made on the threads

BS 143 : 1986 Specification for malleable cast iron and cast copper alloy threaded pipe fittings

BS 1212 : - Floated operated valves (excluding floats)

Part 1 : 1990 Specification for piston type

Part 2 : 1990 Specification for diaphragm type (brass body)

Part 3 : 1990 Specification for diaphragm type (plastic body) for cold water
services

BS 1387 : 1985(1990) Specification for screwed and socketed steel tubes and tubulars and for plain
end steel tubes suitable for welding or for screwing to BS 21 pipe threads

BS 1400 : 1985 Specification for copper alloy ingots and copper and copper alloy castings

BS 1740 : - Specificationfor wrought steel pipe fitting (screwed BS 21 R-series thread)

Part 1 : 1971 Metric units

BS 1780 : 1985(1992) Specification for bourbon tube pressure and vacuum gauges

BS 3169 : 1986 Specification for first aid reel hoses for fire fighting purposes

BS 4504 : Flanges and boltings for pipes, valves and fittings. MeMc series

Part 3 : Steel, cast iron and copper alloy flanges

Section 3.1 : 1989 Specification for steel flanges

Section 3.3 : 1989 Specification for wppy alloy and composite flanges

BS 4622 : 1970 (1983) Specification for grey iron pipes and fittings

BS 5041 : - Fire hydrant systems equipment

Part 1 : 1987 Specification for landing valves for wet risers

Part 2 : 1987 Specification for landing valves for dry risers

Part 3 : 1975 Specification for inlet breechings for dry riser inlets

Part 4 : 1975 Specification for boxes for landing valves for dry risers

Part 5 : 1974 Specification for boxes for foam inlets and dry riser inlets

Specification for steel globe valves, globe stop and check valves and lift type
check valves
Specification for double flanged cast iron wedge gate valves for waterworks
purposes

Fire safety signs

Part 1 : 1990 Specification for notices and graphic symbols

Fixed fire fighting systems - Hose systems

Part 1 : 1995 Specification for hose reels with semi-rigid hose

Cast iron flanges

Specification for steel pipes, fittings and specials for water, gas and sewage

Fire-resisting characteristics of electric cables

Specification for fire safety signs

Code of practice for wiring of electrical equipment of building

Code of practice for lightning protection

Code of practice for water services

 ABOUT THE STANDARDS, PRODUCTIVITY AND INNOVATION BOARD (SPRING SINGAPORE)

The mission of the Standards, Productivity and lnnovation Board, or SPRING Singapore in short, is to raise
productivitv so as to enhance Sinqa~ore'scompetitiveness and economic arowth for a better aualitv of life for
bur people. In carrying out its misiidn, SPRING Singapore focuses on three areas: productivity'and innovation,
standards and conformance, and small and medium-sizedenterprises (SMEs) and the domestic sector.

Productivity and lnnovation

The Productivity and lnnovation focus has four key thrusts: promotion, business excellence, people excellence
and service excellence.

Under its Dromotion thrust. SPRING Sinaa~ores~earheadsthe national Productivitv and lnnovation Movement.
The moveinent aims to cultivate strong iokmitmknt to productivity and innovation in all sectors of the economy
-
and to develoo a creative workforce and innovative entemrises. SPRING Sinoaoore serves as Secretariat to the
National lnnoiation Council.

Using its internationally recognised Business Excellence programme, SPRING Singapore assists organisations
to systematically achieve world-class standards of business excellence. At the apex of the programme is the
Singapore Quality Award (SQA).

Under its People Excellence thrust, SPRING Singapore initiates ieading-edge programmes to enhance the
capabilities of the workforce. This enables them to scale new heights and achieve higher levels of productivity.
SPRING Singapore administers the Skills Development Fund (SDF), which provides incentives to help
companies defray the cost of training their employees. The incentives are financed through collections from the
Skills Development Levy imposed on employers.

In vew of the lmponance of servtce qua try to compet~ttveness,SPR NG S ngapore speaheaas Sewlce Excellence
In S ngapore Tne goal ts to ralse servlce qua1ty leve s in Slngapore to woro-class standards

Standards and Quality

The focus area of Standards and Quality has two major thrusts: standardisation and conformity assessment,
and measurement infrastructure development. These are aimed at enhancing productivity, facilitating market
access, ensuring safety and health, and protecting the environment.

As the national standards body, SPRING Singapore administers the Singapore standardisation programme,
which involves the development and implementation of standards in industry. Please visit www.standards.ora.sq
for more information. As standards and conformance issues can be potential barriers to trade, SPRING
Singapore actively supports the government's Free Trade Agreement (FTA) strategy to ensure market access.

As the national authority for the accreditation of conformity assessment bodies, SPRING Singapore audits and
accredits quality systems and the competence of quality system certifiers, inspection bodies, and testing and
calibration laboratories.

SPRING Singapore enforces the Weights & Measures Act and Regulations to protect consumers by ensuring
that market transactions based on weights and measures are accurate, fair and comply with the relevant
standards.

As the Safety Authority, SPRING Singapore administers the Singapore Consumer Protection (Safety
Requirements) Registration Scheme to ensure that the controlled goods used by consumers in Singapore are
safe.

As Smgapore's natlonal metrology inst~tute,SPRING Slngapore ensures that the measurement infrastructure
adeauatelv s u ~ ~ o rthe
t s arownq needs of industry. It maintains Smapore's national measurement standards for
use by the indistry, and provides the vital link beheen measureme& carried out in Singapore and those in the
international system.
SMEs & Domestic Sector

The SMEs and Domestic Sector area of focus has two thrusts: broad-based enterprise upgrading and industry
transformation.

SPRING Singapore serves as the first point of contact for SMEs that need information and assistance for
upgrading. As the lead agency spearheading the upgrading of SMEs, it adopts a total approach to developing
SMEs into vibrant and resilient enterprises.

SPRING Singapore spearheads the transformation of the domestic sector. The goal is to create a vibrant,
dynamic and resilient domestic sector that is able to contribute significantly to the overall economy.

SPRING Singapore administers two key financial incentive schemes for SMEs. The first is the Local Enterprise
Finance Scheme (LEFS), which is a fixed interest rate loan for SMEs to expand and develop new capabilities.
The second is the Local Enterprise Technical Assistance Scheme (LETAS), which is a consultancy grant
scheme to help SMEs acquire new competencies in operational management.

SPRING Singapore
2 Bukit Merah Central
Singapore 159835
Tel: (6518278 6666
Fax: (65) 6278 6667
E-mail: [email protected]
Website: http:Nwww.spring.gov.sg

ABOUT THE NATIONAL STANDARDISATION PROGRAMME

Under the national standardisation programme. SPRING Singapore helps companies and industry to meet
international standards and conformity requirements by creating awareness of the impoltance of standardisation
to enhance competitiveness and improve productivity, co-ordinating the development and use of Singapore
Standards and setting up an information infrastructure to educate companies and industry on the latest
developments.

SPRING Singapore is vested with the authority to appoint a Standards Council to advise on the preparation,
publication and promulgation of Singapore Standards and Technical References and their implementation.

Singapore Standards are in the form of specifications for materials and products, codes of practice, methods of
test, nomenclature, sewices, etc. The respective standards committee will draw up the standards before
seekino
- - -
~~ final aooroval
~ ~~~,~
,~ from the Standards Council. To ensure adequate representation of all viewpoints in the
preparation of Singapore Standards, all committees appointed consist of representatives from various interest
groups which include government agencies, professional bodies, tertiary institutions and consumer, trade and
manufacturing organisations.

Technical References are transition documents developed to help meet urgent industry demand for
specifications or requirements on a particular product, process or service in an area where there is an absence
of reference standards. Unlike Singapore Standards, they are issued for comments over a period of two years
before assessment on their suitability for approval as Singapore Standards. All comments are considered when
a technical reference is reviewed at the end of two years to determine the feasibility of its transition to a
Singapore Standard. Technical References can therefore become Singapore Standards after two years.
continue as Technical References for further comments or be withdrawn.

In the international arena, SPRING Singapore represents Singapore in the International Organisation of
Standardisation (ISO), the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), the Asia-Pacific Economic Co-
operation (APEC) Sub-committee for Standards and Conformance (SCSC) and in the ASEAN Consultative
Committee for Standards and Quality (ACCSQ).