i

ANXIETIES AND COPING MECHANISMS OF COVID-19 SURVIVORS

DURING ISOLATION

An Undergraduate Thesis
presented to The Faculty of College of Social Work
Ramon Magsaysay Memorial Colleges-Marbel Inc.
Koronadal City

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the

Degreeof Bachelor of Science in Social Work

KIMBERLY T. BUENAVISTA

March 2022
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RAMON MAGSAYSAY MEMORIAL COLLEGES-MARBEL, INC.

Purok Waling-Waling, Arellano Street, Koronadal City, South Cotabato
Tel. No.: (083) 228-2880

SOCIAL WORK

PROGRAM

APPROVAL SHEET

This undergraduate thesis entitled “ANXIETIES AND COPING

MECHANISMS OF COVID-19 SURVIVORS DURING ISOLATION” prepared
and submitted by KIMBERLY T. BUENAVISTA in partial fulfilment of the
requirements for the degree BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN SOCIAL WORK has
been examined and is recommended for ORAL EXAMINATION.

ALBERT P. BALONGOY, PhD

Adviser

PANEL OF EXAMINERS

Approved by the Committee on Oral Examination

MARK GIL P. LABRADOR, MST

Chairman

AYNODIN S. MAROHOM, RSW JEMIMAH FAITH T. PERONO, RSW

Member Member

Accepted and approved in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the

degree BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN SOCIAL WORK.

DESIREE F. GONZALES, RSW, MSSW

Program Director
March 2022
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ABSTRACT

This study aimed to determine the anxieties experienced by the covid-19

survivors during isolation and to determine their way on how to cope up with the

situation. The study was conducted at Barangay Teresita Sto. Nino South

Cotabato

The method used in the study was the descriptive survey method of

research, which aimed to identify the anxieties experienced by the covid-19

survivors during isolation and to evaluate the coping mechanisms need by the

covid-19 patients. The study utilized thirty (30) respondents, selected through

purposive sampling, which were composed of Covid-19 survivors of Barangay

Teresita, Sto. Nino South Cotabato.

The findings of the study described that the weighted mean of the

anxieties experienced by the covid-19 survivors during isolation was 4.32, which

was presented as “Often”. This implies that most of the covid-19 patients

experienced out focus and delay in making decisions; stress and having low

mood as they encountered problem in regards with the situation. Moreover, the

weighted mean of the coping mechanisms of the covid-19 survivors during

isolation was 4.56, which presented as “Always”. This implies that most of the

covid-19 patients connect with their family, friends and other concerned individual

as their way to cope with the situation.

The recommendation for this study should have to focus in uplifting the

mental needs of Covid-19 patients and to give them awareness about the

situation.

Keywords: Anxieties, Coping Mechanisms, Covid-19 Survivors

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE........................................................................................................i

APPROVAL SHEET...........................................................................................ii

ABSTRACT.......................................................................................................iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS.....................................................................................iv

LISTOF TABLES.................................................................................................vi

LISTOFFIGURES...............................................................................................vii

ACKNOWLEDGEMET......................................................................................viii

Chapter

I. INTRODUCTION

Rationale...........................................................................................................1

Research Objective............................................................................................3

Review of Related Literature.............................................................................4

Significance of the Study...................................................................................23

Theoretical Framework.......................................................................................25

Conceptual Framework.....................................................................................27

Definition of Terms............................................................................................. 28

II. METHOD

Research Design...............................................................................................29

Research Locale................................................................................................29

Population and Sample.....................................................................................30

Research Instrument..........................................................................................30
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Statistical Tools....................................................................................................31

Ethical Consideration........................................................................................31

III. RESULTS

IV. DISCUSSION

Conclusion.........................................................................................................45

Recommendation..............................................................................................46

REFERENCES...................................................................................................48

APPENDICES

A. Letter to Conduct..........................................................................................50

B. Letter for the Validators.................................................................................51

C. Validation Letter............................................................................................52

D. Validators Rating Sheet.................................................................................53

E. Summary of Validators Rating......................................................................54

F. Survey Questionnaire....................................................................................55

G. List of Validators...........................................................................................56

H. Certificate of Statistician...............................................................................60

I. Certificate of Grammarian
…………………………………………………………………………………………………61

J. Certificate of Appearance
………………………………………………………………………………………………….63

CURRICULUM VITAE…...........................................................................................64
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LIST OF TABLES

Table Page
Table 1.a Profile of Respondents According to Age 33
Table 1.b Profile of Respondents According to Sex 34
Table 1.c Profile of Respondents According Civil Status 34
Table 1.d Profile of Respondents according to Educational Attainment 35
Table 1.e Profile of Respondents according to Occupation 35
Table 2. Anxieties of Covid-19 Survivors during Isolation 40
Table 3. Coping Mechanisms of Covid-19 Survivors during Isolation 39
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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page

Figure 1 Conceptual Framework 27

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The researcher would like to express her heartfelt gratitude to the following

individuals who gave her support and determination which contributed to the

completion of this study.

The researcher would like to express her deep and sincere gratitude to

her adviser, Albert P. Balongoy, PhD, for his guidance, valuable suggestions,

as well as his sincerest support throughout the period of making and completion

of this study.

To the panel of examiners and questionnaire validators, Mark Gil P.

Labrador, MST, Aynodin S. Marohom, RSW, and Jemimah Faith Perono,

RSW, for sharing their expertise, commendable suggestions and corrections to

validate the study.

To the respondents, for their support and cooperation and time in terms

of providing the researcher all the needed information for the completion of this

study.

To the researcher‟s mother, father, brothers, partner and family, this

study will not have been possible without their financial and emotional support,

as well for their understanding and guidance, giving her energy and inspiration to

accomplish this study.

To the researcher’s mentor, Ms. Maidy Shiela Caputero and Ms.

Kharren Joy Aban, for their unending support, guidance and knowledge

throughout the completion of this study.

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To the researcher’s friends, for their encouragement, help and support

throughout the completion of this study.

And most important, the researcher would like to thank God, for the

knowledge and skills he has given, his unending guidance and protection

throughout the completion of the study.

Kimberly T. Buenavista
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Chapter I

Introduction

Rationale

The Covid-19 pandemic had and continues to impact severely on every

aspect of what has been known as the „normal‟ life. The pandemic has led to

disruptions in daily life, social interactions, education, health,

livelihood/employment food security safety and nutrition, politics, and economic

activity. Government around the world have responded differently to this

pandemic and have achieved varying levels of success. The pandemic and the

control measures instituted by governments resulted in fear of getting infected,

dying or losing a close friend or family member, psychological problem and social

panic (Iddi, 2021).

Anxieties is an emotion characterized by feelings of tension, worried

thoughts and physical changes like increased blood pressure. Anxieties feel

different depending on the person experiencing it (Timothy J., 2020).

Furthermore, being quarantined is a complex psychological phenomenon that is

hard to disentangle because there are numerous interactions between emotions

and regulatory mechanisms in order to adapt to this strange and threatening new

situation. As well, being quarantined is connected with abrupt changes in daily

life, mobility limitations, and disruption of social interactions, contributing to

severe stress-related responses, anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress

symptoms, insomnia, anger, fear of being discriminated or stigmatized, low self-

esteem, and a lack of self-control (Roa, 2020).

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Moreover, coping mechanism can help people adjust to stressful events

while helping them maintain their emotional well-being. Therefore, moods can

predispose individuals to experience situations in a certain manner, which can

ultimately impact the way they cope with stressors such as being quarantined.

Coping strategies that general population adopt during an ongoing isolation

seems to vary depending on applied restrictions and these restriction differ

depending on the level of the threat of being infected or quarantined.

Furthermore, people practice the active strategies includes considering ways to

overcome stress such as, loneliness, anxiety and boredom which is a way in

giving up on making efforts to pursue the goals set under stressful situations, and

strengthening stressful feelings (Sanchez, 2020).

In line with this, the researcher conducted this study to determine the

Anxieties and Coping Mechanism of Covid-19 Survivors during Isolation and to

enhance her learnings in order to modify the general issue within the community

in the midst of pandemic. The researcher conducted this study in order to help

the individuals to recognize their strength as a coping mechanism. Moreover, the

researcher’s study would promote awareness and preparedness to the future

respondents and to the individuals in the community. Furthermore, the

researcher desired that this study will be beneficial to the community, family and

individual who consider as deficient in terms of acknowledging the definite

occurrences.
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Research Objectives

This study aimed to determine the Anxieties and Coping Mechanisms of

Covid-19 Survivors during Isolation.

Specifically, the researcher sought to answered the following questions:

1. To determine the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of:

a. age;

b. sex;

c. civil status;

d. educational attainment; and

e. occupation?

2. To determine what is the anxiety level of Covid-19 survivors during isolation?

a. emotional aspect;

b. physical aspect; and

c. psychological aspect?

3. To determine what are the coping mechanisms practiced by Covid-19

survivors during isolation?

a. emotional aspect;

b. physical aspect; and

c. psychological aspect?

4. To draw implications based on the result of the survey?

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Review of Related Literature and

Studies Local Literature

The COVID-19 outbreak presents a similar set of high-risk behaviors:

ignoring recommendations for social distancing (eg, young people on spring

break or church attendance) and continuing to travel despite restrictions (eg,

fleeing high-impact communities). These risky behaviors accelerate the spread of

the disease and make it more difficult to isolate confirmed cases. On the other

hand, fear-related behaviors, such as extreme avoidance of social contact, will

likely result in increased risk of mental health problems. Together, these

behaviors may shape the trajectory of the outbreak in the short term and long

term. Psychoeducational and redirection of fear-related behavioral responses

during the outbreak can reduce risks and promote resilience (Dixon, 2020).

COVID-19 pandemic has emerged as a disaster for the human beings. All

the Governments across the globe have been preparing to deal with this medical

emergency, which is known to be associated with mortality in about 5% of the

sufferers. Gradually, it is seen that, many patients with COVID-19 infection have

mild symptoms or are asymptomatic. Due to the risk of infecting others, persons

with COVID-19 infection are kept in isolation wards. Because of the isolation, the

fear of death, and associated stigma, many patients with COVID-19 infection go

through mental distress. In this report, we discuss the experience of 3 persons

diagnosed with COVId-19 infection and admitted to the COVID ward (Gomez,

2020).
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The COVID-19 pandemic has taught the entire human fraternity a big lesson.

It is a severe blow to the healthcare system of the entire world and had affected

millions of people across the world. COVID-19 is associated with a very high rate

of infectivity, which has led to a high level of fear and anxiety of getting infected.

Resultantly, the pandemic has led to severe restrictions on the free movements

of human beings, and the lockdown of almost all countries across the World, etc.

The literature on laboratory testing, preventive measures, and management

protocols to tackle the highly infective virus are ever-expanding. Even the data

related to the mental health issues in the front-line warriors/ health care workers

is well-documented. (Sazon, 2020)

The real-life experiences of the patients admitted in the COVID wards and

their well-being in the COVID-19 era is largely neglected. There are few

blogs/you tube videos of the recovered patients/ Corona survivors about their

experience (about how they had fought with the infection, how much they felt

lonely during the admission etc.) during their hospital stay, yet no descriptive

data is available (Gamboa, 2020).

Furthermore, lockdown resulting in self-isolation, quarantine and social

distancing is far beyond than leisure time vacations for improved functioning – it

is a collective traumatic event which poses serious threat to people and have

resulted in great loss of lives and property for every individual. COVID-19 is an

individual and collective traumatic event and directly or indirectly has affected

every individual in the world. All efforts should be directed toward minimizing the

negative effects of this traumatic COVID-19 pandemic event on „survivors.

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Vulnerable population such as children, older adults, pregnant women, people

with existing physical and mental illnesses, victims of abuse and violence, living

with abusers and perpetrators, people living below the poverty line and other

individuals are susceptible of not just contracting the coronavirus but the

psychological trauma as well. Many people are going through interpersonal

traumatic events as well in addition to the collective traumatic COVID-19:

domestic violence (gender-based violence), abuse, financial burden, loneliness,

emotional and behavioral problems, grief and bereavement, fear of losing family,

mental health issues, and physical injuries or fatalities (Gomez, 2020).

Foreign Literature

The ongoing pandemic COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease 2019) has

become a threat to psychological health as previous research works revealed

profound and wide range of psychosocial impact on individual, community and

international levels during past outbreaks of infectious diseases (Xiang, 2020).

During previous outbreaks, the psychological impact on non-infected community

revealed significant psychiatric morbidities, negative emotions, and poor

psychosocial and coping responses toward the outbreak of infectious diseases

and consistent worry about contracting the disease (Bertel, 2016). Currently,

there is a paucity of information on the psychological impact of the general

public, confirmed and suspected cases, medical staff and law enforcement

agents during the outbreak of COVID-19 pandemic, especially in the context of

mental health impact. This has become even more pertinent given the

uncertainty and unpredictability revolving around the outbreak of coronavirus

 7

pandemic of such unparalleled magnitude and intensity. Conspiracy theories,

false claims, misinformation and disinformation (mainly exclaiming coronavirus

as Unbreakable, Unstoppable, and Unbeatable) are only exacerbating the mental

composure of general public. Many of the research works related to the COVID-

19 outbreak focus on identifying the epidemiology, clinical characteristics,

genomic characterization of the virus, clinical features, data on mode of

transmission and its route, reservoirs, incubation period, symptoms and clinical

outcomes, including survival and mortality rates; counteracting the spread of the

virus; and management of global health governance (Chen, 2020).

Studies indicate that the COVID-19 pandemic is associated with distress,

anxiety, fear of contagion, depression and insomnia in the general population

and among healthcare professionals. Social isolation, anxiety, fear of contagion,

uncertainty, chronic stress and economic difficulties may lead to the development

or exacerbation of depressive, anxiety, substance use and other psychiatric

disorders in vulnerable populations including individuals with pre-existing

psychiatric disorders and people who reside in high COVID-19 prevalence areas.

Stress-related psychiatric conditions including mood and substance use

disorders are associated with suicidal behavior. COVID-19 survivors may also be

at elevated suicide risk. The COVID-19 crisis may increase suicide rates during

and after the pandemic. Mental health consequences of the COVID-19 crisis

including suicidal behavior are likely to be present for a long time and peak later

than the actual pandemic. To reduce suicides during the COVID-19 crisis, it is

imperative to decrease stress, anxiety, fears and loneliness in the general

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population. There should be traditional and social media campaigns to promote

mental health and reduce distress. Active outreach is necessary, especially for

people with a history of psychiatric disorders, COVID-19 survivors and older

adults (Sher, 2020).

The first objective was to measure levels of anxiety and depression

among COVID-19 patients and their relatives (including both adult and child

relatives), during the initial stage of hospitalization. We assumed that patients

and their relatives would show similar increased levels of anxiety, and that

anxiety levels would be higher than depressive levels. This hypothesis is based

upon the unpredictable nature of the COVID-19 and the accompanying

uncertainty regarding the course of the illness and its infectious potential, which

are key factors for anxiety. Our second objective was to examine whether

sociodemographic factors, such as sex and religiosity, and pandemic-related

stress factors that have been previously identified in regards to COVID-19 and

prior pandemics, such as social isolation, would be associated with anxiety and

depression levels among these populations (Gross, 2020).

Social support plays a key role in well-being, yet one of the major

preventative efforts for reducing the spread of COVID-19 involves social

distancing. During times of crisis, social support is emphasized as a coping

mechanism. This requires many people to change their typical ways of

connectedness and assumes that people have existing healthy relationships or

access to technology. The purpose of this article was to explore the potential

impact of COVID-19 on loneliness and well-being. Social support is an important

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consideration for understanding the impact of COVID-19 Psychological First Aid

and Skills for Psychological Recovery, which are tools used to inform response

methods to help people connect during isolation and are interventions that could

be adapted to COVID-specific needs for what may be a prolonged isolation and

post isolation. Given the many unknowns of COVID-19, studies are needed to

understand the larger behavioral health impact to ensure resources are available,

current, and evidence informed. Future studies are also needed to understand

how access to technology may help buffer loneliness and isolation and thus

improve the social outcomes of the current pandemic (Saltzman, 2020).

Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has disrupted virtually every aspect

of daily living, engendering forced isolation and social distance, economic

hardship, fears of contracting a potentially lethal illness and feelings of

helplessness and hopelessness. Unfortunately, there is no formula or operating

manual for how to cope with the current global pandemic (Perry, 2020).

Crises such as the global pandemic of COVID-19 (coronavirus) elicit a

range of responses from individuals and societies adversely affecting physical

and emotional well-being. This article provides an overview of factors elicited in

response to COVID-19 and their impact on immunity, physical health, mental

health and well-being. Certain groups, such as individuals with mental illness, are

especially vulnerable, so it is important to maximize the supports available to this

population and their families during the pandemic. More broadly, the World

Health Organization recommends „Psychological First Aid‟ as a useful technique

that can help many people in a time of crisis. (Simon, 2020).

The body‟s reaction to real or perceived harmful situations, has been evoked

at both an individual and societal level as a response to COVID-19.

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There are a number of particular features relating to the current pandemic

that make it reasonable to assert, based on the current etiological understanding

of stress and anxiogenic factors, that COVID-19 is particularly likely to result in

increased psychological and psychiatric morbidity. Moreover, People with

depression and anxiety are particularly vulnerable in times of crisis, especially if

they need to be isolated or quarantined. Common symptoms include low mood,

trouble sleeping and feelings of guilt or worthlessness (Parekh, 2017). It is useful

to counteract these symptoms using supportive therapy, reassurance, accurate

information and treatment for depression or anxiety. Provision of accurate

information is key to reduce the sense of uncertainty and panic and increase life

satisfaction (Dulmus, 2013). Furthermore, maintaining communication with family

and friends is critical during isolation, and if it is not possible for the person to be

in direct contact with family or friends, then healthcare professionals should try to

provide a sense of support and communication (Hilarki, 2013).

The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has impacted the economy,

livelihood, and physical and mental well-being of people worldwide. This study

aimed to compare the mental health status during the pandemic in the general

population of seven middle income countries (MICs) in Asia (China, Iran,

Malaysia, Pakistan, Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam). All the countries used

the Impact of Event Scale–Revised (IES-R) and Depression, Anxiety and Stress

Scale (DASS-21) to measure mental health. There were 4479 Asians completed

the questionnaire with demographic characteristics, physical symptoms and

health service utilization, contact history, knowledge and concern, precautionary

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measure, and rated their mental health. Furthermore, the risk factors for adverse

mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic include age <30 years, high

education background, single and separated status, discrimination by other

countries and contact with people with COVID-19. The protective factors for

mental health include male gender, staying with children or more than 6 people in

the same household, employment, confidence in doctors, high perceived

likelihood of survival, and spending less time on health information. This

comparative study among 7 MICs enhanced the understanding of metal health in

the general population during the COVID-19 pandemic (Mohammad Fardin,

2021).

According to, (Cheng, et.al., 2004) study found that anxiety levels of

survivors were significantly higher than those of the general community. Further,

(Alonan et.al., 2007) studied “psychological health of health care workers who

were at high risk of exposure during the severe acute respiratory syndrome

(SARS) outbreak”. They found that “fatigue, poor sleep, worry about health, and

fear of social contact, despite their confidence in infection-control measures”. The

study concluded that “psychological health measures should be available to

identify and limit psychological morbidity in this high-risk group”. Hence

“psychological training, scheduled rest periods, flexible staffing resources, and

even pandemic rehearsal is integral to a protocol for outbreak preparedness.

This in-turn enhance infection control measures & patient care in the face of a

future pandemic as chronic stress impair their effectiveness in long run”.

Canadian Pandemic Influenza Plan for the Health Sector, (Annex, 2009)
 12

mentions that “pandemic stress symptoms include: irritability; Exhaustion; Sleep

and appetite disturbances; impaired cognitive & social functioning; depression

and anxiety; burnout; compassion fatigue; increased use of alcohol, drugs,

tobacco; Increased family/relationship violence; Social stigmatization and/or

exclusion of those who are infected or may be perceived to be at higher risk of

infecting others (e.g. health care workers); rise in the demand for medical and

psychological services; and voluntary withdrawal from the workforce and

effective support of coping and resiliency and addressing specific psychological

and behavioral health implications includes meeting people’s basic needs,

restoring a sense of safety, providing accurate, timely information and guidance,

problem solving” (McCauley, 2020).

The agent of COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) is transmitted mainly from person to

person through droplets. The clinical course can vary from completely

asymptomatic to severe acute respiratory syndrome. Common symptoms include

respiratory symptoms, fever, cough, and dyspnea. In severe cases, pneumonia,

severe acute respiratory infection, kidney failure, and death have been reported.

According to recent WHO data, while the mortality rate is 6.9% in the world, it is

2.8% in Turkey. (Travis, 2020)

People faced some stress factors such as people having to stay in their homes

and isolate themselves to protect against the outbreak, the uncertainty regarding

the course of the pandemic, the lack of access to protective equipment, the

anxiety regarding availability of proper treatment if they became sick, and

information pollution during COVID-19 outbreak. Thus, it has been reported that

the COVID-19 pandemic causes negative effects on mental health in the general

population, in groups such as healthcare workers where there is a high risk of

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transmission and violence, and especially in patients with the diagnosis/suspicion

of COVID-19. Uncertainty and excessive fear are the main mediating factors that

may affect the emotional response of an individual during the COVID-19

outbreak. In addition, fear may lead to both impaired risk perception and negative

social behaviors (Kadeger, 2020).

Local Studies

In terms of HADS cut-off points, 23.6% (n = 81) of the population scored

above the depression cut-off point, and 45.1% (n = 155) scored above the cut-off

point for anxiety. In regression analysis, female gender, living in urban areas and

previous psychiatric illness history were found as risk factors for anxiety; living in

urban areas was found as risk factor for depression; and female gender,

accompanying chronic disease and previous psychiatric history were found as

risk factors for health anxiety (Eric, 2020).

Thirty-nine AYAs completed the survey, and 24 also participated in the focus

groups. In the survey, AYAs responded that COVID-19 increased anxiety about

their health or their family’s health, feelings of isolation, and worries about job

security. Overarching focus group themes included AYA behavioral responses to

the pandemic similar to their peers, the added burden of cancer, and unexpected

advantages of a cancer history. When discussing the added burden of cancer,

subthemes included difficulties and delays in medical care, mental health

stressors, and compounding uncertainty. Unexpected advantages of a cancer

history included relying on coping strategies developed during active treatment

and resiliency from practicing social distancing during treatment (Gamora, 2020).
 14

There were significant differences in the residents’‟ anxiety levels based on

gender, age, marital status, place of residence, monthly income, frequency of

online video communication, and exercise. Female residents reported a higher

anxiety level than did men (29.7% vs. 22.4%). Married residents were more likely

to have anxiety than were single adults (37.0% vs. 22.7%). Medical professionals

were more likely to have anxiety than others (35.2% vs. 23.6%). As they

observed, the proportion of residents with anxiety was lower for those who

communicated through online video many times a day than it was for those who

communicated less frequently. The proportion of residents with anxiety

symptoms was lower for those who frequently exercised than it was for those

who did not (22.5% vs. 29.7%). In addition, there were significant differences in

the depression level of residents based on place of residence, education,

occupation, monthly income, frequency of online video communication, and

exercise (Medida, 2020).

Loneliness was correlated with ADS and with affective response to COVID-

19‟s threat to health. However, increased worry about the social isolation and

heightened risk perception for financial problems was observed in lonelier

individuals. The cross-lagged influence of the initial affective response to COVID-

19 on subsequent levels of loneliness was also found (Marcilene, 2020).

Out of 1508 included participants, 20.8 % had symptoms of severe

anxiety, while 27.5 % showed symptoms of severe depression. Being a woman,

being single, having no children, having medical comorbidities and a history of

mental health care were associated with the presence of higher levels of anxiety
 15

and depression symptoms; 66 to 80 % of the population complied with self-care

recommendations. A need for receiving mental health care was identified in our

study population (Mendoza, 2020).

A total of 58 subjects were enrolled; of whom, 44 completed the study.

Initially, 36% of subjects had elevated anxiety symptoms and 29% had elevated

depression symptoms. At 2-week follow-up, 9% had elevated anxiety symptoms,

20% had elevated depression symptoms, and 25% had mild-to-moderate acute

stress disorder symptoms. Discharge to home was not associated with

improvement in psychiatric symptoms (Diaz, 2020).

Foreign Studies

Both patients and relatives suffer from high levels of anxiety and related

pandemic worries, with lower levels of depressive symptoms. Compared to adult

relatives, child relatives reported significantly lower anxiety. The multivariable

logistic regression analysis revealed an increased risk for anxiety among females

and a decreased risk among ultra-orthodox participants. While increased anxiety

among patients was associated with feelings of isolation, increased anxiety

among relatives was associated with a feeling of not being protected by the

hospital (Illan, 2020).

Levels of social support for medical staff were significantly associated with

self-efficacy and sleep quality and negatively associated with the degree of

anxiety and stress. Levels of anxiety were significantly associated with the levels

of stress, which negatively impacted self-efficacy and sleep quality. Anxiety,

 16

stress, and self-efficacy were mediating variables associated with social support

and sleep quality (Zhang, 2020).

A total of 2,036 individuals participated in this study. Quarantine (+)

individuals had significantly higher total and subscales GHQ-28 scores (anxiety,

insomnia, and somatic symptoms) as well as a higher IES-R arousal score. The

quarantine individuals were more likely to use self-distraction as a coping

strategy. This research identified positive and negative correlations between

presented coping styles and manifested psychopathology (Rymazsweska,

2021).

Findings highlighted first major theme of stress coping, including, limiting

media exposure, limited sharing of Covid-19 duty details, religious coping, just

another emergency approach, altruism, and second major theme of Challenges

includes, psychological response and noncompliance of public/denial by religious

scholar (Rihar, 2021).

The network contained three major hubs, replicated across gender and age

groups. The most important hub centered on worries about the dangerousness of

COVID-19, and formed the core of the previously identified COVID Stress

Syndrome. The second most important hub, which was negatively correlated with

the first hub, centered on the belief that the COVID-19 threat is exaggerated, and

was associated with disregard for social distancing, poor hand hygiene, and anti-

vaccination attitudes. The third most important hub, which was linked to the first

hub, centered on COVID-19-related compulsive checking and reassurance-

 17

seeking, including self-protective behaviors such as panic buying and use of

personal protective equipment (Taylor, 2020).

The COVID-19 patients had higher perceived social support and coping

strategies scores than the HCs. However, anxiety and depression scores did not

differ significantly between the two groups. In logistic regression analysis

performed in COVID-19 patients, the presence of chest CT finding (OR = 4.31;

95% CI = 1.04–17.95) was a risk factor for anxiety and the use of adaptive coping

strategies (OR = 0.86; 95% CI = 0.73–0.99) had a negative association with

anxiety. In addition, the use of adaptive coping strategies (OR = 0.89; 95% CI = 

0.79–0.98) and high perceived social support (OR = 0.97; 95% CI = 0.93– 0, 99)

had a negative association with depression symptoms (Atlindas, 2020).

The prevalence rates of depression, anxiety and depression-anxiety co-

morbidity were found to be 34.0%, 31.0% and 23.2% respectively. The multi-

variate analysis showed that females, those living alone, health professionals

and those who spent more time in accessing information about COVID-19 were

significantly more likely to have depression, anxiety and depression-anxiety co-

morbidity (Bista, 2020).

The aim of the present study was to examine the levels of anxiety,

depression and coping of adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic. The study

was carried out with 3058 students (2080 females, 978 males) who are

continuing their secondary and high school educations. Based on the results of

the study; the ratios of adolescents with high depression, anxiety as well as
 18

depression and anxiety were 45.6%, 48.6% and 47.12% respectively in the

present study. It was determined that women, adolescents at high school, those

with parents having low education level, individuals with separated parents, those

with increased social media use and adolescents with number of siblings greater

than three have higher anxiety and depression levels (Kul, 2021).

Thirty-nine participants (COVID-19 survivors) within the age range of 20-95

from over 15 countries and 5 continents were included in this study. Clinical

symptoms commonly reported included feeling feverish, severe, persistent and

dry cough, and difficulty in breathing, cold, body pains, and aches. Many

participants had negative mental health experiences such as being scared,

anxious, guilty feelings, and worrying about their recovery. Few participants had

positive mental health experiences such as the feeling of encouragement from

family and trusted friends. Many participants were satisfied with the quality of

care at health centers, though some experienced early difficulty in getting tested

(Ararso, et.al., 2020).

Fifty centrally isolated and 45 home isolated patients completed both the

baseline and the follow-up assessments. Significant effects of time and time by

isolation form were found on depression and anxiety levels, with a significant

decrease in depression and anxiety shown in home isolated but not in centrally

isolated patients. Besides, a significant time effect was identified on self-rated

health with significant improvement found in home isolated but not in centrally

isolated patients (Ju, 2020).

 19

A total of 307 patients participated in the study. Among them, 57 (18.6%)

experienced anxiety symptoms, and 41 (13.4%) experienced depressive

symptoms. Two hundred sixty (84.7%) had poor sleep quality, as determined

with the PSQI. The three most common coexisting illnesses were hypertension

(16.0%), chronic bronchitis or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (13.0%),

and diabetes (4.6%), Furthermore, there were 20 currently asymptomatic

patients. The three most common current physical symptoms were coughing

(26.4%), shortness of breath (24.4%), and soreness or discomfort in the throat

(17.9%) (Wang, 2020).

A total of 453 Chinese medical staff participated in this study with 94.9%

female and 5.1% male participants. Of the participants, nurses were the largest

proportion (87.4%). The participants in this study were mainly individuals under

45 years old (85.4%), and 77.7% of participants lived with their family members

during the COVID-19 outbreak. The mean score of SAS was 46.1 (SD = 10.4). A

total of 185 (40.8%) participants showed anxiety symptoms. Of the participants

with anxiety, 28.6% had moderate and severe anxiety. The SAS scores showed

no significant differences regarding age, gender, marital status, employee type or

seniority. The participants living with family members had lower SAS scores

(45.1 ± 9.8 vs 49.6 ± 11.8, p < 0.001) (Wei, 2020).

A total of 72 participants (female, n=53; male, n=19; age range: 18-73 years;

mean age: 41 [SD 14] years) from 22 US states were enrolled in this study. The

top known source of how people contracted SARS-CoV-2, the virus known to

cause COVID-19, was through a family or household member (26/72, 35%). This
 20

was followed by essential workers contracting the virus through the workplace

(13/72, 18%). Participants reported up to 27 less-documented symptoms that

they experienced during their illness, such as brain or memory fog, palpitations,

ear pain or discomfort, and neurological problems. In addition, 47 of 72 (65%)

participants reported that their symptoms lasted longer than the commonly cited

2-week period even for mild cases of COVID-19. The mean recovery time of the

study participants was 4.5 weeks, and exactly one-half of participants (50%) still

experienced lingering symptoms of COVID-19 after an average of 65 days

following illness onset. Additionally, 37 (51%) participants reported that they

experienced stigma associated with contracting COVID-19 (Temiloluwa, 2020).

Current discussions in the psychiatric literature on COVID-19 report anxiety

and anxiety disorders as a predominant set of clinical presentations during the

pandemic. The impacts of direct COVID-19 infection, associated

psychopathological sequelae, and drastic lifestyle changes due to the COVID-19

pandemic in South Africa, are associated with a broad range of

psychopathologies and other neuropsychiatric presentations. Pre-existing

societal conditions and burdens on the health system in South Africa prompt

healthcare providers and public health planners to accordingly prepare for the

expected rise in new psychiatric presentations (Cetty, 2020).

The number of participants without anxiety was 41(29%), with mild anxiety

was 53(38%). Clinically significant anxiety findings were found in only 33% of the

participants. A positive correlation was found between the participants‟ BAI

scores and PSQI, PSI scores, and a negative correlation with the WHOQOL-
 21

BREF scores. PSQI and PSI scores of nurses were statistically higher when

compared to those of physicians and staff. WHOQOL-BREF scores were found

to be lower (Korkmaz, 2020).

The study collected data from 307 COVID-19 patients in Jianghan Fangcang

shelter hospital. The prevalence of anxiety, depression symptoms were 18.6%

and 13.4%, respectively. Poor Sleep quality, number of current physical

symptoms ≥ 2 were independent risk factors for anxiety symptoms (P < 0.05);

female, family member confirmed COVID-19, number of current physical

symptoms ≥ 2 were independent risk factors for depression symptoms (P < 0.05).

PSQI scores were significant positively associate with SAS scores and SDS

scores (P ༜ 0.05) (Li, 2020).

The study was conducted across 63 participating countries, gaining 1,871

valid responses. There was a higher proportion of female participants in the

Moderate to High Perceived Stress Scores (MH-PSS) group compared to the

Low Perceived Stress Score group (66.0 vs. 52.0%) and a higher proportion of

individuals whose marital status was single had MH-PSS (57.1%). Also,

individual's religion (Christian, Hindu, and Muslim), no formal education level,

being exposed to a confirmed or suspected COVID-19 patient, being forced to be

quarantined/isolated, uncomfortable feeling during quarantine period may

significantly increase the risk of MH-PSS (p < 0.05) (Ozi, 2020).

We identified a total of 21 observational studies (4 longitudinal, 1 cross-

sectional with retrospective analysis, and 16 cross-sectional), including

 22

information of 42,293 (age 6–70 years, median female = 68%) participants from

five continents. The early evidence suggests that people who performed PA on a

regular basis with higher volume and frequency and kept the PA routines stable,

showed less symptoms of depression and anxiety. For instance, those reporting

a higher total time spent in moderate to vigorous PA had 12–32% lower chances

of presenting depressive symptoms and 15–34% of presenting anxiety (Wofl,

2020).

A convenience sample of 3816 participants (2692 = female) from 94 countries

(47.4% USA) met criteria for inclusion in the analyses. Results showed that

depressed and anxious mood mediated the relationship between perceived

social isolation and change in perceived sleep quality. This mediation was

moderated by resilience; the indirect effect of perceived social isolation on

change in perceived sleep quality through depressed and anxious mood

decreased as the level of resilience increased (Salah, 2020).

The most and least frequent stress coping strategies used by patients were

problem-oriented (48.49 ± 9.99) and avoidance-oriented stress strategies (24.48

± 4.11), respectively. Family support (39.02 ± 4.20) was the major source of

support. There was a significant correlation between the score of social support

and the total score of stress, problem-oriented, and avoidance-oriented stress.

According to the regression analysis, there was a significant association between

the score of coping strategies and educational level (Farrah, 2020).

 23

Synthesis

After reading the articles, the researcher’s learn that this pandemic taught

the entire human fraternity a big lesson. The covid-19 pandemic brings different

level of fear and anxieties to the community members especially to the affected

individuals. Furthermore, covid-19 issue led into severe restrictions on the free

movements of human beings, and lockdown most of the communities. Also,

lockdown resulting in self-isolation, quarantine and social distancing is being

implemented.

Moreover, the researcher’s learn that most of the covid-19 survivors

encounter loneliness, boredom and anxieties during the short period of isolation.

The covid-19 survivors experiencing the feeling of being scared because of

death. Furthermore, the covid-19 survivors identify their needs as the way to

cope with the difficulties during isolation such as engaging to technology and

connecting to their relatives. As well, this can be another way to circumvent

themselves from experiencing a symptom of having a low mood and

worthlessness.

Significance of the Study

This study aimed to determine the Anxieties and Coping Mechanisms of

Covid-19 Survivors during Isolation.

The outcome of the study were provide significant benefits to the,

Barangay Officials, Community, Social Workers, Family, Researcher and Future

Researchers.
 24

Barangay Officials. This study provided learnings to the figureheads in

terms of acknowledging the experiences of the individuals who has been isolated

and undergo difficulties. This study would enlighten the barangay officials to be

more attentive and do regular monitoring for the needs and assurance of the

individual who has been isolate. As well, this study would encourage officials to

do their responsibility as a point person in the community to promote awareness

wherein to alleviate the problem.

Social Workers. This study practiced the potential and expertise of the

social workers in terms of addressing the needs of the individuals. This study

would encourage social workers to do some analysis wherein to help the

survivors to overcome anxiety at a short period of time. Furthermore, this study

would make them more effective to their role as a therapist and an advocate of

change.

Community Members. This study helped the community recognize the

valuable difficulty in connection to this pandemic. This study would also promote

consciousness in the community and how community circumvent form the

challenges. Furthermore, this study would provide effectiveness to alleviate

stress to the member of the community.

Family. This study where be a method to motivate the family to protect

each member to dodge from the difficulty. This study would create realization to

the family to be more conscious on their action to alleviate from the problem. This

also gave the family an idea to do practice the culture of awareness and

preparedness.
 25

Researcher. This study gave the researcher a new learnings and insights

regarding to the experiences of those individuals who has been isolated and

struggle to seek for a coping strategy towards the difficulties. This study would

change the perspective of the researcher in terms of understanding the level of

the problem of those Covid-19 survivors during the isolation time. As well, this

study would help the researcher to be more conscious to their words and actions

wherein to precipitate the anxieties and fret of the Cocid-19 survivors.

Future Researchers. This could serve as a basis for them on conducting

a study in connection with the anxieties and coping mechanism of a person. This

could also beneficial to those future researchers who wants to conduct this kind

of study. This would give learnings and definite understanding in terms of the

conditions of a person.

Scope and Delimitation

This study aimed to determine the anxieties and coping mechanisms of

Covid-19 survivors during isolation, which will serve as a basis of awareness and

preparedness to the community. The respondents of the study would be the all-

inclusive Covid-19 Survivors of Barangay Teresita Santo. Niño South Cotabato.

This study started on September 2021 and completed on March 2021.

Also, the study was delimitated to the Covid-19 survivors, who were the

respondents of the study.

Theoretical Framework

This study is anchored on the Psychoanalytic Theory of Sigmund Freud

which explains that anxiety is an unpleasant inner state that people seek to
 26

avoid. Anxiety acts as a signal to the ego that things are not going the way they

should. As a result, the ego then employs some sort of defense mechanism to

help reduce these feeling of anxiety. Moreover, in order to deal with anxiety,

Freud believed that defense mechanisms helped shield the ego from the conflicts

created by the id, ego and superego (Waqas, 2009).

 27

Conceptual Framework

INPUT

Anxieties and Coping Mechanisms of Covid-19

Survivors during Isolation

Implications

OUTPUT

OUTPUT

Figure d1. The Conceptual Framework of the Study

Conceptual Framework shows the evaluation of Anxieties and Coping

Mechanisms of Covid-19 Survivors during Isolation. The major focus is to

determine the anxieties and coping mechanism of covid-19 survivors, afterwards

create an Intervention Program for it.

 28

Definition of Terms

To enhance a deeper understanding of the study the following terms are

defined operationally:

Anxieties. In this study, this refers to the emotion of the individuals who

are more likely experiencing difficulties during isolation time. This referred to the

fears and nervousness of an individual who are anxious to meet difficulties.

Coping Mechanisms. This referred to the potential and ability of a person

to cope with struggles and challenges during the whole period of isolation. This

also referred to the overall capacity to survive of an individual in the midst of their

difficulty.

Covid-19 Survivors. This referred to the persons who are involve in

coping struggles during the isolation. This also referred to the persons who are

capable to do something just to survive in the midst of the problems.

Furthermore, this referred to the persons who make used of their potential and

available resources to overcome challenges.

Isolation. This referred to a facility wherein infected individuals should

stay along with a short period of time until they will announce as covid free. This

referred to the area wherein people should bear with anxiety, loneliness and

boredom. Furthermore, isolation referred to a center wherein health of the

individuals are highly concern and monitor.

 29

Chapter II

METHOD

This chapter discusses the methods of research used during the course of

study. It discusses the research design, research locale, research respondents,

research instrument, research procedure, and statistical treatment.

Research Design

The researcher used descriptive-survey method of research to determine

the Anxieties and Coping Mechanisms of Covid-19 Survivors during Isolation.

Descriptive survey research uses surveys to gather data about varying subjects.

This data aimed to know the extent to which different conditions can be obtained

among these subjects (Shona M, 2019).

Moreover, this study sought into the accomplishment of survivors regarding

to the level of anxieties and to the response of coping mechanism of Covid-19

survivors during isolation.

Research Locale

This study was conducted at Barangay Teresita Santo. Nino South

Cotabato. The Barangay Teresita was considered as one of the small Barangay

in the Municipality of Santo Nino South Cotabato, under the provision of Gedfree

E. Labatos (punong barangay) who are a consecutive captain for three (3) terms.

The Barangay Teresita has fourteen (14) puroks; and with a total of 2,404

population. Moreover, the researcher grabs this opportunity to choose this

location for the reason of this pandemic. Wherein, it is more favorable to her part

as she gathered data and information.

 30

Population and Sample

The respondents of this study involved thirty (30) Covid-19 Survivors in

Barangay Teresita Santo Nino South Cotabato, particularly in the fourteen (14)

puroks in the Barangay. To determine the respondents, purposive sampling

technique were used.

Research Instrument

The instrument used in this study was adopted-modified questionnaire

provided by a google forms, which is the need to collect the information. The

questionnaire were made based on researcher’s studies, readings and learnings

in connection with the needs of her study. The question was surely connected to

the objectives and main view of the study which were Anxieties and Coping

Mechanism of Covid-19 survivors during Isolation. Furthermore, the

questionnaire will undergo validation by the help of the experts.

Data Gathering Procedure

Before the actual conduct of this study, the researcher sent a letter to the

Barangay Officials and Health Care Workers at Barangay Teresita to ask

permission to conduct this study. After the figurehead (punong barangay) and the

assigned nurse approve the conduct of the study, the researcher distributes the

questionnaire to the respondents. The respondents were given ample time to

answer the questionnaire.

Furthermore, the questionnaire was collected with respect and thank to

the respondents. Moreover, the researcher tallied the scores and apply statistical
 31

treatment use by the study. The result of the survey was presented between

researcher and the experts only.

Statistical Treatment of Data

To determine the demographic profile of respondents in terms of

age, sex, civil status, educational attainment and occupation, frequency counts

and percentage were used.

To determine the anxiety level of Covid-19 survivors during isolation,

frequency counts and weighted mean were used.

To determine the coping mechanism response of Covid-19 survivors

during isolation, frequency counts and weighted were used.

Ethical Considerations

In this study, ethical considerations arise at any point of the during the

research procedure. This study involves gathering and sharing of information

about the Covid-19 survivors who experienced anxieties and what are the coping

mechanisms during the whole period of their isolation. First, it is significant to ask

permission to the barangay figurehead and to the Covid-19 survivors to

participate with this study. Before the actual conduct of this study, the researcher

offers some learnings and awareness for the concerned of this study. It is settled

that the permission was been explain clearly for the need of the study, the

feasible risk, and the anonymity. It was made clearly to the participants that they

could freely choose to discontinue participating to the study anytime without any

penalty. Moreover, it was made clear to the participants that the purpose of this

study is not to judge their situation as they known as a Covid-19 survivor. The
 32

nature of the interview questions only provides a focus for participants to share

their experience and understanding as a Covid-19 Survivor.

 33

Chapter III

RESULTS

This chapter presents findings, analysis and interpretation of the data

obtain from the responses of thirty (30) respondents of Covid-19 survivors during

isolation. Those data were analyzed carefully, presented, discussed and

interpreted according to the perimeter of this research to answer the problem

sought for this study. The various results were presented using weighted mean

and the Likert Scale.

Demographic Profile of the Respondents

The respondents in this study were purposively chosen by the researcher

from the residency of Barangay Teresita Santo Nino, South Cotabato.

Table 1.a. Profile of Respondents according to Age

Age Bracket Frequency Percentage

18 years old below 1 3.33%
19-25 years old 7 23.33%
26 - 30 years old 8 26.67%
31- 40 years old 7 23.33%
41 years old above 7 23.33%
TOTAL 30 100%

Table 1.a. shows the distribution of the respondents according to their

Age. In a clear view, ages 26-30 years old bracket has the highest frequency of

8which equates to 26.67%. This simply implies that majority of the respondents

subjected in the study were in between the ages of 26-30 years old.
 34

Table 1.b. Profile of Respondents according to Sex

Sex Frequency Percentage

Male 10 33.33%
Female 20 66.67%
TOTAL 30 100%

Table 1.b. shows the profile of the respondents according to Sex. As can

be seen in the table above, Female respondents dominated Male with frequency

of 20 which equates to 66.67%. It was noted that majority of the respondents

were Female.

Table 1.c. Profile of Respondents according to Civil Status

Civil Status Frequency Percentage

Single 9 30%
Married 18 60%
Widowed 3 10%
TOTAL 30 100%

Table 1.c. presents the profile of the respondents according to civil status.

As can be seen in the table presented above, married has the highest frequency

of 18 which equates to 60%. This only implies that majority of the respondents

were Married.

Table 1.d. Profile of Respondents according to Educational

Attainment

Educational Attainment Frequency Percentage

Elementary Level 0 0.00%
Elementary Graduate 0 0.00%
High School Level 11 36.67%
High School Graduate 6 20.00%
 35

College Level 6 20.00%

College Graduate 7 23.33%
TOTAL 30 100%

Table 1.d. presents the profile of the respondents according to educational

attainment. As can be seen in the table presented above, educational attainment

which is high school level has the highest frequency of 11 which equates to

36.67%. This only implies that majority of the respondents were High School

Level.

Table 1.e. Profile of Respondents according to Occupation

Occupation Frequency Percentage

Housekeeping 5 16.67%
Vendor 4 13.33%
Farming 11 36.67%
Driving 3 10.00%
Government Worker 6 20.00%
Others 1 03.33%
TOTAL 30 100%

Table 1.e. shows the profile of the respondents according to occupation.

As can be seen in the table presented above, occupation which is the farming

has the highest frequency of 11 which equates to 36.67%. This only implies that

majority of the respondent’s occupation were Farming.

 36

Table 2. Anxieties of Covid-19 Survivors during Isolation

ANXIETIES Mean Interpretation

A. Emotional Aspect

1. I felt nervous, restless and tense during 4. Often

isolation. 7
2. I experienced a difficulty of being out 4.57 Always
of focus and delay of making decisions.
3. I had felt a tension of losing control Often
during isolation. 4.37

4. I had felt of being irritable during 4.57 Always

isolation.
5. I experienced low mood and stress 4.53 Always
during isolation.

B. Physical Aspect
6. I experienced an increased heart rate 4.37 Often
during isolation.
7. I experienced a trouble in terms 4.43 Often
sleeping during isolation.
8. I experienced a sense of near panic 4. Often
and destruction during isolation. 2
9. I experienced a rapidly 4.37 Often
breathing (hyperventilation
during isolation.
10. I experienced a sudden feeling of light- 4. Often
headed or dizzy during isolation. 4
11. I experienced a sudden feeling 4. Often
sweating during isolation. 3
12. I experienced a sudden feeling of 4.17 Often
shaking during isolation.
13. I had felt being tired during isolation. 4.47 Often
14. I experienced self-harm including, 4.17 Often
scratching, hitting and punching myself
during isolation.
15. I started to perform certain ideas over 4.13 Often
and over again like not taking up my
medicines during isolation.

16. I experienced a sudden feeling of 4.17 Often

having a tense muscle during isolation.
17. I experienced a sudden feeling of 4.2 Often
agitated (racing false, shaky hands, and
dry mouth) during isolation.
 37
18. I experienced a sudden feeling of chest 4.2 Often
pains and tightness during isolation.
19. I consistently, grinding my teeth, 4.17 Often
especially at night during isolation.
20. I experienced frequent urination 4.23 Often

C. Psychological Aspect
21. I experienced trouble concentrating 4.27 Often
or thinking during isolation.
22. I experienced a difficulty controlling 4.37 Often
worry during isolation.
23. I experienced the need to avoid things Often
that trigger anxiety such as; false 4.33
information and panic actions during
isolation.
24. I experienced a sudden feeling like the 4.1 Often
world is speeding up or slowing down
during isolation.
25. I had a feeling of worry which losing 4.27 Often
touch with reality during isolation.
Total Weighed Mean 4.32 Often
Legend:
Mean Scale Interpretation
4.50 – 5.00 5 Always
3.50 – 4.49 4 Often
2.50 - 3.49 3 Sometimes
1.50 – 2.49 2 Seldom
1.00 – 1.49 1 Never
 38

Table 2 presents the anxieties experienced by the Covic-19 survivors

during isolation having a total weighed mean of 4.32 interpreted as Often.

The highest mean as mentioned in the table is the item number 2, “I

experienced a difficulty of being out of focus and delay of making decision”, which

has a mean of 4.57 described as Always. Another item was number 4, “I had felt
 39

of being irritable during isolation”, which has mean of 4.57 described as Always.

As well, item number 5, “I experienced low mood and stress during isolation”,

which has mean of 4.53 described as Always. Additionally, the item number 13,

“I had felt being tired during isolation”, which has a mean of 4.47 described as

Often. And lastly, item number 9, “I experienced a rapidly breathing

(hyperventilation) during isolation”, which has a mean of 4.37 described as Often.

However, the lowest mean in the table was the item number 24, “I

experienced a sudden feeling like the world is speeding up or slowing down

during isolation‟, which has a mean of 4.1 described as Often, and item number

15, “I started to perform certain ideas over and over again like not taking up my

medicines during isolation”, which has a mean of 4.13 described Often. Then the

item number 19, “ I consistently, grinding my teeth, especially at night

during isolation”, which has a mean of 4.17 described as Often, and also

the item number 14, “I experienced self-harm including, scratching, hitting and

punching myself during isolation”, which has a mean of 4.17 described as

Often. Lastly, item number 12, “I experienced a sudden feeling of shaking during

isolation‟, which has a mean of 4.17 described as Often.

This implies that most of the Covid-19 patients experienced out of focus

and delay in making decision; experienced tiredness during isolation; and

experienced stress as they isolate themselves in quarantine facilities. As well,

they experienced hard time in dealing with this problem. Therefore, the Covid-19

patients were able to adopt stress and loneliness during the isolation.

Furthermore, this means that the covid-19 patients are not struggling in
 40

handling their mental health conditions, wherein, they are not productive for the

whole duration of their isolation.

This findings was supported by the study of Eric G. (2020) noted that

female gender, living in urban areas and previous psychiatric illness history were

found as risk factors for anxiety; living in urban areas was found as risk factor for

depression. Moreover, this finding was supported by Parekh, (2017) that the

people with depression and anxiety are particularly vulnerable in times of crisis,

especially if they need to be isolated or quarantined. Common symptoms include

low mood, trouble of sleeping and feelings of guilt worthlessness.

 41

Table 3. Coping Mechanisms of Covid-19 Survivors during Isolation

COPING MECHANISMS Mean Interpretation

A. Emotional Aspect
1. I gave myself an expression of my 4.77 Always
emotions during isolation.
2. I started to use compassionate self-talk 4.5 Often
during isolation.
3. I prioritized self-care during isolation. 4.63 Always
4. I started to control my emotions and 4.57 Always
weaknesses during isolation.
5. I avoided my worries and issues during 4.53 Always
isolation.
6. I promoted confidence and self-trust 4.53 Always
during isolation.
7. I sought for strength and happiness 4.6 Often
during isolation.
8. I had a plenty of sleep during isolation. 4.53 Always
9. I practiced the attitude of being patience 4.6 Often
during isolation.
10. I started to connect with others and talk 4.73 Always
with people I trust about my concerns and
how I felt during isolation.
11. I started to cry as a way to letting go my 4.7 Often
emotions during isolation.
12. I started to perform counting numbers 4.33 Often
and saying alphabets slowly to calm
myself during isolation.
B. Physical Aspect
13. I tried to exercise regularly during 4.53 Always
isolation.
14. I tried to eat healthy and well balance 4.63 Always
meals during isolation.
15. I maintained my area clean and fresh 4.6 Often
during isolation.
16. I continued my routine preventive 4.5 Often
measures (such as taking vitamins) as
recommended by my healthcare provider
during isolation.
17. I started to make time for doing activities 4.37 Often
and time for rest during isolation.
 42

18. I maintained my personal hygiene during 4.53 Always

isolation.
19. I started to distract myself from the 4.47 Often
problems (writing poems and writing
diaries) during isolation.
20. I started to listen to music, and learn 4.63 Always
relaxation techniques during isolation.
C. Psychological Aspect
21. I started to get in touch with my spirituality 4.73 Always
such as doing prayers to stay in connect
with the higher power during isolation.
22. I started to imagine some places that I 4.6 Often
can visit after my isolation.
23. I started to block irritating voices that can 4.4 Often
distract my inner peace during isolation.
24. I started to look for a picture of people/s 4.57 Always
that I care about during isolation.
25. I promoted healthy mindset during 4.5 Often
isolation.
Total Weighed 4.56 Always
Mean

Legend:
Mean Scale Interpretation
4.50 – 5.00 5 Always
3.50 – 4.49 4 Often
2.50 - 3.49 3 Sometimes
1.50 – 2.49 2 Seldom
1.00 – 1.49 1 Never

Table 3 presents the coping mechanisms of covid-19 survivors during

isolation having a total weighed mean of 4.56 described as Always.

The highest mean as mentioned in the table is item number 1, “I gave

myself an expression of my emotions during isolation‟, which has a mean of 4.77

described as Always. Another item was number 10, “I started to connect with

others and talk with people I trust about my concerns and how I felt during

isolation‟, which has a mean of 4.73 described as Always, then item number 21,

“I started to get in touch with my spirituality such as, doing prayers to stay in

connect with the higher power during isolation”, which has a mean of 4.73
 43

described as Always. In addition, the item number 3, “I prioritize self-care during

isolation”, which has a mean of 4.63 described as Always. And lastly, item

number 14, “I tried to eat healthy and well balance meals during isolation”, which

has a mean of 4.63 described as Always.

While the lowest mean in the table was the item number 12, “I started to

perform counting numbers and saying alphabets slowly to calm myself during”,

which has a mean of 4.33 described as Often, then item number 17, “I started to

make time for doing activities and time for rest during isolation”, which has a

mean of 4.37 described as Often, and item number 23”, „I started to block

irritating voices that can distract my inner peace during isolation”, which has a

mean of 4.4 described as Often. Also, item number 25, “I promoted healthy

mindset during isolation”, which has a mean of 4.5 described as Often. Lastly,

item number 16, “I continued my routine preventive measures (such as taking

vitamins) as recommended by my healthcare provider during isolation”, which

has a mean of 4.5 described as Often.

This implies that most of the covid-19 patients connect with their family,

friends and other concerned individual as their way to cope with the situation. By

means of this, most of them need someone who can rendered support for the

betterment of their conditions. Thus, this entails, that in order to cope with this

kind of situation they need to block those unhealthy activities and prioritize self-

care. Furthermore, this signify that, in order to cope with the situation they need

to create healthy relationship to other person wherein the need to empower

healthy mindset rather than minding negative effects from the situation.
 44

This findings were supported by the study of Saltzman (2020) noted that

social support plays a key role in well-being, yet one of the major preventative

efforts for reducing the spread of COVID-19 involves social distancing. During

times of crisis, social support is emphasized as a coping mechanism. This

requires many people to change their typical ways of connectedness and

assumes that people have existing healthy relationships. Moreover, according to

Hilarki (2017) maintaining communication with family and friends is critical during

isolation, and if it is possible for the person to be in direct contact with family or

friends, then healthcare professionals should try to provide a sense of support

and communication.

Implications of the study

This study implies those based on the result of the demographic profile,

most of the covid-19 survivors has the age range from 26-30 years old, most of

them are female and married. Also, most of them are high school level and work

in the farm which served to be their occupation.

Based on the results, the implications can be drawn from the study which

are based on the highest or majority of the responses answered by the selected

respondents based on what they had experienced. The data presented implied

that most of the respondents who are the scope of the given age limit of the

study between 26 years old to 30 years old, are mostly affected by the situation

in quarantine facilities during their isolation. It implies that isolation has numerous

effects in the lives of the individual such as, experienced stress, out of focus and
 45

delay of making decisions, being irritable with the situations and conditions inside

the isolation room, experienced rapidly breathing and tiredness inside the facility.

Additionally, it further implies that being isolated makes people more

unproductive and unhealthier. This also implies that; the effects of isolation bring

so much stress to the lives of patient which tend them to be unmotivated in

addressing their needs to survive with the certain situation. Besides, it implies

that the covid-19 patient tends to worry about their day-to-day condition inside

the facilities as they deal with a serious kind of problem.

Moreover, on the contrary the covid-10 survivors look for the activities

which serve as their coping mechanisms towards the problem. It implies that

most of the covid-19 survivors started to connect with others to talk about their

concerned during their isolation. It further implies that, the covid-19 survivors

seek for a companion to the other people wherein they identify as they way to

circumvent from the situation. As well, it implies that most of the covid-19

survivors started to get in touch with their spirituality such as doing prayers to

stay in connected with the higher power as a way to empower their strength and

to empty their worry in life. In addition, it further implies that the covid-19

survivors promote healthy mindset and sustain their body a healthy meal which is

needed in blocking possible negative effects in regards with their development.

Though, covid-19 survivors agree that healthy connection and self-care can help

themselves in winning the said problem. All in all, these implications were

supported and proven by the response of the respondents.

 44

CHAPTER IV

DISCUSSIONS

This chapter indicates the formulation of the conclusion and

recommendations derived from the analysis of and interpretation of data.

Conclusions

In view of the forgoing data and information gathered, the following

conclusions were made:

1. Majority of the respondents were Female and in ages 26-30 years old; mostly

married; high school level; and most of their occupation were farming.

2. The anxieties experienced by covid-19 survivors during isolation described as

Often. This implies that most of the covid-19 patients experienced out of focus

and delay in making decisions; and experienced low moods and stress as they

isolated themselves in quarantine facilities. This further implies that they

experienced being irritable and having the hard time in dealing with the problem.

As well, this implies that the covid-19 survivors are struggling in handling their

mental health conditions for the whole duration of isolation.

3. The coping mechanisms of covid-19 survivors during isolation described as

Always. This implies that covid-19 survivors connect with their family, friends

and other concerned individual as their way to cope with the situation. This

further implies that most of them, need someone who can rendered support

for the development of their conditions inside the quarantine facilities. Lastly, this

implies that in order to cope with this kind of situation they need to block those

unhealthy activities and prioritize self-care.

 45

Recommendations

In the light of the findings and conclusions of this study, the researcher

offers the following recommendations:

For the Health Workers

1. The health workers are encouraged to check also the mental status of the

Covid-19 patients by asking them questions through MSE.

2. The health workers are recommended to give the Covid-19 patients a stress

debriefing after the quarantine.

For the Social Workers

1. It is recommended to conduct an anti-discrimination awareness seminar for

the Covid-19 patients.

2. They need to conduct counseling for Covid-19 patients who experienced

stress or loneliness during the isolation to circumvent them from serious

mental health problem.

3. The social workers need to educate them about mental health and effects of

bullying in their mental health.

For the Community Members

1. The community members recommended to observe proper ways of behaving

wherein they should not judge about the situation of the covid-19 patients.

2. The community members encouraged to create a healthy connection with

each other to promote positive ambiance within the community.

 46

For the Barangay Officials

1. They are encouraged to support the possible programs and activities to be

conducted related to stress experienced by the covid-19 patients during

isolation in raising awareness about the effects of it in their living.

2. They need to encouraged the community members to participate for the

possible programs and activities related to the given awareness in raising the

effects of stress to their mental health.

3. The barangay officials are recommended to conduct seminars and training for BHW

and other concerned individuals that will improve the services and awareness of the

social, psychological, physical or such of the said patients.

 47

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hcrqzZWNGsaE5rbPoSXcpHsvWg

Andrea Fiorillo, et, al, 2020. Effects of the lockdown on the mental health of the
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Q_H5KOOwjNbD1DBM4PPRE

Andrew Perry, 2020. Stress and Coping in the Time of Covid-19: Pathways to
ResilienceandRecovery.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC86
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M5EYZxJMtyXQxyKbw

Dominique N.Legros, 2020. COVID-19 and traumatic stress: The role of

perceived vulnerability, COVID-19-related worries, and social isolation.
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Marco Solmi, et,at, 2020. Prevalence and Psychosocial Correlates of Mental

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Panrapee Suttiwan, 2020. On the Nature of Fear and Anxiety Triggered by

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wAR1LEQFZ2Fyr5hoiDG2iMatV91QAkYs9WAggxKGAj8CqhfDM1WVEn4
MWgAI
 49

APPENDIX A

Letter to Conduct
 50

APPENDIX B

Letter for Validators

 51

APPENDIX C

Validation Letter
 52

APPENDIX D

Validators Rating sheet

 53

APPENDIX E

Summary of Validators Rating

RATING OF THE RESEARCHER INSTRUMENT

Name of Expert Validator Average Rating Description

Aynodin S. Marohom, RSW 4.49 Excellent

Jemimah Faith T. Perono, RSW 4 Very Good

Mark Gil Labrador, MST 4.57 Excellent

Legend:

4.50 – 5.00 – Excellent

3.50 – 4.49 – Very Good

2.50 – 3.49 – Good

1.50 – 2.49 – Fair

1.00 – 1.49 – Poor
 54

APPENDIX F

Survey Questionnaire

RAMON MAGSAYSAY MEMORIAL COLLEGES-MARBEL,INC.

Purok Waling-Waling, Arellano Street, Koronadal City,
South Cotabato
COLLEGE OF SOCIAL WORK

Direction: Please take about 30 minutes to complete this survey about the
anxieties and coping mechanisms of cvid-19 survivors during isolation. Your
individual responses will be kept confidential. Kindly indicate your level of
agreement with each item below. Put a check (√) on the box that corresponds
your answer according to the following scale.
DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE

a. Age

18 years old
26-30 years 41 years old above
below
old

19-25 years old 31-40 years old

b. Sex

Male Female

c. Civil Status

Single
Married Widowed

d. Educational Attainment

Elementary Level College Level

Elementary Graduate College Graduate

High School Level High

School Graduate

e. Occupation

Housekeeper
Farming Government Worker

Vendor
Driving Others:
 55

RAMON MAGSAYSAY MEMORIAL COLLEGES-MARBEL, INC.

Purok Waling-Waling, Arellano Street, Koronadal City, South Cotabato
Tel. No.: (083) 228-2880
COLLEGE OF SOCIAL WORK

Name (Optional):
Sex: Male Female Civil Status: Single Married Widowed

Direction: Please take about 30 minutes to complete this survey about the
anxieties and coping mechanisms of cvid-19 survivors during isolation. Your
individual responses will be kept confidential. Kindly indicate your level of
agreement with each item below. Put a check (√) on the box that corresponds
your answer according to the following scale.

5 Always 4 Often 3 Sometimes 2 Seldom 1 Never

If being If being If being If being If being not
observe and observe and observe and observe and observe and
practice all practice practice practice in practice at
the times. majority of the several times few instances. all.
times. but not
majority of
times.

PART I. Anxieties

ITEMS
A. Emotional Aspect 5 4 3 2 1
1. I felt nervous, restless and tense during isolation.
2. I experienced a difficulty of being out of focus and
delay of making decisions.
3. I had felt a tension of losing control during isolation.
4. I had felt of being irritable during isolation.
5. I experienced low mood and stress during isolation.
B. Physical Aspect
6. I experienced an increased heart rate during
isolation.
7. I experienced a trouble in terms of sleeping during
isolation.
 56

8. I experienced a sense of near panic and destruction

during isolation.
9. I experienced a rapidly breathing (hyperventilation)
during isolation.
10. I experienced a sudden feeling of light-headed or
dizzy during isolation.
11. I experienced a sudden feeling of sweating during
isolation.
12. I experienced a sudden feeling of shaking during
isolation.
13. I had felt being tired during isolation.
14. I experienced self-harm including, scratching,
hitting and punching myself during isolation.
15. I started to perform certain ideas over and over
again like not taking up my medicines during isolation.
16. I experienced a sudden feeling of having a tense
muscle during isolation.
17. I experienced a sudden feeling of agitated (racing
false, shaky hands and dry mouth) during isolation.
18.I experienced a sudden feeling of chest pains and
tightness during isolation.
19. I consistently, grinding my teeth, especially at
night during isolation.
20. I experienced frequent urination or diarrhea during
isolation.
C. Psychological Aspect
21. I experienced trouble concentrating or thinking
during isolation.
22. I experienced a difficulty controlling worry during
isolation.
23. I experienced the need to avoid things that trigger
anxiety such as; false information, and panic actions
during isolation.
24. I experienced a sudden feeling like the world is
speeding up or slowing down during isolation.
25. I had a feeling of worry which losing touch with
reality during isolation.
 57

RAMON MAGSAYSAY MEMORIAL COLLEGES-MARBEL, INC.

Purok Waling-Waling, Arellano Street, Koronadal City, South Cotabato
Tel. No.: (083) 228-2880

SOCIAL WORK PROGRAM

Name (Optional):
Sex: Male Female Civil Status: Single Married

Direction: Please take about 30 minutes to complete this survey about the
anxieties and coping mechanisms of covid-19 survivors during isolation. Your
individual responses will be kept confidential. Kindly indicate your level of
agreement with each item below. Put a check (√) on the box that corresponds
your answer according to the following scale.

5 Always 4 Often 3 Sometimes 2 Seldom 1 Never

If being If being If being If being If being not
observe and observe and observe and observe and observe and
practice all practice practice practice in practice at
the times. majority of the several times few all.
times. but not instances.
majority of
times.

PART II. Coping Mechanism

ITEMS
A. Emotional Aspect 5 4 3 2 1
1. I gave myself an expression of my emotions during
isolation.
2. I started to use compassionate self-talk during isolation.
3. I prioritized self-care during isolation.
4. I started to control my emotions and weaknesses during
isolation.
5. I avoided my worries and issues during isolation.
6. I promoted confidence and self-trust during isolation.
7. I sought for strength and happiness during isolation.
8. I had a plenty of sleep during isolation.
9. I practiced the attitude of being patience during
isolation.
10. I started to connect with others and talk with people I
trust about my concerns and how I felt during isolation.
11. I started to cry as a way to letting go my emotions
during isolation.
 58
12. I started to perform counting numbers and saying
alphabets slowly to calm myself during isolation.
B. Physical Aspect
13. I tried to exercise regularly during isolation.
14. I tried to eat healthy and well balance meals during
isolation.
15. I maintained my area clean and fresh during isolation.
16. I continued my routine preventive measures (such as
taking vitamins) as recommended by my healthcare
provider during isolation.
17. I started to make time for doing activities and time for
rest during isolation.
18. I maintained my personal hygiene during isolation.
19. I started to distract myself from the problems (writing
poems and writing diaries) during isolation.
20. I started to listen to music, and learn relaxation
techniques during isolation.
C. Psychological Aspect
21. I started to get in touch with my spirituality such as,
doing prayers to stay in connect with the higher power
during isolation.
22. I started to imagine some places that I can visit after
my isolation.
23. I started to block irritating voices that can distract my
inner peace during isolation.
24. I started to look for a picture of people\s that I care
about during isolation.
25. I promoted healthy mindset during isolation.
 59
APPENDIX G

List of Validators

Name Qualifications

AYNUDIN S. MAROHOM College Instructor

Registered Social

Worker

DSWD- Program Development Officer II

Mindanao State University-Marawi

JEMIMAH FAITH T. PERONO Social Work Program Coordinator

Registered Social Worker

Ramon Magsaysay Memorial Colleges-

General Santos City

Mark Gil Labrador Teacher III in Maltana Nhs

Master in Science Teaching

Mindanao State University-

GSC
 60

APPENDIX H

Certificate of Statistician

RAMON MAGSAYSAY MEMORIAL COLLEGES-MARBEL, INC.

Purok Waling-Waling, Arellano Street, Koronadal City, South Cotabato
Tel. No.: (083) 228-2880

SOCIAL WORK

PROGRAM

CERTIFICATE OF STATISTICIAN

This is to certify that the undersigned research entitled “ANXIETIES AND

COPING MECHANISMS OF COVID-19 SURVIVORS DURING ISOLATION” by

KIMBERLY T. BUENAVISTA had been statistically reviewed.

Signed this 6th day of September in the year 2021 at Ramon Magsaysay

Memorial Colleges Marbel Incorporated, Purok Waling-Waling Arellano Street,

Koronadal City, South Cotabato.

Signed by:

Statistician
 61

APPENDIX I

Certificate of Grammarian

RAMON MAGSAYSAY MEMORIAL COLLEGES-MARBEL, INC.

Purok Waling-Waling, Arellano Street, Koronadal City, South Cotabato
Tel. No.: (083) 228-2880

SOCIAL WORK

PROGRAM

CERTIFICATE OF GRAMMARIAN

This is to certify that the undersigned research entitled “ANXIETIES AND

COPING MECHANISMS OF COVID-19 SURVIVORS DURING ISOLATION” by

KIMBERLY T. BUENAVISTA aligned with the set of structural rules that govern

the composition of sentences, phrases and words in the English language.

Signed this 6th day of September in the year 2021 at Ramon Magsaysay

Memorial Colleges Marbel Incorporated, Purok Waling-Waling Arellano Street,

Koronadal City, South Cotabato.

Signed by:

Grammarian
 62

APPENDIX J

Certificate of Appearance
 63

CURRICULUM VITAE

Personal Information

Name : Kimberly T. Buenavista

Age : 21 years of age

Birthday : June 17, 2000

Birth Place : Teresita, Sto Nino South Cotabato

Address :Purok Pag-Asa, Barangay Teresita, Sto.Nino

South Cotabato

Sex : Female

Civil Status : Single

Citizenship : Filipino

Religion : Catholic

Ethnicity : Ilonggo

Contact Number : (0967) 940 5850

Email Address : [email protected]

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Tertiary : Ramon Magsaysay Memorial Colleges-

Marbel IncorporatedBrgy. Zone II, Koronadal

City, South Cotabato

Degree Course: Bachelor of Science in Social

Work Secondary: Sto. Nino National High School Sto.Nino

South Cotabato Elementary : Teresita

Elementary School Teresita Sto.Nino South Cotabato

 64

TRAININGS/ SEMINAR/ WORKSHOPS ATTENDED

Seminar on Disaster Risk Reduction Management Preparedness, August 3,

2019, Ramon Magsaysay Memorial Colleges-Marbel Inc., Koronadal City, South
Cotabato.

Seminar-Workshop for Journalism, September 14, 2019, Ramon Magsaysay

Memorial Colleges-Marbel Incorporated, Koronadal City, South Cotabato.

Suicide Awareness, September 19, 2019, Ramon Magsaysay Memorial

Colleges- Marbel Inc., Koronadal City, South Cotabato.

Mental Health Awareness Webinar, November 4, 2020, Ramon Magsaysay

Memorial Colleges- Marbel Inc., Koronadal City, South Cotabato.

Webinar on “Ethics towards Netiquettes: A guide Professionalism on

Notion of Emotion”, May 20, 2021, Ramon Magsaysay Memorial Colleges-
Marbel Inc., Koronadal City, South Cotabato.