Cloud Computing

Cloud Computing
• “Cloud computing is a utility-oriented and
Internet-centric way of delivering IT services
on demand.

These services cover the entire computing

stack: from the hardware infrastructure
packaged as a set of virtual machines to
software services such as development
platforms and distributed applications.”
 Cloud Reference Model
• Stack of Layers from Hardware appliances to software systems.
 Cloud Reference Model (IaaS)
• At the bottom level is Cloud
Infrastructure.

• Cloud infrastructure can be

heterogeneous in nature because
a variety of resources, such as
clusters and even networked PCs,
can be used to build it.

• Database systems and other

storage services can also be part
of the infrastructure.
 Cloud Reference Model (IaaS)
• At the bottom of the stack,
virtualization technologies are
used to guarantee runtime
environment customization.

• By using virtual machine

technology it is possible to finely
partition the hardware resources
such as CPU and memory and to
virtualize specific devices, thus
meeting the requirements of
users and applications.
 Cloud Reference Model (IaaS)
• The combination of cloud
hosting platforms and
resources is generally classified
as a Infrastructure-as-a-
Service (IaaS) solution.

• IaaS solutions
– are suitable for designing
the system infrastructure.
– but provide limited services
to build applications.
 Cloud Reference Model (IaaS)

• The physical infrastructure

is managed by the core
middleware.

• Middleware provides an
appropriate environment
for applications and to
best utilize resources.
 Cloud Reference Model
• Core Middle ware
– Responsible for
management of resources,
scaling applications on
demand or automatically.

– Virtualization Technology is
deployed in the core
middleware to create the
distributed infrastructure.
 Cloud Reference Model
• Core Middle ware
– Cloud Hosting Platform
supports main functions of
infrastructure management
such as usage metering,
billing, and accounting.

– Can be considered as an
interface that allow
programming and
deploying applications on
cloud.
 Cloud Reference Model (PaaS)
• The services to deploy applications is
provided by cloud programming
environments and tools, which form
a new layer for offering users a
development platform for
applications.

• Users develop applications

specifically for the cloud by using the
API exposed at the user-level
middleware. And this is know as
Platform-as-a-service (PaaS).

• The services offered to the user is a

development platform rather than an
infrastructure.
 Cloud Reference Model (PaaS)
• Core Functionality:
– Application Management

– Don’t require user to worry about

underlying infrastructure.

– On a whole, developer design

systems in terms of application or
services, as no concern is there
with hardware, OS and other low
level services.
 Cloud Reference Model (PaaS)
Major Summary Points
• Runtime Framework
Executing end-user code according to policies set
by user and the provider

• Abstraction
• PaaS is Concerned with higher level of abstraction
• For instance, IaaS is concerned on providing access
to raw infrastructure, whereas PaaS is on providing
the development environment.

• Automation
• Automatically Scaling resources
• May depend on agreement.
 Cloud Reference Model (PaaS)
Major Concern: Dependency
• PaaS provides a platform for
developing applications

• Exposes users’ with well defined set

of APIs, - Binds applications to
specific runtime environment.

• Poses a risk of making these

applications completely dependent
on the service provider.
 Cloud Reference Model (SaaS)
• The top layer of the reference
model contains services delivered
at the application level.

• Web based Services or Web

Interface.

• The resource powers of the cloud

provided by IaaS and PaaS
solutions allows independent
software vendors to deliver their
application services over the
Internet.
 Cloud Reference Model (SaaS)
• Making applications accessible to
the end users through a web
browser.

• Users simply access the

applications website, enters billing
& credentials details and can
instantly use the applications.

• Social Networking Websites,

Google Docs and Zoho Office.
 Cloud Reference Model (EaaS)

• EaaS: Everything as a Service.

• Combining Cloud services from

different providers to provide a
completely integrated solution
covering all the computing stack of
a system.
Cloud Computing Architecture
Summary: Cloud Computing Architecture
Clients Software- Platform-as- Infrastructure
as-a-Service a-Service -as-a-Service

• Interface • Multitenant • Platform for • Entire

between Cloud Platform application Computing
and End User Deployment. resources as a
• Applications service.
• Output results or software • Java Run
Presentation Deployed on Time/Databas
cloud e tool etc. • Eg. Amazon
• Input formatting platforms EC2.
requirements • Microsoft
• Google Docs, Azure/Google
• Example: Web Social App Engine.
Interface Networking
applications
(Twitter) etc.
 Types of Clouds
• Public Cloud

• Private Cloud

• Hybrid Cloud
 Public Cloud
• Public cloud were the first class of cloud that
were implemented and offered to the wider
public.

• Services offered are made available to

anyone, from anywhere, and at any time
through the Internet.

• Very beneficial for small companies and

Startups (No upfront investment).
 Public Cloud
• Fundamental characteristic of public clouds is
multitenancy.
• QoS management is an another important
aspect of public clouds.
– A significant portion of the software
infrastructure is devoted to monitoring the cloud
resources, to bill them according to the contract
made with the user, and to keep a complete
history of cloud usage for each customer.
• Amazon EC2 (IaaS), Google App Engine (PaaS)
etc.
 Public Cloud
• Can be composed of geographically dispersed
datacenters to share the load of users and better
serve them according to their locations.

• Example
– Amazon Web Services has datacenters installed in the
United States, Europe, Singapore, and Australia;
– allows their customers to choose between three different
regions: us-west-1, us-east-1, or eu-west-1.
– regions can be priced differently.
 Public Cloud
• Important Concerns
– Sensitive Data
– Loss of Control ( example control of the infrastructure
different data accessibility/ regulation rules based on
location)
– Security Issues
• Not suitable for government and military services.
• Abuse of cloud services: Public cloud are easy access
to hackers and authorized users both to store data on
it. Hackers can easily access others’ data on it.
• Denial of service attack: These attacks make the cloud
services unavailable to legitimate users.
 Private Cloud

“Private cloud is implemented within the private

premises of an institution and generally made
accessible to the members of the institution or a
subset of them”.

Pay as use model proportionally billing the different

departments or sections of an enterprise.
 Benefits: Private Cloud
• On-premise: Advantage of keeping the core business
operations in-house by relying on the existing IT
infrastructure.

• Avoids Underutilization: Existing IT resources can be

better utilized because the private cloud can provide
services to a different range of users.

• Lower Pricing: Private clouds is the possibility of testing

applications and systems at a comparatively lower rather
than public clouds.

• Customer information protection.

 Disadvantages: Private Cloud
• Expensive as high upfront investment.

• Scalability Issue as limited level of hardware up

gradation can be done.

• Limited access (outside the organization).

• Difficult to Set up Private Cloud (Experienced Staff).

• Monitoring and management cost.

 Summary
• Public clouds
– are large software and hardware infrastructures that have a
capability that is huge enough to serve the needs of
multiple users, but they suffer from security threats and
administrative pitfalls.

• Private clouds
– are the perfect solution when it is necessary to keep the
processing of information within an enterprise’s premises
or it is necessary to use the existing hardware and software
infrastructure.
– inability to scale on demand and to efficiently address
peak loads.
 Hybrid/Heterogeneous Cloud
“Hybrid cloud is a combination of the Public and
Private clouds and most likely identifies a private
cloud that has been augmented with resources or
services hosted in a public cloud”.
 Benefits: Hybrid Cloud
• Allows enterprises
– to exploit existing IT infrastructures, maintain sensitive
information within the premises,
– naturally grow and shrink by provisioning external
resources and releasing them when they are no longer
needed.”.
– Limited Security Concerns (only with public part).
– Scalability Flexible workload Distribution (ex. Big Day
Sale)
– Increased reliability

• Important Concern: Compatibility Issues

 Things to Explore

• Community cloud ??
 Things to Explore
“Community cloud is created by integrating the services of
different clouds to address the specific needs of an
industry, a community, or a business sector”.

NIST Definition
“The infrastructure is shared by several organizations
and supports a specific community that has shared
concerns (e.g., mission, security requirements, policy,
and compliance considerations)”.
It may be managed by the organizations or a third
party and may exist on premise or off premise
NIST “National Institute of Standards and Technologies”
 Things to Explore
• Different organizations such as government bodies,
private enterprises, research organizations, and even
public virtual infrastructure providers contribute with
their resources to build the cloud infrastructure.

Example Scenarios
• Healthcare industry sharing information without
revealing the sensitive information.
• Public sector sharing strategic solutions at local,
national, and international administrative levels.
• Scientific Research