Mathematics Grade 7

Geometry (Part 3)


Quadrilaterals

Quadrilateral family:




Quadrilateral


Trapezium







Kite
Parallelogram






Rhombus
Rectangle
Square





Using your knowledge of the properties of quadrilaterals, try to answer

the following questions, with reasons:
1. Are all parallelograms trapeziums and vice versa (the other way
around)?
2. Is a square a rectangle and vice versa (the other way around)?
3. Is a rectangle a parallelogram and vice versa (the other way
around)?

Look at the back of the memo for the answers!

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Mathematics Grade 7

Properties of quadrilaterals
Quadrilateral
• Four closed sides
• Interior angles add up to 360°



Trapezium
• Only one pair of opposite sides parallel
• No lines of symmetry



Parallelogram
• Both pairs of opposite sides parallel
• Both pairs of opposite sides equal in
length
• Both pairs of opposite interior angles
equal in size
• No lines of symmetry
Rectangle
• Both pairs of opposite sides parallel
• Both pairs of opposite sides equal in
length
• All interior angles equal to 90°
• Two lines of symmetry

Sqaure
• Both pairs of opposite sides parallel
• All side equal to each other
• All interior angles equal to 90°
• Four lines of symmetry
Rhombus
• Both pairs of opposite sides parallel
• All sides equal in length
• Both pairs of opposite interior angles
equal in size
• Two lines of symmetry

Kite
• Two pairs of adjacent sides equal in length
• One pair of opposite angles equal to each
other where the short side meets the
longer side
• One line of symmetry

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Mathematics Grade 7

Properties of the diagonals of quadrilaterals
Trapezium
• No special properties

Bisect means to
divide into two
equal sections

Parallelogram
• The diagonals bisect each other
• The diagonals are not equal in length




Rectangle
• The diagonals bisect each other and is
equal in length




Square
45° 45°
• The diagonals bisect each other
45° 45° perpendicularly and is equal in length
• The diagonals bisect the interior corner
45°
angles
45°
45° 45°

Rhombus
𝑥
𝑦 • The diagonals bisect each other
𝑦
𝑥 perpendicularly
• The diagonals bisect the interior opposite
𝑥
corner angles
𝑦
𝑦 𝑥

Kite
• The long diagonal bisect the short diagonal
𝑥 𝑥 perpendicularly
• The diagonals bisect the interior opposite
corner angles only where the adjacent
sides meet
𝑦 𝑦

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Mathematics Grade 7

Look out for the following when working with a…

…trapezium, parallelogram, rectangle, square They all have parallel sides which means you
or rhombus… can use your FUN angles from Part 1.


...kite or square… These shapes have a bunch of isosceles
triangles in them. We learned in Part 2 that the
base angles of an isosceles triangle are equal
to each other.


Let’s see in the example below how we will use the properties of quadrilaterals to help us solve
geometrical problems. Remember to use everything that you’ve learn in Part 1 and Part 2
about lines, angles and triangles!

Example 1:

Determine, with reasons, the values of the unknown angles in the following:

Statement Reason
𝑥 + 69° + 88° = 180° Co-interior ∠’s ; AB//EC
A B
𝑥 𝑥 = 180° − 157°
69° 𝑥 = 23°
𝑦 = 23° Alternate ∠’s ; AB//EC
𝑧 = 88° Corresponding ∠’s ;
𝑧 𝑦 88° AB//EC
E C
D

Exercise 1: (None of the diagrams are drawn to scale)

Determine, with reasons, the values of the unknown angles in the following:

Statement Reason


66°

𝑥

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Mathematics Grade 7

ABCD is a rectangle.

A B

𝑦
𝑥

105° 55°
𝑧

C D


E F
30°

𝑦 𝑥
67° 52°
H G

I J
𝑥 + 20°


𝑥
L
K

M N
114°
46°

𝑥
𝑥
O




45° 𝑦
60° 𝑥 𝑧

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Mathematics Grade 7

Congruency and Similarity of Quadrilaterals

Two quadrilaterals are congruent when all
corresponding sides and all corresponding B
angles of the two quadrilaterals are equal.
𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝐴 ≡ 𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝐵 A


Two quadrilaterals are similar when the A
corresponding angles of two quadrilaterals are
equal, but the corresponding sides of the two B
quadrilaterals are not equal. The sides lengths
of similar quadrilaterals will correspond in
ratio.
𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝐴 |||𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝐵

Exercise 2: Refer to the image below and answer the questions which follow:
Images are not drawn to scale.



A












B C D
2.1 Identify the shape that is similar to Shape A. Give a reason for your answer.


2.2 Identify the shape that is congruent to Shape A. Give a reason for your answer.

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Mathematics Grade 7

Exercise 3: Answer the following questions on congruence and similarity:
3.1 𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 ≡ 𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑄𝑅𝑆
Calculate the following:
114°

IJ 114°
102°
102°
KL

∠𝑄𝑃𝑆 85°



3.2 𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 ||| 𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐸𝐹𝐺𝐻





Calculate the length of FG

















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Mathematics Grade 7

MEMO

Statement Reason
𝑥 + 66° + 90° + 90° = Internal ∠’s of a quad
360°
66°
𝑥 + 246° = 360°
𝑥 𝑥 = 360° − 246°
𝑥 = 114°

ABCD is a rectangle. 𝑥 = 105° Vertically opposite ∠’s

A
B

𝑦
𝑥 𝑦 = 55° Alternate ∠’s ; AC // BD
𝑧 = 90° − 55° Internal ∠’s of a rectangle
105° 55° 𝑧 = 35° = 90°
𝑧

C D


E F 𝐻𝐹𝐺 = 67° Alternate ∠’s ; EH // FG
30° 𝑥 + 52° + 67° = 180° Internal ∠’s of a ∆
𝑥 + 119° = 180°
𝑦 𝑥 𝑥 = 61°
67° 52° 𝑦 = 61° Vertically opp ∠′𝑠
H G

I J 𝑥 + 20° + 𝑥 = 180° Co-interior ∠’s ; IJ // LK
𝑥 + 20° 2𝑥 + 20° = 180°
2𝑥 = 160°
𝑥 = 80°

𝑥
L K

M N 𝑥 + 𝑥 = 114° Opp ∠’s of parm =
114° 2𝑥 = 114°
46° VVW°
𝑥=
X
𝑥 = 57°
𝑥
P 𝑥
O

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Mathematics Grade 7

𝑥 = 90° Diagonals of a kite bisect

⊥
𝑦 = 45° Isosceles ∆
45° 𝑦 𝑧 = 60° Isosceles ∆
60° 𝑥 𝑧

Reasons for angle calculations may vary as there may be other methods to calculate the angle sizes.
Exercise 2: Refer to the image below and answer the questions which follow:
Images are not drawn to scale.

2.1 Identify the shape that is similar to Shape A. Give a reason for your answer.
𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝐴 | 𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝐶, because all the corresponding angles are equal in shape A
and C and the corresponding sides are not equal, but the corresponding sides are in the same ratio.
2.2 Identify the shape that is congruent to Shape A. Give a reason for your answer.
𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝐴 ≡ 𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝐷, because all corresponding angles and sides in both shapes
are equal.
Exercise 3: Answer the following questions on congruence and similarity:
3.1 𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 ≡ 𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑄𝑅𝑆
Calculate the following:
= 6𝑐𝑚
IJ


= 3𝑐𝑚
KL
∠𝑄𝑃𝑆= 360° − (102° + 114° + 85°)
∠𝑄𝑃𝑆= 360° − 301°

∠𝑄𝑃𝑆= 59°
3.2 𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 ||| 𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐸𝐹𝐺𝐻
Calculate the length of FG.
Ratio of AB : HG = 6 : 4 or 3 : 2
Therefore ratio of BC : FG will also be 3 : 2
If BC = 3cm then FG will be 2 cm in length
Using your knowledge of the properties of quadrilaterals, try to answer the following questions, with
reasons:
1. A parallelogram is a trapezium, but a trapezium is not a parallelogram. A parallelogram has
at least one pair of parallel sides (the properties of a trapezium).
2. A square is a rectangle, but a rectangle is not a square. A square has two pairs of equal,
parallel sides and four right angles (the properties of a rectangle).

3. A rectangle is a parallelogram, but a parallelogram is not a rectangle. A rectangle has two
pairs of equal, parallel sides and equal diagonally opposite angles (the properties of a
parallelogram.)