AMANDO COPE COLLEGE

A.A. Berces St., Baranghawon, Tabaco City

Albay Philippines 4511
Tel. No. (052) 487 – 4455
E-mail: [email protected]

I ntroduction to the Philosophy

of the Human Person
Prepared by:

CRISTY JOY B. LINAJA

SUBJECT TEACHER
 Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person

Name:_______________________________________________Date:______________
Strand&Section:________________________________________Score:____________

Let’s Answer This!

PRE-TEST
Directions: Circle the letter of the correct answer.

1. The people who engages in philosophy are called________.

a. Love
b. wisdom
c. Philosophy
d. Philosopher
2. How important is Pythagoras to philosophy?
a. He coined the word philosophy first
b. He founded logic
c. He wrote the book Politics
d. He was the first philosopher
3. Tony is interested in the nature of reality and existence. Which branch of philosophy
should he be reading about?
a. Aesthetics
b. Epistemology
c. Metaphysics
d. Ethics
4. The word Philos is a Greek word means_________.
a. Love
b. Wisdom
c. Philosopher
d. Philosophy
5. A student of Socrates, he wrote down his mentor’s teaching and incorporated some of
his own ideas into them included his Theory of Forms________.
a. Plato
b. Aristotle
c. Socrates
d. Democritus
6. It refers to a perspective that considers large-scale patterns in systems______.
a. Doubt
b. Academy
c. Holistic Thinking
d. Partial Thinking
7. It focuses on specific aspects of a situation, as an individual he/she focuses on certain
areas or aspects of a problem in order to understand it.
a. Doubt
b. Academy
c. Holistic Thinking
d. Partial Thinking
8. It is the process by which specific statements are analyzed to reach a
conclusion or generalization.
a. Academy
b. Deductive reasoning
c. Holistic
d. Partial

9. It requires a person to be willing to examine one’s thoughts, feelings, and action and
to learn more about one’s life and experiences.
a. Reflection
b. Observation
c. Knowledge
d. Doubts

10. The Greek term for philosophy, philosophia, means ___.

a. Holistic Thinking
b. Partial Thinking
c. Love of wisdom
d. Knowledge

11. Sophia is a Greek word for ___________.

a. Love
b. Wisdom
c. Philosopher
d. Philosophy

12. He was considered the foremost philosophers of ancient times. He was credited with
formulating the Socratic method___________.
a. Plato
b. Aristotle
c. Socrates
d. Democritus

13. Ethics is a branch of philosophy which deals with correct judgment. Which scenario
depicts this?
a. The President corrupted 1 million pesos
b. A boy returned lost wallet
c. Amanda lied to her parents
d. John did not study for his exam

14. The line “beauty is skin deep” belongs to which branch of philosophy?
a. Aesthetics
b. Logic
c. Epistemology
d. Metaphysics

15. What is the message of Socrates’ line “the unexamined life is not worth living?”
a. We should analyze our actions
b. Love leads the way
c. God created the universe
d. Truth will prevail
MY PROFILE

About
About

Age:
Age:
Nickname:
Nickname:
Birthday:
Birthday:
Address:
Address:
Religion:
Former School:
Former School:
Religion:
Social
SocialMedia
MediaAccount:
Account:

Family
fA Status- What’s on your mind?

Friends
Ultimate Goal in Life

Likes/Favorites
Food Music
What is your Philosophy in Life? Why?

Subject Place
 KNOW THYSELF
Exercise No. 1:
Directions: Look at each and rate from a scale of 1 (being little or an are for most
improvement) to 10 (being extremly self-aware and confident in this aspect of your life)
by shading the box on each item.

When we are actively aware of how we see ourselves and how we show up in
the world, our view of our own being evolves and grows.
This exercise will help you to zoom in and focus on the areas that are most
important for a holistic approach at becoming self-aware. With each area, try to be
completely honest with yourself, after all, this is about the journey and the process of
becoming more self-aware.

RATE YOUR THINKING!

Belief within yourself

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Decision Making
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Ability to adapt to new environment

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Ability to socialize
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Ability to manage your time

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Ability to stick to goals

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Ability to be positive
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Desire to learn and grow

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Ability to accept changes in life

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Self-reflection
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
 Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person

Content Standards:
1. The learner understands the meaning and process of doing philosophy.
2. The learner demonstrates various ways of doing philosophy.
3. The learner understands the human person as an embodied spirit.
4. The learner understands the interplay between humans and their
environments.

Performance Standards:
1. The learner reflects on a concrete experience in a philosophical way.
2. The learner evaluates opinions.
3. The learner distinguishes his/her own limitations and the possibilities for his/her
transcendence.
4. The learner is able to demonstrate the virtues of prudence and frugality towards
his/her environment.

Most Essential Learning Competencies:

1.1 Distinguish a holistic perspective from a partial point of view

PPT11/12-Ia-1.1
1.2 Realize the value of doing philosophy in obtaining a broad perspective on life
PPT11/12-Ib-1.3
1.3 Do a philosophical reflection on a concrete situation from a holistic perspective
PPT11/12-Ic-1.4
2.1 Distinguish opinion from truth
PPT11/12-Ic-2.1
2.2 Realize that the methods of philosophy lead to wisdom and truth
PPT11/12-Id-2.3
2.3 Evaluate truth from opinions in different situations using the methods of philosophizing
PPT11/12-Ie-2.4
3.1 Recognize how the human body imposes limits and possibilities for transcendence
PPT11/12-Ih-3.3
3.2 Evaluate own limitations and the possibilities for their transcendence
PPT11/12-Ig-3.2
4.1 Notice things that are not in their proper place and organize them in an aesthetic way
PPT11/12-Ii-4.2

Overview:

The lessons in this module are designed to understand the meaning and process
of doing philosophy of the human person as an embodied being in the world and the
environment as a means towards a holistic understanding of life. It features essential
information and activities that will help students reflect on a concrete experience in a
philosophical way and demonstrates various ways of doing philosophy and evaluate
opinion.
 Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person

General Instructions
Now that you are holding this module, do the following:
1. Read and follow instructions carefully in each lesson.
2. Take note and record points for clarification.
3. Do the activities to fully understand each lesson.
4. Answer all the given tests and exercises.
Content Standard:
The learner understands the meaning and process of doing philosophy
Performance Standard:
The learner reflects on a concrete experience in a philosophical way
Most Essential Learning Competency:
Distinguish a holistic perspective from a partial point of view
(Nakikilala ang pagkakaiba ng pangkabuuang pananaw mula sa pananaw ng
mga bahagi lamang) PPT11/12-Ia-1.1

LET’S WARM UP!

Directions: Read and analyze the following statements carefully. Try to
identify whether it is Holistic or Partial perspective. Write the number of the statement on
the blank space provided.
1. Aling Cynthia scolds Bong after Grace accused him of stealing her wallet. Aling Cynthia
only listened to the story of Grace and took Bong away, scolding him for his bad
behavior.
2. After hearing all the platforms of the running candidates, students voted Ken to be their
class president.
3. Mocca accepts arguments without finding supporting information.
4. The manager of the company approves the proposal after studying the pros and
cons of the proposed project.
5. Lara broke up with his boyfriend after seeing him with another girl without
knowing that the girl is only his boyfriend’s cousin.
6. May Ann immediately posts on her social media account upon hearing gossips
from her neighbor about the car incident.
7. A judge evaluates statements of both parties before giving verdict to the
accused.
8. A mother listens first to both stories of her arguing children before making any
conclusion.
HOLISTIC PERSPECTIVE PARTIAL PERSPECTIVE
__________ __________
__________ __________
__________ __________
__________ __________
__________ __________

Congratulations, you did it!

GOOD LUCK AS YOU BEGIN LESSON 1
 Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person

HOLISTIC AND PARTIAL POINTS OF VIEW

Before engaging in philosophical inquiry, one must be able to distinguish between a holistic
and partial point of view. This is critical for anyone doing philosophy because it sets a limit in coming
up with conclusions about a given situation.

o PARTIAL THINKING
-focuses on specific aspects of a situation. The partial view is a component of
analytical thinking; it focuses on certain areas or aspects of a problem in order to
understand it.
o HOLISTIC THINKING
- refers to a perspective that considers large-scale patterns in systems. A holistic
perspective requires an individual to have an open mindset and ability to get the general
sense or impression regarding a situation.

PARTIAL POINT OF VIEW HOLISTIC POINT OF VIEW

 Looks only a limited number of  Wholes rather than parts
aspects of the given problem or  Looks at all aspects of the given
situation. problem or situation.
 Conclusions are made based on  All aspects are given importance
considering some, but not all, when making conclusions.
sides of the problem or situation.  All aspects are tied in together to
form a general overview of the
Example: problem or situation.
A teacher scolds Student A after Student B
accused him of stealing her pencil case. Example:
However, the teacher only listened to the story A teacher listens first to both stories of her two
of Student B, and not to Student A, before arguing students before making any
deciding to scold the student. conclusion about the issue.

Learning philosophy requires learning to look into all available perspectives and work on
their relationship to come up with sound, logical, and valid conclusions. In the process, doing
philosophy helps one to develop the skill of broadly looking at the situation first before concluding
anyone.

TWO TYPES OF THINKING

 Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person

Name:_______________________________________________Date:______________
Strand&Section:________________________________________Score:____________

LET’S ANSWER THIS!

Worksheet No. 1.1:
Directions: List down your top five unforgettable decisions, experiences or
situations in your life. Encircle letter H if you applied holistic perspective and letter P if
partial perspective on each situation.

Unforgettable decisions/experiences/ situations in life Perspectives

1.
P H

2.
P H

3.
P H

4.
P H

5. P H

Worksheet No. 1.2:

Directions: Give a brief answer. Write your answer on the blank space provided.

1. How can having a holistic view help you become a better individual?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

--- You successfully did it. Now, let’s move to lesson 2.----
 Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person

Content Standard:
The learner understands the meaning and process of doing philosophy
Performance Standard:
The learner reflects on a concrete experience in a philosophical way
Most Essential Learning Competency:
Realize the value of doing philosophy in obtaining a broad perspective on life.
(Nahihinuha na: Mahalaga ang pamimilosopiya upang magkaroon ng
malawakang pananaw sa buhay.) PPT11/12-Ib-1.3

LET’S WARM UP!

A Pilosopo Mind
Directions: Have you experienced being called “pilosopo” by someone?
What comes into your mind when you hear this word? Write your answers in the blank
Circles.

?? ??

Pilosopo
 Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person

THE MEANING AND METHOD OF DOING PHILOSOPHY

What is Philosophy?
-the word philosophy comes from two Greek words: philos and sophia.
1. philos- is a Greek word means love
2. Sophia- is a Greek word means wisdom
-the ancient Greeks used the term philosophy to refer to “love of wisdom” and they
soon applied it to the study or discipline that uses human reason to investigate the ultimate
causes, reasons, and principles which govern all things.

Philosophy
-is the study of general and fundamental questions about existence, knowledge,
values, reason, mind, and language.

-Philosophy in simple words is a way of thinking about the world, the universe, and
society. It works by asking very basic questions about the nature of human thought, the
nature of the universe, and the connections between them.

-the ideas here are often general and abstract.

-Philosophy is the study of humans and the world by thinking and asking
questions. It is a science and an art. Philosophy tries to answer important questions by
coming up with answers about real things and asking "why?"

Where did Philosophy originate?

-Philosophy traces its roots in Ancient Greece in the 6th Century BCE.
-Traditions had it that the word Philosophy was first coined by Pythagoras.

Pythagoras
-is a Greek mathematician and used the term philosophy to classify three
classes of people who attended the ancient Olympic Games as lovers of gain, lovers
of honor; and lovers of knowledge or wisdom (Caraan 2016, 2).
-He favored the third class for not being driven by profit nor honor. Instead,
they sought ways to arrive at the truth. He then called these people as philosophers.
Among the ancient Greeks, philosophers became pioneers in:
1. history
2. biology
3. medicine
4. mathematics
5. astronomy
6. physics

Philosophy is also a science since it utilizes reason and logic in an attempt to

understand reality and answer fundamental questions concerning knowledge, life,
morality, and human nature.
 Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person

What are the branches of Philosophy?

The following are the branches of philosophy that deals with a particular aspect of
life or phenomena.

1. Aesthetics - is the branch of Philosophy which deals with beauty and what makes
things “beautiful”.

2. Logic - is branch of philosophy which deal with correct reasoning.

3. Epistemology - discusses the nature of knowledge and knowing.

4. Ethics - is the branch which deals with moral questions and dilemmas.

5. Political Philosophy - studies governments and deals with questions of justice, power
and the rights and obligations of citizens.

6. Metaphysics - is a branch of philosophy which deals with questions regarding reality

and existence.

7. Philosophy of the Human Person - is an area in philosophy that understand the

human person from a philosophical perspective.

REMEMBER THIS!
Metaphysics Study of Existence What's out there?
Epistemology Study of Knowledge How do I know about it?
Ethics Study of Action What should I do?
Politics Study of Force What actions are
permissible?
Aesthetics Study of Art What can life be like?

Philosophy can be divided into four major branches namely:

1. Metaphysics
-It answers queries like: “What is the meaning of life?”, “What is the purpose of
life? “and “Does God exist?”
2. Epistemology
-It answers the question, ‘‘How do we know?”. Among the biggest concerns of
epistemology are the origin and the verification or the confirmation of knowledge. It is also
concerned with how the human person’s mind is associated with reality; and whether
these relationships are valid or invalid.
3. Ethics
-It answers the questions, “What I ought to do?”. It is concerned about human
conduct. It deals with norms or standards of right and wrong applicable to human
behavior.
4. Aesthetics
-It attempts to answer questions like “is art subjective?” The study includes what
art is and the purpose behind it. The philosopher is concerned with the analysis of
aesthetic experience and the idea of what is beautiful.
 Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person

MOST NOTABLE ANCIENT GREEK PHILOSOPHERS

Philosophers- are people who engage in philosophy.

The most notable ancient Greek philosophers are:

1. Pythagoras (570 BCE to 495 BCE)- A mathematician and scientist, he was credited
with formulating the Pythagorean theorem.
2. Heraclitus (535 BCe to 475 BCE)- He proposed that everything that exists is based on
a higher order or plan which he called logos.
3. Democritus (460 BCE to 370 BCE)- He devoted himself to the study of the causes of
natural phenomena.
4 Diogenes of Sinope (412 BCE to 323 BCE)- He was a known advocate of living a
simple and virtuous life.
5. Epicurus (341 BCE to 270 BCE)- He believed that philosophy could enable man to
live a life of happiness.

6. Socrates (470 BCE to 399 BCE)- He was considered the foremost philosophers of
ancient times. He was credited with formulating the Socratic method- means of
examining a topic by devising a series of questions that let the learner examine
and analyze his knowledge and views regarding the topic.
7. Plato (427 BCE to 347 BCE)- A student of Socrates, he wrote down his mentor’s
teaching and incorporated some of his own ideas into them. Plato’s most
significant ideas included his Theory of Forms, which proposes that everything that
exist is based on an idea or template than can only be perceived in the mind. Plato
is also known for his dialectic- a method of inquiry where two opposing ideas are
discussed in an attempt to arrive at new knowledge. Plato’s lasting contribution to
learning was his founding of the Academy, an institution of higher learning.
8. Aristotle (384 BCE to 322 BCE)- He attended the Academy, and was the prominent
student of Plato. For him, all ideas and views are based on perception and our
reality is based on what we can sense and perceive. His studies in logic led to the
formulation of a formal process of analyzing reasoning which give rise to deductive
reasoning-the process by which specific statements are analyzed to reach a
conclusion or generalization.
 Many philosophers could not agree on the exact definition of the word philosophy.
Despite its varying definitions and lack of general agreement to it, it does not mean that
the term cannot be defined and characterized.

Two popular definitions of philosophy:

a. Etymological definition
-The word philosophy is derived from philosophia which is a combination of the
Greek terms philos (love) and Sophia (wisdom). Thus, philosophy means love of wisdom.”
Philosophers, therefore, are the people who are “lovers of wisdom” (Amanze, et. Al., 2010)

b. Technical definition
-Philosophy can be best defined as the science of the first causes (Maritain, 2005).
It seeks to know and clarify the very source of which all the chain of causes ultimately all
go back to it.

Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person

Name:_______________________________________________Date:______________
Strand&Section:________________________________________Score:____________

LET’S ANSWER THIS!

Worksheet No. 2.1:
Your turn!
Directions: Activate the philosopher in you by formulating your philosophical
questions to each branch of philosophy.

Branch of Philosophy Philosophical Question

Metaphysics 1.

2.

Epistemology 1.

2.

Ethics 1.

2.

Politics 1.

2.

Aesthetics 1.

2.
 Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person

Name:_______________________________________________Date:______________
Strand&Section:________________________________________Score:____________

LET’S ANSWER THIS!

Worksheet No. 2.2:
Your turn!
Directions: Brainstorm one biggest question in your life that is still left unanswered. Write
it inside the big box.

You did a great job!

Now, let’s move to Lesson 3 and learn more.
 Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person

Content Standard:
The learner understands the meaning and process of doing philosophy
Performance Standard:
The learner reflects on a concrete experience in a philosophical way
Most Essential Learning Competency:
Do a philosophical reflection on a concrete situation from a holistic perspective.
(Nakapagmumuni-muni sa isang suliranin sa isang pilosopikong paraan at
nakagagawa ng pamimiloosopiya sa buhay) PPT11/12-Ic-1.4

LET’S WARM UP!

Why there is a need for man to philosophize?
Directions: Create a poster guided by the following philosophical questions:

1. What are the reasons that compel a person to engage in philosophical thinking?
2. How can philosophizing benefit you as a person?
 Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person

DOING A PHILOSOPHICAL REFLECTION ON A SITUATION

FROM HOLISTIC PERSPECTIVE

Why do we philosophize?
 We all have the potential to philosophize since we have the tendency to wonder
and doubt.
 A philosopher is a good communicator who can clearly and adequately present his
or her ideas.
 Doing philosophy can be applied in day-to-day activities and life perspectives.
Because it involves an evaluative process, doing philosophy allows a person to
make better decisions and act accordingly to situations with the help of various
philosophical skills.
 On life perspectives, philosophy enables reflective thinking which greatly
influences a person’s view of life, challenges, and relationships. In doing
philosophy, a holistic perspective on the subject is always required. Failure to do
so or only using a partial point of view may lead to illogical or incorrect conclusions.

Why we need Philosophy?

Philosophy plays an important role in one’s life. Students who learn philosophy
get a great many benefits from doing so. Here some practical uses that one can get if he
ventures in this undertaking:
1. Philosophy enables a person to engage in critical analysis and interpretation of
concepts definitions, arguments, and problems.
2. Philosophy also improves problem-solving and decision making.
3. A philosopher is a wise communicator who can clear and adequately present his or
her ideas.
4. Wisdom is one intended product of philosophizing, and this refers to a person’s ability
to apply knowledge to daily life, particularly in making sound choices and judgment.
5. Finally, knowledge of philosophy can contribute to self-development.

 Plato traced man’s need to philosophize to his sense of wonder. Whenever we are
confronted with an experience, we always wonder how it came about.
 French philosopher Rene Descartes traced the need to philosophize to doubt.
In life, we will be faced with several ideas and arguments which present
themselves as “truths”. A critical and questioning perspective is necessary to
determine if indeed these ideas or views are correct or true.
 Swiss-German philosopher Karl Jaspers saw the need to philosophize because
of experience. These experiences limit situation, philosophy provides us a means
to understand adverse or challenging conditions, and to rise above them and gain
new knowledge and perspective.
 The need to philosophize is driven by the love for wisdom. To love wisdom is to
have an insatiable desire for truth.
 Philosophy itself is a distinct area of knowledge with its own goals, concerns, and
ways of doing things.
 Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person

Why does philosophy value questioning?

In philosophy, almost all questions are valid since they aim at understanding the
world better. Any question that is genuinely felt and allows further exploration can be a
philosophical one. In a general sense, questions are more important than the answers in
the realm of philosophy.

o REFLECTION

What is Reflection?

Reflection means our willingness to process our own thoughts, feelings, and
actions in order to learn more about our life and experiences (Abella 2016, 11).

Why do we engage in reflection?

 We can reflect upon any particular subject from the moment we wake-up until the
rest of the day. There are endless opportunities to reflect in our day-to-day life.
 Reflection is vital in ensuring that our actions and decisions are well thought out
and are done with due regard for their implications and consequences on
ourselves, others, and our surroundings.
 When we reflect, we can judge whether our actions or decisions are reasonable or
not. Doing Philosophy enables a person to engage in critical analysis and
interpretation of concepts, definitions, arguments, and problems.
 Doing Philosophy also improves problem-solving and decision making. The ability
to analyze a problem or dilemma, identify the significant aspects, and come up
with alternative solutions is an important skill learned through philosophy.

For an example
A simple act of buying a new cellphone can put us in a reflective mood if we are
consciously allowing ourselves to reflect before making a purchase.
For example, when buying a new unit, our initial queries would include:
“Is this the latest model?”
Do I look fashionable in this color?

However, if we apply reflective practice, we can re-consider our purchase by

asking some deeper questions like: ‘
Is there a need to buy a new cellphone?
“Is this a good and practical buy?”
“Will it make my life more convenient?”

The example above illustrates that any mundane undertaking will be transformed
into a meaningful act if you incorporate reflection. Buying a new cellphone is much easier
when confronted with simple questions only. But reflecting first before making a purchase
will allow us to consider our motivation as well as its possible consequences. Making wiser
decisions and improving our spending habits are just few of the practical advantages when
aided by reflection.
 Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person

Benefits of Reflection:
Abella (2016, 11-12) shared several benefits if one makes reflection as an integral
part of his life. Making it a habit to self-reflect on a daily basis will:

1. Enable us to set our goals and put us in the path of thinking of ways to achieve them.
2. Ensure that our actions and decisions are well thought out and done in consideration of
how it affects ourselves, others, and our surroundings.
3. Help us understand a better self-concept or self-image.
4. Allow us to exercise a good judgment in practical matters.
5. Provide us positive ways to cope with life challenges.

How to reflect on a concrete experience?

The concept of studying the lived experience of humans was pioneered by the
German philosophers Edmund Husserl and Martin Heidegger. This philosophical
discipline came to be known as phenomenology. This approach studies the conscious
experience of the individual from a subjective (first-person) point of view.
Following the scientific method of reflection espoused by phenomenology, we can
say that philosophy does not consider myths, hearsays, and pure imaginations. Instead,
understanding experiential events in life can be attained by following these steps
(Gallinero and Estaris 2017, 21):

1. Identify the problem or any experience. Recall what happened.

2. Organize and evaluate your data. Gather all facts before making judgments.
3. Propose your own hypothesis by analyzing and interpreting your gathered data.
4. Start applying your hypothesis by creating a plan on what to do if the same experience
happens again.

How did philosophy impact the world?

Every person has set of beliefs and values. It is everybody’s right to hold dearly all
the things he considers important. Although there is subjectivity in this, it is imperative that
we constantly evaluate our long-held beliefs and values.
This is where the value of doing philosophy comes into play. Philosophy is
essential to man’s existence. It nourishes his mind and soul in as much as what food does
to the body. Without feeding the mind and soul, it would be difficult for man to be satisfied
in his existence.
The practical value of philosophy was seen in the progress of human development.
The practice of truth seeking is inter-generational as the ideas of the early philosophers
encourage the generations that followed to do the same. People studying philosophy
studied the ideas of their predecessors. They learned about the predominant ideas of the
time and how it affected their world view.
The practicality of philosophy has been handed to us over the years. At present
time, the discipline had stimulated several reforms in various sectors in our society. The
act of questioning continues to bring life-impacting benefits to us. For as long as people
will continue to seek truth through asking questions, they can always have the potential to
be better persons and make the world a better place to live in.
 Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person

Name:_______________________________________________Date:______________
Strand&Section:________________________________________Score:____________

LET’S ANSWER THIS!

Worksheet No. 3.1:
Your turn!
Directions: Complete the table below. Write your answer on the space provided.

WHAT MUST BE DONE BEFORE THE

ACTIONS
ACTION?

1. Buying a new gadget

2. Choosing friends

3. Eating food

4. Deciding where to study in

college

5. Joining an organization in school

6. Posting your opinion or feeling in

the social media.

7. Going out with friends

8. Going out with the opposite sex

9. Posting your opinion or feelings in

the social media
10. Confronting a person who
verbally hurt you

Worksheet No. 3.2:

Directions: Write your answer on the space provided below.

1. List down instances in your life that you were able to engage in philosophy.
_____________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
2. How did philosophy help you address your situation/problem?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

Worksheet No. 3.2:

Directions: Write ACC if the statement is correct otherwise write FALSE. Write your
answer on the space provided.

__________1. Plato traced man’s need to philosophize to his sense of wonder.

__________ 2. The need to philosophize is driven by the love for wisdom.
__________ 3. This is an area in philosophy that understand the human person from a
philosophical perspective is holistic thinking.
__________ 4. Swiss-German philosopher Karl Jaspers saw the need to philosophize
because of doubt.
___________5. Aesthetics is branch of philosophy which deals with beauty.
___________6. Ethics is a branch of philosophy which deals with correct reasoning.
___________7. Logic is a branch of philosophy which discusses the nature of knowledge
and knowing.
___________8. Philosophy of the Human Person is a branch of philosophy which deals
with moral questions and dilemmas.
___________9. Metaphysics is branch of philosophy which deals with questions regarding
reality and existence.
___________10. Political Philosophy is branch of philosophy which studies governments
and deals with questions of justice, power and the rights and obligations of citizens.

Examples of activities that emanated from a deliberate reflection:

Learning from your previous mistakes and not repeating them again
Evaluating and knowing the best choice from a set of options
Gaining a holistic point of view first before making any conclusion

Great job! You have completed Lesson 3 sucessfully!

 Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person

Content Standard:
The learner understands the meaning and process of doing philosophy
Performance Standard:
The learner reflects on a concrete experience in a philosophical way
Most Essential Learning Competency:
Distinguish opinion from truth
(Nakikilala ang pagkakaiba ng katotohanan sa opinyon) PPT11/12-Ic-2.1

LET’S ANSWER THIS!

Before heading on to our lesson, let us first check what you have learned from
our previous lesson.
Directions: Identify each statement. Choose your answer from the box and write them on
the space provided.
Plato Wisdom Doubt Philosophy Holistic /thinking
Love of wisdom Karl Jaspers Partial Thinking Reflection Love

________________1. It is the study or discipline that uses human reason to investigate

the ultimate causes, reasons, and principles which govern all things.
_______________ 2. The Greek term, philosophia, means ______.
_______________ 3. The Greek word, philos, means _________.
_______________ 4. The Greek word, sophia, means _________.
_______________ 5. The Greek philosopher who believes that Philosophy is brought
about by man’s sense of wonder.
_______________ 6. He believes that persons engage in philosophy in order to make
sense of difficult life experiences.
_______________ 7. It is an activity that requires a person to examine his or her
thoughts, feelings, and actions and learn from experience.
_______________ 8. Rene Descartes consider this as a reason why people
philosophize.
_______________ 9. It is a perspective that considers the “bigger picture” when looking
at problems and situations.
_______________ 10. It is a perspective that focuses on specific aspects of a situation.

Great job! Later we will see if your answers are correct

by reading the rest of this module.

WHAT’S IN?
Philosophical method (or philosophical methodology) is the study of how to do
philosophy. A common view among philosophers is that philosophy is distinguished by the
ways that philosophers follow in addressing philosophical questions. There is not just one
method that philosophers use to answer philosophical questions.
Philosophy is concerned with determining the concept of truth. Truth lies at the
heart of any inquiry.
 Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person

Name:_______________________________________________Date:______________
Strand&Section:________________________________________

LET’S WARM-UP!
Directions: Choose five words you found inside the box. Write down all other
related words or ideas that can you think of in relation to the words you
choose. Write you answer inside the heart shape below.

Knowledge doubt Facts

Opinion claim arguments

truth Prepositions
Beliefs conclusions
 Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person

DISTINGUISH OPINION FROM TRUTH

Truth
-is the property of sentences, assertions, beliefs, thoughts, or propositions that are
said, in ordinary discourse, to agree with the facts or to state what the case is.
(Metaphysics and the philosophy of language)
-It is most often used to mean being in accord with fact or reality, or fidelity to an
original or standard. Truth is also sometimes defined in modern contexts as an idea of
"truth to self", or authenticity.
o Propositions
-are statement about the world or reality. Propositions may or may
not carry truth.
o Knowledge
-is the clear awareness and understanding of something. It is the product of
questions that allow for clear answers provided by facts.
o Facts
-are propositions or statements which are observe to be real or truthful.
o Claim
-is a statement that is not evidently or immediately known to be true.
This means that any claim can be proven by verification and experimentation.

Therefore, truthful statements can be considered as based on facts. There are

several views regarding truth.
 Philosophers emphasize the importance of belief as a basis for determining truth.
But as a philosopher, we do not assume that every statement is true. Remember
the famous French philosopher, Rene Descartes traced the need to philosophize
to doubt.
 In philosophy, systematic doubt is employed to help determine the truth. This
means that every statement, claim, evidence, and experience is scrutinized and
analyzed. Philosophers always engaged with the concept of truth. They consider
truth as a kind of quality or value. Knowledge is the clear awareness and
understanding of something, since it is true, knowing that we are able to determine
what is true.
Doubt has a very important purpose in philosophy as it drives our desire to discover
the truth. In philosophy, systematic doubt is employed to help determine the truth.
 A belief is true if it can be justified or proven through the use of one’s senses.
Another basis for determining truth is a belief or statement is true if it is based on
facts.
 Getting consensus or having people agree on a common belief is another way of
determining what is true. Although… getting this approach has certain limitation.
Getting everyone to agree on something may not take that belief true.
 Philosophers also believe that claims and belief should also be subjected to test
to determine truth. In determining truth requires also that a person can prove a
statement through an action.
 1. It takes me 30 minutes to walk from my home to school.
2. Living near the school is better because we do not have to spend much for
transportation.
3. My sister ate the last piece of pizza pie.
4. My sister is a selfish person because she ate the last piece of pizza pie and did
not share it with me.
5. The policeman firmly pushed the suspect to his knees and placed him in
handcuffs.
6. The aggressive manner by which the policeman arrested the suspect is an
example of the brutality that characterizes our police force

Statements 1, 3, and 5 are more factual than statements 2, 4, and 6. Using the
philosophical tools we learned, they fit into the category of facts since they contain ideas
or information that is easily verifiable.
Statements 2, 4, and 6 could be considered as opinions. These statements go
beyond providing facts. It also provides conclusions or perspectives regarding certain
situations. Opinions are also the bases for making arguments and convincing people that
a certain claim is a fact.

Fact is something concrete that

fact
can be proven. You can find facts in
legal records, scientific findings,
encyclopedias, atlases, etc. in other
words, facts are the truth and are
A fact is something that is true, real accepted as such.
information. It can be proven

Opinion is less concrete. It’s a

Opinion
view formed in the mind of a person
about a particular issue. In other words,
it is what someone believes or thinks,
and is not necessarily the truth. Also,
An opinion is something that you note in the examples below how facts are
think. It is not true information. the same for everybody, but opinions can
differ quite widely.

WHAT’S IN
Opinions are statement that go beyond providing facts.
A conclusion is a judgment based on certain facts.
Beliefs are statements that expresses convictions that are not easily and clearly
explained by facts.
Explanations are statements that assume the claim to be true and provide
reasons why the statement is true.
Arguments are series of statements that provide reasons to convince the
reader or listener that a claim or opinion is truthful.
Fallacies are arguments based on faulty reasoning.
Bias is disproportionate weight in favor of or against an idea or thing, usually ina
way that is closed-minded, prejudicial, or unfair.
 Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person

Facts are statements that are observed to be real or truthful. Claims are
statements that require further examination to determine their truthfulness. Some
arguments may contain fallacies. We must be aware of the various kinds of fallacies as
these affect the validity of arguments.
Opinions are often influenced by bias. We must be aware of bias so that we can
objectively and critically examine points of view.
 Opinion is something intermediary between knowledge and ignorance. While
Public opinion is the intermediate faculty which seizes the things that float between
the two extremes (Plato)
 Opinion applies to what, being true or false, may be other than it is: in fact, opinion
is the apprehension of an immediate and unnecessary premise (Aristotle)
 Opinion, founded in the probable, perhaps also the name of knowledge (Leibniz)
 Opinion is a belief that is conscious of being insufficient both subjectively and
objectively (Kant)
 An opinion gives for truth something that has been said, although sometimes they
are absurd words, which mean nothing, impossible to understand (Hobbes)
 Public opinion is the convergence of the opinions of the greatest number of people
in a community, so that they form a common and dominant feeling, exerting diffuse
pressure (Freud)
Examples of an opinion:
Ann can have the opinion that Italian food tastes best, while Joe has the opinion that
French food is ideal.
Sue can have the opinion that reading is boring, while Mike can have the opinion that
reading is fun.
Penny can have the opinion that cold weather is better, while Tim can prefer hot
weather.
The following are the examples of fallacies.
Fallacy Characteristics
Ad hominem attacking the person presenting the argument instead of the
argument itself.
Appeal to force using the threat of force or an undesirable event to advance an
argument.
Appeal to emotion using emotions such as pity or sympathy
Appeal to the the idea is presented as acceptable because a lot of people accept
popular it.
Appeal to tradition the idea is acceptable because it has been true for a long time.
Begging the assuming the thing or idea to be proven is true; also known as
question circular argument.
Cause-and-effect assuming “cause-and-effect” relationship between unrelated events
Fallacy of assuming that what is true of a part is true for the whole
composition
Fallacy of division assuming that what is true for the whole is true for its parts.
The following are the examples of biases.

Bias Characteristics
Correspondence tendency to judge a person’s personality by his or her actions,
bias or attribution without regard for the external factors or influence.
effect
Confirmation bias tendency to look for and readily accept information which fits one’s
own beliefs or views and to reject ideas or views that go against it.
Framing focusing on a certain aspect of a problem while ignoring other
aspects.
Hindsight - the tendency to see past events as predictable, or to ascribe a
pattern to historical events
Conflict of interest a person or group is connected to or has a vested interest in the
issue being discussed.
Cultural bias analyzing an event or issue based on one’s cultural standards.

Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person

Name:_______________________________________________Date:______________
Strand&Section:_______________________________________Score:_____________

LET’S ANSWER THIS!

Worksheet No. 4:
Directions: Find examples of fallacies and biases from media and other sources. List
these in the table below.

Fallacy or Bias Statement, Idea, Claim

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Great job! Congratulations. Let’s move to Lesson 5.

 Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person

Content Standard:
The learner understands the meaning and process of doing philosophy
Performance Standard:
The learner reflects on a concrete experience in a philosophical way
Most Essential Learning Competency:
Realize that the methods of philosophy lead to wisdom and truth
(Nahihinuha na patungo sa katotohanan ang mga pamamaraan ng
pamimilosopiya) PPT11/12-Id-2.3

LET’S WARM-UP!
Chain Reaction
Directions: Using the ripple effect diagram below, write a willful (deliberate) act
at the center. In the next circle, write down the effects of that act on yourself. Then, write
how others were affected by your decision at the outermost part of the diagram.
 Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person

Methods of Philosophy
Lead to Wisdom and Truth
The methods of philosophy will help to learn the process of doing philosophy in a
systematic way. On the other hand, philosophizing is to think or express oneself in a
philosophical manner.
Although philosophy is an organized body of knowledge, the subject matter of
philosophy is questions, which have three major characteristics;
1. Philosophical questions have answers but the answers remain in dispute.
2. Philosophical questions cannot be settled by science, common sense, or faith.
3. Philosophical questions are of perennial intellectual interest to human beings.
The methodology or method that philosophers use to address philosophical
question is critical thinking.
Critical Thinking
-is the careful, reflective, rational and systematic approach to questions of very
general interest.
-Critical thinking means understanding of philosophy and refraining from merely
giving claims but through careful thought, one reasons through to argumentation.
The scientific method also leads to wisdom and truth because it uses an evidence- based
approach to come up with its conclusion. In this method, all truths are supported by facts
that can easily be tested or proven again through experiments, logical reasoning, or
observation
 An understanding of opinions and facts and the mean to distinguish one from the
other can further improve our understanding and appreciation of varied views and
ideas.
 The ability to determine truth goes hand in hand with the holistic perspective and
enables us to make wiser decisions, especially in choosing then ideas and views
which we find acceptable.
 A critical mind aided by philosophy can help us from our own personal point of
view that can guide us in making decisions and actions when we faced with a
problem.Philosophy can help us determine ideas that are truthful and acceptable,
which we can use to form our own views regarding certain matters.
For Maboloc and Pascua (2008) critical thinking is a lifelong process of self-
assessment that further consists of:
1. Defining, analyzing and devising solutions,
2. Arriving at reasonable and informed conclusions
3. Applying understanding and knowledge to new and different problems.
4. Willingness to say “I don’t know.”

The attributes of a critical thinker include;

1. Looks for evidence to support assumption and beliefs
2. Adjusts opinion
3. Looks for proof
4. Examines the problem
5. Rejects irrelevant and innocent information
 Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person

Name:_______________________________________________Date:______________
Strand&Section:________________________________________Score:____________

LET’S ANSWER THIS!

Worksheet No. 5:
Your turn!
Directions: Create a Critical Incident Journal of particular event that occurred in your life.
Reflect on your thoughts and reactions in that incident. Articulate how it made an impact
in your life.

Answer

What happened?

Why did it happen?

What can be done?

What were my
learnings?

Let’s move to Lesson 6 and learn more.

 Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person

Content Standard:
The learner understands the meaning and process of doing philosophy
Performance Standard:
The learner reflects on a concrete experience in a philosophical way
Most Essential Learning Competency:
Evaluate truth from opinions in different situations using the methods of
philosophizing
(Natataya ang katotohanan at opinyon sa iba’t ibang sitwasyon gamit ang
pamamaraan ng pamimilosopiya) PPT11/12-Ie-2.4

LET’S WARM-UP!
Directions: Read the conversation below and answer the following question.
Write your answer on the space provided.
Lover’s Quarrel
Shanon: Did you hear about what happened between Angel and her boyfriend?
Vanvan: What happened?
Shanon: They got a huge fight last night. Angel called me up. She was crying and
she said that Mike hit her.
Dean: Wait, what? That’s not right? Mike came by my place last night and he was
pretty shaken up. He had scratch marks on his arms and a bite on his left hand.
He said Angel just attacked her and was accusing him of seeing another girl.
Shanon: No! Angel said it was Mike who started to hit her and she had to defend
herself!
Question 1: As friend of Angel and Mike, how will you react to the statements given?
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 EVALUATE TRUTH FROM OPINIONS IN DIFFERENT
SITUATIONS USING THE METHODS OF PHILOSOPHIZING

Method of philosophizing
-is a process of determining the truth or drawing conclusions from a statement
using various philosophical methods, such as: Socratic, dialectic, scientific, and
historical.

 When you evaluate information, it is very important to distinguish between fact and
opinion. How do we know if something is true?
 Philosophers emphasize the importance of belief as a basis for determining truth.
It is said that there are instances when we have to unlearn something so that we
may learn anew. Philosophers questioned what they knew and even analyzed their
methods of knowing in order to understand themselves and the world much better.
 The discussion on truth is part of philosophical studies on knowledge where
philosophers explore the nature of knowledge and the ways of knowing.

Both the Socratic and dialectic method are based on a discussion between two or
more people who may carry differing views but wish to pursue the truth by seeking an
agreement with one another. Meanwhile, the scientific method is a process of determining
truth or knowledge through experimentation, inductive and deductive reasoning, and
hypothesis or theory testing.
The scientific method, also called empirical method, is a process of determining
truth or knowledge through experimentation, inductive and deductive reasoning, and
hypothesis or theory testing.
Logic is the truth based on reasoning and critical thinking. It includes analysis and
construction of arguments. It serves as path to freedom from half-truths and deception.

Deductive Reasoning
Deductive Reasoning
In this type of reasoning, conclusion comes first, followed by main points, and the
last will be the supporting data, facts, examples, and evidences. General idea comes first
before the specific or particular idea.
Inductive Reasoning
In this type of reasoning, supporting data, facts, examples, and evidences come
first followed by the main points and conclusion will be the last part. This is the vice versa
of the deductive reasoning because particular idea comes first before the general idea.

Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person

Name:_______________________________________________Date:___________
Strand&Section:_______________________________________Score:___________

LET’S ANSWER THIS!

Worksheet No.6:
After our lesson, let us now check what you have learned.
Directions: Directions: Identify the following statement. Choose your answer form the box.
Write your answer on the space provided.

Facts Cultural of Bias Truth Framing Knowledge

Appeal to Fallacies Opinion Ad Hominem Conflict of
tradition Interest

______________ 1. It is the clear awareness and understanding of something.

______________ 2. These are statements which are observed to be real or truthful.
______________ 3. These are comprised of statements that provide views on a certain
matter.
______________ 4. These are arguments based on faulty reasoning.
______________ 5. It is most often used to mean being in accord with fact or reality, or
fidelity to an original or standard.
______________ 6. A fallacy which is attacking the person presenting the argument
instead of the argument itself.
______________ 7. A fallacy which the idea is acceptable because it has been true for a
long time
______________ 8. A kind of biases which is focusing on a certain aspect of a problem
while ignoring other aspects.
______________ 9. A kind of biases which a person or group is connected to or has a
vested interest in the issue being discussed.
______________ 10. Is by analyzing an event or issue based on one’s cultural stand.
You did a great job!
 THE HUMAN BODY IMPOSE LIMITS AND
POSSIBILITIES FOR TRANSCENDENCE

Content Standard:
The learner understands the meaning and process of doing philosophy
Performance Standard:
The learner reflects on a concrete experience in a philosophical way
Most Essential Learning Competency:
Recognize how the human body imposes limits and possibilities for transcendence
(Nakikilala na: Binibigyan ako ng hangganan at posibilidad ng aking katawan)
PPT11/12-Ih-3.3

One of the leading subjects in the course Introduction to the Philosophy of the
Human Person is the idea that the human person is an embodied spirit. So, what do we
exactly mean by “embodied spirit”?

WARM-UP EXERCISE
Let’s Do This!

1. Describe the taste of water?

2. Describe the color blue to a blind person?
3. How will you describe how wonderful the world is to a blind person?
4. Now, try this, from the tip of your elbow try to reach your chin. So what now?
What does the exercise tell us? It is difficult. Why? What if you don’t have a body?
THE HUMAN PERSON HAS LIMITS.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
o What is man, human, person and human nature?
HUMAN COMPOSITION OF MAN
MAN it is the general term commonly used to refer to the entire human race. Other
related terms, humanity, mankind, and humankind.
HUMAN refers to man as species – HOMO SAPIENS or MODERN HUMAN
BEINGS. The term human being is also used to differentiate man from other animals.
PERSON is the personality of a human being so called “SELF”. Refers to a human
being granted recognition of certain rights, protection, responsibilities and dignity above
all. Philosopher refers to the human person as the totality of an individual, possessing
awareness, self-determination and capacity to interact with others and with himself /
herself. Personhood refers to the state of being a person.
HUMAN NATURE defines as the nature of humans especially the fundamental
characters and traits of humans. It refers to the characteristics that distinguish humans
from all other creatures. These traits are expected to arise independent of the influence of
culture and society. EXAMPLES: THINKING, FEELING AND ACTING.
What is the human person?

Person

Has Has self Is able to reach Has dignity

awareness of determination out and interact
self with other

Self-awareness - refers to the person having a clear perception of oneself,

including his thoughts, emotions, identity and actions.
Try saying these!
● I am a person.
● I am alive.
● I exist.
● I am here. I am present.
● I am living at this very moment.

Let’s examine
Little Jose is playing in the living room while his mom is in the kitchen. He
accidentally bumps into a table, causing a vase to fall. Upon hearing, his mom went to the
living room and saw him, standing near the broken vase. She asked, “Did you break the
vase?” What do you think Jose ‘s answer will be?
Self-determination - refers to the capability of persons to make choices and
decisions based on their own preferences, monitor and regulate their actions, and be goal-
oriental and self-directed.
Consequence - is the result or effect of an action or condition. Philosophers
believe that a person acts freely and with due regard for the consequences of his actions.
Externality - refers to the capability of a person to reach out and interact with
others and the world.
Dignity - refers to the innate right to be valued and respected. Philosophers
consider all humans as having an inherent worth or value. “You’re worthless!” is an insult
since it attacks the very notion of a person having value or worth.
Limitations of the Human Person -human persons are naturally deficient beings.
This means that we are not prepared with the best physical aspects among all the beings
 Human persons do not have the natural ability to fly

Human persons cannot breathe underwater without the aid of breathing device.

LIMITATIONS CAN LEAD TO POSSIBILITIES

o Transcendence - is the ability to change, be dynamic, and continually redefining

one’s self which works with our facticity to create change.
How do limitations lead to transcendence?
1. Facticity - refers to the things in our life that are already given.
Example: LIFE We are free to define who we are and who we are to be.
2. Spatial-temporal being. As temporal beings, our most obvious limitation is our finitude
- our finite quality or state.
For example, Walang forever, pero meron talaga. As spatial beings, we are limited
by our bodies to be present in two or more places at the same time. We are limited by
space (spatial) and the time (temporal). Our spatial-temporal situation sets our
preconditions of understanding.
o Why do we want to be in a hurry to achieve or have something which is not yet?
o NOW, FUTURE, PAST
o Why do we hold on or lament on something which is no longer? It is the people
closest to us that we most often neglect

3. The Body as Intermediary- intermediary means acting as a mediator (Merriam-

Webster). Having a body may prevent us from revealing what we really want to express.
o How do we communicate with each other? WORDS
o But can words really capture the things we want to express? But this limitation
can also be an advantage...
o In most cases, words are not enough. EXAMPLE: Magbabago Na Ako Promise!!!
 Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person

Name:_______________________________________________Date:___________
Strand&Section:_______________________________________Score:___________

LET’S DO THIS!
MY OWN VERSION OF MAN l PORTRAIT
Worksheet No. 7:

Great job! Let’s move to Lesson 8.

 Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person

Content Standard:
The learner understands the meaning and process of doing philosophy
Performance Standard:
The learner reflects on a concrete experience in a philosophical way
Most Essential Learning Competency:
Evaluate own limitations and the possibilities for their transcendence
(Natataya ang mga pagkakatakda (hangganan) at pagsasaibayo (posibilidad) ng
sarili) PPT11/12-Ig-3.2

LET’S WARM UP!

What’s New?
Directions: Answer the following questions below.

Many people admire Mark Zuckerberg being a co-founder and CEO of

the social-networking website Facebook, which he started in his college dorm
room at Harvard University. He’s one of the world’s youngest billionaires in this
generation.

● Like Mark, all people have dreams that they want to fulfill. If you were finally
able to meet your dreams, how would you feel? What will you do next?
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● Do you think your perspective in life will change?
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 Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person

LIMITATIONS AND POSSIBILITIES FOR TRANSCEDENCE

Let us find out the answers in this lesson!

The previous example talks about transcendence or a state of “existence above
and beyond the limits of material experience.”

What is Transcendence?

Transcendence
-is originated from the words Trans, meaning “go beyond”, and scandare,
meaning “climb”.
In the example, fulfilling a dream requires transcendence because it opens a state
of thinking and feeling that there is something more in life than just physical and material
things. Much like Abraham Maslow’s self-actualization concepts, transcendence is a state
of being intrinsically satisfied with life regardless of physical and tangible factors.
LIMITATIONS AND POSSIBILITIES FOR TRANSCENDENCE

Here are some limitations and possibilities for transcendence:

1. may not occur to everyone
2. does not come at a specified period
3. varies across all people
4. may coincide with physical limitations of the body
5. developing a positive outlook in life
6. working towards reaching a goal
7. learning from experience
POSSIBILITIES FOR TRANSCENDENCE
It is also important to know that transcendence may be applied to present worries
by living in the present. This means that life is lived from moment to moment in a carefree
and cheerful manner where concerns for stress are reserved for the future, and regrets or
guilt feelings are kept in the past.
THE HUMAN BODY IN IMPOSING LIMITS AND POSSIBILITIES
From a biological and physical standpoint, it can be recognized that the human
body, although it can perform many functions, also has limitations. Limits in the
environment, demographics, and society may also hinder a person from reaching
transcendence.
Here are some examples:

1. BODILY LIMITATIONS
- mental and emotional disorders (e.g. anxiety, intellectual disability)
- disabilities (e.g. amputated leg, deafness) - disease and illnesses (e.g. hypertension,
cough)
- failures and experiences (e.g. failing a subject)
2. SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL LIMITATIONS
- socioeconomic status
- location of neighborhood (e.g. armed, disorganized, or violent neighborhood)
- abusive relationships (e.g. emotional abuse)
- negative influences (e.g. drug use)
 OVERCOMING LIMITATIONS

Bodily limits can be tested by trying on new experiences and working on

challenges with increasing levels of difficulty. The human body, if given enough exposure
to any situation, can attain a goal with efficiency.
Social and environmental limitations are more difficult to overcome than bodily
limitations because they involve the influence of other people and the external world.
However, with a proper mindset, clearly defined goals, and motivation to rise above
challenges, one may successfully overcome his or her limitations.
 RECOGNIZE AND EVALUATE OWN LIMITATIONS AND POSSIBILITIES FOR
TRANSCENDENCE
Even though you are still young, you are not prevented from further understanding
yourself. Transcendence is even more possible when you begin to understand that you
can go beyond your limitations if you set your mind on your goals.
 SOME POINT TO REMEMBER WHEN GOING BEYOND YOUR LIMITS
` - you are connected to the external or eternal world
- challenges are learning opportunities
- your goal is more important than your fears
- think outside the box
- recognize that everyone has fears
 TIPS
The terms “transcendent” and transcendental” should not be used interchangeably.
According to Immanuel Kant, “transcendent” is a term used to refer to God, while
“transcendental” refers to all other matter.
While transcendence may not occur for everyone, all people have the capacity to
experience it regardless of any sociodemographic, biological, or personal factors.

REMEMBER!
Limitations and possibilities for transcendence:
 may not occur to everyone
 does not come at a specified period
 varies across all people
 may coincide with physical limitations of the body
 developing a positive outlook in life
 working towards reaching a goal
 learning from experience
 Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person

Name:_______________________________________________Date:___________
Strand&Section:_______________________________________Score:___________

LET’S DO THIS!
Worksheet No. 8:
Directions: Read the statements carefully and answer the following questions.
1. The world continues to change quickly. Nowadays, the generation gap can easily be
seen in everyday life because of new technological advances being introduced at a fast
pace. In your personal experience, does technological advancement limit or improve the
possibility for transcendence? Why? Why not?
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2. Look around you. Observe the environment and identify possible factors that may limit
transcendence. You may also put yourself in the position of those who experience such
limitations. Identify ways on how you may overcome those challenges. What do you think?
Is reaching transcendence always a good thing? Why? Why not?
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B. Complete the chart by rewriting your present limitations with reference to your answers
in the previous activities. Make an action plan towards transcendence.
MY LIMITATIONS PLAN TOWARDS TRANSCEDENCE

Thumbs up! You did a great work.

Let’s move to the last lesson.
 Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person

Content Standard:
The learner understands the meaning and process of doing philosophy
Performance Standard:
The learner reflects on a concrete experience in a philosophical way
Most Essential Learning Competency:
Notice things that are not in their proper place and organize them in an
aesthetic way
(Napapansin ang mga bagay na wala sa wastong lugar at naisasaayos ito nang
ayon sa kagandahan) PPT11/12-Ii-4.2

LET’S WARM UP!

Directions: Examine the pictures below and write/compose a song or a short
poem about it.

-- ASIN

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 Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person

ENVIRONMENTAL PHILOSOPHY

Environmental philosophy
- is the discipline that studies the moral relationships of human beings with the
environment and its non-human contents.
 Philosophers believe that the human person has the ability to change the
environment to suit his purposes. It will enable them to become aware of their
relationship and its related issues in our society and their impact on the lives of
human persons.
 “What is the world made of?” “How did the world come into being?” and “How can
we explain the process of change?” were philosophical questions already brought
up approximately 600 B.C.E. (before the common era) in the Western lonian
seaport town of Miletus across the Aegean Sea from Athens, Greece.
 The speculation of the pre-Socratic philosophers represents a paradigm shift- a
change from mythical explanation of the origins of the cosmos to a more rational
explanation.
 Eastern sages probed nature’s depths intuitively through the eyes of spiritual
sages which Greek thinkers viewed nature through cognitive and scientific eyes
(Price 2000). These thinkers were looking for the underlying laws of nature. They
wanted to understand the processes of nature by studying nature itself, not by
listening to the stories about the gods.

According to Payne (2010) there are two frameworks where humans can be related.

1. Anthropocentric Model
-based on the anthropocentric model, humans are superior and central to the
universe, thus, it is human centered.

2. Ecocentric Model
-it is the ecological or relational integrity of the humans that provides meaning of
our morals and values and it is nature centered. Devoted to preserving the totality of
Earth’s biodiversity and the functioning of its life –supporting system.
Ecocentric Model
-the ecological or relational integrity of the humans provides meaning of our morals
and values and it is nature centered. Devoted to preserving the totality of Earth’s
biodiversity and the functioning of its life supporting system

Global Warming

NOTICE THINGS THAT ARE NOT IN THEIR PROPER PLACE AND ORGANIZE
THEM IN AN AESTHETIC WAY

A. Ancient Thinkers Anaximander a pre-Socratic philosopher and scientist

said about the Creation-Destruction. According to him,
the sketch of the genesis of the world (cosmology), the
evolution of the world begins with the generation of
opposites in certain region Nature. Nature is
indeterminate-boundless in the sense that no
boundaries between the warm and or the moist and dry
regions are originally present within.

While, according to Pythagoras, ‘universe is a living

embodiment of nature’s order, harmony and beauty.
He sees our relationship with the universe involving
biophilia ( love of other living tings) and cosmophilia
(love of other living beings)
B. Modern Thinker

For Modern Thinker, Immanuel Kant, beauty is

ultimately a symbol of morality (goodness). He
believes that the orerliness of nature with our faculties
guide us toward a deeper religious perspective.

Herbert Marcuse said about the power of humans

over nature, while George Herbert Mead tackled about
our duties and responsibilities

SHOW THAT CARE FOR THE ENVIRONMENT CONTRIBUTES TO HEALTH, WELL BEING
AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

There are numerous theories to show care for the environment aside from the
ecocentric model such as deep ecology, social ecology and ecofeminism to name some.

Deep Ecology – is an ecological philosophy developed by

Norwegian philosopher Arne Naes in the early 1970’s
asserting that all life forms have an equal right to exist, and
human needs and desires have no priority over those of other
organism. Believes that the living environment should be
respected and regarded as having rights to flourish,
independent of its utility to humans.
Social Ecology – it is a critical social theory founded by
American anarchist and libertarian socialist author Murray
Bookchin. Conceptualized as a critique of current social,
political, and anti-ecological trends, it espouses a
reconstructive, ecological, communitarian, and ethical
approach to society.

Ecofeminism – it is also called ecological feminism, branch

of feminism that examines the connections between women
and nature. It name was coined by French feminist Francoise
d’Eaubonne in 1974.

A philosophical idea that combines feminism and

ecology concern, emphasizing that both suffer from their
treatment by a male dominated society.

Comes from the idea that women and nature have

significant connection, since women most often have a close
association with nature in many societies due to the nature of
their traditional roles.
 Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person

Name:_______________________________________________Date:___________
Strand&Section:_______________________________________Score:___________

LET’S DO THIS!
Worksheet No. 9:
Directions: Read the passage below and explain it briefly but substantially.

“No man is an island, entire of itself; every man is a piece of the continent,
a part of the main.” -John Donne

Congratulations!
You have completed your journey in this module.
You did a great job!