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Dissertation of the Bachelor's Degree

in Power Engineering

Topic:

PV SOLAR lightning generation

Supervisor:
Dr. Khurshidi

Student's name:

Puriya Architecture

February 2931

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Thesis of Bachelor of Electrical Engineering

Power orientation

Topic:

PV SOLAR lightning generation

Supervisor:
Dr. Khurshidi

Master Referee:

Student's name:

Puriya Architecture

February 2931

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Table of Contents

Introduction ................................................. ................................................ ................................................ ............................8

Source of solar power .............................................. ................................................ ................................................ 11

Basics of solar electricity ................................................ ................................................ ................................................ 11

Rationalizing the expectations of solar electricity .................................................... ................................................ ..................13

Economic justification of solar electricity................................................... ................................................ .................................13

High efficiency depending on wind and sun ................................................ ................................14

PV system configuration ................................................... ................................................ .................................................15

Self-reliance system................................................... ................................................ ................................................ .........15

System connected to the network ................................................ ................................................ ..............................................15

System connected to the battery-powered grid................................................... ................................................ ................................11

System connected and dependent on the network ................................... ................................................ .................................18

Responsibilities.................................................. .................................................. .................................................. ........21 parts and

Solar Panels................................................ ................................................ ................................................ ...21

Inverter and battery................................................... ................................................ ................................................ ..........22

controller ................................................ ................................................ ................................................ ..............24

How to calculate solar energy .............................................. ................................................ .........................25

Radiation parameter ................................................ ................................................ ................................................ ...............25

Intensity of sunlight and solar panel................................................... ................................................ ......................25

Calculating the intensity of solar radiation .............................................. ................................................ ................................22

Absorption of more solar energy ................................................ .................21

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The effect of panel tilt on the intensity of sunlight. ................................................ ...............28

Calculation of the optimal slope of the panel .............................................. ................................................ ........................................22

Calculation of the production power of the solar panel .................................................... ................................................ ...................31

Angular application of arrangement of arrays .................................................... ................................................ .....................................31

Solar array efficiency ................................................ ................................................ ............................................31

Effect of solar panel temperature .............................................. ................................................ ............................................33

Estimated cost................................................... ................................................ .................................................35

Checking the installation location of the array .............................................. ................................................ ..............................................31

Draw a sketch................................................... ................................................ ................................................ .....31

Installation on the pole .............................................. ................................................ ................................................ ....31

Maintenance of rounds................................................... ................................................ ................................................ ........38

Installing the panel on the ground ................................................ ................................................38

Examining the obstacles ................................................ ................................................ ................................................ ...............32

Professional and automatic obstacle analysis tools. ................................................ ...................41

Foresight in solar power systems................................................... ................................................ ..............42

What is the correct voltage? ................................................ ................................................ ........................................43

How to choose the right cell voltage? ................................................ ................................................ ...................44

Calculation of cable diameter .............................................. ................................................ ................................................ ..44

Using the cable size conversion table ............................................... ................................................ ....................45

Bishkel solar panel................................................... ................................................ ..............................................41

Full crystal solar panel .............................................. ................................................ ............................................48

Monocrystalline solar panels................................................... ................................................ ...................................42

Which solar panel technology is the best? ................................................ .......51

Trademarks................................................... ................................................ ................................................ .......51

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Various solar arrays................................................... ................................................ ....................................51

Fresnel mirror and lens ................................................ ................................................ ......51

Solar trackers ................................................ ................................................ ................................................52

Batteries ................................................ ................................................ ................................................ .......................52

Types of batteries ................................................ ................................................ ................................................ ...............53

Life of wheels................................................... ................................................ ................................................ ..............55

Retardation................................................ ................................................ ................................................ ..............52

How to calculate the lifespan of a battery set................................................. ................................................ ......52

Controllers ................................................ ................................................ ................................................ ..........51

Some sample wiring diagrams ............................................... ................................................ .....................................52

and various consumers (................................................ ................... 22 AppendixA (Watt requirements of the devices

Appendix B (The amount of daily energy in the seasons and the angle of sunlight in Mashhad) .....................21

Sources ................................................. ................................................ ................................................ ..............................73

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Introduction

Photovoltaic means direct production of electricity from light. The first founder and innovator

This phenomenon is the French "Edmund Becquerel" who promised to discover it in 9381 by publishing an article.

Following his path, in 2011, two other researchers named "Adams" and "D" followed his research.

and a few years later, an American engineer named "Frits" made new findings to the deposits

And with the advent of semiconductors and especially the invention of the transistor, previous researchers added and finally in 1919

A new chapter in electronic science has emerged. A little later in early 1918, a team

A research consisting of three thinkers named "Pearson", "Chapin" and "Fuller", the results of the researchers

completing the previous one and giving birth to the first solar cells to the scientific and industrial community of the world

They gave good news. Five years after the construction of these cells, that is, in 1919, they were on a satellite

They actually used their own electricity. And An American spacecraft named "Vanguard 9" has been installed

Photovoltaic or solar cells are delicate crystals made of very thin layers of material

Special semiconductors are made. Fortunately, the most important element used in the construction of these cells.

The second most abundant element in the earth's crust is silicon. Referred cells, to generate electricity, to radiation

they need sunlight, and in this sense, their efficiency and effectiveness in areas of the world with more intense radiation

And the longer they face, the more. It should be noted that the free energy received from the sun

In the world, it is more than 910,111 times the current consumption of nuclear and fossil fuels and in this sense

No shortage is felt.

For three main reasons, the use of solar energy in the production of electricity, in the third millennium, in a more serious way

It is on the agenda of many advanced industrial countries. First of all, this technology lacks

There is no pollution and it does not have any special environmental consequences. Second, solar cells

and mechanical mechanisms, and in this sense, their performance with minimal wear and tear without parts

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They are compatible and do not need to be replaced and regular services and rounds, and finally, reserves of fossil fuels

Andrapidly
gradually the world will end according to various reports, in the next century and

they arrive

Of course, the electricity produced by a single solar cell is partial and brief, and at first glance it seems that

Finally, it can be used to activate devices And The said power lacks efficiency and noticeable effect

Used like a calculator. Although this thought is a misconception and connected

A number of these cells to each other can easily achieve the desired energy and the only limitation

The leading, after the price increase, is the heavy weight and the increase in the space required to accommodate them. With

and the invention of newer methods and the upward trend of the production rate and the widespread use of manufacturing technology improvements

Solar panels in domestic, commercial and industrial work, naturally, their prices have also decreased and this trend

A decline will follow.

The sun, whose mass is 888111 times the mass of the earth, is at a distance of 99101110111 km.

Our planet is located. In order to understand the greatness of the sun, it is not bad to know that it is

About 908120111 km, that is, 911 times the diameter of the earth, the temperature of its outer shell is 0111 degrees.

Celsius and its central core temperature is about 9901110111 degrees Celsius! Actually,

It follows the activities of fixed and continuous cores. The sun is a huge mass whose activities and action

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First Chapter

Solar power source

In the central part of this burning globe, the reactions of huge nuclei occur in the depths of the sun

It emits intense radiation. These radiations in turn create photons ie

It is physical mass, but it carries significant amounts of energy with optical energy carriers. No photons

carried by themselves and, of course, they have a high momentum or amount of movement. Different photons, carriers

Light energies have different wavelengths. Some of them carry invisible light (infrared and

It is ultraviolet and another group transmits visible (white) lights.

Photons gradually go from the center of the sun to its outer surface. Sometimes this transfer

After arriving and moving, it may take something like a million years! The mentioned particles

Hours are published in space. to the outer surface of the sun at a speed of about one billion kilometers

All this, every photon that is scattered from the surface of the sun in space, after about eight minutes to

The surface of our planet, that is, the Earth, arrives.

In this long path, i.e. the distance from the sun to the earth, photons are scattered to other particles in space

collide and deviate from their path and collide with anything that absorbs solar radiation

Yes, they produce heat. The reason why you get hot on a sunny day is because your body

It absorbs photons emitted from the sun. Earth's atmosphere absorbs many of these photons

When it reaches its level, it absorbs. This is one of the two reasons why in the middle of the day,

Feel the sun warmer. During these hours, the sun is located almost above our heads and photons

To reach the earth's surface, a shorter path or in other words, a thinner and thinner layer than the surrounding atmosphere

The last hours of the day, as the setting sun crosses our planet. While around sunset and

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and its rays shine obliquely to the ground, the photons have a longer, denser and denser path.

(Figure 9-9.)

The said argument about the relative coldness of a sunny winter day compared to a sunny summer day

And due to the fact that in the winter season, it is also true because of the deviation of the earth's rotation axis. in this case

From the vertical position, it moves away from the sun. Photons have to take a longer path and, accordingly, a denser path

(Figure 9-9.)

Figure 1-1 The effect of the sun's radiation angle on the amount of global warming

Basics of solar electricity

A solar panel uses a phenomenon called photovoltaic effect to generate electricity.

This phenomenon was discovered at the beginning of the 19th century by scientists who did continuous and various researches

They found out that there are certain substances that flow when exposed to light

An electric current circulates in its circuit. To create this phenomenon, two layers of special semiconductor materials

It should be combined with each other (Figure 9-2.)

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One of these layers must face a lack of electrons. The said layers in the face of sunlight,

And some of them absorb photons from one layer to the next layer. With this action, the electrons are excited

They jump and with this work, they create an electric current.

Figure 1-2 A solar cell made using a PN junction

The cell is deflected and re-radiated or directly passes through it and continues its way.

When an electric current is obtained from the two terminals or ends of the optical cell wires, it is when

As a result, the number of photons is more, the amount of photon is absorbed by the silicon of the cell. Whatever the intensity of light and

a stronger electric current is produced. More of them are absorbed by the solar cell and

Solar cells provide most of their electricity from direct sunlight

They say that even though these devices continue to generate electricity even on cloudy days

And in other words, some samples did not stop the electricity production in the light available on moonlit nights

It can be concluded that these cells generate electricity by receiving indirect light. each one

Individual solar cells are only able to produce a small amount of electrical energy. In this case and

To get a significant electric energy, you need to connect a number of these cells together and following each other.

make it connected From the accumulation of a number of these cells following each other, a solar module or panel

It is created, which is sometimes called a photovoltaic module.

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Reasonable expectations from solar electricity

The amount of energy required is directly related to the dimensions and costs required to create a solar power system

It means that the more electricity you want to produce, the more difficult the work and the costs

Its planning and implementation will also increase.

The purpose of installing a solar power system is to turn on a few lamps and if your expectations are reasonable

Supplying the required electricity for several not very powerful electrical devices such as a laptop, a small TV, a

Include a compact and low-foot refrigerator and such items, if the desired location is from

If you have suitable climatic conditions, be sure that by installing such systems, you will achieve your goals

you will arrive.

On the other hand, if you imagine that by installing a solar power system, the required power

Providing high-wattage devices such as Fandar electric heaters, dishwashers, and similar accessories

Take and control the upward trend of expenses. You will notice that

The project will be out of your hands.

And your goal is limited to lighting a garage or warehouse with little if not a lot of electricity

And transition in the market and stores supplying solar power systems and equipment can be tour

Second-hand and functional sets are very interesting and at a reasonable price. For example, with an amount of

About 991 to 901 dollars, you can provide the required lighting for a small warehouse or garage

Costs around $811, the electrical needs of a small workshop or the lighting of a relatively large stable

fulfill

Economic justification of solar electricity

The actual cost of installing a solar power system depends on various factors:

• The power of the sun at different times of the year in the desired location.

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• The amount of electricity required for production.

• Suitability of the installation location in terms of the amount of light received from the sun.

It cannot be denied that the initial installation cost of a solar power system is much higher than others

There are other sources and options, but at the same time, we should not forget that maintenance costs

and can be ignored. Ati are very few

If you want to economically, the installation and maintenance costs of a solar power system with others

Compare replacement options, the cost of the required equipment and initial installation should not be in a short time

and instead, all the expenses incurred should be for a longer period of time, for example several

years considered.

High efficiency depends on wind and sun

Wind turbines complement and help solar panels, especially at night when the panels are a blessing

They are deprived of absorbing the sun's energy, provided that there is wind, they charge the batteries.

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second chapter

PV system configuration

During the design and installation of solar power systems, you will encounter four different configurations

Arrangement: stand-alone or self-reliant or grid-independent systems, grid-connected, grid-connected with support

battery and finally, they are connected and rely on the network.

Self-reliance system

That is: solar panel or panels produce electric power and in line with energy storage

electric, it is sent to one or more rechargeable batteries, so that when necessary, the energy can be used in a way

be used as desired. (Figure 8-2)

Figure 2-3 Wiring diagram of an off-grid solar power system

Network connected system

This method of using solar power systems is popular in Europe and the United States of America

has a lot Maybe the reason is the incentive facilities and exemptions that some government institutions for

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Installers consider this kind of systems and as a result, the initial installation cost is reduced and with

The presence of facilities that enable the sale of surplus electricity to the local electricity network, a significant part

From the initial costs, it will be returned to the owner of the system.

In such a system, during the day and when the sunlight continues, the panels generate electricity

They say that the owner of the system, in addition to internal use, is allowed to sell his excess consumption to companies

There is also local electricity.

and toIn this case and with the arrival of the evening and in its continuation, in the early hours of the night when different uses

Especially the lighting goes up, the user buys his needed power again from the city's electricity network.

One of the problems of many systems connected to the network is that in the event of a power outage

When the weather is dark and there is no sunlight, your electricity will also be cut off (Figure 2-9).

Figure 4-2 Wiring diagram of a grid-connected solar power system

On the other hand, the advantage of this method is that it reduces your dependence on grid electricity and it can be claimed

not have
that a major part of your electricity consumption in a condition that does not cause any environmental pollution

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And the sunny weather has been produced a lot. The performance of such systems in tropical areas and water conditions

It is great because due to the hot weather, the highest consumption demand is in the middle hours of the day and the times when most

The air conditioning systems are active, which fortunately happens with the peak hours of the panels' electricity production

Correspond. These systems, in cases where the owner uses most of the electricity produced for domestic consumption

Delivers are also very suitable.

Battery connected system

This system is similar to the previous example, with the difference that in the circuit and arrangement of its different parts, one or

Several batteries are also included (Figure 5-2.)

In this method, just like the systems connected to the network, the working principles are based on

When the sun shines, it uses the power produced in its array and gives its surplus to the companies

And including grid power cuts, you sell local electricity, with the difference that in the event of various incidents

And providing the required power through existing batteries continues. You are not disconnected

Figure 5-2 Wiring diagram of a grid connected solar power system with battery support

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The system is connected and relies on the network

Not known and mostly in homes and residential areas of this system, a very common example

Small is used, although I have personally benefited from it a lot and in many applications,

I consider it the most suitable solution. This solution is very effective and cost-effective in terms of operation

Environmental is also considered a good method.

In this way, the electricity produced by the solar array is used to charge one or more batteries. In the following,

The required electrical energy, from the battery poles or existing batteries, to an inverter (direct current converter).

And after converting to alternating current or in simpler terms, converting the electric energy of the battery to city electricity

To alternating current both voltage and frequency with network power, through a switchboard, different circuits

It becomes the interior of the house.

With the arrangements thought in the design of this system, when the batteries are empty or when the voltage decreases

They are, to a predetermined extent, the connection of the solar power system with the consumers

automatically cut off and by establishing a new route, the aforementioned loads will be connected to the city's electricity. in the meantime,

The output power of the panels has reached the consumption of charging the batteries and as soon as they are filled, the initial connection is established again

Consumption is resumed through solar electricity. In this method, the ability to sell excess electricity to

And the entire production capacity reaches your own internal consumption. In this case and with the selection of the network is not foreseen

This method, the possibility of using the benefits that are meant in some countries for domestic electricity producers

And because you didn't sell the excess electricity to the grid, it became a way to get a headache, it doesn't include your situation

There will be no initial costs.

Compared to a grid-connected system, the design and implementation of a connected and reliable solar power system

It is much cheaper and easier to network. Of course, this way, most of the benefits of a connected system

The network has battery support and has the advantage that the owner of the system, when necessary, the electricity

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It consumes its needs and there is no requirement to consume it at the same time as it is produced. In this case, reliance

The consumption of grid electricity is also reduced during peak hours. Another advantage of this method is saving

It is in the costs, so that at the beginning of the work, you can have a system that is able to feed one or two circuits

Design an energy-efficient house and gradually expand it over time and with funding.

Personally, I have seen low power samples that, by spending about $031, needs

They have provided electricity for a small house. In comparison, it should be acknowledged that the installation of the smallest and

The most compact networked systems cost at least a few thousand dollars.

Of course, during the initial evaluations, it should be noted that with the increase in required power and consumption,

From that point on, it is more cost-effective to choose systems connected to the network. We are getting somewhere

Currently, this range is about 9 kilowatt hours. In this case, if the selected panel

which produces more than 9 kilowatt hours of electrical energy per hour, the selection of systems

And vice versa, if the mentioned amount is less than 9 kilowatt hours, the usage connected to the grid is more economical

It is cheaper than connecting and relying on the network. In summary, except for the cases that are relatively expensive

And your need is more than kilowatt hours, Baal has decided to design and install a system connected to the grid

Using systems connected and relying on the network is the best alternative method.

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Chapter III

belongings

components and before we go into the details of designing a solar power system, it is better

Let's examine the different required parts and how to connect them to each other.

Solar Panels

The panels provide the energy they need from the sun, so the more the sun's energy,

Their receiving power will be more. Panels in the absence of direct sunlight, i.e. in the shade

small. They produce electricity, but its amount is very

The output voltage of most panels under load is something around 99-93 volts and the mentioned figure is a measure

A single solar panel can charge a 92 volt battery.

If the wires of a voltmeter are connected to the output terminals of a solar panel, that is nothing

Consumers are not connected, contact us, you may encounter a figure of up to 20 volts. Voltage

The above-mentioned figure is normal and predictable in panels without load and in the so-called open circuit, but in single

Connecting their output to a consumer, the mentioned voltage drops and reaches around 99 to 93 volts

(Figure 9-8)

• Higher voltages can be created by connecting a series of panels together. The normal size of these voltages is

Systems independent from the network are 29 or 93 volts, and in the designs connected to the network, the voltage is mentioned

It may reach several hundreds of volts.

• By connecting the panels in parallel, the output voltage of the array is equal to the voltage of each panel, but the amount of power

increase.

To create a solar array (Figure 2-3), several panels can be connected together

made By connecting multiple panels together, more voltages or currents can be achieved.

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Figure 2-3 From the accumulation of many solar cells (left side) together, a panel was created (middle) and from the connection

Several panels together form a solar array (right side).

• When you connect multiple panels together, regardless of whether they are connected in series or parallel

are connected, the overall power of the system increases.

When the panels are connected in series according to Figure 1-3, the voltage and power of each panel is

And in total, the voltage and power of the array increases. The voltage and power of the next panel have been added

When connecting several panels in parallel to create an array, as shown in Figure 8-3

you make, the output voltage is equal to the average voltage of each panel and to achieve higher powers,

You add each watt to the other.

. If each of the panels is 12 volts and 12 watts, this figure 3-1 is a solar array consisting of four panels in series with a total of 48 volts

and 48 watts and a current equal to one ampere will flow in the external circuit.

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. If each of the panels is 12 volts and 12 watts, this figure 3-8 is a solar array composed of four parallel panels, the array

will have a total of 12 volts and 48 watts and a current equal to four amps will flow in the external circuit.

Inverter and battery

With the exception of grid-connected systems that connect the solar array directly to an inverter

It finds that solar panels are rarely used to power consumers directly. the reason

Weakness of sunlight, change And It is the amount of power received by solar panels, proportional to the intensity

he does. In this case, as the available power goes up and down, the said electricity can be used in many ways

Sensitive consumers will not be (Figure 2-3.)

A solar power system connected to the grid is designed in such a way that the inverter, this fluctuation in

It manages the production capacity and adapts itself to it, and if the consumption demand increases,

Its deficiency is provided through network electricity. This is while in independent systems or examples

Connected and dependent on the grid, batteries store the produced energy and use it in a constant and uniform manner

Consumers choose.

The energy produced by the panels is usually stored in "lead-acid" batteries with a cycle or a deep cycle

becomes These batteries are very similar to 92V car batteries (Figure 11-3), but because

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The difference in their internal structure is that they can be charged and discharged hundreds of times

There are notes.

15 kW at different hours of the day (horizontal axis) And Figure 2-3. The graph of received radiation intensity (vertical axis) of two panels 5

It happens, when there is a patch of cloud between the array on a completely sunny (top) and partly cloudy (bottom) day. Note in the bottom diagram.

and the sun is placed, the curve undergoes momentary and temporary changes and fluctuations

Although the voltage of most of these batteries is 92 volts, they are also produced in 0-volt models

they do. To achieve higher powers, the mentioned batteries can be used like solar panels

connected in series or parallel. Here, the series connection increases the voltage and overall power

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And with parallel communication, while the voltage remains constant, the intensity of the received current and, accordingly, the set of batteries

It increases power.

Figure 3-11 The different parts of a lead-acid car battery that are widely used in various solar power systems

is used.

controller
Except for grid connected systems, in other cases and designs, solar power systems to

Monitor the current given to the battery or received from it. If controllers need that

If the battery or batteries are overcharged and unnecessary, they will be damaged
and quickly destroyed.

they are going. Similar conditions occur in the failure of batteries when there is no controller in the system

Batteries are completely discharged. The solution to this problem is a device called a controller

(Figure 3-11)

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Fourth Season

How to calculate solar energy

The current and next chapter, in addition to users who are thinking of designing and installing a solar power system

are suitable for people who decide to install solar water heaters.

In these two chapters, wherever there is a name of a solar panel or array (several solar panels connected to

The mentioned content can be used for both mentioned systems, although in

For the category of solar heating, it is more correct to use the word "collector".

Radiation parameter

Its intensity includes, sunbathing or this composite parameter that the hours of sunlight and

(expressed in watts per square meter) m2/W The intensity of solar radiation is called

2
per square meter per day (m/day/kWh) is also more practically used in the form of "kilowatt hours"

can be

Intensity of sunlight and solar panel

In a part of the body or box of solar panels, a number is mentioned that represents the power

It is expected that such a panel will be able to produce it (in terms of watts) provided that the radiation

The sun should be considered 9111 watts per square meter of the desired location. This radiation intensity means 9111

Watts per square meter is a figure that can be used in the middle of the day, especially at noon in the middle of summer

acquired. So don't expect to reach such a figure by counting a daily average.

By knowing the intensity of the sun's radiation in the desired location and considering its daily average, that is

per square meter per day", and by multiplying this number by the power of the solar panels, the number of kilowatt hours

(in terms of watts), it is possible to determine the limits of daily energy received by the panels.

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Calculation of solar radiation intensity

The intensity of sunlight changes from one place to another and its amount also changes in different days of the year

can be If you want to have a reasonable estimate, you must for each specific place and each situation

Consider specific radiation intensity at a certain time. With the facility of the National Aeronautics and Space Organization

America (NASA) has provided, finding the intensity of sunlight in different areas has become very simple.

NASA's weather satellites have extracted the intensity of sunlight in our earth's place

provided to users.

Comprehensive and complete information about the intensity of sunlight in different parts of the world can be found on the web

the book, as an example, the radiation with The recommended site received the book. In Appendix A at the end of

The sunshine of Tehran city is presented.

For example, by referring to the support site, information about the intensity of sunlight

Consider the city of London in England. In the mentioned tables, the intensity of the radiations separately and

They are presented for different months of the year. In the mentioned tables, the first line presents the average intensity of light radiation

The sun is allocated in different months of the year and if the panel is installed horizontally on the ground.

These figures show that on average and on different days of each particular month, about how many hours

We have access to the midday sun. For example, by referring to the figures above, we realize that the amount

This is for the city of London and in the month of December it is equivalent to 0.1 hour that is 80 minutes and its size is in the month of June.

91 minutes of sunlight is in the middle hours of the day. And Equal to 9/30 means 9 hours

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Absorb more solar energy

The slope or deviation of the solar panel from the vertical direction is effective in the amount of absorbed energy, with a

A simple practical test can find out that the amount of energy received by the panels vertically from a wall

horizontally on the ground. and flat And also the panels that are hung directly and installed

Far less than the amount of energy absorbed by samples whose surface is towards the sun

It was marked and actually the panels were installed at an angle and slanted. The figures given above are related to

The intensity of sunlight in the city of London is per square meter of the earth's surface. If the panel

Install the sun at an angle and point it in the direction of the sunlight

Naturally, you will also gain more power. Roid is able to absorb more energy

The effect of this work is in the winter months when the sun seems to be at a lower height in the sky

It is more noticeable.

The reason is very simple; When the sun is at its peak, the intensity of its radiation is high

and according to Figure 12-4, when time passes and the sun rotates in the sky, its apparent height is proportional

And its light ray is received obliquely, the same amount of light is reduced to the area of the desired location

more is divided.

31 degrees Figure 4-12 Light rays hit at two angles of 21 degrees and

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As you can see, the intensity is proportional to the angle of sunlight to the desired location

The radiation changes. When the sun is directly overhead, a number of light rays

The sun is 9 meters wide and hits an area of 9 meters wide on the surface of the earth

(Figure on the left). When according to the figure on the right, the angle of sunlight rays

It is supposed to be 81 degrees with the earth. The same amount as the previous ones with a width of 9 meters, this time a space of about 2

They target meters from the ground. In this way, it is observed that the intensity of sunlight in the state

The second means with an angle of 81 degrees, compared to the first state which means 11 degrees, it is halved (reminder: in a triangle).

The perpendicular, the opposite side of an 81 degree angle, is half a chord.

The influence of the tilt of the panel on the intensity of sunlight

And as a result, by tilting the panels towards the sun, more energy is absorbed

We will produce more electricity. In many cases, the size of this angle depends on the slope of the roof of the building

The opinion depends, although in recent years and with the research done and the presentation of different tables,

For each specific place, optimal angles can be achieved, which are combined with the maximum received energy

be In the following, you will see a table that shows the effect of the angle of the panels and their different installation conditions

Different times of the year show the intensity of radiation received in the city of London.

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Calculation of the optimal slope of the panel

Because of the 28/9 angle of the Earth's rotation axis with its rotation plane around the sun

Makes. The optimal tilt of solar panels changes throughout the year, depending on different seasons. At

Many cases and according to the conditions and position of installing the panels, it is possible to tilt them to

And adjusted while in many cases, changing the angle of the panels monthly

It is not possible and they are installed permanently.

comes: may Calculating the optimal slope of the panels is not difficult and can be obtained from the following relationship

Latitude -90° = the best fixed angle of the panel during the seasons

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Calculation of solar panel production power

Based on the numbers obtained about the monthly radiation intensity and by multiplying them in the nominal wattage of each

The amount of electrical energy per day of the panel can be obtained, that is:

Intensity of sunlight × nominal wattage of the panel = watt hours per day

As you have noticed, the number related to the radiation intensity depends on the desired month and the tilt of the panel.

For example, suppose we have a 21 watt solar panel and in the city of London in the months of June and December,

We have placed 38° and in order to obtain the daily received energy, it is in both horizontal and angular forms

It can be done as follows:

Angular application of arrangement of arrays

However, these approximate and thumb calculations are very useful and can be used in estimation

The approximate costs of a solar power system are effective. This calculation is very simple and sufficient

is the figure obtained from the number of watt hours per day to the figure corresponding to the worst case of radiation intensity

Khursheed was divided monthly (that is, the month of Azar).

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This work is so valuable that by spending a little time, the panels are placed at different angles and the
results are obtained

to compare

A comparison of the information given in the above table indicates that depending on how the panels are angled,

Choosing samples in the range of 098 to 9991 watts, the total electrical needs of our hypothetical house per month

It clears Azar.

Solar array efficiency

So far, at least from a theoretical point of view, we have become more or less familiar with the size of the required panels

We have not yet included their efficiency in the calculations.

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Solar panels are measured by their "maximum output power". The maximum output power of each array

and sunny and it is created at a voltage between 99 and 22 volts. Although mostly sunny, in clear weather

Inverters, batteries and controllers are not able to use this voltage and the said voltage must be somehow

And this lowering of the voltage itself caused the power drop to match their input voltage

becomes

From the point of view of the radiation energy available in a place, in comparison with the amount of energy absorbed by the array,

The efficiency is around 19%.

Fortunately, inverters and controllers can be used to increase efficiency and compensate for such losses

invented that by using a special feature called "tracker or searcher of maximum power" (with letters).

Abbreviation of MPPT) creates the highest possible power. The said capability, the voltage received from the array

It adjusts the solar in such a way that by providing the correct voltage required by the batteries or the inverter, this decrease

removes or at least reduces its amount.

The efficiency of these detectors is between 11 and 19%, although it is expensive

Controllers equipped with this feature are more expensive than the types without them, as well as similar inverters

When buying, you should pay attention to this difference in initial costs and consider their positive and negative consequences

gave

In general, controllers equipped with MPPT capability in powers over 211 watts and similar inverters in powers above 811

watts become cost-effective and economical. In addition, note that in systems connected to the grid, where the inverter is fed

directly from solar panels, it must be connected to a

You will need an example equipped with the ability to track the maximum power, but if you want to use the inverter from one or

Feed a few batteries, you don't have to buy a model equipped with maximum power tracking.

In short, if you want to consider the issue of 100% inefficiency or power loss in your calculations

Do it, be careful that if you use an inverter or a controller equipped with MPPT capability, the number

If you have used it, divide the calculated final number by 1.1 and if it is from samples without MPPT

Divide by 1/19. In this case, the summary of calculations is summarized as follows:

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Effect of solar panel temperature

When solar panels are used in low temperatures and cold regions,

and production power at low temperatures to Comparison with tropical climates and regions has provided better performance

It will be much higher than high temperatures. In this way, it can be seen that the electricity produced by a system

without wind. And sunny, but with light wind and photovoltaics on a dusty and cool day, more than not so clear and sunny and

A clear day

When checking the specifications of solar panels, pay attention to the rated power or watts

mentioned, it is related to the radiation of 9111 watts per square meter and at a temperature of 29 degrees Celsius. Therefore, it should

It was expected that the electricity produced by these panels at temperatures lower than 29 degrees, more and at temperatures higher than that,

be less than the desired level (Figure 13-4.)

Most of this heat is caused by And When the panels are exposed to sunlight, they are heated

Absorption of infrared rays of sunlight, and again because of their black or dark color, increase

And it will be noticeable. Experience has shown that in tropical areas, the surface temperature is also noticeable

These panels can easily reach 31 to 11 degrees Celsius.

Most manufacturers of solar panels provide information to users about the effects of these temperature changes

Notify them about the performance of the panels. This effect is known as "temperature coefficient of rated power". With

A percentage of power reduction is determined for each degree Celsius of temperature increase.

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of a single panel, with the increase in temperature, the intensity of the current decreases to a very small extent.

It can be assumed to be constant, but the output voltage increases by the amount, although its change is so small that

It is significantly reduced. Considering that changing the ambient temperature is out of the user's control, it should be tried as much as possible

At the time of installing the panels, Kurd considered a suitable wind outlet in their lower part so that the array has acceptable ventilation.

And do not block the passage of air flow. received

Usually, the size of this parameter is about 1.9%, that is, with each degree Celsius increase in the ambient

temperature, the efficiency of the solar array decreases by 1.9%, and vice versa, with each degree Celsius

decrease in temperature, the efficiency of the array decreases by 9. increases by 1.1% (Table 1-9). If we

temperature changes on a 911 watt solar panel is described.

consider the size of this coefficient to be 1.9%, the effect of

will be in table 14-4:

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Better by understanding how keeping the panels cool has a noticeable effect on their performance

At the time of installing and designing the location of the panels, make arrangements as much as possible to allow the

free flow of air to pass under and over them. If your goal is to install panels on the roof or attic, definitely one

Keep in mind a 1-91 cm gap between the surface of the gable or the roof and the body of the panels. Of course, instead

of laying the panels directly on the attic or roof, they can be first mounted on a frame or base, in which case the

aforementioned goal, i.e. distance and air flow, will be provided automatically.

becomes

In cases where the panels are supposed to be installed on the roof and if the annual average

The air temperature of the place is around 29 degrees Celsius and more, to find the actual temperature of the panels, the number

Multiply this by 9.9 and if the panels are to be installed on a pole, to find the temperature

Actually, multiply the temperature of the place by 2.9.

on Usually, in the manual or brochure of the panels, a table or diagram is mentioned, which shows the effect of temperature

Determines their rated power. In this case and according to the decrease that is caused in the system due to this, a little

extra watt should be predicted for the effects and consequences caused by the increase in temperature.

Finding the average air temperature in different parts of the world is not a difficult task by referring to the website

"Channel Weather" (Channel Weather) at the address: com.weather.www can be easily accessed

Accessed. By simply connecting to the mentioned website, you can simply view the monthly average

You will be the air temperature of most cities in different countries of the world. For ease of work, the mentioned temperatures, also to

They are presented in Celsius and Fahrenheit.

Approximate cost calculation

And First of all, it should be noted that the estimated costs in this section are far from reality

are approximate. Remember to enter the place of installation and its effect in the accounts so far

We have not calculated.

As a start and to have a background in costs, it should be noted that if physical works and

Do-it-yourself physical and transport, a solar power system includes: array, controller and

Batteries will cost you about $0.2 per watt, which of course will fluctuate up and down ±99%.

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When designing different systems, keep in mind that implementing a system connected to the network

It needs more money, because despite not needing a battery, the mentioned system will need a more

completing the work, you are required to pay a visit fee to anexpensive inverter. Also,
approved electricity don't forget
company, that
who will afterthe
verify

correctness of the work steps by an experienced electrician or expert.

to confirm In many countries, more strictness is common and all parts used in

The desired solar power system must have good qualities and special standards

Obtain the ability and permission to connect to the city's electricity network. Therefore, if the intention is to design an electrical system

Solar is connected to the grid, count on something around 1-92 dollars per watt and take into account the

±99% fluctuation in costs.

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The fifth chapter

Checking the installation location of the array

Checking the installation location of the panels is one of the most important steps in the successful design of a solar power system.

By doing this, it is determined whether the desired option is suitable

And if the answer is yes, by checking the installation position of a solar power system or not

and reliable user location, the appropriate place to install the said system to achieve the best performance is specified

It is seen that the spent budget will not be wasted.

Draw a sketch

It is a very good idea to draw a simple hand sketch of the desired location. In doing this

And the obsession is not too much, but in general, having such roles in the next stages and work requires carefulness

It is also very useful during system design.

When preparing the map, only thinking about specifying the location of trees and other obstacles in the ground

Don't be alone and keep in mind the types of obstacles located in the nearby lands. Don't forget that tree saplings and other young and

small plants that do not currently have an effect in blinding the path of the sun's rays may become a problem in the future. Finally, using an

arrow in

And and checking the letter N (abbreviation of North) under it, the north of the map of the corners drawn from the map

Determine the location of the place.

Installation on the pole

The most important condition for installing the panels on the pole is to use a suitable and strong column and provide one

And it is non-manual rather than designed structure, against the forces of strong concrete foundation in stiff soil

Wind and earthquake resistance.

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Maintenance rounds

From the point of view of cleanliness, the panels do not need to be cleaned too much, but in any case, it should be

accepted that on their glass surface, it reduces their efficiency, and the presence of different
and in this masses
sense, during ofpositioning
dustThinking
positioning
thearray, ofstains,
the andabout

how to access and clean

There were regular inspections and panels every few months.

Installing the panel on the ground

In addition, be aware that recently, bases for ground installation of panels have been put on the market, which act like

rotating antennas during the day and have the ability to track and follow the path of sunlight rays in the sky. These

foundations are able to increase the amount of energy received between 99 and 21% in winter and up to 99% in summer.

Although currently the price of the commercial samples of these devices is quite expensive and despite the valuable area

occupied by the panels, in the current situation, increasing the array level in this sense

Solar is more economical and it is better to "Give these bases to their meeting!". with all this

Features of many engineers and people with taste and motivation who always like the latest technologies

To take advantage of this world day, put their heart into the sea and prepare a sample of these foundations and use them

they give. If you are interested, you can visit "com.instructables" site and choose from the collections

Visit these foundations that interested people have built themselves. Some of these users

They also offer instructions and a plan for making their own innovative model on this site.

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Check for obstacles

To check the status of the existing obstacles around the place of installation of panels, go to the desired location and geographical south

Determine with the help of a compass. If the panels are going to be on the ground or at a height

And place your line of sight on the installation level of the panels Install a little of it, bend it a little and try to

Once from the east to the south and then the west, follow with your eyes and see if the surrounding obstacles, such as

trees and nearby buildings, are in the path of the sun's rays in the winter when the sun is at a low altitude.

blind or not

To do this, it is necessary to be aware of the position of sunrise and sunset in different months of the year.

referring to the panel's "angle calculator" section Fortunately, this information is very easy to obtain and by

"Solar" on the com.Handbook Electricity Solar.www site you can easily navigate

Determine the sun in different months of the year.

And it is a conveyor. To do this, using the easiest way to detect potential obstacles, using a pencil

Attach a bit of adhesive tape, a piece of thread to the unsharpened end of a pencil and pass the end of the thread through

the center hole of the protractor and tie the end (Figure 15-5) or if you are interested, make a more basic device. With

Drill, at the end of the pencil, create a fine transverse hole and pass a needle or an opened clip through it.

and insert the tip of the needle or clip into the central hole of the conveyor, so that the said pencil can be on the

slow The conveyor plate moves and fills the place of its different radii

and a bit of glue and thread formed Figure 15-5 A simple initiative to determine the angle of the sun's radiation, which is made of only a pencil, a protractor

Is.

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And at this stage, knowing the angle of the sun's rays in different months, he moved the pencil slowly.

Place on the desired angle. Now if you place the protractor on a horizontal plane level with the panels, the tip

The pencil will show the direction of the sun's radiation in the desired month. In this case, each of the obstacles

If they are aligned with the pencil, the panels will be shaded.

Professional and automatic obstacle analysis tools

And you would like to look at this from a more professional point of view, if you are interested in installing multiple panels

Note that there are special specialized tools that are able to analyze obstacles.

For this purpose, a device named "Solar Path Finder" has been released to the market, which is one of the best tools for this

It is considered work. This tool consists of a plastic body, in the upper part of which a glass bubble is embedded in the shape

of a sweat. To use this tool, it is placed on a special and adjustable tripod and the set is placed in the desired location, Figure

(5-12).

and figures and grades and transparent sweat

surface and also a visible screen inside it full of numbers, signs

There are different directions and according to the price and depending on whether the device is complete or simple, it has different features

It is equipped with such features as a compass, a leveling device, indicators of the hours of the day and different months of the

year, and many other features. In addition, the base of the device has special tips that can be used on almost any uneven surface

And it is easy to level. It was mentioned that the solar router is a fixed device

It is not electric or electronic and does not need a battery or any other power source and the way it works is very good

simple
is. Once this device is placed in the desired position, it will reflect the surrounding obstacles and scenery

And this possibility is provided for the user to make their roles appear manually and on the bubble

drew an approximation and then, by moving the tripod and actually by changing the position of the hypothetical panels, he tried to

Remove unwanted shadows.

And the transition in the market, because such tools are of no practical use for non-professionals, was a little slow

Sellers of solar panels and accessories, you can find companies that rent these routers on a daily or weekly basis. Recently,

electronic systems equipped with GPS have been released to the market

By using the keys of geodeflectors and accelerometers, they perform this action electronically.

The price of these devices is very high, around several thousand dollars, and they are able to provide a comprehensive and

detailed analysis of the state of the sun's rays. If you happen to want to buy a good and suitable example of this device

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and Eye Sun produced

Twoby
famous
Solmetric.
examples
If youofwant,
it arethis
themeans
brandsdesigning,
Asset madetroubleshooting
by Wiley Electronics
and

repairing electrical systems

Follow the sun professionally, having a sample of these tools seems inevitable.

Figure 15-5 A solar path finder with a tripod, bag and saber attachments (part a.) in part b, according to grading

I see
And different indicators, each of which has a specific task, were pointed out. In part c of the device compass that for direction

Its initial setting is used and observed.

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iPhone is, fig on Another simpler and cheaper way is to use Solmetric's IPV programs

.)12-5(

and assisted
By installing this program, which costs about 81 dollars, existing obstacles are tracked

Charts that are automatically drawn on the screen, annual analysis

Shading is easy. Although the details provided by this program are as many examples

It is not electronic, comprehensive and complete, but these days, most professional people use this software. programmatic

It has been mentioned that it has many features and functions of expensive systems and has the advantage that

In addition to the ease of use, it is not very expensive.

If you need more information on Solmetric IPV, visit www.Solmetric.com

Refer and remember that the required software can be downloaded from the iTunes website.

It is worth noting that if you currently have an iPhone, with the first use of this software, there is a fee

The first one will pay for itself, but if you have another cell phone, or borrow one from a friend

Take it or think a little and see if it's time to replace and upgrade your phone!

IPV solmetric
the program on an iPhone Figure 5-11 Examples of reports provided by

Foresight in solar power systems

When you are thinking of installing a solar power system, you should also consider its future status.

Because the useful and average life of such systems is about twenty years, you have to think of a plan

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It ensured that the designed system is able to provide appropriate and desirable performance during the mentioned period

is. When examining this perspective and the horizon ahead, do not forget that during the mentioned period, trees and

The protective hedges around the place where the panels are installed grow quickly. For example, a young sapling of a spruce in

The nearby garden, in a few hours, turns into a tall and sturdy tree. If you think that you are a shadow

This tree will cause trouble in the future. It is better not to postpone today's work until tomorrow, but from the beginning

Consider a better one for installing panels. If in the vicinity of the land where the panels are installed, the old building or

There is a settlement or even if you see a building under construction, using local research or

Asking the owner, find out about the number of floors and the height of the building under construction, so that in the long run,

its shadow will not prevent the proper functioning of your panels.

One of the other useful tasks is researching the occurrence of local fog or mist at certain times of the year

It is, because if the occurrence of these weather conditions exceeds a certain limit, the normal operation of the panels will be difficult

faces

What is the correct voltage?

The most common voltages suitable for use in "off-grid" and "connected" solar power systems

or 93 volts. In deciding to choose the working voltage of the system, the network-dependent factor should be considered, 29, 92

He made equations. Devices with voltages of 92 or 29 volts that are "cost" are also included in the calculations

They work, they are much more abundant and cheaper than the examples that work with higher voltages, for example

93 volts. Due to less acceptance of 93V models, it is obvious that their price is significantly higher than

It will be 92 or 29 volt samples.

In practice, the design and launch of grid-independent systems with voltages over 93 volts are common and common

Is not. The reason is that due to the specialization and low consumption of inverters and controllers with

Voltages over 93 volts work, their prices increase exponentially and drastically.

In systems connected to the network, by connecting several panels together, you can benefit from much higher voltages

And a short transition in the stores that supply the essentials of solar power systems. with a patrol

You will notice that the inverters of the systems connected to the network are of various types and voltages from 92 to 9111

Volts are also available. In any case, the voltage with which solar power systems connected to the grid work

depends on the number of solar panels used.

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How to choose the right voltage for the PV cell

Choosing the voltage according to the amount of current produced by the solar array or the amount of current used in that unit

You put it, it depends.

Achieving the intensity of higher currents depends on having stronger controllers and also using

The cables are thicker.

In our desired system, apart from the systems used in the interior of the building, the electricity generated by the array

In order to reach the destination, the sun must pass through about 92 meters of cable. An extremely important and noteworthy point

It is that drawing high and high current from batteries reduces their useful life. Usually, on the body of the batteries, the specifics

of them, which are "ampere-hours", are mentioned. In this case, if you want from Omar

Do not reduce the usefulness of the battery. Try as much as possible to reduce the amount of current drawn from the battery as well as the amount

Its charging current should not exceed 91% of the ampere hours of the battery.

Because the amount of current drawn from the battery is one of the parameters involved in its correct selection, it is small

We will discuss this topic later. When choosing voltages, it is better to have two or more samples instead of one

considering different strengths and voltages, for example 92 or 29 volts, and before the final selection, the conditions and consequences and

Check the weakness of each one and lighten the weight. If you decide to finally, the resulting DC voltage to a

Make the AC voltage equal to the city electricity voltage, note that the permissible power of 92 V inverters,

It is less than 29 or 93 volt samples and in this case, by using 92 volt samples, the power can be increased.

Achievement will be associated with limitations.

Calculation of cable diameter

And at this stage, we want the diameter of the cable, we will do more digging in the cables later, but active

Determine the requirements for our system.

As you noticed in the example of the bungalow, the transmission of solar power from the output of the controller to

The location of the building is carried out by 92 meters of cable. After the generated electricity arrives inside the building,

The electricity required for lighting, sockets and various consumers is provided by another 91 meters of cable.

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In this way, it is observed that we need a total of 22 meters of cable. To calculate the cross section of the cable

Use the following relationship:

0.04 LI
=

20

In this regard:

L: cable length in meters

I: Current intensity in the cable in amperes

V: Selectable system voltage (92 or 29 volts)

CT: Cable cross section in square millimeters

Therefore, if in the above example, the system voltage is considered to be 92 volts, the cross section of the cable is equal to:

0.04×22×14/08 2
= 12 = 20/65 CT
20

The similar calculation method for a 29-volt system is as follows:

0.04 ×22 ×7 /04 2

CT = 24 = 5/15
20

Just for information, if you can create a condition where the system voltage is considered to be 93 volts, the level And

The required cable section will be calculated as follows:

0.04 ×22 ×3 /52 2

CT = 48 = 1/16
20

Using the cable size conversion table

1
And also to know the equivalent diameter in order to convert the cross section of the cable to AWG specification number

mm or inch can be used from table 11-5.

1
Gauge Wire American, standard code of American wires.

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By referring and observing the figures given in this table, you can quickly choose the right cable. At

In this example, the length of the cable used is more than we can start our system based on 92 volts

do. Looking at the table, it is clear that the closest number larger than 21/09 is 29/99, which is an American number 9 cable

with a diameter of 91.9 mm. In this case, to overcome the existing resistance

We have to transfer the generated electricity from the array to the building and more importantly, the internal wiring, from one

And we should use strong number 9, which is expensive and inflexible, and its installation is a relatively thick cable

It will not be easy. Therefore, if we want to look more realistically at the issue of determining cable size,

It seems that the best thing is to choose the voltage of 29 or 93 volts.

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Big solar panel

The cheapest technology for making solar panels is their amorphous or biskeletal example, which is solar panels

They are also called thin film or elihi.

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And finally, only able to convert 3% of the light among other technologies, this example has no noticeable efficiency

And Received electricity. Nevertheless, the mentioned panels have good performance even on cloudy days and continue to

produce electricity, and some of their samples have acceptable performance even under the moonlight.

are displayed.

Full crystal solar panel

These panels are made of several solar cells, each of which is made of thin tablets of silicon crystals

have been produced, the efficiency of these panels in direct sunlight and compared to divine samples

Thin, much better and between 98 and 93%.

In this way, it is natural that considering a certain power, the area occupied by high crystal panels is about? Divine

samples are thin and accordingly, their installation in various conditions and especially

Difficult will be much easier. The useful life of these panels is more than thin divine samples and the amount of the case

The wait is estimated to be about 29 years.

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Monocrystalline solar panels

These solar panels are made of several smaller solar cells, each of which is a separate silicon crystal

They are made, they are created. Among the common and available pleasure panels today, these examples of efficiency

It is higher than other types and their efficiency is estimated to be around 99-29%.

These panels have all the characteristics of high-quality samples, but due to the high efficiency, if we consider the owner

in terms of production capacity, they should be considered the smallest and most compact panels.

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Considering the high cost of making these panels, it is obvious that their price will be higher than other types

Was. Normally, the price of a monocrystalline panel is between 89 and 91% more than the equivalent polycrystalline solar panel

is.

Which solar panel technology is the best?

Experience has shown that in most applications, the use of high crystal panels that are both in terms of dimensions and direction

The initial costs are reasonable, it is the best choice.

Thin solar panels are mostly used in cases where the required power is at a low level

should be no limitation of space. As theIntotal,

addition, there is not very big and detailed
the design

It was mentioned earlier, because as the required power increases, the overall dimensions of the panels become very large, like this

The panels are more suitable for producing 911 to 921 watts.

Trademarks

The products produced by different companies are not the same and the quality is not the same, and when buying solar panels, they are better

They have not given, from the unknown, which has not been tried and tested, instead of preparing unknown brands

used the products of reputable and famous companies. Don't forget the anonymous or original solar panels

And in many cases, especially on cloudy days, it has no name and cheap price, and it does not have good durability and performance

They fail to produce electricity. For this reason, it is recommended when buying solar power systems

and good names such as: Sanyo, Hyundai, Their accessories are products of well-known companies

Get Skies Clear, Panasonic, BP, Kyocera, or Sharp. If my personal opinion

If you want, I recommend you to use Kyocera high crystal panels. compared to products

Other companies, the products of this factory have very good quality and performance.

Various solar arrays

If there are certain conditions and you have to use multiple panels in the desired arrangement

Use, at least by categorizing them, connect different groups in a parallel way. parallel

Making panels is one of the best ways to do it instead of buying solar panels

The bigger one achieved the right wattage in order to provide higher power.

The winding of this method becomes a bit more complicated, but it is worth it, because by paralleling several of them

The panel can achieve the desired wattage by spending the least amount of money. (Figure 18-5)

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Figure 5-18 How to connect two panels with different watts to one controller

If the design of your desired system is such that its voltage is something other than 92 volts, you may have to

connect several panels in series to increase the voltage and bring it to the desired level.

connect For example, if you need a 29V 911W array, you need two 91W and 92V panels.

communicate to each other in series.

When preparing and designing a solar array, keep the following things in mind:

o The final dimensions of the array: Does the resulting array fit in the desired

location? o Base structure: ready-made bases are only able to hold certain combinations of panels.

o How much cable do you need to assemble the array and assemble the panels?

o What is the desired system voltage? If the said voltage is something other than 92 volts, to create

An array with a certain voltage and power will require several separate panels to connect properly

They achieve the right power and voltage.

Fresnel mirror and lens

2
Fresnel lens. Basically, a Fresnel lens, for Here we want to have a brief reference to mirror and

Illumination was invented at long distances, including in lighthouses. said lens for focusing

The light beam benefits from the phenomenon of refraction. In relation to the category of solar panels, researchers

have used these lenses and with their help, they have been able to focus the sun's rays on the panel.

opinion, increase the received power. In practice, by focusing sunlight on a smaller surface and actually with

Increasing the intensity of sunlight can absorb more energy by the panel and increase its efficiency

increased attention Although this work is accompanied by problems, the main of which is going up too much

2
Fresnel

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The temperature of the panels is In practice, many panels that have been tested with this method have been completely damaged

and failed due to the high temperature caused by the presence of the
Fresnel lens. It is interesting to know the occurrence of this

It has happened to less educated and non-professional beginners!

Currently, one or two solar panel manufacturers are advertising models equipped with Fresnel lenses

They offer Such panels are very large and bulky. Due to the high heat generated on site

with special precision and delicacy that the surrounding air is able to pass through different surfaces Panels, their installation should be done

They are and ventilation should be done properly.

Solar trackers

In the case of solar arrays installed on the ground or designs placed on a pole, it is possible to

Systems that are also called "solar tracker" or "rotating panel" and follow the path and direction of the sun's rays

and adjust the array in the best possible way at all hours according to each situation.

Placed in the direction of sunlight, used.

The most important advantage of detectors is that these systems increase the amount of light absorbed by the panels

they give. The use of solar trackers makes the amount of energy received up to

99% has gone up and during the winter months, it is profiting from an increase of about 99% to 21%. Unfortunately, in

Currently, the price of these rotating panels or detectors is so expensive that their purchase and installation are not

affordable and have no economic justification. In cases where more energy absorption is inevitable, buy a solar array

Larger, more affordable than purchasing such solar trackers. Of course, it is possible with cases

If the available space is not enough to install a larger array, in this case, the provision of detectors

It will be inevitable.

batteries

When it comes to batteries, the system designer faces several options. to the opinion

And the suggestions of battery manufacturers are useful in choosing the right batteries

search, to introduce you to the best example that is suitable for a specific purpose. although

Lead-acid batteries are marketed in different voltages, but it must be acknowledged that the most famous

and common one is the 92-volt model. To increase the voltage of the batteries, they

can be connected in series and to increase the power and of course by maintaining the voltage of one of them,

Connect the batteries in parallel.

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Battery capacity is measured in ampere-hours. In fact, the ampere-hour of a battery represents the characteristic of how

long a certain current can be supplied from the battery. For example, and of course from a theoretical aspect, a 911 ampere-

hour battery can provide us with a current of one ampere for 911 hours.

Or provide a current of 911 amperes during one hour. In this regard, he put the word "theoretical".

We mentioned The reason is that the reality is something else and in practice, when lead-acid batteries

They are discharged slowly, they provide more energy, and for example, if a 911 ampere-hour battery, instead of

A time interval of 21 hours will be discharged in 9 hours, the available power with a drop of about 21 to 29%

will be. Secondly, lead acid batteries should not be completely discharged. In this regard, attention should be paid

3(9 ) stated that in order to avoid early damage of the battery, it should always be at least 21% of the charge level (SOC).

kept

And they recommend that during the design of the system, in a certain way, experts and technical people have gone further

Make sure that the battery charge is not less than 91% of its nominal capacity under any circumstances.

Types of batteries

In total, there are three types of lead-acid batteries, which include:

And from a longer useful life o Newer batteries that have better performance compared to other types of batteries

they have, but they need care and maintenance, and every once in a while, you have to check the level of their acid water

filled to a certain degree. Controlled and

3
State Of Charge

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o AGM (AGM) batteries (4) that do not require any special care or maintenance, but have a long life

Their usefulness is shorter.

o Gel (or gelatin) batteries that have an acceptable useful life and release gas from themselves during charging.

Hydrogen does not help. These batteries do not need any special maintenance or care

They are designed in such a way that they can be used while moving and even the battery can be placed on the sides

It is lying on its side and it can be used in any situation.

Before, installers were advised to design and install solar systems from lead batteries

Use acidifiers, which are produced with industrial quality. Compliance with this advice leads to long performance

It has been systemized for a long period of time and is accompanied by spending less money. Because this kind of batteries are more expensive

They are used by trucks and heavy vehicles as well as electric vehicles, they are very durable and productive and if

they are used in solar systems, their useful life is around 3 to 91

It will be the year. A cheaper example of such batteries, which also have industrial quality, are the batteries used in

caravans and yachts. These batteries are usually either of different types or of

Examples are "EGM". The useful life of recent examples is far less than that of used models

It has been used in heavy vehicles and it is around 8-9 years old, and it is efficient in heavy applications

and have a weaker performance.

absolutely do not require any special

A third
maintenance
option is gel
andbatteries.
care, andThe
are
most
completely
important
sealed
advantage
and integrated,
of this group
theyisdo
that
notthey
release

any hydrogen gas during operation.

And regarding installation in emitting systems, they do not appear. Previously, such batteries did not have much solar life, they did

one or two years of use. not count on them much, because they usually need to be replaced after

Based on their structure, they had a useful life. Although in recent years and with the reforms that

Smaller gel batteries have increased and in general they can be compared with "EGM" batteries

knew In addition to the mentioned advantage, their price has also decreased significantly.

Although the use of gel batteries in large solar systems with high energies (for example, in

About 911 watt hours, it is not common and suitable, but these examples are many alternatives

They are good for batteries that are supposed to be used in smaller and more compact solar systems

4
And it is free from the need for stubbornness and care. Acid water, whose name is derived from the first words Mat Glass Absorbed, is a sealed battery

and are saturatedInstead

up to 19%,
of filling
and ainspace
this way,
between
even ifthe
thebattery
batteryplates
body like
is broken,
normalno
lead-acid
dangerous
batteries,
liquid the
comes
batteries
out. Itare
is not
filled
possible
with felts
andmade
for this
of reason,
glass wool

some people know these samples as dry batteries. The mentioned felt is made of "Born-Silicate" and very fine and delicate fibers are used in its construction.

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Process. If the desired solar project is compatible with a battery of 91 amp hours or less,

Gel batteries are very suitable alternatives for heavy and industrial batteries.

Useful life of batteries

in two ways, each of which has different characteristics Basically, measuring the useful life of the battery can be checked

are related to:

The number of cycles carried out to a certain discharge depth of the battery according too The life of the wheels

is measured

Persistence or overall life span, which represents the number of years in case of regular and timely charging

If not used, the battery maintains its efficiency state.

Wheel life

On Again, in fact, every time you use the electrical charges stored in a battery and discharge it, you expose the

battery to a cycle. In this case and after a number of cycles,

And this chemical characteristic of the battery is faced with a situation where the continuation of the normal and initial routine is impossible

That is when the battery needs to be replaced.

In this way, the cycle life indicates the number of useful and effective cycles or cycles before

5
And in most cases, battery replacement is effective. This life depends on DOD or depth of discharge

Manufacturing companies, the cycle life in the form of a table or graph that shows the battery life according to the depth of discharge

They make it clear, provide it to the consumer.

and the figures that you may encounter in connection with the life of the wheels, in the table (5-12) some numbers

are given As you can see in this table, by reducing the depth of discharge, the useful life of the battery

increase.

5
Depth Of Discharge

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For this reason, when designing solar power systems, it is better than a set or so-called "bank".

"Battery" with a higher capacity is beneficial, as compared to the said batteries, in rare cases, the depth of discharges is higher

become The advice given by experts is that it is better when choosing a battery or batteries

It worked in such a way that the available capacity is such that in the most difficult conditions, the batteries are never discharged

Don't face more than 91% of your capacity. The second advantage of choosing batteries with a higher capacity is the ability that

For that, the system is able to provide more capabilities. For example, if in a certain situation you are faced with a situation

where you have to consume more electricity for several days than what was predicted in the original plan.

In this case, taking into account the slightly higher capacity of the batteries, by no means with such problems

You will not face power outages.

Retardation

When choosing the capacity of the battery or batteries of the system, you should also consider another parameter called delay

had in mind Delay is the amount of time the user expects the system to continue to operate without receiving any electrical

energy from the array. In any case, sometimes you face a situation where the existing array is not able to supply all the

required and consumed energy. In this case, the first thing to think about is that the plan made to supply the required energy should

able to compensate for a few days of delay. Experience has shown that in most applications, considering a figure between 8 and 9

The day of delay is a suitable prediction and support.

How to calculate the lifespan of a battery set

Calculating the time period that one or more batteries installed in a solar power system are able to perform the task and provide

the required energy is not very accurate. Maybe the reason is that the prediction of the number

It is impossible to discharge the batteries, because any guess about this depends on their maintenance conditions

It also depends on how the entire system is used throughout the year.

However, with a reasonable approximation, the durability and useful life of the battery or batteries used in one can be calculated

estimated the system. This prediction will help the user to determine the type and size of batteries needed

forgives.

In the first step, make a list of the daily energy consumption of your system. In the next step,

Consider the problem of backwardness. In the mentioned example, the goal is that for a period of 9 days, the energy of the item

that the system should be supplied as needed. By multiplying 019 watt hours by 9 days, we get this result

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Designed to be able to store 8919 watt hours of energy. In practice, instead of evaluating batteries with watt-hours, they

measure their capacity with ampere-hours. To convert watt hours to amp hours,

It is enough to divide the number of watt hours by the battery voltage.

If the design is based on a 92-volt battery or batteries, to obtain ampere-hours,

It is enough to divide the number 8919 by 92 volts, to get the figure of 211 ampere hours. And in another example

If you are going to connect two 92V batteries in series, it is beneficial to design the system based on 29V

By dividing the number 8919 by 29, we will reach the number 999 ampere hours.

Don't forget that to avoid damaging the batteries, we should not discharge them completely. So at this stage

And let's see how many charge and discharge cycles are considered. If necessary, comment on the life of the wheels

If we want to check the daily performance of our system in spring, summer and autumn, it should be said that the goal is

Slow, because it seems unlikely On that the solar array can fully charge the battery or batteries during the day.

It turns out that during this period of time, the batteries are discharged more than 91 to 21%.

Although, during the winter months, the conditions are such that when the batteries are empty, there is a break of several days

We will need to fill them completely. As mentioned earlier, if the batteries are like this

face a situation before they reach their useful life and so-called retire, ability

They will charge and discharge 891 times. In this way, if the number of charging and discharging times is 891 cycles

Multiply by 9 days, we will get 9191 days or 93 months.

If we assume these conditions to be probable and considering that 9 months are mentioned, approximately the months of November, December, December and

that the batteries will work for us for about 99.9 years! includes the avalanche, we come to this conclusion

Of course, remember that batteries have a shelf life or so-called "expiry date", so that

In the best and most ideal conditions, their maximum useful life is about ten years, and in this way, before we want to take

advantage of its 99.9 years, with the end of the ten-year period, we actually

They are eliminated.

In this case, taking into account 999 amp hours, per 29-volt system and observing 31% battery discharge,

It can be concluded that the required battery capacity in the 29-volt system is equivalent to:

It will be 29/939 = 3 ÷ 999% amp hours.

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Controllers

And they have the task of taking care of the batteries in front of the excess charging of the solar controllers

sent from the solar array are protected. These devices have other functions and if

Consumers connected to batteries want to receive excessive and unreasonable energy, batteries with deep discharge

If they face serious damage, they will cut off the communication between them. And

Many controllers are equipped with a small LCD screen that displays essential system information such as the

intensity of the battery charging current as well as the solar array's production power. In the event that

The purchased sample does not have such a screen, it is not bad to have a normal digital multimeter or a clamp

Have (clamps) to sometimes control different parts of the circuit and their correct operation

be sure.

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The choice of solar controllers depends on the following four factors:

o System voltage

o The intensity of the current generated by the solar arrays in amperes

in terms of amps o The most current drawn by consumers

o The amount of detail that can be displayed by the device's LCD screen

Some sample wiring diagrams

Experience has shown that an illustrative form is far better and more useful than several lines or even several pages of explanation

is. For this reason and for a better understanding of how to connect solar power systems together, here are a few

Diagrams and simple designs are provided.

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Appendix A

When preparing the list related to solar system power analysis, you have to measure the required power of the tools and

devices inside the home, workplace, etc.

Workplace 1. House and

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2. Some common electrical accessories and tools used in the garden and garage

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Appendix B

Solar insolation is the amount of daily energy that is expected to be collected in a specific place and per

square meter of the desired surface. The mentioned values are related to the average of a specific
period of time, especially monthly. These figures are expressed as an average and in fact in the form of
2
Averages are presented, with a unit of day/kwh (kilowatt hours). And an average

square meter per day. Of course, it is obvious that these values are approximate and proportionate.
. the day, the tides and the daily weather
It changes with the position of the sun in the sky at different times of

The given averages were collected during a 22-year time period, from 1283 to 2115 and during 3-hour

sampling.

The suggested angle of the panels for monthly settings in Mashhad city (the angles are measured relative to the vertical direction)

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Due to the abundance of angles, we only settle for the best annual adjustment of the panel angle .

The best annual adjustment with a panel angle of 53 degrees (completely towards the south)

The best annual setting with a panel angle of 53 degrees (south and southwest)

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The best annual setting with a panel angle of 53 degrees (Southwest)

The best annual setting with a panel angle of 53 degrees (west and southwest)

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The best annual adjustment with a panel angle of 53 degrees (completely towards the west)

The best annual setting with a panel angle of 53 degrees (south and southeast)

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The best annual adjustment with a panel angle of 53 degrees (southeast)

The best annual setting with a panel angle of 53 degrees (east and southeast)

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The best annual adjustment with a panel angle of 53 degrees (perfectly towards the east)

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Sources

Solar electricity hand book 2011 edition Michael Boxwell

Degunther, Rik: Solar power Home FOR DUMMIES. Wiley Publishing, Inc.

Indi-anapolis, Indiana, 2008

Mayfield, Ryan : Photovoltaic Design & Installation FOR DUMMIES. Wiley

publishing , Inc. Indiana, 2010.

Plat, Charles : Encyclopedia of Electronic Components .

D’Reilly Media , Inc. deer , 2013.

He can , Ramchandra . Diout , Bouucar : Solar Lighting .

Springer_ Verlag. London ,2011

http://www.solarelectricityhandbook.com/index.htm

/http://we-llc.com

http://www.shirazu.ac.ir/index.php?page_id=4888

/http://deltasolar.ir/slider

http://partotarasheh.com/OpenPage/59

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