Electrical Machines-I

UNIT-4
Single phase Transformer
Transformer is a static device which transfers the electrical energy from one circuit to
another circuit, without changing its frequency. The voltage can be raised or lowered in a circuit,
but with a proportional increase or decrease in the current ratings.

Construction of a Transformer:

Basically a transformer consists of two inductive windings and a laminated steel core.
Windings:
There are two windings in a transformer. Which winding is connected to supply is called primary
winding and which winding is connected to load is called secondary winding. Windings are made
up of copper. The windings are insulated from each other as well as from the steel core.
Iron Core:
In all types of transformers, core is constructed by assembling laminated sheets of steel,
with minimum air-gap between them (to achieve continuous magnetic path). The steel used is
having high silicon content and sometimes heat treated, to provide high permeability and low
hysteresis loss. Laminated sheets of steel are used to reduce eddy current loss. The sheets are cut in
the shape as E,I, C and L.

Shapes of steel sheets

Working principle of a Transformer:

The main principle of operation of a transformer is mutual inductance between two circuits
which is linked by a common magnetic flux. A basic transformer consists of two coils that are
electrically separate and inductive, but are magnetically linked through a path of reluctance.

Mr. K. Shankar, Assistant Professor

Mr. K. Praveen Kumar Yadav, Assistant Professor
 Electrical Machines-I

When the supply is given to the primary winding then an alternating flux produced due to
alternating current. This flux is linked to the secondary winding through the magnetic core. An emf
will be induced in the secondary winding from the principle of faradays law of electromagnetic
induction. This emf is caused to flow current when the circuit is in closed path.

A transformer carries the operations shown below:

1. Transfer of electric power from one circuit to another.

2. Transfer of electric power without any change in frequency.
3. Transfer with the principle of electromagnetic induction.
4. The two electrical circuits are linked by mutual induction
E.M.F Equation of a Transformer:

Let,
N1 = Number of turns in the primary winding
N2 = Number of turns in the secondary winding
ϕm = Maximum flux in the core in webers = Bmax * A
f = Frequency of alternating current input in hertz (Hz)
The general equation for induced EMF, e is expressed as
d
e  N
dt
A sinusoidal varying flux is represented as
Φ= ϕm sinꞷt
Then,

Mr. K. Shankar, Assistant Professor

Mr. K. Praveen Kumar Yadav, Assistant Professor
 Electrical Machines-I

d (m sin t )
e  N
dt
e= -Nϕmꞷcosꞷt
e= -N ϕmꞷ[-sin(ꞷt-π/2)]
e= N ϕmꞷsin(ꞷt-900)
this equation of e, is of the form e= Em sin (ꞷt-90)
Em  N

Em  N 2f

The RMS voltage is 1/sqrt(2) times its maximum value.

Em N 2f N 2  3.14 f
Erms   
2 2 1.414

E  4.44m fN Volts

Now, r.m.s value of induced e.m.f in the whole of primary winding= (induced e.m.f./turn) X
Number of primary turns
Therefore,
E1 = 4.44f N1ϕm = 4.44fN1BmA
Similarly, r.m.s value of induced e.m.f in secondary is
E2 = 4.44f N2 ϕm = 4.44fN2BmA
In an ideal transformer on no load,
V1 = E1 and V2 = E2
Voltage Transformation Ratio (K):
It is defined as the ratio of secondary voltage to the primary voltage.
N 2 V2 E2 I1
K   
N1 V1 E1 I 2

K is called the ratio of voltage transformation.

(1) If N2>N1 , that is K>1 , then transformer is called step-up transformer.
(2) If N2<N1, that is K<1, then transformer is known as step-down transformer.
Again for an ideal transformer,
Input VA = output VA
V1I1 = V2I2
I2/I1 = V1/V2 = 1/K
Hence, currents are in the inverse ratio of the (voltage) transformation ratio.

Mr. K. Shankar, Assistant Professor

Mr. K. Praveen Kumar Yadav, Assistant Professor
 Electrical Machines-I

Types of Transformers:
1. Based on construction, transformers can be classified into two types as;
(i) Core type transformer
(ii) Shell type transformer

Core type and Shell type transformers

(i) Core Type Transformer
In core type transformer, windings are cylindrical former wound, mounted on the core
limbs. The cylindrical coils have different layers and each layer is insulated from each other.
Materials like paper, cloth or mica can be used for insulation. Low voltage windings are placed
nearer to the core, as they are easier to insulate.
(ii) Shell Type Transformer
The coils are former wound and mounted in layers stacked with insulation between them. A
shell type transformer may have simple rectangular.
2. Based on the voltage level
1. Step up transformer: Voltage increases (with subsequent decrease in current) at
secondary.
2. Step down transformer: Voltage decreases (with subsequent increase in current) at
secondary.

Step-up Transformer Step-Down Transformer

3. Based on the power supply there are two types
1. Single phase (1-ϕ) transformer
2. Three phase (3-ϕ) transformer

Mr. K. Shankar, Assistant Professor

Mr. K. Praveen Kumar Yadav, Assistant Professor
 Electrical Machines-I

Single phase transformer three phase transformer

Applications of a transformer:
Transformers are used in most electronic circuits. A transformer has only 3 applications;
1. To step up voltage and current.
2. To Step down voltage and current
3. To prevent DC – transformers can pass only Alternating Currents so they totally prevent
DC from passing to the next circuit.
4. Mobile adapters, substations, TV’s, Computers etc...
Losses in a Transformer:
An electrical transformer is a static device, hence mechanical losses (like windage or
friction losses) are absent in it. A transformer only consists of electrical losses (iron losses and
copper losses). Transformer losses are similar to losses in a DC machine, except that transformers
do not have mechanical losses.
(i) Core Losses or Iron Losses or Constant losses
Eddy current loss and hysteresis loss depend upon the magnetic properties of the material
used for the construction of core. Hence these losses are also known as core losses or iron losses.
 Hysteresis loss in transformer: Hysteresis loss is due to reversal of magnetization in the
transformer core. This loss depends upon the volume and grade of the iron, frequency of
magnetic reversals and value of flux density.
Wh= ηBmax1.6fV (watts)
Where, η = Steinmetz hysteresis constant
V = volume of the core in m3
 Eddy current loss in transformer: In transformer, AC current is supplied to the primary
winding which sets up alternating magnetizing flux. When this flux links with secondary
winding, it produces induced emf in it. But some part of this flux also gets linked with other
conducting parts like steel core or iron body or the transformer, which will result in induced
emf in those parts, causing small circulating current in them. This current is called as eddy
current. Due to these eddy currents, some energy will be dissipated in the form of heat.
(ii) Copper Losses or I2R losses or Variable losses

Mr. K. Shankar, Assistant Professor

Mr. K. Praveen Kumar Yadav, Assistant Professor
 Electrical Machines-I

Copper loss is due to ohmic resistance of the transformer windings. Copper loss for the
primary winding is I12R1 and for secondary winding is I22R2. Where, I1 and I2 are current in primary
and secondary winding respectively, R1 and R2 are the resistances of primary and secondary
winding respectively. It is clear that Cu loss is proportional to square of the current, and current
depends on the load. Hence copper loss in transformer varies with the load.

Efficiency of a Transformer:
Efficiency of a transformer can be defined as the ration of output power to the input power.
Efficiency = output / input
Transformers are the most highly efficient electrical devices. Most of the transformers have full
load efficiency between 95% to 98.5%.
Efficiency = (input - losses) / input = 1 - (losses / input).
Condition for Maximum Efficiency:
Let,
Copper loss = I12R1
Iron loss = Wi

I12R1= Wi
Hence, efficiency of a transformer will be maximum when copper loss and iron losses are equal.
Copper loss = Iron loss
Another formula for efficiency of a transformer is

X * KVARating * Cos
Efficiency( ) 
X * KVARating * Cos  Pi  X 2 Pcu

Mr. K. Shankar, Assistant Professor

Mr. K. Praveen Kumar Yadav, Assistant Professor
 Electrical Machines-I

Where, X is Load (Full load-1, Half load-1/2…etc.)

Cosϕ is Power factor
KVA Rating is rating of the Transformer
Pi is Iron losses
Pcu is Copper losses
Difference between Ideal and Practical Transformer:

Ideal Transformer Practical Transformer

It has 100% efficiency. It has less than 100% efficiency.
It has no losses. It has losses.
It has no I2R losses. It has I2R losses.
It has no iron loss. It has iron loss.
There is no ohmic resistance drop. There is ohmic resistance drop.
It has no leakage drop. It has leakage drop.
In it ideal condition. In it practical condition.

Equivalent Circuit of Transformer:

Equivalent impedance of transformer is essential to be calculated because the electrical
power transformer is an electrical power system equipment for estimating different parameters of
the electrical power system which may be required to calculate the total internal impedance of an
electrical power transformer, viewing from primary side or secondary side as per requirement.

This calculation requires equivalent circuit of transformer referred to the primary or

equivalent circuit of transformer referred to secondary sides respectively.

Equivalent Circuit of Transformer Referred to Primary:

The applied voltage to the primary is V1 and voltage across the primary winding is E1. Total
current supplied to primary is I1. So the voltage V1 applied to the primary is partly dropped by I1Z1
or I1R1 + j.I1X1 before it appears across primary winding.
The voltage appeared across winding is countered by primary induced EMF E1. So voltage
equation of this portion of the transformer can be written as,

The equivalent circuit for that equation can be drawn as below,

Mr. K. Shankar, Assistant Professor

Mr. K. Praveen Kumar Yadav, Assistant Professor
 Electrical Machines-I

Total primary current I1 has two components, one is no – load component Io and the other is
load component I2′. As this primary current have two components or branches, so there must be a
parallel path with primary winding of transformer.
This parallel path of current is known as excitation branch of equivalent circuit of
transformer. The resistive and reactive branches of the excitation circuit can be represented as

The load component I2′ flows through the primary winding of transformer and induced
voltage across the winding is E1. This induced voltage E1 transforms to secondary and it is E2 and
load component of primary current I2′ is transformed to secondary as secondary current I2. Current
of secondary is I2. So the voltage E2 across secondary winding is partly dropped by I2Z2 or I2R2 +
j.I2X2 before it appears across load. The load voltage is V2.

The complete equivalent circuit of transformer is shown below.

Now if we see the voltage drop in secondary from primary side, then it would be ′1/K′ times greater
and would be written as Z2.I2/K.

Again I2′.N1 = I2.N2

' N
I2  I2 1
N2
1
I2  I2 '
K
Therefore,
Z2I2 Z2I2 ' Z2I2 '
 
K K *K K2
From above equation, secondary impedance of transformer referred to primary is,

Mr. K. Shankar, Assistant Professor

Mr. K. Praveen Kumar Yadav, Assistant Professor
 Electrical Machines-I

Z2
Z2 '
K2
R2 X
Hence, R2 '  2
andX 2  22
K K
So, the complete equivalent circuit of transformer referred to primary is shown in the figure below:

Since Io is very small compared to I1, it is less than 5% of full load primary current, Io
changes the voltage drop insignificantly. Hence, it is good approximation to ignore the excitation
circuit in approximate equivalent circuit of transformer. The winding resistance and reactance
being in series can now be combined into equivalent resistance and reactance of transformer,
referred to primary side.
V
V2 ' 2
K

In a similar way, the approximate equivalent circuit of transformer referred to secondary

can be drawn. Where equivalent impedance of transformer referred to secondary, can be derived as

Z1 '  K 2 Z1
Therfore, R1 '  K 2 R1
X1' K 2 X1
Here,V1 '  KV1

Mr. K. Shankar, Assistant Professor

Mr. K. Praveen Kumar Yadav, Assistant Professor
 Electrical Machines-I

Transformer on No Load Condition

When the transformer is operating at no load, the secondary winding is open-circuited,
which means there is no load on the secondary side of the transformer and, therefore, current in the
secondary will be zero. While primary winding carries a small current I0 called no-load current
which is 2 to 10% of the rated current.
This current is responsible for supplying the iron losses (hysteresis and eddy current losses)
in the core and a very small amount of copper losses in the primary winding. The angle of lag
depends upon the losses in the transformer. The power factor is very low and varies from 0.1 to
0.15.

The no-load current consists of two components:

 Reactive or magnetizing component Im
(It is in quadrature with the applied voltage V1. It produces flux in the core and does not
consume any power).
 Active or power component Iw, also know as a working component
(It is in phase with the applied voltage V1. It supplies the iron losses and a small amount of
primary copper loss).
The following steps are given below to draw the phasor diagram:
1. The function of the magnetizing component is to produce the magnetizing flux, and thus, it
will be in phase with the flux.
2. Induced emf in the primary and the secondary winding lags the flux ϕ by 90 degrees.
3. The primary copper loss is neglected, and secondary current losses are zero as
I2 = 0.
4. Therefore, the current I0 lags behind the voltage vector V1 by an angle ϕ0 called the no-load
power factor angle and is shown in the phasor diagram above.
5. The applied voltage V1 is drawn equal and opposite to the induced emf E1 because the
difference between the two, at no load, is negligible.
6. Active component Iw is drawn in phase with the applied voltage V1.
7. The phasor sum of magnetizing current Im and the working current Iw gives the no-load
current I0.

Mr. K. Shankar, Assistant Professor

Mr. K. Praveen Kumar Yadav, Assistant Professor
 Electrical Machines-I

8. From the phasor diagram drawn above, the following conclusions are made:

Phasor Diagram of Transformer on Inductive Load

The phasor diagram of the actual transformer when it is loaded inductively is shown below:

Phasor Diagram of the Transformer on Inductive Load

Mr. K. Shankar, Assistant Professor

Mr. K. Praveen Kumar Yadav, Assistant Professor
 Electrical Machines-I

Steps to draw the phasor diagram

 Take flux ϕ, a reference
 Induces emf E1 and E2 lags the flux by 90 degrees.
 The component of the applied voltage to the primary equal and opposite to induced emf in
the primary winding. E1 is represented by V1’.
 Current I0 lags the voltage V1’ by 90 degrees.
 The power factor of the load is lagging. Therefore current I2 is drawn lagging E2 by an
angle ϕ2.
 The resistance and the leakage reactance of the windings result in a voltage drop, and hence
secondary terminal voltage V2 is the phase difference of E2 and voltage drop.
V2 = E2 – voltage drops
I2 R2 is in phase with I2 and I2X2 is in quadrature with I2.
 The total current flowing in the primary winding is the phasor sum of I1’ and I0.
 Primary applied voltage V1 is the phasor sum of V1’ and the voltage drop in the primary
winding.
 Current I1’ is drawn equal and opposite to the current I2
V1 = V1’ + voltage drop
I1R1 is in phase with I1 and I1XI is in quadrature with I1
 The phasor difference between V1 and I1 gives the power factor angle ϕ1 of the primary side
of the transformer.
 The power factor of the secondary side depends upon the type of load connected to the
transformer.
 If the load is inductive as shown in the above phasor diagram, the power factor will be
lagging, and if the load is capacitive, the power factor will be leading.
Where I1R1 is the resistive drop in the primary windings I2X2 is the reactive drop in the
secondary winding
Phasor Diagram of Transformer on Capacitive Load
The Transformer on the capacitive load (leading power factor load) is shown below in the phasor
diagram.

Phasor Diagram of the Transformer on Capacitive Load

Mr. K. Shankar, Assistant Professor
Mr. K. Praveen Kumar Yadav, Assistant Professor
 Electrical Machines-I

Steps to draw the phasor diagram at capacitive load

 Take flux ϕ a reference
 Induces emf E1 and E2 lags the flux by 90 degrees.
 The component of the applied voltage to the primary equal and opposite to induced emf in
the primary winding. E1 is represented by V1’.
 Current I0 lags the voltage V1’ by 90 degrees.
 The power factor of the load is leading. Therefore current I2 is drawn leading E2
 The resistance and the leakage reactance of the windings result in a voltage drop, and hence
secondary terminal voltage V2 is the phasor difference of E2 and voltage drop.
V2 = E2 – voltage drops
I2 R2 is in phase with I2 and I2X2 is in quadrature with I2.
 Current I1’ is drawn equal and opposite to the current I2
 The total current I1 flowing in the primary winding is the phasor sum of I1’ and I0.
 Primary applied voltage V1 is the phasor sum of V1’ and the voltage drop in the primary
winding.
V1 = V1’ + voltage drop
I1R1 is in phase with I1 and I1XI is in quadrature with I1.
 The phasor difference between V1 and I1 gives the power factor angle ϕ1 of the primary side
of the transformer.
 The power factor of the secondary side depends upon the type of load connected to the
transformer.
Open Circuit and Short Circuit Test On Transformer
These two transformer tests are performed to find the parameters of equivalent circuit of
transformer and losses of the transformer. Open circuit test and short circuit test on transformer are
very economical and convenient because they are performed without actually loading of the
transformer.

Open Circuit Or No Load Test On Transformer

Open circuit test or no load test on a transformer is performed to determine 'no load loss
(core loss)' and 'no load current I0'. The circuit diagram for open circuit test is shown in the figure
below.

Usually high voltage (HV) winding is kept open and the low voltage (LV) winding is
connected to its normal supply. A wattmeter (W), ammeter (A) and voltmeter (V) are connected to
the LV winding as shown in the figure. Now, applied voltage is slowly increased from zero to

Mr. K. Shankar, Assistant Professor

Mr. K. Praveen Kumar Yadav, Assistant Professor
 Electrical Machines-I

normal rated value of the LV side with the help of a variac. When the applied voltage reaches to the
rated value of the LV winding, readings from all the three instruments are taken.
The ammeter reading gives the no load current I0. As I0 itself is very small, the voltage
drops due to this current can be neglected.
The input power is indicated by the wattmeter (W). And as the other side of transformer is
open circuited, there is no output power. Hence, this input power only consists of core losses and
copper losses. As described above, no-load current is so small that these copper losses can be
neglected. Hence, now the input power is almost equal to the core losses. Thus, the wattmeter
reading gives the core losses of the transformer.
Sometimes, a high resistance voltmeter is connected across the HV winding. Though, a
voltmeter is connected, HV winding can be treated as open circuit as the current through the
voltmeter is negligibly small. This helps in to find voltage transformation ratio (K).
The two components of no load current can be given as,
Iμ = I0sinΦ0 and Iw = I0cosΦ0.
cosΦ0 (no load power factor) = W / (V1I0). ... (W = wattmeter reading)
From this, shunt parameters of equivalent circuit of transformer (X0 and R0) can be calculated as
X0 = V1/Iμ and R0 = V1/Iw

(These values are referring to LV side of the transformer.)

Hence, it is seen that open circuit test gives core losses of transformer and shunt parameters of the
equivalent circuit.

Short Circuit (or) Impedance Test On Transformer

The connection diagram for short circuit test or impedance test on transformer is as shown in the
figure below. The LV side of transformer is short circuited and wattmeter (W), voltmere (V) and
ammeter (A) are connected on the HV side of the transformer. Voltage is applied to the HV side
and increased from the zero until the ammeter reading equals the rated current. All the readings are
taken at this rated current.

The ammeter reading gives primary equivalent of full load current (Isc).
The voltage applied for full load current is very small as compared to rated voltage. Hence, core
loss due to small applied voltage can be neglected. Thus, the wattmeter reading can be taken as
copper loss in the transformer.

Mr. K. Shankar, Assistant Professor

Mr. K. Praveen Kumar Yadav, Assistant Professor
 Electrical Machines-I

Therefore, W = Isc2Req....... (where Req is the equivalent resistance of transformer)

Zeq = Vsc/Isc.
Therefore, equivalent reactance of transformer can be calculated from the formula Zeq2 = Req2 +
Xeq2.

These, values are referred to the HV side of the transformer.

Hence, it is seen that the short circuit test gives copper losses of transformer and approximate
equivalent resistance and reactance of the transformer.

Why Transformers Are Rated In KVA?

From the above transformer tests, it can be seen that Cu loss of a transformer depends on
current, and iron loss depends on voltage. Thus, total transformer loss depends on volt-ampere
(VA). It does not depend on the phase angle between voltage and current, i.e. transformer loss is
independent of load power factor. This is the reason that transformers are rated in kVA.
Back-to-Back Test (Sumpner’s Test) on Transformer
The full load test on a small transformer is very convenient, but on the large
transformer, it is very difficult. The maximum temperature rise in a large transformer is determined
by the full load test. This test is called, back-to-back test, regenerative test or Sumpner’s test.

The suitable load which absorbs the full load power of a large transformer will not easily be
available. Hence a large amount of energy will be wasted. The back-to-back test determines the
maximum temperature rise in a transformer, and hence the load is chosen according to the
capability of the transformer.
Back to Back Test Circuit

The two identical transformer is used for the back to back test. Consider the T r1 and Tr2 are
the primary windings of the transformer connects parallel to each other. The nominal rated voltage
and frequency is supplied to their primary winding. The voltmeter and ammeter are connected on
their primary side for the measurement of the input voltage and current.
The secondary winding of the transformer is connected in series with the each other but
with opposite polarity. The voltmeter V2 is connected to the terminal of the secondary winding for
the measurement of the voltage.
The series opposition of the secondary winding is determined by connecting there any two
terminals; the voltmeter is connected across their remaining terminals. If it is connected in series
opposition, the voltmeter gives the zero reading. The open terminal is used for measuring the
parameter of the transformer.

Mr. K. Shankar, Assistant Professor

Mr. K. Praveen Kumar Yadav, Assistant Professor
 Electrical Machines-I

The above figure shows that the terminal B and C are connected to each other, and the voltage is
measured across the terminal A and D.
Determination of Temperature Rise
The temperature rise of the transformer is determined by measuring the temperature of their
oil after every particular interval of time. The transformer is operating back to back for the long
time which increases their oil temperature. By measuring the temperature of their oil the withstand
capacity of the transformer under high temperature is determined.

Determination of Iron Loss

The wattmeter W1 measures the power loss which is equal to the iron loss of the
transformer. For determining the iron loss, the primary circuit of the transformer is kept closed.
Because of the primary closed circuit, no current flows through the secondary windings of the
transformer. The secondary winding behaves like an open circuit. The wattmeter is connected to
their secondary terminal for the measurement of iron loss.
Determination of Copper Loss

The copper loss of the transformer is determined when the full load current flows through
their primary and secondary windings. The additional regulating transformer is used for exciting
the secondary windings. The full load current flows from the secondary to the primary winding.
The wattmeter W2 measures the full load copper loss of the two transformers.
Parallel Operation of a Single Phase Transformer
Parallel Operation of a Single Phase Transformer means that the two or more transformers
having the same polarities, same turn ratios, same phase sequence and the same voltage ratio are
connected in parallel with each other.

Mr. K. Shankar, Assistant Professor

Mr. K. Praveen Kumar Yadav, Assistant Professor
 Electrical Machines-I

The circuit diagram of two single-phase transformers A and B connected in parallel are shown
below:

Let,
a1 is the turn ratio of the transformer A
a2 is the turn ratio of transformer B
ZA is the equivalent impedance of the transformer A referred to secondary
ZB is the equivalent impedance of the transformer B referred to secondary
ZL is the load impedance across the secondary
IA is the current supplied to the load by the secondary of the transformer A
IB is the current supplied to the load by the secondary of the transformer B
VL is the secondary load voltage
IL is the load current

Applying Kirchhoff’s Current Law,

By Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law,

Now putting the value of IB from the equation (1) in equation (3) we will get,

Solving equations (2) and (4) we will get,

Mr. K. Shankar, Assistant Professor

Mr. K. Praveen Kumar Yadav, Assistant Professor
 Electrical Machines-I

The current IA and IB have two components. The first component represents the
transformers share of the load currents and the second component is a circulating current in the
secondary windings of the single-phase transformer.
The undesirable effects of the circulating currents are as follows
 They increase the copper loss.
 The circulating current overloads the one transformer and reduces the permissible load
kVA.
Equal Voltage Ratio
In order to eliminate circulating currents, the voltage ratios must be identical. That is a1=a2
Under this condition,

Equating equation (7) and (8) we will get:

From the above equation (9), it is clear that the transformer currents are inversely
proportional to the transformer impedance. Thus, for the efficient parallel operation of the two
single-phase transformers, the potential differences at full load across the transformer internal
impedance should be equal.
This condition ensures that the load sharing between the two single-phase transformer is
according to the rating of each transformer. If the per-unit equivalent impedance are not equal, then
the transformer will not share the load in proportion to their kVA ratings. As a result, the overall
rating of the transformer bank will be reduced.
Equation (9) can also be written as

The current in the equations (7) and (8) is changed into volt-amperes by multiplying the two
equations by the common load voltage VL.
Therefore, we know that,
The total load in volt-ampere (VA) is

The volt-ampere of transformer A is

Similarly, the volt-ampere of transformer B is

Hence, the various equations will be written as shown below

Mr. K. Shankar, Assistant Professor

Mr. K. Praveen Kumar Yadav, Assistant Professor
 Electrical Machines-I

Equating the equation (11) and (12) we will get

Equation (13) tells that the volt-ampere load on each single-phase transformer is inversely
proportional to its impedance.
Hence, to share the load in proportion to their ratings, the transformers should have the
impedance which is inversely proportional to their ratings.

Applications:
o It is used to increase or decrease the alternating voltages in electric power applications.
o The transformer used in voltmeter, ammeters, protective relay etc.
o The transformer used for step up low voltage in case of measurement.
o The transformer used for step down high voltage for safety.
o The transformer used in rectifier.
o It is used in voltage regulators, voltage stabilizers, power supplies etc.

Voltage Regulation of a Transformer

Definition: The voltage regulation is defined as the change in the magnitude of receiving and
sending voltage of the transformer. The voltage regulation determines the ability of the transformer
to provide the constant voltage for variable loads.
When the transformer is loaded with continuous supply voltage, the terminal voltage of the
transformer varies. The variation of voltage depends on the load and its power factor.
Mathematically, the voltage regulation is represented as:

where,
E2 – secondary terminal voltage at no load
V2 – secondary terminal voltage at full load
The voltage regulation by considering the primary terminal voltage of the transformer is expressed
as,

Let us understand the voltage regulation by taking an example explained below:

If the secondary terminals of the transformer are open-circuited or no load is connected to
the secondary terminals, the no-load current flows through it.
If the no current flows through the secondary terminals of the transformer, the voltage drops
across their resistive and reactive load become zero. The voltage drop across the primary side of the
transformer is negligible.

Mr. K. Shankar, Assistant Professor

Mr. K. Praveen Kumar Yadav, Assistant Professor
 Electrical Machines-I

If the transformer is fully loaded, i.e., the load is connected to their secondary terminal, the
voltage drops appear across it. The value of the voltage regulation should always be less for the
better performance of the transformer.

From the circuit diagram shown above, the following conclusions are made
 The primary voltage of the transformer is always greater than the induced emf on the
primary side. V1>E1
 The secondary terminal voltage at no load is always greater than the voltage at full load
condition. E2>V2
By considering the above circuit diagram, the following equations are drawn

The approximate expression for the no-load secondary voltage for the different types of the load is
1. For inductive load

Where,

2. For Capacitive load

Mr. K. Shankar, Assistant Professor

Mr. K. Praveen Kumar Yadav, Assistant Professor
 Electrical Machines-I

Exercise Problems:

Mr. K. Shankar, Assistant Professor

Mr. K. Praveen Kumar Yadav, Assistant Professor