Electrical Machines-I

UNIT-5
Auto Transformer
Autotransformer:
In an auto transformer, one single winding is used as primary winding as well as secondary
winding. But in two windings transformer two different windings are used for primary and
secondary purpose. A circuit diagram of auto transformer is shown below.

The winding AB of total turns N1 is considered as primary winding. This winding is tapped from
point ′C′ and the portion BC is considered as secondary. Let’s assume the number of turns in
between point’s ′B′ and ′C′ is N2.
If V1 voltage is applied across the winding i.e. in between ′A′ and ′B′. Voltage per turn in this
V
winding is 1 .
N1
Hence, the voltage across the portion BC of the winding, will be,

V1
V2   N2
N1
V2 V1
 K
N 2 N1

As BC portion of the winding is considered as secondary, it can easily be understood that

value of constant ′K′ is nothing but turns ratio or voltage ratio of that auto transformer. When
load is connected between secondary terminals i.e. between ′B′ and ′C′, load current I2 starts
flowing. The current in the secondary winding or common winding is the difference of I2 and I1.

Mr. K. Shankar, Assistant Professor

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 Electrical Machines-I

Difference between autotransformer and two winding transformer

Basis For
Autotransformer Conventional transformer
Differences
A transformer, having only one It is a static machine which transfers
Definition winding a part of which acts as a electrical energy from one end to
primary and the other as a secondary. another without changing frequency.
Number of Auto-transformer has only one It has two separate winding, i.e.,
Windings winding wound on a laminated core primary and secondary winding.

Symbol

Induction Self Induction Mutual Induction

Size Small Large
Partly by transformation and partly Through transformation
Power Transfer
by direct electrical connection.
Voltage Better Good
Regulation
Winding Less requires More requires
Material
Connection Depends upon the tapping Connect directly to the load.
Excitation Small Large
current
Efficient More Less
Leakage flux Low High
and resistance
Impedance Less High
Cost Cheap Very costly
Losses Low High
Output voltage Variable Constant.
Use as a starter in an induction Use in power system for step up and
Applications motor, as a voltage regulator, in step down the voltage.
railways, in a laboratory.

Three phase Transformer

Construction of 3-phase transformer
A three phase transformer is used to transfer a large amount of power. The three phase transformer
is required to step-up and step-down the voltages at various stages of a power system network. The
three phase transformer is constructed in two ways.
1. Three separate single phase transformer is suitably connected for three phase operation.
2. A single three-phase transformer in which the cores and windings for all the three phases are
merged into a single structure.
The three single-phase transformer can be used as a three-phase transformer when their primary
and secondary winding are connected to each other. The three phase transformer supply has many
advantages as compared to three single phase units like it requires very less space and also very
lighter smaller and cheaper in size.

Mr. K. Shankar, Assistant Professor

Mr. K. Praveen Kumar Yadav, Assistant Professor
 Electrical Machines-I

The three phase transformer is mainly classified into two types,

(i) Core type transformer

(ii) Shell type transformer.
Core Type Three Phase Transformer
The core of the three phase transformer is usually made up of three limbs in the same plane.
This can be built using stack lamination. The each leg of this core carries the low voltage and high
voltage winding. The low voltage windings are insulated from the core than the high voltage
windings.

The low windings are placed next to the core with suitable insulation between the core and
the low voltage windings. The high voltage windings are placed over the low voltage windings
with suitable insulation between them. The magnetic paths of the leg a and c are greater than that of
leg b, the construction is not symmetrical, and there is a resultant imbalance in the magnetising
current.
Shell type Three Phase Transformer
The shell type 3-phase transformer can be constructed by stacking three single phase shell
transformer as shown in the figure below. The winding direction of the central unit b is made
opposite to that of units a and c. If the system is balanced with phase sequence a-b-c, the flux will
also be balanced

Mr. K. Shankar, Assistant Professor

Mr. K. Praveen Kumar Yadav, Assistant Professor
 Electrical Machines-I

The magnitude of this combined flux is equal to the magnitude of each of its components.
The cross section area of the combined yoke is same as that of the outer leg and top and bottom
section of the yoke. The imbalance in the magnetic path has very little effect on the performance of
the three shell-type transformers. The windings of the shell type three phase transformer are either
connected in delta or star as desired.
Three phase transformer connections

Windings of a three phase transformer can be connected in various configurations as

(i) star-star,
(ii) delta-delta,
(iii) star-delta,
(iv) delta-star

Star-star (Y-Y):
 Star-star connection is generally used for small, high-voltage transformers. Because of star
connection, number of required turns/phase is reduced (as phase voltage in star connection
is 1/√3 times of line voltage only). Thus, the amount of insulation required is also reduced.
 Line voltages on both sides are in phase with each other.
 This connection can be used only if the connected load is balanced.

Delta-delta (Δ-Δ)
 This connection is generally used for large, low-voltage transformers. Number of required
phase/turns is relatively greater than that for star-star connection.
 The ratio of line voltages on the primary and the secondary side is equal to the
transformation ratio of the transformers.
 This connection can be used even for unbalanced loading.

Star-delta (or) wye-delta (Y-Δ)

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 Electrical Machines-I

 The primary winding is star (Y) connected with grounded neutral and the secondary
winding is delta connected.
 This connection is mainly used in step down transformer at the substation end of the
transmission line.
 The ratio of secondary to primary line voltage is 1/√3 times the transformation ratio.

Delta-star (or) delta-wye (Δ-Y)

 The primary winding is connected in delta and the secondary winding is connected in star
with neutral grounded. Thus it can be used to provide 3-phase 4-wire service.
 This type of connection is mainly used in step-up transformer at the beginning of
transmission line.
 The ratio of secondary to primary line voltage is √3 times the transformation ratio.

Mr. K. Shankar, Assistant Professor

Mr. K. Praveen Kumar Yadav, Assistant Professor
 Electrical Machines-I

Scott-T Transformer Connection

The Scott-T Connection is the method of connecting two single phase transformer to
perform the 3-phase to 2-phase conversion and vice-versa. The two transformers are connected
electrically but not magnetically. One of the transformers is called the main transformer, and the
other is called the auxiliary or teaser transformer.
The figure below shows the Scott-T transformer connection. The main transformer is
centre tapped at D and is connected to the line B and C of the 3-phase side. It has primary BC and
secondary a1a2. The teaser transformer is connected to the line terminal A and the centre tapping D.
It has primary AD and the secondary b1b2

Scott connection of three phase transformer

The identical, interchangeable transformers are used for Scott-T connection in which each
transformer has a primary winding of Tp turns and is provided with tapping at 0.289Tp , 0.5Tpand
0.866 Tp.
Phasor Diagram of Scott Connection Transformer
The line voltages of the 3-phase system VAB, VBC, and VCA which are balanced are shown
in the figure below. The same voltage is shown as a closed equilateral triangle. The figure below
shows the primary windings of the main and the teaser transformer.

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Mr. K. Praveen Kumar Yadav, Assistant Professor
 Electrical Machines-I

The D divides the primary BC of the main transformers into two halves and hence the
number of turns in portion BD = the number of turns in portion DC = Tp/2.The voltage VBD and
VDC are equal, and they are in phase with VBC.

The voltage between A and D is

The teaser transformer has the primary voltage rating that is √3/2 or 0.866 of the voltage ratings of
the main transformer. Voltage VAD is applied to the primary of the teaser transformer and therefore
the secondary of the voltage V2t of the teaser transformer will lead the secondary terminal voltage
V2m of the main transformer by 90º as shown in the figure below.

Then,

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Mr. K. Praveen Kumar Yadav, Assistant Professor
 Electrical Machines-I

For keeping the voltage per turn same in the primary of the main transformer and the
primary of the teaser transformer, the number of turns in the primary of the teaser transformer
should be equal to √3/2Tp.
Thus, the secondaries of both transformers should have equal voltage ratings. The V2t and
V2m are equal in magnitude and 90º apart in time; they result in the balanced 2-phase system.
Position of Neutral Point N
The primary of the two transformers may have a four wire connection to a 3-phase supply if
the tapping N is provided on the primary of the teaser transformer such that
The voltage across AN = VAN = phase voltage = Vl/√3.
Since, the voltage across the portion AD.

the voltage across the portion ND

The same voltage turn in portion AN, ND and AD are shown by the equations,

The equation above shows that the neutral point N divides the primary of the teaser transformer in
ratio.
AN : ND = 2 : 1
Applications of Scott Connection
The following are the applications of the Scott-T connection.
1. The Scott-T connection is used in an electric furnace installation where it is desired to operate
two single-phase together and draw the balanced load from the three-phase supply.
2. It is used to supply the single phase loads such as electric train which are so scheduled as to
keep the load on the three phase system as nearly as possible.
3. The Scott-T connection is used to link a 3-phase system with a two–phase system with
the flow of power in either direction.

Mr. K. Shankar, Assistant Professor

Mr. K. Praveen Kumar Yadav, Assistant Professor
 Electrical Machines-I

Exercise Problems

Mr. K. Shankar, Assistant Professor

Mr. K. Praveen Kumar Yadav, Assistant Professor