FAMILY AND RELIGIOUS STUDI 5“ DEFINITION OF RELIGION FRS “O" LEVEL NOTES (O” LEVEL NOTES ‘There is no single correct cefinitian of religion. The word religion is deri 2c from the Latin word religio, which means both earnest observance af ritual obligations and an nward spirit of reverence, There are three aspects t rat might explain why we do not have a single definition of religion, and these are: ! () Culture — peopie have different cultures. (ii) Religions are many and therefore, no single definition can be suitable for them al (ii) Religion is dynarni and complex. Working definition or operational defivition of religion Religion is @ system of activities snd betiefs directed towards that which is perceived to be of sacred ues and transforming power. Religion is a strong feeling that huma 1 beings have towards the Supreme Being. Religion is a belief about the Supreme Be'n3 and other spirits, Religion is a sacred engagement with wha ‘s taken to be a spivitual reality ‘The Shona and the Ndebele people call th= Supreme Being Mwari and ulvkulunkul, cespe short the Supreme Being is God. Itis believed that the code of conduct or she rules of behaviour comes from the Supreme Being. ‘The Supreme feing rewards those who b shave well and punishes those who misbehave, thus the Supreme Being controls how believers be~ave; and this makes religion sacred. ‘The Supreme being is the source of moreirty- determines what is right and what is wrong, whats good and what is evil, Itis believed that the Supreme Being ha endless power and therefore, ‘ixture of wonder and fear, that is shov!d be approached with awe. In other words the Supreme Being is au “some, In IRit is believed that the Supreme Bel zis approached through ancestors. worshipped through the ancestors, hould be approached with a ne Supreme Being is Itis also believad that the Supreme Bei z and other spirits are approached throt gh rituals such as. prayer and casting of lots or hakata, its [Alien spirits] ‘There are good and bad Mashavi These are spirits of non-relatives, sprit: of foreigners, or spirits of eamarried people who miight have died young or uamarried, Mashavi are hovering spirits fo: people who either died in faraway places or had no decent burial, or people who died having deep grudges with cther people, or whose heme coming ritual: performed for them, It should be noted that Mashavi ace good for indivi tals and beneficial for saciety while an the other hhand, Mashavi are dangerous for individuals and society,FRS “OQ” LEVEL NOTES = There are goad Mashav! which are importantia IR enterprise such as shavifor hunting, craftwork, farming, toolmaking, healing, pot making, basketry, smartness, business, trading, dancing, singing and many others. Evil Mashavi are those which are harmful such as shavi for witchcraft, stealing, backbiting, fighting, iaainess and killing. ‘TYPES OF RELIGION, - Zimbabwe is society with many religions which co-exist; they live alongside one another. = Zimbabwe has religions like Indigenous Religion, Christianity, Judaism and Islam. However, there are ‘many other religions but they are not very common. ‘CHARACTERISTICS OF RELIGION Belief in the supernatural (eg spirits, gods, God) Religions distinguish betwen sacred (holy) and profane (ordinary) in terms of time, space, objects and people. Religions believe in sacredness. [For example Christmas and Easter are sacred days in the Christian calendar and are not like any other ordinary day. For Muslims Mecca is different from ‘Masvingo or Harare, Mecca is sacred city and Masvingo and Harare are ordinaty cities to Muslims} Religion has rituals or set of practices, (For exaniples rituals.connected to birth and death) Religion has 2 code of conduct to guide individuals and communities. In short religion has rules on what is good and what is bad; eg Ten Commandments for Judaism and Christianity; and Sharia {Islamic Lavy for Islam, 5. Religion is emotional and experiential- religion is emotional, it raises feelings like fear, guilty, remorse, inner peace, joy, thanksgiving and awe in followers. Religion is something you feel from inside and you experience it. ganisation of believers; its communal activity involving group worship, pravers and rituals. . | 6. Religion is a group phenomenon o- | Religion is about ociety- is concerned with how people are organised and how they relate to each othe Religion has sacred texts and wrtings~ eg Christianity and Judatsm have the Bible and Islam has the Koran {Quran} 9. Religions encourage communication and provide ways to communicate and connect with the divine or Supreme Being. For example Individual and group prayers are visible among Christians, Musims and Jews. 10, Religions provide a coherent worldview through sacred stories. LL. Soteriological (Salvation) beliefs-all religions have teachings abcut salvation. Religions offer a future hope through the coming of a new age in the afterlife, + “Scterio” is @ Greek word which means to be ‘saved, 12. Religions have a set of beliefs [baciy of beliefs} or doctrines that are to be followed: beliefs a red books and orat traditions, These set of beliefs are ideas about the Supreme Being, spirits and society. 13. Religions promise an inner peace and harmony despite the diseases, evil, death and injustices in life. Religions offer hope and meaning that move beyond inere physical survival 14. Suffering anc compassion are main and common themes of most religions. 15. Religions prosagate or spread themselves through the recruitment of new members and procreati thin the community of faith, 16. Religions have religious practitioners or functionaries or iezders 2 usually seen ins: vicissitudes or problems of life suchFRS “O” LEVEL NOTES 17. Religion is expressed through material things- 2 worship Gad through things we can see and touch eg religious clotiies, symbols, buildings built ir » special way, sacred cities, natural rivers, art and sacred landmarks. 18. Religion orgaris life for individuals and soci ies- it tells people what they can do and how they can do it. It tells peonie what they should eat and how they should eat it. It prescribes or recommends what people should and should not wear. NATIONAL DISTRISUTION OF RELIGIONS = National distributicn of religions refers to the spreading out of religions in Zimbabwe. ~The Zimbabwean constitution allows the freedom of religion or freedom of worship; thus Zimbabwe has an assortment of reiigions, as people are allowed to warship God in a religion of their choice. + However, in our study ve will discuss on the four main religians in Zimbabwe, nemely indigenous Religion, Christianity, Juaziem and Islam. ical and mer hip of religions in Zimbabwe. = Christianity is a religion of people who believe in Jesus Christ as the messiah, ~ Christianity is the most dominant and most populated religion in Zimbabwe with about 87% of the population. = Christianity was brought in Zimbabwe by Portuguese Missionaries, hunters and traders, + Colonisation paved the way for the sareading of Christianity acioss the whale co.intry. ~ Christianity is found all over the country in both urban and rural areas. - However, most Christians continue te practice elements of Indigenous Religion. nous Religion at is Indigenous Religion? = Indigenous Religion isa religion that o-zinated from that continent. Indigenous Religion isa religion that ws not borrowed from outside the continent ~ Indigenous Religion isa religion for th Africans that were passed down fram generation ta {generation through the spirit medium~ family elders, chiefs, headmen, it does not have written scriptures it rely on oral transmission. ~ Indigenous Religion is @ religion for Af. ca. ~ Indigenous Religion might refer to religion for the natives of Zimbabwe. Indigenous religion isa religion of the Iccal people of Zimbabwe. nt of Indigenous Religio ‘The history of IR dates back a thousand years ago. - _IRis sometimes misunderstood as backward, clc fashioned, primitive, archaic, out-dated and rocted in the past; this was caused by Europeans and missionaries who did not understand IR. Today IRs part of the worldwide culture + Today IR cut across all Afican families as represented by totems across Africa. ~"_IRhas been exported to other parts ofthe world by people who soread out of Africa to ater parts of the world, Africans in the diaspora were responsible for spreading rituals and ather religious ideas, associated with IR, ~ IRhas no founder it is nota religion of one hero,ool See ae ee a a ea FRS “OQ” LEVEL NOTES + IRis based mainly on oral transmission; thus professional storyt \were important for passing beliefs and practices of IndigenousReligion. = [Ris not writzen down, itis in people's hearts, minds, oral history, rituals, totems, proverbs, folktales, rs such as elderly wonien and iren songs, idioms, myths, legends, jokes, shrines, and religious functions. - JR can be called cultural religion because it is not easy to separate IR from the culture of the people. = According to Mbiti, “Religion permeates in every aspect of an African life.” Everything to an African is connected to religion, Totems unite or bind indigenous people together. NAMES OF SUPREME BEING IN IR NAME MEANING - a Mwari ‘Comes from the shona word ‘kumwarika’ meaning breaking into pieces, thismeans | God is everywhere, he is omnipotent. Mwari also means one who speaks through ‘| nature : res eee __ | God is own jeaven. God is owner of the sky. God stays in tre sky, ral | Creator of people. ls God of ife 1 Samasinba [ God is the owner and source of power. Means all powerful, orall mighty | | Mutangakugara | Gods eternal. One who pre-evisted. | licaivagara (raat pool Flugeand lage pool. God isthe source of water aa | [ chideivachopo ‘Apool thal never dries up. God Isa pool that always exists. | | Ghirezamauya | God isthe giver of blessings such as life, weaith and health. irae One Wh sto be peed. Go she sore ening saa ER ATW | PS ail knowing, al seeing, isimmortal and holy Ex dwachitedsa | God’ alienated or separated from humanity. God is spiritually infinite, teal, | i invisible, mysterious, and morally upright. God is characterised with pityandlove. | God has n9 end, God is infinite 7 3 | God's one who brings change a Chik ‘One who is all powerful (Bung God's a moving thread like hghining + Anattribute-is @ quality or a characteristic or an important part of someone or something. + Every name in IR of the Supreme Being describes aspects of people's relationship with the Supreme Being and therefore, represents an attribute of the Supreme Being. Attributes of the Supreme Being in IR. ‘Transcenden-—he operates above his creatior Omnipotent ~ he is all powerful. Has power and influence to do anything Omniscient ~he kows everything (Omni presen:—he is present everywhere 3 2, 3 4. 5. Eternal~ existed before the creation 6. Creator- is the originator of everything 7. Eternal-he always existed. 8. incerporeal ~ has no physical existence i 9. Greness: he is only oneFRS “O" LEVEL NOTES 10. God iseveriasting- he is indestructible for all ime NB: The names of God in IR are-attributes of God, chey reflects what God does, the human picture of God, the nature of God and people's relationship with God. Koy beliefs of 8 Belief in one God Belief in the ancestors Belief in spirit mediums Believe in life after death. Belief in witchcraft Belief in Mashavi and other spirits Believe in ngozi [avenging spirits: Believe that when one dies s/he w'i! become too powerful. 1. Belief that salvation is this worldly end other worldly. . Bel Belief in the protective power of sacrific2s to ancestors or spirits. . Belief in n’angas or traditional healers. . Belief in veneration of the dead. Belief in rituals. Religious symbol: Snuff Beer Wooden plates Beads Animal skins Bones of different creatures Wooden club or rod Gourds . Specified clothes {with single or mixes colours] 10. Birds’ featners. US PRACTITIONERS IN INDIGENOUS RELIC1ON = The following ere religious pra 1. Spirit mediums (Masvikiro] 2. Nanga {traditional healers) 3. Chief fishe |] 4. Mid-wite (Nyamukuta} S. Rain makers imanyusa] 6 7, 8 9. Tete [aunt] Mbuya [grandenother] Uncle fsekuru) Grandfather (sekuru} 10. Muzukuru [cousin] 11. Elders 12. Baba [father] 13. Mother {amai] in protective power such as ci-erms, amulets, shrines and other sacred objects.FRS “O” LEVEL NOTES 24. Nyamukumbi [acolyte] = = Religious practitioners are professionals and can either be males or females. = Their roles affect individuals, families and the whole society. + They initiate and influence individuals on the way of life expected of them. They socialise and make individuals aware of the code of conduct of the family lineage and the whole society. i Religious practitioners are responsible for instilling norms and values. They are also responsible for instilling Unhu/Ubuntu in the young people. Religious practitioners are character builders, = They are the mirror of the femily and society 1, _Svirit mediums [Masvikiro} - These are the people who are possessed by the spirit of the ancestors. The roles of spirit mediums. = Can expose causes of illness. ~ Can prescribe herbs. Are consulted in choosing a chiet. + Can expose witches, ~ They acted as political advisors to chiefs fare consulted during 2 crisis such as wars, drought and famine = They encouraged people to fignt their fand during colonial rue. Gave medicines to soldiers to pretect them during wars. ~ They communicate with God on behalf of the people ~ Led in the mukwerera ritual = They are mediators between humans and ancestors. ~ Can exorcise or cast out spirits i They are foreteliers. ~ Encouraged people tolive in harmony by following rules and taboos of the society. 2. Chiefs [madzishe] ‘The chief is at the top of the society with various duties. 7 hief has economic, political, religious, socia-economic and judiciary roles in society. Economic roles or duties of the chief. Lead in agricultural ceremonies such as mukwerera. Give people food through zunderaniambo during drought or famine. ~ Food hand outs and donations come through chiefs, Political roles of the chief. Declared and led wars, ~ Distribute land to the landiess. = ISthe chief administrator. Work hand ir hand with councillors and District Administrators (Dasi. Religious roles of the chief. + Chiefs are custodians of culture and religion Controlled the chisi day ~ Responsible for appeasing the tribal and nationet ancestors in time of natural disasters. + Perform rituals before and after harvest.FRS “O" LEVEL NOTES Bless seeds before planting. Socio-economic roles of the chief. Controlled the cutting of ress. ~ Received tribute from thelr subjects. = Help in distributing food trom donors. Controlled mining and fishing = Controlled hunting. ~ Feed people during famine through Zunde ramarbo. Judiciary roles of the chief. + Solving land disputes. + Solving disputes between coupi. = Handle cases of witchcraft. ~ Investigate mysterious death in the society through Tsikamutandas. Nyamukuta [mid-wife] ~ Is responsible for helping women in giving birth. Roles of Nyamukuta [mid-wife] ~ Prepares the birth passage by enlarging the birth passage by applying masuwo medicines. ~ Encourage expecting mother to confess in cas® of complications { for example confess infidelity or witcheraft.] = Shapes the head and legs of the child, = Know how to attend to still-birth Buried the still-born child along the banks of the river. ~ Responsible for cutting the umbilical cord [rukuvhute]. = _ Responsible for burying the umbilical cord {ruix. vnute] + Responsible for cutting the hair of the child = Responsible for treating the nhova [fontanele| + Was consulted when weaning (kurumural. + Discouraged early sex after birth, = Abortion coule be helped by Nyamukuta. ~ Incase of twins the Nyamukuta was the one who was responsible for selecting the child to kill. 4, N’anga [traditional healers ~ Traditional healers [N'angas ] are charismatic yeople who are feared and respected in society. ‘The roles of a n’anga can be destructive and jusitive since it benefit the society by bringing harmeny. sof an’anga. + [sa herbalist or medicine man who cures illness by use of herbs, = Exposes or reveals causes of illness. + salso a spirit medium. Can exorcise or cast out evil spirits. = Can reveal causes of bad luck. = Divining ~identifying of hidden things. =» Actas.a political advisor to chiefs and other political leaders, = Mediators between humans and spiritual world, + Isa psychiatric, + 'saforeteller Is ahealth worcer.FRS “Q” LEVEL NOTES Act 4s 4 counsellor by counselling those in distress. ~ Is ajudiciary worker who bring harmony in society for example they are hired for a ngozi [avenging spirit} to go + Use rukwa to protect people's property. = Use runyoka {the fencing system] to fence adulterous women. + Act asa witch hunter as Tsikamutanda, - They are consulted during, before and after death ~ Before magadziro, a n’anga is consulted, A p’anga is consulted before the naming ritual éf a child ~ _Enceurage peopie to confess, + Can be used by people to kill their enemies. - They give love portions . 5. Nyamukumti facolytel ~The acolyte was responsible for assisting the n’anga. Roles of the acolyte. + Sent by a n’anga to fetch herbs. Pack medicines. Prescribe dosages. + Helps to sing and beat drums to induce spirits. Carry the nhava [bag] of the n'anga if moving from one place to another. - Interprets what the n’anga says in a language of the ancestors. 6, Tete [aunt] ~ Was respons ble for the girl child in most cases, but was also useful to boys. ios or roles of Tete. Responsible for the upbringings especially in relation to marital Issues to females. impart skills to female relatives such as pottery, weaving, basketry, cooking. = Promotes relationships. + Takes advisory role in family disputes. - Tete can play the role of a father as babakadzi + Responsible for the initiation of girls into adulthood. Teach both giris and boys norms and values of the society. - Can play the role of grandmother as nyamukuta [mid wife] 7. Grandmother [mbuya) Grandmother performs the following duties: + Play the role of nyamukuta. = Teach boys and girls norms and values thraugh folktales, - Tell folktales For passing time and for character development. Teach girs life skills such as weaving, basketry and pot making, + Play an advisory role in family disputes. Give advice to girls on bedroom issues and on life experiences. Advice girls on how to be good mothers and good wives. ‘Accompany gris during initiation into adulthood. They could invoke spirits = Assistyed girls during courtship. 8. Uncle {Sekural Perfoms these functions:FRS ‘O” LEVEL NOTES Give advice to boys. Teach boys how to be good fathers and husands during the rte of passage to aduitncoe. Tesch boys abovt bedroom issues ‘Teach préstical skills such as blacksmithing, unin, herding cattle. They could invoke spirit. Assisted boys in courtship Eiders, ‘are mature people ‘They 2r@ usually of an Ole age and ful of wistim: They are people who are morally varight ‘They are rich depositories of cultural values end norms. bnuties of elders, Settle disputes in community: Make important family decisions Preside over functions such as rites of passage Hell im solving land dispute Give gefteral guidance to individuals, family ‘Teach norms and vales. 4 community. |. Rainmakers {Nyusal Are highly respected in IR. ‘The reles of rainmakers.. RED PLACES IN INDIGE! They predict the weather by studying stars, nn90n, clouds, sky and winds movers Use sacred objects in rainmaking. They could stop destructive rains. ‘They perform special rituals to cause rain, They preside over rain making ceremony. ‘They mediated between God and people. During big gathering they could delay the rain until the e1 . Baba [Father), Was responsible for the boy child, Rotes of haba. Leads in family venerations. ‘Teach morals through story telling. & Teach skis to boys such as hunting, tool making. In today’s society the roles used to be played by sekuru are now the roles of the father Responsible for disciplining his family Amal {ntotner| Was responsible for the girl child, Roles of mother. Teach morals thiough story telling. Mother teach girls about pot making, weaving, basketry, cooking, Teach girls to have unhu/Ubunti Teach rorms and values to girls. Responsibie for disciplining cnildren. In tosiay’s society the roles that used to be the roles of mother. te and mbuya are nav the roles af the ‘NOUS RELIGION.FRS “O” LEVEL NOTES Sacred place —is a place that is regarded as holy in a religion. Sacred piaces- are places which are set apart from daily activities. A sacred place is a meeting point between God and people. Sacred places in IR includes Mountains Caves and groves. Pools and sivers. Hot springs. Trees Forests. Shrines, Rocks [Domboramwari in Epworth] Wetlands. Graveyards. National monuments eg Great Zimbabwe. Chote [fire place]. Chikuva, ‘Mountains Mountains such as Nyangs, Matopos, Hariyeumiba, Bunchwa, Selinda, Matonjeni, Defe, Dopota, Gombe, Rase, Manhize are considered sacred in IR Mountains in IR are sacred because Chiefs lived on top of them and are buried in the caves that are at the bottom of the mountains. ‘Mountains are habitat for wildlife including sacred animals in IR. Mountains were a meeting place Eetween God and people. It is where people -ommunicated with the ancestral spirits. Mountains were places of worship in IR. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Rituals such as Mukwerera are stil performed under the Muchakata tree under the foot of the mountain. Cleansing ceremonies took place on the mountain were people with bad spirits or mashavi were leansed ‘Mountains are also a source of herbs in IR. ‘Mountains are sources of food such as Mashuku [mazhanje]. Mushrooms and other edible wild fruits. Mountains also sheitered freedor fighters during the liberation struggle. Sacred mountains help in preserving and protecting the environment since cutting down of trees, burning of grass, hunting and farming is forbidden at and near mountains. Mountains stich as Nyanga attract tourists, and this helps the country with foreign curre employment creation. Caves and groves. Chiefs were buried in caves. Groves are passages underneath the mountains known to link hills and mountains throughout the -y as well as country. Groves are bigger than the caves and this is where most rituals and ceremonies were held Rain making ceremonies are held in caves such as tAatopo hill cave. In the First and Second Chimurenga war the freedom fighters used to hide in caves and groves. Freecom fighters also hide their weapons in caves and groves. Caves such a: Chivavarira in Chirumhanzu were a hiding place for the community in time of war. Caves and groves aré also habitat of sacred animals such as pythons. 10FRS“O” LEVEL NOTES, ‘Caves an groves help in prese-ving the environment as hunting, cutting down trees arid burning of grass is not allowed near and 2round saéred caves and groves, Caves and groves are a i walls ‘ of historical evidence as they have paintings arid weitings on their Sneree! caves znd groves att-ect tourists, thus help in bringing forein currency and job crestion. Forests. Forests such as Dark forest '» (Aatebeleland and Nyamweda forest in Mhondoro ace considered sacred. = Fin making ceremonies are hel in those forest. They are places of worship in IR “They provide fruits and herbs Sacred forests are used as burial places for chiets. Sered forests hve taboos such as no cutting dawn of tres, no hunting, no farming and no burning ofthe grass in the forests and this help in protecting arid preserving the environment Pools. Pools such as Chiroradziva [Chinhoyi pools}, Gonawapotera and Manapoels are considered sacred in R Pools are considered Satved because they afe inhabited by Njuzu {mermatds} Sacred pools suth’as Crirorodziva are sacred because they have bones of Shona tribe bi died after being theown by Nguni rates in pre-cofonil Zimbabwe. Gonawapétera river or pool is sacred recnuse that is where criminal offendors such as witches, sorcerers, thieves and adulterous use: to be drowned as death punishment Traditional ceremonies and rituals are cone at these pols, Spirit mediums would go down into t= deep ends ofthe poo! and spend hours uoder water ane come out with prophetic word from .>eer spirits Sacred pools are places of worship ini Sacred peals help in protecting the em onment as there are taboos wiiich forbid peegie ee fish and use dirty pots to fetch water in these pas Sacred pools help to prevent pollution rivers and si Hot springs Hotsprings such as these in Nyanyadsi re sacred and water from these hot springs are be have healing quatities. Taboos such that deals with hot spring: such as net using dirty nots, no farming around the area, are meant to protect and manage the envi cnment and water sources. They provide people with purified water. Sacred hot springs attract tourist. Hot to bring foreign currency. Create employment. Wettands and swamps. Wetlands and swamps are considered secree since they are Believed to be drinking places for Mhondoro and ancestors Wietiands and swamps sustain the fife ofthe rivers and they give the vital water Taboos on wetlands aiid swamps stich as no farming in these areas 2d not using sooty pote are meant to protect and preserve the wetlands and not to pollute theni. Wetlands are regarded as the erigin ef fertility of naturo, “Taboos on wetlands help in ensuring values in hy Ysime tWell. ist es who tion of rivers, ved to most common source of drinking water that deserves high level of reverence. 10ERS" yEL NOTES: ‘eboos such as ukachera mvura nechirongo chitama, tsime'rinopiwa; are meant to transmit values of hygiene nd thus safeguard human life. 8. Rocks. Such as the Chiremba batancing racks and Domiboremnwari in Epworth are considered scied, Rituals such as mukwerera are performed at these sacred places. They also attract tourists, thus heip to bring foreign currency. ‘The balancing rocks were used as a symbol! of Zimbabween currency. Help in preserving the environment, 9. Trees. F “Frees such as Muchakata, Mutiusinazita, Mukute, Mishuku, Mumvee, Mushozhowa, mutamba and other big trees are considered sacred trees. ‘They are inhabitant of spiritual beings or bodies. = They are trees of the ancestors. © Rituals such as mukwerera are performed under these trees. = These trees also provide fruits for people and animals, They are alse source of medicines in IR = Mukute is sean as 2 source of water in IR. Cutting down of these trees is prohibited and thus preserving the environment. 's considered sacrea because It is believed that it used to provide people with food in ‘usin time of need. 10. Shrines. = Shrines such as: > Matopos shrine Nielele shrine. > Manyanga shrine >” National Heroes Acre. Great Zimbabwe. v ‘ctoria Fal. % Tsindi ruins Chiremba baiancing rocks. % Chinhoyi caves, > Matonjeni These places were worshiping places in IR. Shrines were meeting place batween God and people, = Rainmaking rituals were performed at these shrines, nes helped in the preservation of the environment since people were not aliowed to ent, cyt down trees, burn grass, and do farming around the shrines. Animals that sought refs not to be kilied. = People aisu sought refuge at the shrines in times of war. = Some shrines are burial places for the heroes of the country 11. Graveyards. = Graves are considered as resting piace of t - People consult ancestral spiries at the gr = The graves the meeting place between the living and the dead. Kurova guva ritual is done at the grave. nrines ancestors and are thererore s Importance of sacred places in IR Sacred places are rein inducing centres. [Used for rain making ct monies.) Are piigrimage centres, where local peopie often visit for spiritual ang human irspiration.. Sacred places are places of worship.FRS“O” LEVEL NOTES 4. Community celebrations such 3s coronation of the chief takes place at a sacred place. 5. Are burial places for the chiefs. ©. Was a meeting place for the community in tire of wars. 7. Is where the gold and salt of the community was kept. 8. Sacred places attract tourists 9. Sacred places help in bringing foreign currency. 10. Saeced places help in créating emplayment. 11, Sacred piaces heip in protecting the environment as people are nut allowed to citt trees around and near sacred places. 12, Most community rituals are performed at sacred places, 13. Sacred places were used as hiding places for ircedom fighters. 14. Freedom fighters also hide their weapons at sacred places, 45. Sacred places are habitat for sacred animals suich as pythions. 4G. Sacred places are used for healing and cleansivg rituals fits of sacred places to the community. Preserve vegetation for example trees and gross. Preserve wild animals, Provide fruits. Provide herbs Provide more rainfall Helps to purify oxygen. Attract tourists Create employment. Help in bringing foreign currency. Provides water for people and animals to drink. Provide people with fish. Helps in preventing siltation. |. Prevent pollution of the rivers, ENGES CAUSED BY SACRED PLACES TO THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT. Ocforestation during pilgrimage. Pollution of air. water, land anc! noise during pilgritnages [visits or Poaching of animals. Vandalism of sacred piaces by pilgrims (tourists or visitors} Destroying of ptants and trees as people look for hers and medicines. Over-populaticn caused by huge gatherings at a sacred place whici results in huge production of waste, leading to land, water and noise pollution as weil as to environmental degradation Environment can be polkited through improper or incarrect disposal of waste. Rituals which involve burning of things will cause air pollution. Rituals which involve dumping of things into water anil forests will cause weter and land pollution. 10. Sacred places can be vandalised for the purpose of technological innovation and use. jons to these challenges. Educate people about the importance of sacred ploces and the preservation of the environment Punishing offenders by asking them to pay fires. Imprisoning of offenders - BISLORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF JuDAIsNt ‘Tests given by God to Abraham to prove’ 2. Abraham wos nat given a chil FRS“O" LEVEL NOTES 4. Doawarent environnient. campaigns on the inaportance of sacred places and the preservation of the 5, © Ensure police patrol at sacred places. s Enact iaws that protect sacred places and the environment, sh npewer local leaders to put ng of sacred places. se who vandalize and disrespect sacred places, 8. Fe: JUDAISM What is Judaism? " Judaism is a religion of the Jews. “sto both - Judaism igfon and culture of the Jows, lig its members practi certain food laws and Jewish custom: Followers of Judaism are born into the ‘The Jews are also called Hebrews . al becau Judaism is 2 2 the Jewish way of life such as gion end are not converted to the religion. - Judaism is rearesented by a symbo! called the Star of Davi TORICAL BACKGROUND ~The story of the Jews isin the Bible and we learn that during the exit the warid for more then two thausand years - Exileis the time the Jews were scattered In 1957 the Linited Nations cr the Jews were scattered all over over the world. ated the state of fsrel by dividing Palestine. Jews from: diferent parts of the world began to move to Israci, + Sephardic jews ~ are Jews who cane from Africa especially Morocco ‘and from Spain. -, Ashkenazi Jows- are Jews who.came from Europe In Zimbabwe we have the Lemba [vaRemba] people who consider themselves as Jews ln of Judaism The history of Judaism can be traced back to Abraham who is the first patriarch of patitarchs of the Jews are Isaac, Jaca and the twelve sons of Jacob, Patriarehs- are male leaders of a tribe or clan, Jews. The nther claim that history of Judaism started with Moses whe led the Jews cut of Egypt to the Promised Land and who given the Ten jents by Gos. = According to the Torah Abraham who at birth was called Abram was the son of Te = Ab‘eham was born at Ur. ‘ oral the first five Hooks oF Hie Hivie. - Abraham helveved in one'Géc anil later Gi 3c called him and made an agreement with hin, The agreement spelt out what God exhectoc from Abraham and God's résponsibiliiies to Abrabain, God piosnised Abraham to be his Gaul and to give hin the la Inretuen Abraham would worship God as the only trie God. \d of Canaan [now Israel kedient 1. To leave the fand his fathers and kinsmen {relatives} intl he was very old Abraham was asked to sacrifice hig sor isaac as an offering called Akeldah in Judai 4FRS"O" LEVEL NOTES Akeidah- means the binding. This shows that Abraham bound Iszac as he prepared to sacrifice him to God. ‘This story also shows Isaac's faith to God for ne was aware that he was going to be sacrificed but because of his faith he did no go against it = _ Isaac was the son of Abraham, ~ Jacob who was later called Israel after he wre itled with the angel was the son of Isaac = Israel means ‘one who wrestled with Gos! ~ Jacob had two wives who were sisters, natnily Leah and Rachel who were daughters of Latxen. - _ From his two wives Jacob had twelve sons namely Reuben, Simeon, Levi, Judah, Zebulun, Isaachar, Dan Gad, Asher, Naphtali, Joseph and Benjerin. = These twelve sons of Jacob are the ancestors of the tivelve tribes of srael Joseph's elder brothers sold him into slavery in Egypt, but he was later eppointed governor of Egypt atter he interpreted Pharaoh's dreams. Later‘his father and brothers followed him to Egypt, where the Jews were later turned to slaves. + God sent Moses to liberate the Jews out of Egyct = Moses led the Jews out of Egypt in the incident Ix wn as the exodus. - _ Exodus- is the mass movement of the Jews out of » ypt to the Promised Land, The liberation of the Jews out of Egypt was accoms hed through the involvement of God and this experience shaped their unique relationship with th= r God, ~ God met Moses at Mount Sinai also called Mount Hi reb, where God reveale¢ his actual name: Yahweh, and he gave the Ten Commandments. Jews feasts that developed out of the Exodu = Passover- is a feast to commemorate the exodus wl). God freed the Jews from Buypt ~ _ Itisa remembrance of Gods deliverance of the Jey from Egyptian bondage. ~ Tabernacles- is meant to commemorate the deli 3 ofthe Israelites in the boots in the wildemess or desert during their 40years journey to the Promis 1 Land. ~ _ Pentecost- a Jewish festival known as Shavout, the east of Weeks, it was a harvest festival - [twas meant to commemorate the giving of Ten Cc amnandments to Moses and the Jews at Mt Sin, UALS IN JUDAISM. Following are rituals in Judaism: iccumcision [Grit milah] Naming ritual Redemption of male first born/presentation [Pidyon . 2ben] Purification ritual or Cleansing ritual Marriage ritual. Death and funeral rituals. Passover rituals. ‘Coming of age ritual. Harvest rituals, Baptism ritual Circumcision ritual. (Genesis 17: 10-14) Gircumeisiori was for boys onty anit riot for dirls in Judaism, twas performed eight days after birth. Ie takes place in the morning at the family’s home. It was the duty of the father to see that itis son Is circumcised 35 eeFas “o” Circumdision is so important that it may be p Gin jon is performed by « Mohel; that is Jewish Lavy and surgical techniques. formed on the Sabbath orany Jewish holidays. .n observant Jew who has been trained in the relevant Importance of circumeision in Judaism. Circunsision is an outward sign of a man’s participation in lerae’scoventent with the God of = Iisa sign that the Jewish peopie will perpetuate [continue] thraugh him. Circumcision is a symbot of partnership with God. = Grcumciston shows that the child belongs to God. Circumcision shows that the child is part of the covenant and has to follow tive cormmandme: that ly to all Jews. Gireumeision recognises that God has ownership of the body and itis God who commanded it ~ Gircumeision is a proof of one’s dedication towards one’s ancesto: ircumcision isa sign that one is @ Jew, a member of the chosen people. ircumcision gives a sense of belonging. ion isa sigr of obedience to God. umeision is a cavenant of the flesh whic! ision is symbol imilar to the covenant of the heart. it shows the flow of life and that lifes full of pain as :ymbolised by the ieg of bleod, recent years cit as it is believed to reduce the chances of being infected with STs [Sexually Transmitted Infections] and HIY and AIDS currcision has been encouraged for medical reasor itis also believed that circumcision of inales reduces cases of cervical cancer in women. (On the other hand, some peopie denounce circumcision as unnecessary anc! harmful; and believe that rrumcision to be mentally and ohysically damaging. ~ However, circumcision in fudaism was never performed for medical reasons but for religious reasons, that is it was commanded by Gos. = The naniing ritual takes olace soon after circumcision ifthe child isa boy. = On the first Sabbath afier the child isinorn the father of the infant is called forviard at the synagoguc te racite the Aliyah [the bn édietions] and ask blessings forthe health of the moi le the child isa girl she is named at this time. : Boys will be named on the eighth day after birth as part of crcumcision rite, The Hebrew namie for boys izkes the form of ~child’s name’ bar "father's namie’ for example Simon bar Jonah. Simon bar Jonab means Simor 3 of Jona, [Bar means son of. - Hebrew nara for girls will take the form of ‘child's pame’ bat ~ “fathor’s name’. Sat nears daughter of. - Jews traditionally name their chiidten after a deceased relative. + Most males are given names of their male forefathers. ~The naming is away of accepting the child into the Jewish community. ating citua’ 2ise gave the chitd an identity - Names aise depicted the child's character and his or Aname also .peaks volumes about the history of the family. nption of the male first born. [Pldyon Haben} her takes the son to the Priest in the Temple and the father pays a redemptive price so thal the son stays with him and not to be given up tofull time temple duties. mission, 16FRS “O” LEVEL NOTES = The father recites tw = lessings for the boy: ~The father takes the shekels from the father, and puts them on the boy's head and islesses him ~The first male first b>¢n were said to belong to God and the father was supposed to buy the child back 50 that he won't be ‘3dicated to temple duties. This ritual shows th: all that we have belong to God, Coming of age ritus ~ [Bar Mitzvah--meai "Son of the Commandment, and boys at 13 years are expected to live by the ‘commandments ani° © considered as adults who are responsible to the Law or to the comrnandments of tie Torah and is expected to read the Torah in the synagogue in Hebrew, and Bat Mitzvah- means girl or “aughter of the Commandment, and girls at 42 years are expected to live by the commandments and are considered as adults who are responsible to the Law or to the ‘commandments of the Torzh and is expected to read the Torah in the synagogue in Hebrew) S. Marriage ritual. ~ This is the first institution given to the Jews by God during the time of Adam and Eve {Genesis 1:20 28) + The ritual secure union of a man and a woman for life; to share strength, pleasure and hard times; and for rearing of children, ~ This ritual isan honour to God's ec mmendment; ‘Be fruitful and multiply’ = This was ritual was done in a synagozue. = Sexis only for the marcied in Judais ¥ There are blessings and protection cr the husband and wife from ev. = Marriage ritual joined families togeter. = Marriage ritual involved the exchang of wedding rings, = Jews married only from the Jewish community 6, Cleaning ritual/ purification ritual ~ _Thisis the bathing or cleansing of @ woman one week after the menstruation had! stopped. ~ Furthermore, the mother was consid: “ed unclean for forty days if she gave birth to a boy and “or eighty days {80 days] ifthe child we a girl. The mother was supposes to offer sacrifices so as to be made pure (clean), ‘This was done to clean the woman b fore she sleeps with her husband. Z._ Death and funeral rituals. = Death is undisputed truth. ~ Burial takes place 25 soon as possiblx_ in most cases less than 24 hours after death, ~ Relatives mourn for seven days [shis. - seven] ‘The ritual is made to sustain and cor fort the spirit of the bereaved. ials for different purposes, times and laces Passover rituals ~ Passover itself is not a ritual, but ther 2 are special rituals for the Passover. ‘There are rituals which involves kilic; of the Lamb and eating unleavened bread, = These rituals are meant to commemovate the liberation or emancipation of Jews from Egypt. +. Harvest rituals. = Rituals are done for the first and last fruits and crops as a thanks-giving to God the provider of food. ~The ceremony involves giving a portion of one’s yields to: () The poor. (i) Widows. (ii) Orphans. (iv) The temple. 10. Prayer and offering rituals. w“0” LEVEL NOTES. “There specia: and unique way prescribed on how to pray and how to kill the lamb, turtle doves for sin offerings, peace offerings and thanks- giving, t “There was also a special way on haw to build an altar wit 12 stone which represents the 12 tribes of Israel, AL, Baptism, Baotiom is the outward washing away of sins. It's the washing away of one's sins before God. Baot ism Is also a sign of repentance and water was used, Baptism was used to initiate converts into Judaism, Why rituals were introduced in Judaism. “ i) (iy wm Retigious practitis Roles of religious practi Iewas smand or an erder from God [Yahweh] of obeying God. - To show that they were the chosen people. Asa forra of identity. Asan ers in Judai: ‘The following are some of the religious practitioners in Judaism, (i Rabai (Teacher) i) Priests, ‘ii) Prophets ) Levites. Mohel Kings. (wi) Daysn Judge) Prophets, Prophets were defenders of monotheism that is the belief in ene God: They speak ihe will anc purpose of God, They were in mediators between God and people. Thoy reminded the people of their covenant with God. They predict th They advised kings. They were the voice of the voiceless, They were sacial commentators Priests. steve They worked in the temple and their duty was to burn hi ¥y teach the Torah. ey Icad in prayers. Lead in Jewish court, Act Act as inter-mediators between God and peeple, Recites the Ten Commandments ta the people. Levites. sense andi offer sacrifices. spisitual leaders. The Levites were responsible for order in the temple. They assisted the’priestin the temple, They provided choir and musicin the temple. They helped the priest to dress and undres:FRS “O" LEVEL NOTES Motel. Wes the one responsible for circumciinr Jewish boys in Judaism. Rabbi [Teacher] Most Jewish practitioners were callec rebi, meaning teacher. They teach the Torah. They interpreted the Law. They acted as pastors. They were spiritual leaders. Conducted Torah classes for people. They are educators and counsellors. Represents the Jewish nation to a country he temporary resides. Represents the Jewish community bef"e the government. Presides over members’ weddings and { ‘erals Dayan. Is an expert in Jewish Law and sits in a rabbisical court. Deals with civil law and divorce cases. Leads Jewish Law court. Kings. They were divinely chosen, Were representatives of God on earth, Defend the covenant and Laws of God. Protected the kingdom and the people. Increase the wealth and trade of the Kingdom, Take care of the poor. Receive and distribute tribute. Declared and ied in wars. Responsible for peace talks. Leads Jewish Law court. ‘oles of religious practitioners in Judaism, To teach the Torah. To defend monotheism {worship of one God] Participate and lead wars. Prophets were to predict the future, To advise kings. Lead in prayers. Lead in offerings and sacrifices. To be a go-between before God and people. Recite the Ten Commandments fo the peopl’. Spiritual leader. Counsellor. Educator. ‘Takes part in naming process. Lead rituals and ceremonies. = Lead Jewish Law court, Represent the community before the government, Conduct Torah classes for people. x Leads over members’ weddings and funerals. Represent the Jewish nation in a country they temporary resides.FRS ‘0” LEVEL NOTES Sacred piaces in Judaism, The following are some of the sacred places in Judaism. (Israel (ii) Western Wall (i) Mount Sinai (iv) Jerusalem. {vy} Temple Mount. (vi) Mountains (vil) Graveyards. (vill) Synagogues. Rivers. Israelis sacred because itis the Promised Land, = nis holy land because it isthe ‘and given to them by God. 2, = Western Wall is aise known as the ‘Wailing Wall’ because Jews grieve over the destruction af the temole. = Wester wal is the wall that used to surround the temple before it was destroyed. + The Temple was regarded as the most sacrec piace [the holiest] place on earth for the Jews. ~The Western Wall isa trace of the ancient temple; therefore the wall is regarded as sacred or holy. 3. Mount ~ _ Iswhere Moses received the Ten Commandments. = Gord himself descended from heaven at Mount Sinai Mount Sinai wes once th visiting place of God and that makes ita sacred plac in Judaism. = Mount Sinai s regarded as the meeting place of Gad and Mo: 4; ‘The Temple Mount. The tempie mount is where the Temple was built. here God chase his divine presence to rest [the temple was know as God's house! 's regarded as the most noly place because this is where the Ark of the Covenant [a 59 container, & gold plated wooden chest of the two tablets of the Ten Coramandment} stayed. = Jews do not walk on the mer 5. Jer " red ain itself to avoid entering the place where the Holy of Holies stouc, lem, ~ Today Jerusalem is viewed as a holy place. holy city; a holy land in the world, isa holy city for Jews - it's the centre of the Jowish people, + It's regarded as the city of grest kings of the Jews. he world’s number one religious tourist centre. + Jerusalem 5. Synagogues. Synagogues are regarded as sacred because they are places of worship, education and community gathering. 7. Rivers, Rivers such 2: Jordan are considered as sacred because this is where people's sins were washed away after baptisr. Water in Judaism isa symbot of purity, and tai 8 ‘Mountains are considered sacred in Judaism because they are closer to heaven and therefore closer jored sacred in Judeism. why rivers ere cons to Sod, In Judaism people used to speak to Gee while on 2 mountain such as Mount Sinai and mount Horeb. 20FRS “O” LEVEL NOTES 9. Dome of the Rock, ~The Dome of the rock in Jerusalem is believed to be the re -k on which Abraham used as an citar to sacrifice his son Isaac. 10. Gravey: Graves are seen as the resting places ‘ar the forefathers; f: example Mount of Olives contains Jedaism’s mos: important graveyard. Graves connects individuals with their forefather and their faith or religion; this is why they are sacred, Christianity isa celigion of peopte who believe in Jesus Christ as the Messiah. = NB: Christianity came out of Judaism. Christianity is an.off-shoot of Judaism. istianity. = Rituals in Christianity are called sacraments, ~ The following are some of the rituals in Chris tanity () "Baptism (i) Marriage (ii) Circumcision. {iv} Communion, Last Supper, Eucharist. (v) Extreme Unction (Anointing of the sick] (vi) Penance. (vil) Funerals, Gircumcision + Gircumcision isa symbol of covenant between Ged and his people. = Tosome Christians who are still rooted in Judaism: circumcision is: ()—Asymbol of purity (i) Asign of acceptance of God. (ii) Assign of holiness. - NB: However, most Christian organisations today co not demand circumncision though it is still performed by others, 2. Baptism, Baptism Involves the application of or immersion in water ¢ Christianity. a way welcoming naw members into Baptism is an cutward sign of washing away sing and weter is used. = Baptism is @ proof that the sins have been washed away and that one has been made clean = Water is used in baptism because itis a symbol of purity and rebsiith, + Baptism is a symbol of repentanceand a sign af berg born again, = Baptism is 2 public confirmation of sins having been fora Baptism is a sign that one has accepted Jesus Christ. ~ Raptism is a sign of membership. = Baptism isa sign that you belong to that denomination, = Baptism symbolises the death and resurrection of Jesus Christ. = Baptism assures Christians of eternai life. Baptism is a unifying factor in the church [baptism brings oneness and unity in the church} Baptism shows that one has taken the way of the cross [that is one is prepared ta sufter or die for the sake of the gospel. + NB: Baptism is done in the name af the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit |FRS “OQ” LEVEL NOT Religious practitio: “ an NB: Some Christians beileve in infant baptism and therefore infants are baptised. This is based on the belief that we are all born sinners, Marriage. ‘Marriage ritval is as old as our planet. ‘The church through the Priest gives formal blessings upon Christians when they enter into matrimony [marciagel In Christianity every person must enter into marriage at their own free- wil zarded as one of the Holy institutions given by God himself; and therefore any form of impurity is nat accepted. The marriage ritual encourages one man one wife. Pre-marital sex and extra marital sex is not allowed and is regarded asa sin ‘The ritual puts man as the head of the family, and the woman as the helper. Communion/Lord’s Supper/ Eucharist Communion or Eucharist iso ritual whereby Christians eat bread and drink wine in remembrance of the Last Supper of Jesus Christ. ‘The bread regresents the body of Jesus Christ and the wine represents the bioud of Jesus Christ. It symbolized remembrance of Jesus Christ's death Iisa unifying force between spiritual Christ and the Christians. Iisa sign of unity in Christ Itis also a sign of obedience to Jesus who commanded that it should be practised. Communion is also @ thanksgiving ritual meant to thank Jesus who died for pecyple’s sins Eucharist or communion is regarded as the centre of Christian life; it shows the selflessness of Jesus Christ, his suffering, pain and deati for the sake of mankind. The Eucharis: also symbolised the new covenant God made with his people through Jesus Christ :9 done for the forgiveness of sins through the blood of Jesus. xt ction [Anointing the sick] This is a ritual of anoin ‘The pastor is called to pray for the sick and anoint the sick with oil in the name of Jesus. Anointing the sick with oil was done for these reasons: () To heal the sick. ii) For the sins of the sick to be forgiven, (ili) To make the sick clean before death. (iv) Assign of faith in the power of prayer, Funerals, Death though sorrowful, it is accompanied by Christian ceremonies “o Christians death is not the end of life but the beginning of eternal life, Some Christians belief that when a person dies, the soul returns to God and *he dead wil eternal life with the second corning of Jesus Christ. People pray for the dead so that lie/she might be forgiven and be accepted by God. Sonie Christians prepare the deceased for his/her next fife Prayers for the dead do not cease with burial, hut continued after aurial, Funerals in Christianity are @ preparation for re-incarnation or resurrection with the second coming of Jesus Christ Mar i the sick with oil for healing purposes. esurrect for Penance. Is the confession and granting of forgiveness to a sinner Bisnops Past eey” LEVEL NOTES (ii) Prophets/ prophetesses (iv) Aposties. (v)— Evangetists/Preachers. (vi) Deacons. (vil) Elders (vil) Priests ian practitioners, 1. Jesus, Jesus is the founder of Christianity Simon Peter. | believed to be the first leader of the Christian chu Samuel Mutendi of Zion Christian Church [ZCC] Johane Masowe of Johane Masowe weChishanu [/¥AC]. 4Johane Marange of Johane Marange Apostolic Church [IMAC] 4, Rev Ndabaning’ Sithole 5. Bishop Abel Muzorerwa These are some of the African Initiated Church leaders who opposed colonial rule aad supported the liberation struggle. They encouraged Africans to resist and reject col2~ialisi. ‘Some religious practitioners such as Ndabaningi S'thole started his own However, some rel political party such as ZANU us practitioners such as B'shop Abel Muzorerwe supportesi colonial rule and 1. They supported the liberation struggle. 2. Prayed for freedom fighters. 3. Challenged oppression. 4. They were advisors to political leaders, 5. ‘They unified the people. 6. They defended the poor and the oppressed. 7. They were the voice of the voiceless. 8. They healed the sick, 8. They encouraged the spirit of patriatism an nationatism. 410. Encouraged people to fight for their God gin land Give divine advice on how nid when to att» k the enemy. Gave shelter and ioral support to ireedon ighters: . Predicted victory for the freedom fighters. Gave spiritual support to the freedom figh rs. Ezekiel Guti of ZAOGA Paul Muvazha of African Apostolic Church [AAC] Walter Magaya of PHD Emmanuet Makandiwa of UFIC Gandiya of Anglican Church,ERS “O" LEVEL NOTES fl 6. Father Mukonori of Roman Cathelic Chureh, in woe of Roman Catholic Chur Nehamia Mutendi of 2CC Apostie Chivenga Present Day roles of Christian practitioners, 1. Pray for and heal the sick. 2, Defend the Law of God, 3. To be voice of the voiceless. 4. Preach the word af God. 5. Defend justice among people, 6. Pray for unity and national healing, 7. Mediators in politica disputes. 8. Pray for rain. 8. Pray fo! 10. Donate to charity for example assisting viecims of cytione Idai 11, To foretell the future through prophecies. 12, To reise other leaders after them 13. To drive away demons. 14, Help people with breakthroughs. 35. Assi 16. Supperted government pc 17. Encouraged people to be se 18, Leads in Christianity rituals su hose who are less privileged. icles of land distribution. sufilcient. ss Laptistn, weddings and funer red places in Christianity. Inc istianity and in other jions, sacred alace is connected te the origin of that religion; that is, that ruliglon is formed, started or developed. Sacred places in Christianity are associated with places where Jesus was born, did h uecified and resurreetes. ministry, = Some places in Christianity are considered sacred or holy because: (tis the place where Ged revealed himself to the ovaple or to the leader of that denomination. ii] this the place “set aside" {chosen} fer the purgose of worship. i) Tels the place where the church leader recaived his/ler call or revelation (isi IRs the place iwhere the ratigious fesder is buried. cred places differ from denomination te siencmination in Christianity. following are some of the sacred places in Christianity. (i) derusatern. (i > Nazerett ay jw) Jericho. fa) Sea of Gutllee. vil) The Red SeaFRS “O” LEVEL NOTES (vii) Saint Peter Square [The Vatican], fix) Churches. (2) The pulpit. (i) Thealtar. (xi) Mt Tabor (si) Mt Nebo (xiv) Moriah in South Africa for 26¢ (av) Defe and Dopota for 2¢c (evi) __Ngarikure in Masvingo for AAC of Mwazha, 1. Jerusaley ~ Jerusalem is sacred for Christians, Jews and Muslims, ~ For Christians Jerusalem is sacred because (i) Is where Jesus ministered. (ii) Is where Jesus died, resurrected and ascended to heaven, (it) Is where Jesus was presented in the temple (iv) Iswhere Jesus attended festivals such as Passover. (v)_Iswhere Jesus had his Last Supper with his disciples. (vi) Iswhere we find the cross and the tomb of Jesus. (vi) Jerusslem is considered as the birth place of Christianity ~ Jerusalem is a religious tourists destination from all over the world because itis considered as the holy land because itis (i) The dwelling place of the Ark of the covenant. ‘Abrahamic covenant point to Jerusalem as the promised land. (it) tis [was] home of many holy prophets of Gad, (iv) The throne of David. () The ascension piace of Prophet Muhammad. NB: Christians associate themselves with the city o! jerusalem so that they can physically be in touch with their faith. © lerusalem becomes a mysterious city for Christians: (i) Acity without pain or sorrow. (i) A beautiful city and home. (it) tris a city that symbolised paradise. 2. Nazareth, ~ Jesus spent most part of his life about 20 years in Nazareth, ~ Nazareth is seen as Jesus’ home town; this is why Jesus is ref Nazerene. = Jesus’ birth was announced to Mary in Nazareth, ~ After returning from Egypt Jesus and his parents settled in Nazareth, Jesus was rejected by his people in Nazareth. + Nazareth is a holy city to Christians because this is where the holy family of Mary, Joseph nc Jesus lived 3. Bethlehem. [Means house of bread] + Bethlehem is sacred to Christians because itis the birth place of Jesus Christ - Bethlehem is aiso the birth place of King David, and was known as the City of King Davia, - Bethlehem was also the place where the Messiah was to be born thereby fulliling the prophecy of Micah 8:2. + Bethtehem is the place where Rachel died while giving birth [Genesis 35:19-20] red to as Jesus of Nazareth or theFAS "Q” LEVEL NOTES ‘River Jordan, River Jordan is sacred lecause John the Saptist preached and baplised people in the river Jordan. = Jesus was baptised in river Jordan. : = Jesus was proclaimed the Son of God in the river Jordan. : = Jesus received the Holy Spirit after baptised in the river Jordan. = River Jordan connects Christians with their faith. S. Seaof Galilee = twas also known as the Lake of Gennesaret or Sea of Tiberias. ‘Sea of Galilee was the central point of Jesus’ ministry for three years. ~ Jesus called his frst disciples by the Sea of Galle. ~ Jesus perforrned the miracle of the great catch of fish in the Sea of Galilee. = Jesus taught and healed people along the Sco of Galilee = Jesus asied Simon Peter to go and catch a lsh with 2 coin in its mouth in the sea of Galilee = _Jasus performed nature miracies of Calming the Storm and walking on water on the Seo of Galilee. Sea of Galilesis seen as the place where Christian Church of Christ started; a place where the dis shown deep faith = After resurrection Jesus instructed his disciples to meet him in Satie at ; regard Saint Peter Square as holy place because: ) tls the perrmanent residence of the Pope. iples (i) Is where Peter's grave is believed to be; and Peter is believed to be the first Pope, (ii) tis the burial place for the Holy cardinls, (iv) Nominations anid meetings of the Pope are held in the Vatican City. {vi The Vatican is a symbol of the birth of Catholic ‘members make holy pilgrimaye to the Saint Peter Square. vinere Christians meet to pray and worship and this why itis sacred = Church is buit with syinbois which are seen from outside such asthe cross ane the pinnacle, +The church i the house of God, which isnot to be visited without real reason. 8. Bul Pulpit is reised stand for Christian church = The pulpit 's generally reseeved for the man or woinan of God. = Puloits regardec as the most important piece of furniture inthe sanctuary. Plot is sacret bacause the bible, the word of Ged is placed on the pulpit and the werd of God i oresched-fro™ the pulp’. 3. Ngorikua in Masvingo for AA © itis sacred busause this s where Paul Moa Aigarikure isa symbel of AAC’ faith = Contact with the place i believed to be the contact with God's revelation spirit ‘embers of Pau! My:azho's church moet'st Ngarixute annually. Rawat wz the founder of AAC received divine revelation. nd beliefs year for prayer and worship ceremoni Moria was owelling place of the founder and chief priest of ZC Other sacred places for 2CC are Mbungo, Defe and Dopots ISLAM,FR’ 'S “0” LEVEL NOTES. lam means “submission to will of Ge~ Islam is a total way of life, e pillars of faith in Islam. 5 0) ‘These are five essential Islamic practic -s known as the pillars of Isiam. Shahada [profession or declaratio of faith. (i) Salat. (Salah) [worship] Gi tw Ww 4 )—Zakat (Zakah) (Alms-giving] )—Saum. [Fasting on the month of Raradan} Heil. [Plgrimage} ‘Shahada [declaration of faith The beginning and essence of being a lv. slimis te recite with sincere intention the simple Islamic creed called Shahade [confession] consi: ng of two statements! “There is no god but Aliah; and Mohamm dis the messenger of God.” ‘The declaration of faith is bearing witnes. testifying) that there is no deity worthy of worship but ‘Allah (God), and that Muhammad is His: vant and Messenger. It must be based on a sincere and firm belief in the heart, as well asbeing u ered verbally ‘The first part of the declaration implies th (i) No person, object or being has th «right to be worshipped except Allah alone. The sr name “Allah” refers to the One Tiue God of all mankind and everything that exists Allah alone is the Creator and Sustainer ofall that exists, and He has power over sil things. (ii) Allah nas no partner, equal, father, mother ar son. (iv) Allah alone has perfect attributes and is free from all deficiencies, The second part of the declaration is that Muhami id is Allah’s Secvant and fina Messenger. He is the final Prophet in a tong: chain of Prophets sent to call the people to the abedience and ‘worship of Allah alone. Some of these Prophets include Adam, Noah, Abraham, Isnmael, Isaac, J Joseph, Moses, David, Solomon and Jesus ‘The Prophet Muhammad was sent with the Qur'an Allah's message, and serve as an example for all to (s final revelation), in order to teach the people ‘The Shahada is pronounced: ly By new converts as part of the ceremny of secaming a ttuslim, (i) tneaca performance ef the Salai (ii) At birth ritual to @ new born baby [The first words the child should hearis the shahada}, iv) ‘Toadying man [The last words the person should hear is the shahiad: its of the Shahadla, Complete surrender.to the will of Allah and becoming His true seryant and subject. Produces a high degree of self-respect and coniid! 2, le also-remainiag humble and movest Produces strong determination, patience and perseverance, making a person brave and courageous, as well as dutiful and upright. Makes a person obey and observe Allah’s cornmandsNBzin the call for the Morning Prayer the staternent; “Prayer is better than sleep, statemen: or at the end, FRS“O” LEVEL NOTES 2. The Salat [Salah] and Friday worship [Prayer] The Selat or the daily prayer ritual is the eariiest islamic practice. = The tive daily prayers form the most important rituel of worshi noen, mid-afternoon, sunset and nightfall. They pray facing Mecce, tive Holy city. ina Muslim's lile; one each at dawn, Mohammad once asked his companions, “If one of you had o river by his door in which he bathed five times a day, would any filth remain on him?” They replied, “No.” Then the Prophet added “Likewise, Aliah wipes away sins with the five daily prayers.” On Friday Muslims go to the Masque to pray and are asked by a public caller an official Moezzin, ied = The call io pray consists of seven short statements: (i) God is most great. (ii) I restify that there is no god but Allah. (ii) | testify that Mohammad is the prophet [messenger] of Alla. (iv) Cometo pray. () Come to salvation. (vi) God is most great. (vil) _ There is no God but Atiah, ced ofter the fifth Prayer is the centre of a Musliin’s life and the best way to achieve submission to Allan, -— Ieanbe oi .d almost anywhere clean: such asin felis, offices, factories or universities; and takes only a few minutes to perform. Ir consists of recitation from the Holy Qur'an, supplicating to and praising Allat., with various body postures such as standing, bowing, prostrating and sitting. Through vrayer, the Muslim cemembers the greatness of his Creator and supplicates to Him for his noeds and wishes. Benefits of the Szlay 1) Prayer establishes a personal and spiritual connection between the Muslim and his Creator, ‘based on faith, love, hone and reverence. (i) It fills one’s ireart wich contentmeni, peace and closeness with Allah. (il) Reis in achieving submission te allah div) Prevents a persen irom falling inte sn. ‘tourifies one’s <0 {i} (san epoortunity for repentance and secking forgiveness ‘rom Alla ‘Zakat of Zakalh [Alms ~giving or chantyt + Tine sharing cf wealth with the poer is su The Quran states that Muslims should sec in the Quran as 2 pious act. ay the ‘surplus’ as alms-giving ~ Islam teaches that all things belong to Allah, including wealth, which is consideed as 2 trust. Yhe prescribed crarity {zaksh) at 2.5% %s an apligation on every Mustim who is mature, sane and lias wealth above & certein threshold. ‘The Prophet Mohammad said, “Allah bas made zakah obligatory simply to purify your remaining wealth.” 28FRS “O” LEVEL NOTES ~The meaning of the word “zakah,” is toth ‘purification’ and ‘growth’. Thisis similar to the pruning of plants, whereby regularly trimming provides balance and encourages growth. By fulfilling this obligation, Muslims purify their remaining wealth, as well as ensure both financial and spiritual growth. Benefits of Zekat ~ _Purifies ene from selfishness, arrogance and a greedy heart ~ Trains ene to be sympathetic and compassionate cowards the poor and needy. Remincls one of the blessings from Allah and encourages one to be grateful ~ Bridges the gap between different socio-economic classes and groups, and is a form of social security. ~ Reduces poverty and ensures equality by making it obligatory upon the rich to share some of their wealth with the less fortunate. 4. Saum [Fasting in the month of Ramadan] = _isatime for fasting throughout the month = people will be confessing their sins to God = _Aswith any act of worship, fasting requires obedience and submission to Allah's cammands through the highest degree of commitment and sincerity. Every year during the month of Ramadan (the Sth menth of the lunar calendar), Muslims fast from dawn until sunset, abstaining from three key humen needs ~ food, rink and sexual relations. One should also abstain from all sinful ections. ~ During the days of fasting Muslims should avoid indecent talk, gossip, slander and anything else that will cause anger or grief to anyone, along with any actions that might arouse passion in oneself or someone else. = Fasting during Ramadan is obligatory on every physicalty and mencally capable adult Muslim. Children, the sick, the mentally unfit, tho eldorly, menstruating women, and travelers are exempted. Some benefits of fasting: (Promotes spiritual self-purification and growth, i) Scientifically proven health benefits. (ii) Sympathy for those tess fortunate, prompting more charities. iv) Ameans of learning setf-restraint and patience, ()—_Purities the soul and helps it acquire the haiit of obeying Allah by restraining d promotes steadfastness, (vi) Creates an increased feeling of unity and collective identity amongst those fasting, (vii) Creates an increased awareness about the state of affairs across the globe and the hardships endured. (vii) Forgiveness of sins. The Prophet Mchainmad is believed to have satd, “He who fasts Ramadan, with faith and hoping for reward! {irom Allah, then his past sins are forgiven. 5. Hall, [the Great Pilgrimage to Mecca = isthe journey to Mecca the birth place of Muhammad = isthe journey to the most holly place ~ Pilgrimage to the Holy city of Mecca or Makkah (in Saudi Arabia) and other sacred sites must be performed at least once ina person's lif, if they are physically and financially cazable. ~ Performing the pilgrimage is a temporary suspension of all worldly activities, ane isa time for one to reflect, worship, seek the forgiveness of Allah and attain Mis closeness.FRS “O” LEVEL NOTES The Pilgrimage is an annuel event in the 12th month of the lunar'calendar (Dhul-Hifjah in Arabic), -atus and age, as they Join in worship of the One True wwitich unifies pecple of every colour, race, God. All pilgrims weer simple and similar clothing, which strips away distinctions of class and culture, 9 that al stand equal before Allah. « Benefits of Hal} i) Humblesa person « {5} Making them more patient and thankful tlh. (i!) Brotherhood is increased, as all Muslims, regardless of their differences, are one nation. Rituals in islam. e ~ These are beliefs prescribed by God [Allah] In the Quran and by the holy Prophet Mohammed. = Islarn just like Judaism and Christianity is an Abrahamic religion and has similar rituels, Birth rituals |Adhan} a Naming ritval {Tasmiyah] Circumcision ritual [khitan} al [Bismilin| Marriage ritual [Nikah] 6. Death ritual Commitment 1 2, Birth eitual [Adhan} = Aprayer is whispered into the baby's right ear when the child is born. ‘Thay recite the Islamic creed: “God is great, there is no other god but Allah, and Mohammad is the snessenger 0” Allah,” are the first words the chile must hear. Muslims believe that every child is born a Muslim. “The frst taste of the child should be sweet and this is why the baby is fed with a teaspoon of honey anc this symbolises the sweetness of the Quran. = This ritual wes first carried out by Muhammad himself. 2. Naming rituet [Tasmiyah]. - Seven aays after birth the child Is given @ Muslim name whichis also an identity to the community. The naming ritual is performed because God demands that it must be done. = child in Islam should not go beyond seven days without a name. ~ Parents name the child with the help of family members, friends and priests [Sheiks} 3, Removing of hair ritual [The Aquiga{Aquaah)] This ritual takes place soon after naming ritual ‘his “tual is done to thank dllah for the gift of the child. tis 3 thanks giving ritual. 2° “The baby's hair is shaved and weighed and the family is asked to give at least the same weight of gold! or money te charity (the poor] and at least two livestocks should be sacrificed, After this ceremony a community mes! with relatives, friends and neighbours is held «s a way of welcoming the new bony baby into the community, Furthermore an animal is sacrificed and its meat is distributed aniong the poor cue 9p ritual [Khitan] i ‘This 's mostly done soon alter birth to new born sons. = This s done 26 a sign of human submission to Gud. = Giccurneision is done as a sign of purity anc cleariness. hi = [tis done to imitate Mohammad who was circumcised. ‘A chiid is circumcised as a sign of belonging and attachment to the Islamic community.sons for marria 7. Death FRS “O” LEVEL NOTES Circumcision is a sign of sacredness, joyalty and purity to God. ‘A person who is not circumcised in {slam is not regarded as 2 man no matter his age. Thus, new born sons are circumcised to show that they are men, Circumcision is painful; hence it prepares the child for difficulties and-pains of life. Spilling of blood occurs during circurncision, a sign of life; and symbolised the running and continuity of life, ‘Commitment ritual [Bismillah Muslims children are considered to be torn Muslims, ‘At four years commitment ritual is periormed and the child is dressed in traditional clothes or his/her best clothes and sit in front of the Koran [Quran] and recite verses from it. Parents, relatives and friends pray that will grow in full knowledge of the Koran. The parents or elderly members of the tamily promise that apart from fulfilling the basic needs of food, shelter and education; they will tesch moral qualities, religious knowledge and religious practices to the children. At this ceremony they share sweet food «show the sweetness of the Quran, After the ritual the child takes part in the jarayer life of the Muslim community ‘Marriage ritual [Nikah] Marriage serves as the foundation of a Muslim family, Sex should only take place within marria all forms of pre and extra- marital celations are str forbidden. tly Muslims parents arrange a suitable partrr for their children and the couples should parents’ choice. ‘The bride and the groom accept each other in the presence of two witnesses Forced marriages are not accepted in Islam, Marriage rituals are usually done in a Mosque. -¢ on their ‘The process of ‘Nikah’ [marriage] shows the change of status from yaung adults to fully grown adults, ‘The groom is required to pay a bridal gift to the bride. ‘The reading from the Quran takes place. ‘The bride and groom exchange vows and rings. ‘The ritual is performed to bless and protect the new family. ‘The Quran allows men to practice polygamy, and a fiusband may have up te 4 wives provided he si able to love and treat them equally. Women are only allowed to have one husband. Ista > For procreation. > For mutual love and support for husband and wife, 7 For sexual expression of love. % To supporta stable family > To fulfil God's commandment. > Tobe considered as aaults als Those near a dying man encourage him to pronounce the Shahada; “God is great, there is no other 0d but Allah; and Mohammad is the messenger of Allah.” Muslims want their last words to be their declaration of faith, After death the body is bathed properly by members of the same gender and put in a three-fold write garment called kafan. ‘The body is placed on the bier and taken first to the Mosque where funeral prayer is offered for the dead person, and then taken to the grave for burial 31FRS“O" LEVEL NOTES Muslims beliave in life after death: ~ Muslims offer prayers for the forgiveness of the deceased and that he/she might find peace and happiness in the world to come. ‘Toe body is buried a5:so0n as possible. In the grave the head of & belong. vo Allah we return, jeceased faces Mecca, and the following words are sais, “To Allah we ‘vig a three day mouming period. ‘Muslims velieve in the Day of Judgement: {) All peopie will be judged by Aligh. (i) Everyone will be raised from the grave. (ii) —_Peoale will have their faith in Allah and their earthly good and bad deeds weigned. (iv) Those who can ¢rass the bridge over Hell [Sirat] carrying their books of life wit! enter paradise and have eternal life Tho ‘wha cannot cross the bridge will fal into hell forever Importance of rituals in islam, = Rituals leads to: Unity. ii) Respect (ii) Obedience liv) Dignity [Selt- worth or sati-esteem or self-respect) Ww Fear (iu) SelF-controt Wil Love for ene anather. (vil) Te2m work ix) Idertity, (3) Responsibility. bg} Leadership. (aii) Spieit of belonging, (ail). Loyal (xiv) Sheting and giving, gious practitioners in Islam. Mlonammad, The Alim Alle ‘ne Caliph. sheik Ayatollah. Nuezzi {the one who calls for prayer five times a day Grand faim Mosque ier 1. Mohammad - Mohammad ss the founder of star. = He was born in Mecca and later moved to Medina, He is believed to be ihe last great Prophet of God.FRS “O” LEVEL NOTES His teacnings fom the base or thi “oundation of the Istarnic religion. {is believed that after death hey sat to heaven, Muslims believe that the Quran i» direct revelation from lah to Mohamenad through t Gabriet fibril! ‘The name Mohammad means hig. y prised. The Alim, ‘Alim means the scholar or the leai_ eg one. It refers to experts and scholars in at The Alim is used to describe a know idgeabie person in Istarnic Allamah. 1s an honorary and prestigious title i> Islam, Itisa title given to’ person who is @ seated in several aiscipiines in isla. The Caliph. The Caliph isa religious and a politics cadar Caliphs were political successors of k hammed Caliph were lke Kings in Muslim corr unity. lnmodern days the Caliph refers to th Chief civil and eeligious leader in islam. ‘The first Caliph was Abu Bakr who suc 2eded Muhammad after his death. imam, 's areligious leader who teaches peop! the Quran and the Haciths. Imam leads and performs rituals. They also lead in community prayers, a birth, weddings and funerals imam gives religious advice and deliver , sermons, The Shia Mustims believe God Imam interprets the Quran and the Shari. Mosque Leaders. The Sheiksin most cases are the mosque leader: Their duties are: the Imam is the successor of Muhammad and should be appointee Sy Y Pray for the sick Y Interpreting the Quran Lead all worship services. Y Actasapriest + Leud the journey to Mecca ¥ Are counsellors 6f the peo) Y They are advisors ¥ Teach the congregation the Prophet's veachings. v ¥ Provide leadership at the Mosque, Lock after Zakat, faces in [stam Mecca Medina, Jerusalem, Mosques. Mecca. Mecca is the birth place of Prophet Mohammiad. 1s the holiest city for Mustims. resFRS “O” LEVEL NOTE! first st deat Prophet Mohannadi's mission manifested or revealed in Mecca. The Prophet Mohammad received divine-revelation in Mecca. = Mecca is regarded as the birth place of Islam and every Muslim pray facing Mecca. Medina, “Scudi Arabic” ledina is the second holiest city for Muslims. = Medina is believed to contain the tonib of Prophet Muhammad. johaimmad was buried in Medina. - Medina is where Mohammad lived after he fled Mecca. Medina is significant because it contributed to the development and growth of islam, Pt was in Medina that the followers of Mohammad were called Muslims. - In Mesing is where Mohammad hid from his persecutors. He hid in a cave where he received some lation. = In Medina is where Mohammad received a revelation and truth about Moses and David. ~ In Medina is where Mohammad fought ard defeated Mecca. 3. jerusaiom. {s the third most holy place for Muslims. - Jerusalem is a place where Froghet Moharamad is believed te have been taken to heaven after his death, = Iswihere “thi come of the rock” is; and is on the site of the Jewish temple. the rock" is a building in Jerusalem that enshrines the rock from whicli Mo -nded to neaven on the night he died as believed by Musiims. Most Mosques are built with a shape of the dome on top. Jerusalem Is outside Arabic and is in Palestine; this symbolises Muslims’ tolerance anc! geod will cn religious, cultural and socia! level, 4. Mosques. - Mosques are regarded as holy in slam because they are used for: he dome o' Prayer, + Worship + Religious ceremonies and rituals + Residents of priests © Weddings. © Funerals. = Mosques in Zimbabwe are cited near or in towns and big cities. ~ Masques are meeting place far Muslims in their stipulated prayer times. RELIGION AND CONTEMPORARY ISSUES. 1. Religion, Family and Identity inition of a family A Family isa group of people who live tonether and are related to each other by marriage, bload er + Afemily is a Group of people who are related through blood, marriage or custom A family is 2 group of people consisting of parents end children, 34FRS “O” LEVEL NOTES A group of people consisting oi a grandfather and mother living with theie The term family is derived from r iden, the Latin word ‘familia’, meaning a household extaplishment and 10 a ‘group of individuals living together during important phases of their lifetime and bound to each other by biological and or social and psycholegical relationships.’ Family structure is the way in whict families are orgarised in & particular fanvily rerms of the members found in each ‘amily stiucture has to do with the different people’ making 2 family ‘family in an African society is made up of parents and children. ‘hn Zimbabwe a family is headed by the father who is conded by NB: In Zimbabwe a man can marry more than one w than one husband. the wife or wives. © fpolygamyi, but a woman cannot marry more NB: We don’t choose families to belong to and it is aot a mistake to belong to any type of a far We should, therefore, feel proud of our families noatter what. ly. Nucleer family: (i) Monogamous family. (ii) Polygamvus Family Extended family Single parent family Child headed family Adopted family Step or blended family Foster family. Consists of a husband [father] and wite [mothe] and their children, {a} Monegemous family: consists of @ Fath (2) Potygam« ther and children, fomily: consists of 3 father, several wives 2) 65 of Monoaamous fo Itis easy to look after. There are less quarre!s, itis easy to take care of c Spreading of diseases such as Hiu/Nids tdren inirnal stages of polvaamous family thas many quarrels and fights Itis not easy te look after children fone pertner is unfaithful diseases such as Hiv/Aids can easily spread Its not easy to look alter since itis difficulty to satisfy everyone, Jealousy and suspicion is rife or common, ded familyFRS “O” LEVEL NOT - Thisincludes members of the nuclear family, father, mother and children, and thelr reiatives such as grandparents, uncles, aunts, cousins, nephews and many others. 3. Single parent family ~ This isa Family that has one parent and the child or children. The parent can either be the mother or the fether. = Thistype of a family is caused by divorce 4. Child: headed family 5 Child heades family is 3 family whereby one of the children especialy the eldest child heads the family anc this could have been caused by either the death of parents, divorce, or negiect of chil by their parents and reta ler the death of either the husband or the wife or caused by ves. In contemporary society children heads families because parents went to diaspora for green pastures. ~ Child headed families and single families fone parent headed families] are a resuit of the dimini rolt: of extended family Adopted family {tis whereby someone legally takes resoonsibility of a child from the biological parents end permanently becomes 2 member of the adoptive f ~ Adoption is @ permanent set up wiich is made binging by law or religious approval. ~ Adoption can result in multi-racial and multi-ethnic families, 6. Step or blended family ‘sa family whereby one parent 0; both have children from a previous relationship which they bring smily and takes the adopting fanuiy’s name, Into the new relationship. ~The partner who has no biological ties with his or her partner's children is called a step parent [step er or step father), er’s children are step children (step daughter or step son}. whe do not share any of the biological perents are step siblings [step brother or step sister] = Step families can blend people from different races. 7. Foster family > Afester family is when another family takes a child from another family as temporary guardians. Fostering is @ temporary arrangement whereby ansther family orovides for the child with care that 1¢ parents wculd be failing to provide The child would retu: when the conditions have improved or when he/she is ‘0 live independently or to be placed for asioption. ‘foster family can either be 2 single oarent tamily or may have both parents. ~ tls 2 uniqueness of a person or sornething "ram the rest. = Ieentity is the ditfes ence or the char .er that marks off an individual from the rest Eamily identity Family fo ntity is the family's valu and desires = Values and desires is what sels a family apart from other families such as dres: ‘way we talk [our language), farsty values, family name, family belief system, type of food, the Eactors that influence one’s identity 1. Family 36FRS “O” LEVEL NOTES Family is important in mouldi members. ~ _ Family teaches the values of Ubuntu/Unhu; t ‘one's personality. Families promote unity and oneness among femily hat is, 8 person isa person theough others. Family is important ivimparting or teaching good moral values into the growing chit ‘A famity has shared values, a strong common iéentity, and and strong support systems. - Th a protective environment for ail memoers family is the first socialization 2gent of an individue! 2. Society. Some values, beliefs and practices as well as behaviours are found in the society we jive: 3. Religion. Religion helps in giving individuals good identity and in sore cases religion can be used negatively which leads others to have a negative identity Religious factors that show identity are: (Commitment (i) Leadership (ii) Brotherhood or unity liv) Customs () Traditions (vi) Symbotism (vi) Dress (vil) Values (ix) Ethies () Family (i) Language (xi) Gender. 4. School. = Some people's identities are shaped and perfected at school. However some are influenced for good or for bad at school, Some are copycats of others and this impact negatively on character and identity. Being imitators of other people in doing bad et schoo! leads to o: Friends. Some people copy certain behaviours from friends. Bad influence trom friends leads to most peovle Bad company ruins good character. Media Some people are influenced for good or bad through tel People should be therefore, be careful on wh values and family identity can he eroded, Thus, some people's identity.is shaped by mecia. ing identified as.a had persen, being identified as bad people in society and farnily levision, internet, newspapers anc radios, tat they see on the media because their behaviours, SR and family ident families an identity through: Totems. Totem is an object or animal which serves as a symbol or emblem of a family eg lion [shumbal, {heart}, zebra [mbizil A totem distinguishes between two families, moyo People of the same totem are relatives and therefore, discouraged to mai Fry each other, Language.FRS"O" LEVEL NOTES farm of words and speech used by pesple of a particular family, country, area = Language 's « particu or sociat graup, = Language involves signs, symbols, sounds, feesings and ideas of a specific group of people. Different languages spoken by different families give them an identity. Some speak Shona, others Ndebele, English, Venda, Ndau, Kalangs, Nembya ete. 3, Cultural practices. = {involves ideas, customs and social behaviour of a particular people or society: = This has to do with people's behaviaur [hunhu], beliefs, values, language and symbols = Cultural practices include rituals, rites, dressing, dancing, and songs. These practices hel giving a ly an identity. 4, Surnames 7 ‘ames also give a family an identity. in fostering Ubuatu/tinhu values in IR. 5 - Family i the most important foundation of society. Family is/was responsible for developing human resources for the community. person with ubuntu values such as good behaviour, respect Family help so develop an ideat person. for others, respect for elders, hare work, dignity teamwork, tolerance, henesty, faithfulness, generous, heipfui, empathy and caring. -_Pamly structure played an importanc role in the formation of uountu core values such as unity, socialisetion, good morals, cesponsibllity, gender reles, social responsibility, language ane culture. 1R the extended family played an important role of shaping a person into 2 cultured, respected ard ignifies person [munnu pevanhu] and not nzenza, nhubu, or mhuka yemunhu. = Family members such as aunties, uncles, Father, mother, brothers and sisters helped children to know what is fight and wrong, and to de what is good to others and to be morally uprignt. ifferent levels such as family gathering, night vigils, rituals or perseverance, friendly. hospitality, self contol, = They interact with each other ceremonies end day to oay activities, Parants are tre first agents of socialising uountu/unhu values into children, The mother ‘eaches her daughter the expected code of conduc, tsika. The daughter s behaviour was ys a meesure of the work dene by the mother in fostering unku values to her daughter, thus the “stwana asine kuirairwa namai vake”, These sayings were common to married girls who lacked unhu/Ubuntu values such as respect for elders. = ‘The mother elso taught her daughters gender roles and what it means to be a woman, ‘The mother taught her daughters tsika -that is the ability to show unhw/ubunta values such as respect, helpfulness, humbleness and hospitality Mothers teach girls to be humble, to talk in a peaceful way to elders and how to respect the mother inlaw even whi ‘ne did wrong syed a pivotal role in fostering uniu/ubuntu values in girls in IB. Aunties tein their virginity so that they get respect from their future husbands, The aunties {vana Tete) 2 aught girls to mai ht gi ‘be good wives, to be i food, to respect the parents in laws, how to be good mothers, hospitable and honesty. In other words, aunties played a how to cook delicios row rdvierking, major role in shaping the behaviour of the girl child in I. es ployed a pivotal role during the rite of passage into adulthood, when they took gi namwari and teach them how to take care and handle their husbands when married Totes taught girls how to interact with ethers gracetuliy or kindly. Aupties played a role in ccouraging unity in the cotrinunity. Tere played e role in solving tamily disputes, thus fostering the unhu/uhuntu values of peace, 'e, reconciliation, teamwork, interdependence, unity and solidarity, Tote: uurtship, thus.Uncles teach boys to be good fathers with wisciam to obey ancestors since ance: who communicate with God. Teach boys to respect others, respect elders, t> respect their wives and to do good to others, thus teaching boys the values of unhu/ ubuntu, The family unit was also responsible for foste: teamwork. tors are the ones unhu/ubuntu vaiues such as unity, collectivism and ‘The family was united during calamities thereby c-eating a sense of belonging to family members, Night vigils ipungwel created opportunities for sicrytelling, and these stories were important in shaping unhu/ubuntu values in individuals such 2s respect, communalism, solidarity, and perseverance. dignity, patience ‘The family encourage each member to work hard and avoid laziness, thus fostering the values of hard work, Brothers and sisters teach unhu/ubuntu values through games, songs and dances. Through mahumbwe they teach gender rales in society. In IR brothers enforced their sisters’ behaviour and would sometimes beat them for misbehaviour. However, elders in the community also helo to promote unhu/ubuatu in IR. Education and churches also help in fostering unhufusuntu Ff members in IR famil Father: He buys food for the family He provides accommodation or shelter. Protects his family Disciplining members of his family Giving rules and regulations Milking cows. Mother. Cook food Sweep the house Wash clothes Working in the fields such weeding of the fields Bearing and caring for children [Locking after children] Girl child. Helping mother to clean the house Help mother in farming, Help mother to looking after her young siblings Help mother to cook Washing of dishes, Fetching water Boy child. Herding cattle Doing gardening Helping father to milk cows. Help fatherin farming sndency of famili Inter-dependency of families is whereby families complement each other. _ ttmeans familizs depend on each other and need each other. 39FRS “O” LEVEL NO” ES Families depenc on each other, and no farnily'can live insolation. Families do not exist in isolation. ‘Ways in which religion encourages familie: und on each other. Marriages. Religions encourage peopie to marry from other families, it ily ‘Therefore, families depend on each other for wives and husbands. ‘more, family members take part in the preparation of their children’s marriage and this show forbidden and a sin to marry within a Furt and encourage family inter-dependency. Funerals. IR, Christianity, Judaism end Islam encourage family inter-dependency of families in the face of death When a toved one dies, relatives and pegple in the surrounding communities assemble to comfort the sieving family It is this time that other families come together to pay their condolences, assist in burying and to give hope to the surviving members Charity or assisting the needy Christianity and Judaism have tithe that is 10% of one’s wealth, Islam has zakat, which is 2.5% of one’s «weaith which shouid be given to the poor and those in needy. This encourage family inter- dependency. IR has Kuronzera or kuperekana mombe, whereby tict families are encouraged! to assist poor familie by lending the cattle to use in ploughing fields as well as for milk and this encourage famities to depend on each other since the poor family will have cattle to use and on the other hand the rich arty will have someone to look after the cattle. Nhimbe/itima i sa ritual in IR which encourages collectivism, whereby community members assist each ether in doing work such as weeding of the fields, harvesting, cultivation of the fields and taking out of the cow dung from kraal. Nhimbe brings people together and creates oneness an¢ a sense of unity within the community, thus it encourages family inter-dependency. Zunderamambo IIR traditional leaders such as chiefs {madzishe] have royal granaries into which all members of the ibute and the leader will give the food to the poor and the disadvantaged members of the community, as well as to the people in the community in time of a famine or drought. This shows that the community of families depend on each ether through the zunderemambo community €24 program, Feaching about sharing Religions teach the importance of sharing and this encourages farnilies to depend on each other. iR has a proverb, “Ukoma igasva hunozadziswa nekudya.” [a relationshi is a covenant that is sagthene¢ through eating together]. The shona aiso have # proverb, “ Kandiro kanoenda kunobva 1 oF kemiro ends kandiro dzoks,’ This shows that IR just like Christianity tea you wish that man do to you do so to him. This encourages sharing and acts of lave to fellow hurnan beings and this enccurages families to depend on each ather: Kuoanana mbeu [sharing crop seed; seed exchange for food sovereignty an families depend on each other. that what curity] shows that. Christianity teaches that he wino has two coats let him share with he whe has none, and he food fet him do likewise, this encourage family inter-Jependency. Barter trade. Barter trade in all religio encourage families to depend on each other. Whe esn, - Mutambo yevana vadi FRS “O” LEVEL NOTES Taking good care of strangers and culture of love. All religions teach that we ought to be kind and take good caré of strangers and visitors, Christianity teaches that we must take good care of strangers because Jesus or an angel might come ‘na form of 3 visitor and this encourage people to be hospitable to strangers and visitors, therefore encouraging family intér-dependency. IR has @ proverb, ‘Mweni haenci nedura’ or ‘zuva rimwe haripedzi dura,’ (the guest does net carry away the granary or one day does not empty the granary/]. This shows that the belly of the sojourner oes not deplete one’s resources. IR teaches its members to take good care of ste encouraging families to depend on each other. Majana or Madzore [rotational lerding of cattle or livestock) is whereby families rotate to herd cattle in the comaiinity in IR shows the inter-depend families in IR, ‘anger |. Rituals and ceremonies Inall religions there are some rituals or ceremonies which are community based such as Mukwerera for IR and Praying for rain in Christianity shows that rei other. jon encourage families to depend on each Initiation ceremony in IR where youth from different families are initiated into adulthood shows the inter-dependency of families Strong emphasis on Kinship [relational ties to extended families] and collectivism. IR teaches that ‘mwana ndewedu tese,’it takes a village to raise a child. This shows that other familios have a role in raising children in R. Its a responsibilty of a society or community to raise a child, anc this shows that the families depend on each other In case of death of parents in IR children will be taken care of by other members of the extended family and this shows that families depend on each ather. IR has a proverb, ‘Kutsva kwendebyu varume venodzimurana.’ This encourages families to assist each other in time of trouble or need. ‘i mahumbwe [ children’s play or game] Children of the whole community play together and this shows the inter-dependency of famities in 18 Church camps. Church camps such as Youth camps and Ruwadzano rwemadzimai where people from ¢tferent families meet, share and discuss on religious issues, show the inter-dependency of families in Christianity, Unhuism/ Ubuntu IR emphasises on the individual in relationship to che community {hunhu], rather than on the individual themselves, that is, ‘lam human because I belong,” Unhu/Ubuntu embraces the sense and belief that, “I am because you are, and since we ars, therefore, | am.” This means that everything that one does will affect others in a community Unhu/Ubuntu looks at norms end values in society and oneness in society. Harmony and inter dependency, sharing life together, belongingness based on human solidarity. Unhu/ Ubuntu encourages unity, one man’s problem is another's problem, varume kutsva kwendebvu tinodzimurana, Unhu/ Ubuntu is the love for fellow human beings since a person is a person through other people [munhu munhu nekuda kwevanhul, thus IR through Unhu/Ubuntu encourages family inter- dependency since it teaches that each one of us newds all of us. aRFRS “O" LEVEL NOTES = Unhu/Ubuntu is the love for other people. ~ — Unhu/Ubuntu speaks of the very essence of being human, when you want to give « high praise to someone we say, ‘Uyu ane hunhu,’ this shows you are loving, generous, hospitable, friendly, caring, compassionste and you share what you have. Unhu/Ubunts is to be a complete person. ~The concept of Unhu/Uuntu is the main basis for the sustainable of the African moral fabric. It guided people on what to do and what not to do. Unhu/Ubuatu embraces the sense and belief that, “l am because you are,” which means that everything one does will affect others in a community. Untu/Ubuntu shows that our existence arid humanity are best Seen in the manner we relate to others. — — Unhu/Ubunta jn IR looks at norms and values in society and oneness in society. Unhu/Libuntu encourages harmony and inter-dependence, sharing life together, belongingness based on common human solidarity Untu/Ubunte encourages unity. One man's roblem is anather’s problem- tinodzimurana” = IR through Unhu/Ubuntu emphasises an group solidarity, that is, am because we are Unhu/Ubunta emphasises on tearwor = IR through U>hu/Ubuntu teache sva kwendebvu {an injury to one is an injury to all!“ : ‘none of us is greater than all of us.” ‘the imporsanes of family inter-dependence- ‘each of us needs all of Unhu/Ubunts in IR teaches about unity and peace. Teaches about tolerance and reconciliation. Untu/Ubunta teaches that life is sacred and must be protected. This is why cases of murder in Zimbabwe are few as compared to other countries. = iRalso teaches about ngozi [avenging spirit), itis believed that iF one commits murder, the spirit of ‘the murdered victim will return and haunt the clan of the murderer, It is theretore, important to think ot others before one acts, what an individual does affects the whole family. This is why cases of hnnurder in Zimbabwe are few becouse people are afraid of the ngozi - _ Urhu/Ubunts encourages the respect of elders, respect for peers and respect of property. ‘Sshu/Ubunty help in producing people that fits well into the society. Unnw/Uibunt s moulds character Unnu/Ubuntu teaches environmental awareness which is written in people's hearts. Unhu/Ubuntu promotes communal responsibility rather than individual rights, ‘We belong in a bundle of life. 1am human because | belong, | participate and I share.” Aspects or characteristics of Unhu/Ubuntu 1. Loving: {Love for fellow human beings 2 Hospitats 3. Caring, 4, Generous, Compassionate, 6 Tolerant. 7. Communalism [community based) 8 Solidavity 9. Respect for elders. Respect for peers. pect for property Irustworthy. Honesty, 42RS “O” LEVEL NOTES 14. Loyal, 15, Helpful = 16. Stand for.whatis right always. 17. Empathy- {feel for others] 18. Being reliable and dependable 19. Respeét for the environment [preservation of the environment 20. Friendly or characteris jes of IR that bring cut Zimbahwean identity. 1. Unhuism [values and ethics} 2. Totems 3. Religious ceremonies and rituals eg Funerals 4. Tolerance 5. National Flag. 6. National anthem. 7. 8 Family Language. 2 Names 20. Dress, . Commitment . Traditional music . Peace and unity wildlife 5. Land National monuments Totems — is a belief that people originated from animals, plants and other natural abyects, ‘totems in 1 Are symbols of identity in society eg Moyo Sinyoro, Shumbs, Shoko, Gumbe, Mhofy, Zhou. Totems help to protect the environment as jt regulate hunting of wild animal is 9 taboo to kill or hunt end eat one's totemic animal. ane risk losing all his/her teeth It is the duty of the clan or individuat to protect his/her tatemic animal Totems regulate marriage- itis a taboo to marry a person of the same totem, Totems help to promote unity and solidarity. People of the same totems are considered relatives Help in managing or solving conflicts as people of the same totem are encouraged te forgive each other. One can also ask for forgiveness and reconcile with an angry person by using the totems praise name when asking for forgiveness. ‘Totems are used in worshipping, that is used to communicate with ancestors and Musikavaniv. iue totems eg Johane Masowe weChishanu consider using of totems as ‘ancestor worshipping. Western edtucation- people have lost the significance of totems as people consider themselves jucated and civilised. anization- totems are not valved in urban areas. 43#RS “O” LEVEL NOTES 6 Prostitution ~ no one will ask 2 prostitute her totem and prostitutes will not ask their clients tyheir totems. Peopie consider Westem values superior to African values; thus people end up considering totems as irrelevant. Globalisation ~as people socialise and interact with people of the globe totems are no longer valued, NB: However, totems are still valued in rural areas at chief’s courts you greet the chief using his totems praise In addition f ler aresident Robert Mugabe was referred to as Gushungo his totems praise name. The late Tongai Moyo wes known as Dhewa his totem’s praise name and also Thomas Mapfumo is known as Mukanya his totemic praise name. B. Unhu/ubuntw The Zimbabwean identity is shaped through Ushu/Ubuntu in the sense that Zimbabwean are triendly, hospitable, generous, caring, compassionate. tolerate, preserve or protect the environment, united, respect elders and property, work as a team. IRhas been = pillar of strength to the Zimbabweans during the colonial period, IR encouraged peop\e to be united and to fight for their lang and independence. The National Flag Is the most important symbolic representation of Zimbabwe. Itis the national identity of Zimbabwe. The national flag symbolised independence ‘The Zimbabwe bird [the African fish eagle] is the totem of Zimbabwe, which connects us with our ancestors and represents continuity. National antaem. Define the ecmmon identity as people who share common history, culture and values which ‘encourage unity and the spirit of Unhu/Ubuntu. willie. |s part of our identity as 2 nation. Wildlife is also part of totems. African traditional music. Foster Zimbabwean and African identity. Helps to understand where we are coming and where we are going. ‘Traditional healers and chiefs, Are custodians of our culture and identity. Land. It is ancestral land. Land bears the remains of the ancestors in the form of graves. It is where our ‘umbilical cotds are buried. Land Is @ form of identity and itis God given. National monuments National monuments such as Great Zimbabwe are a symbol of identity which shows our history, culture and civilisation. Monument such as Heroes Acre is where our liberation heroes are buried and therefore is part of cur identity as a nation. Peace and unity Zimbabweans are known to be peaceful and united. Therofore peace and unity is a form of ide for Zimbabwe. Language Shon, Ndebele, Kalanga anc other languages ia Zimbabwe are 2 symbol of Zimbabwean identity. ural practices Culture is associated with ideas, customs and social behaviours of a particular people or society: Rites, rituals dressing and dance are some of the practices that help in giving a Zimbabwean identity. 44FRS “O” LEVEL NOTES RELIGION IN FORMAL EDUCATION, What is education? Education is a lifelong process in which the older generation impart [teach] skill, vaiues and knowledge to the young ones for their own survival. Education is the process by which one generation transmits its culture to anoth generation. succeeding Education is @ process or action of teaching somecne in a scheol, college or university. Formal education- is an orderly arranged education offered at recognizes or official schools, colleges and universities. ~ Formal education is classroom based education provided by trained teachers. ‘Characteristics of Formal Education. 1. tis organised, 2. this guided by a formal curriculum, 3. Itis done on a full time bases. 4. Strict discipline is observed. ‘5. Itis classroom based. Its institution based. 6. tis provided by trained teachers. 7. One would get a certificate, diploma and a degree after completion. ligious based educational institutions + There are several formal religious based educational institutions in Zimbabwe from Primary level th ym grade 1 to grade 7, Secondary level, thats jrom farm 1 to form 6 and Tertiary level that is, colleges and universities Several religion based schools have been built throughout the country such as Presbyterian High School, Kutama High School, Sandringham High School, Moleli High School, St Faith High School, Gut High School, Zimuto High school, Gokomere High school, St Marks High school, St Michaels High school, Regina Mundi High schoo! etc and Universities and colleges such as Selusi University, Africa University, Ezekiel Guti University, Masvingo University, Morgenster Teachers’ College, Bondoili Teachers’ College. ~ These religious- based schools are hub of quality education in Zimbabwe. Judaism also have two day schools in Zimbabwe, one in Harare called Sharon School, and the other in Bulawayo called Carmel Schaal. }ould be noted that religion play both positive and negative rales on formal education in Zimbabwe. Positive impact refers to the advantages or merits or benefits, "Negative impact refers to disadvantages or demerits and shortcomings or drawbacks and problems. ntay ‘or positive impact of religion on formal education. Leads to the building of schools, colleges and universities. Helps learners with stress management, Help in teaching values such as honesty, discipline, hard work and perseverance. Encourages the acceptance ano tolerance of one another. 45